12 new marine protected areas by 2012
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1 June 6, 2011 Backgrounder DARE TO BE DEEP: 12 new marine protected areas by 2012 The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society is challenging the federal government to establish 12 new marine protected areas by the end of Nearly 20 years ago, Canada made a commitment under the International Convention on Biodiversity to establish a network of marine conservation areas by 2012, yet to date, less than 1% of Canada s oceans are protected through meaningful long term conservation measures. CPAWS has set a goal for Canada to complete or significantly advance 12 new marine protected areas by December This will create the momentum needed to establish a full network of marine protected areas. CPAWS has identified 12 important marine areas that have long been proposed for conservation and are ready to be protected permanently. 12 Proposed Marine Protected Areas Southern Strait of Georgia: Between Vancouver and Victoria, British Columbia, lies a marine treasure the emerald waters of the Southern Strait of Georgia, also known as the Salish Sea. Home to the endangered southern resident Orcas and old growth rockfish which live for over 100 years in the swaying fronds of kelp forests, the strong tidal currents within narrow island channels produce upwellings, rips and whirlpools, creating a nutrient rich marine environment. Known as SQELATES (meaning home ) by Coast Salish peoples, this very special body of water has long been revered for its role in nurturing both human and natural ecosystems. The ecosystems within the strait are severely threatened by overfishing, pollution and climate change. In 1995, Canada and British Columbia agreed to undertake a study to assess the feasibility of establishing a National Marine Conservation Area (NMCA) in the ocean waters of the Southern Strait of Georgia. In 2003, Parks Canada finally received funding to undertake a feasibility study. Many years of local consultations have been completed. First Nation consultations are still required and an agreement between the provincial and federal
2 governments will be necessary to complete this NMCA Goal: National Marine Conservation Area (NMCA)established Scott Islands: Lying off the wave battered and rugged northwestern tip of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, the Scott Islands are internationally recognized as a globally significant bird area and are known to be the most important breeding ground for seabirds in BC. The waters surrounding the Scott Islands provide critical feeding habitat for breeding seabirds including Cassin s Auklets, Rhinoceros Auklets, Common Murres and Tufted Puffins. Some birds will travel up to 100km offshore to forage for crustaceans and fish for their hungry chicks. In addition, the islands support some of the largest and most productive Steller Sea Lion rookeries in the world. While three of the five islands were protected as Ecological Reserves in 1971, the nutrient rich waters around the islands remain unprotected, leaving seabirds vulnerable to oil pollution, competition with commercial fisheries for food and being caught as bycatch in longline fisheries. In 2000, the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) began a pilot marine National Wildlife Area (mnwa) process and in 2007 the federal government announced their commitment to find the completion of the Scott Islands as a mnwa Goal: Marine National Wildlife Area (MNWA) established Hecate Strait Glass Sponge Reefs: The Hecate Strait Glass Sponge Reefs are located between HaidaGwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) and the mainland coast of BC in Hecate Strait. Described as living fossils, these 9000 year old reefs are the only sizable glass sponge reefs left on earth! Their discovery during seafloor mapping in 1987 astounded scientists around the world who thought they had gone extinct with the dinosaurs 30 million years ago. They cover 1000 square kilometres of seafloor and have built reefs the height of an 8 storey building in 200 meters of cold, dark water. Over 50% of these reefs were destroyed by bottom trawling before Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) banned the practice in this area in However, trawling currently takes place all around the reefs and threatens to smother them with sediments that are stirred up from the seafloor. In June 2010, Canada declared these dinosaur era reefs an Area of Interest for an Oceans Act marine protected area (MPA) the final stage before their protection can be legally established. Once established as an MPA, CPAWS will nominate them for World Heritage status. 2
3 2012 Goal: MPA established under Oceans Act Big Eddy: Situated off the breathtaking west coast of Vancouver Island and the northwest coast of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, the Big Eddy region has been aptly named after the Juan de Fuca Eddy that drives this rich and productive ecosystem. Located within the coastal upwelling production zone (where deep nutrient rich waters are brought up to the surface), the Juan de Fuca Eddy circulates a vast amount of nutrients to a wide range species and habitats. Teaming with life, The Big Eddy supports large populations of orcas, sea otters, seabirds, rockfish and salmon, as well as diverse cold water coral communities. It is a convergence point for southern and northern Pacific species and is a particularly important migration corridor for grey and humpback whales. Human use of this area, particularly major international shipping and commercial fishing is causing harm. For example, bottom trawling is affecting important benthic habitats, including coral forests. The area has been home to the Nuu Chah Nulth First Nations for millennia, who rely on the wealth of resources provided by the ocean and whose philosophy of Hishuk ishtsawalk everything is one and all is connected provides important principles for long term management of this internationally recognized area. The Big Eddy s unique attributes and enormous values to a wide range of interests can be protected through recognition and conservation under federal legislation, and through collaboration with partners in the US, in particular with joint management with the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Goal: Candidate national marine conservation area announced, leading to international marine peace park Lancaster Sound: Lancaster Sound at the eastern entrance of the fabled Northwest Passage in the Arctic Ocean, Nunavut, is one of the most biologically productive marine areas in the Arctic. The largest Arctic polynya provides open water year round and ice edge habitats that are critical for seabirds, sea ducks and many marine mammals. It is a region of stunning coastlines, dominated by meter cliffs and spectacular fjords. Arctic cod is the base of the food chain in this area, making up the diets of most seabirds and marine mammals found here. Schools of Arctic cod have been estimated at up to 30,000 tons, feeding one of the richest marine mammal areas in the world. Most of the world s narwhals can be found in this arctic region during summer months, as well as a third of North America s 3
4 belugas and the endangered eastern bowhead whale. Walrus and three species of sealare also common to the area. With one of the highest densities of polar bears in the Canadian Arctic, together with unrivalled seabird populations numbering in the millions of thick billed murres, black legged kittiwakes, northern fulmars and snow geese, Lancaster Sound is a place of biological superlatives. Inuit communities at Pond Inlet, Arctic Bay and Resolute Bay rely on these riches for hunting and fishing that support their traditional way of life, and ensure their economic and cultural wellbeing. Climate change is having many impacts on Arctic ecosystems, and melting sea ice, is leading to increased interest in accessing Arctic resources. Many areas of the Arctic are being eyed for commercial fishing, increased shipping, and offshore oil and gas opportunities. Last summer local Inuit were successful in obtaining an injunction to stop seismic exploration for oil and gas resources within the Lancaster Sound area. In 2010, the federal government announced its intention to move ahead in consultation with local Inuit and the Nunavut government to finalize a NMCA for Lancaster Sound, which is 44,500, twice the size of Lake Erie Goal: NMCA established Tawich: Tawich, which means marine waters adjacent to the coast in Cree, is an area of approximately km 2 in the eastern part of James Bay. It is one of the last intact seas of the world. The proposed Tawich MPA includes sites of impressive beauty used by the Cree regularly for sustenance. Studies have shown that the diverse subarctic ecosystems of this area of James Bay are home to amazing biodiversity: from rich communities of invertebrate organisms, to fish such as lake sturgeon, herring, whitefish and sea trout, to marine mammals including Belugas. Tawich is also home to the southernmost population of polar bears in the world. This conservation project is an initiative of the Cree community of Wemindji, in collaboration with an academic team comprised of partners from McGill, Concordia, and the University of Manitoba, and supported by CPAWS/SNAP. Parks Canada has expressed interest in creating a new NMCA in this area Goal: Candidate national marine conservation area announced Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine (Magdalen Islands): The Magdalen Islands archipelago in the centre of the Gulf of St Lawrence includes several islands offering a stunning diversity of ecosystems. Important populations of Roseate Tern and Piping Plovers nest in this region as do species seldom found at this latitude such as American 4
5 Oyster. The islandsʹ stunning scenery attracts thousands of tourists each year, an activity which must be carefully managed to minimize impacts on fragile ecosystems. Moreover, several offshore oil and gas projects are currently being considered, which have the potential to compromise sustainable fisheries and tourism industries. For many years, locals have shown keen interest in protecting this marine environment. Discussions need to advance between the Government of Quebec and the federal government to move forward in creating a MPA in this area Goal: Formal commitment to create a marine protected area Gaspésie (American Bank): This marine area located off the Gaspé Peninsula encompasses many impressive natural features such as wetlands, island ecosystems, and the American Banks shallows. The waters shelter several imperiled species such as Leatherback Turtles and Atlantic Wolffish. It is also an important summer foraging ground for the Blue Whale, the largest animal onearth, on the path to its winter home in the Caribbean. Unfortunately, the ecological health of this exceptional marine area is being threatened by activities including increased maritime transport, urbanization, pollution, and resource extraction. CPAWS is closely collaborating with the ROMM (Réseaudʹobservation des mammifèresmarins) to support the creation of a marine protected area, and there is also interest among local First Nations as well as fisheries and tourism operators. The Department of Fisheries and Oceans has studied this area and indicated it is a good candidate for a MPA Goal: marine protected area close to completion Laurentian Channel: A deepwater gulley of glacial origins, the Laurentian Channel runs past the Gaspé Peninsula and through the Gulf of St Lawrence ending in the Atlantic Ocean at Newfoundland and Labrador. With a variety of depths ranging from 180 to 550 meters the channel contains a large variety of habitats and the highest levels of diversity off of the shores of Newfoundland. The area supports the largest concentration of black dogfish in Canada, and is the only location where pupping occurs. In addition, the Laurentian Channel contains important spawning grounds for Porbeagle Sharks, Greenland Halibut, Mackerel, Redfish, Capelin, Atlantic Cod and Herring. The Laurentian Channel is also the only wintering area know for Atlantic cod. Threats from offshore oil and gas development as well as from shipping, including accidental oil 5
6 spills and illegal bilge dumping need to be minimized in order to protect the ecologically significant habitats in the Laurentian Channel. On June 8, 2010 the region was identified as an Area of Interest for future designation by the federal government as a Marine Protected Area Goal: MPA established Bay of Fundy: The Bay of Fundy, located on the Atlantic coast between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in the Atlantic Ocean, has the worldʹs highest tides and an abundance of wildlife. Currently, the Bay of Fundy is Canada s only candidate in the global campaign to declare the New 7 Natural Wonders of Nature. Over 12 species of whales are drawn to the Bay s rich upwelling zones, including humpback, fin and the endangered North Atlantic right whale, and millions of shorebirds flock to the salt marshes and mudflats on the Bay of Fundy shores each year on their annual migrations. A few coral and sponge occurrences have also been documented for the Bay of Fundy. The Bay of Fundy is home to large reefs formed by horse mussels (Modiolusmodiolus). Only a few horse mussel reefs are known to exist in the world and the Bay of Fundy reefs are the largest yet to be documented. These structures perform a number of crucial ecological roles, enhancing biodiversity and boosting biological productivity in the Bay. The Bay is also becoming increasingly industrialized, with proposals for thousands of tidal turbines, large open net salmon aquaculture sites and coastal mega quarries, threatening its ecological health before any marine protection/conservation measures have been implemented. Parks Canada has conducted studies of potential NMCA sites within the Bay of Fundy Goal: Candidate NMCA announced St Anns Bank: This candidate area of interest for a MPA is an offshore bank on the Eastern Scotian Shelf, located east of Scatarie Island off Cape Breton. It includes St. Anns Bank, Scatarie Bank and a portion of the Laurentian Channel. Approximately 5100 km2, St. Anns Bank is a key migration route for fish and marine mammals, and home to cold water corals and sponges. St. Anns Bank provides important habitat for at risk species like Atlantic wolffish and Atlantic cod, as well as an important foraging area for the migratory Leatherback turtle in late summer and early fall. There is considerable shipping activity through this area, both local traffic and ships traveling to 6
7 and from the St. Lawrence River. Commercial fishery harvests have declined over the last decade. The decrease in total value has mainly been driven by a decline in Snow Crab landings which fell from approximately $934,000 in 2003 to $45,000 in The ground fish fishery also experienced a significant decline, falling from a high of $254,000 in 2004 to just under $49,000 in The area needs protection to allow the range of species found within it to recover to healthy levels. The Department of Fisheries and Oceans has already identified this site as a priority for protection Goal: MPA established South Coast Fjords: This proposed NMCA site in this culture rich area off the southwest coast of Newfoundland is roughly located between Port aux Basques and the Burin Peninsula. It includes low sandy beaches to the west and immense granite cliffs and deep fjords to the east. It is the largest, undeveloped alpine coastline in Canada. The coast is ice free year round, providing winter ranges for blue, humpback, fin and killer whales. Summer residents of note are leatherback turtles. Already identified by Parks Canada as one of three possible new NMCAs in Canada, the groundwork has been laid in establishing its ecological value. While the federal and provincial governments have already agreed on the need for a feasibility study, the protracted decisionmaking process for NMCA establishment leaves the area vulnerable to petroleum exploration and overfishing. The historic culture of the area is also under threat as a result in the decline in fishing. The establishment of an NMCA will offer an economic boost to the area through increased ecotourism. The establishment of the southwest fjords of Newfoundland as an NMCA will preserve both the endangered communities and the endangered ecosystem both of which are important criteria in choosing the sites for Canada s future network of marine protected areas Goal: Significant advancement towards final NMCA designation View related news release: Leading conservation group calls for 12 new marine protected areas by new marine protected areas by 2012 RELATED INFORMATION: In an effort to help boost the progress in the establishment of MPAs in Canada, CPAWS released a report on May 16, 2011, by leading marine scientists that proposed a common set of principles to help ensure that Canada s MPAs and MPA networks are efficient and effective in conserving 7
8 marine biodiversity. Based on the findings, scientists are calling on Canada to protect at least 30% of its oceans. The report also underscores the severe problems facing many of Canada s ocean ecosystems and calls for faster and more decisive action by the federal government to limit industrial activities in designated marine protected areas. These guidelines are a necessary tool to ensure the livelihood and sustainability of MPAs in Canada. To view the media materials and report please click here. For more information on CPAWS campaigns or on the MPA guidelines, please visit our oceans page at Contact: Sabine Jessen, sabine@cpawsbc.org, (cell)
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