DIVERSITY OF INDONESIAN FAUNA AND ITS CONSERVATION STATUS. Ani Mardiastuti. How many species are there?

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "DIVERSITY OF INDONESIAN FAUNA AND ITS CONSERVATION STATUS. Ani Mardiastuti. How many species are there?"

Aron Greer
6 years ago
Views:

1 DIVERSITY OF INDONESIAN FAUNA AND ITS CONSERVATION STATUS Ani Mardiastuti How many species are there? about 1.5 million species have been named estimated to be between 5 and 30 million species on Earth 1

1,413,000 Number of Living Species of Higher Plants Currently

2 Number of Living Species of All Kinds of Organisms Currently Known (According to Major group) ALL ORGANISMS: TOTAL SPECIES, 1,413,000 Number of Living Species of Higher Plants Currently Known (According to Major Groups) HIGHER PLANTS : TOTAL SPECIES: 248,000 2

3 Number of Living Species Animal Species Currently Known (According to Major Groups) ANIMAL: TOTAL SPECIES, 1,032,000 Earth s biodiversity 3

Diversity Biodiversity Endemism Top 12 Countries in the World for Total Mammal Diversity Brazil Indonesia China Colombia Mexico USA DRC India Peru 344 Uganda a 315 Kenya a

4 Diversity Biodiversity Endemism Top 12 Countries in the World for Total Mammal Diversity Brazil Indonesia China Colombia Mexico USA DRC India Peru 344 Uganda a 315 Kenya a Mammals Tanzania a 306 a. Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania are not megadiversity countries, but have high enough mammal diversity to make the top twelve 4

Top 12 Countries in the World for Mammal Endemism Endemic species Percent endemism a Australia 210 74 Indonesia 201 39 Mexico 140 31 Brazil 131 25 Philippines 116 58 USA 101 24 Madagascar 77 73 China

Argentina is not megadiversity country, but has high enough mammal endemism to make the top twelve c.

5 Top 12 Countries in the World for Mammal Endemism Endemic species Percent endemism a Australia Indonesia Mexico Brazil Philippines USA Madagascar China PNG Argentina b Peru India Total 1247 c a. Percent endemic out of total mammal species in country b. Argentina is not megadiversity country, but has high enough mammal endemism to make the top twelve c. Total number of mammals endemic to top 12 countries: 1247 Proportion of global mammal diversity endemic to top 12 countries (1247/4629) = 26.9% Top 12 Countries in the World for Total Bird Diversity Birds Colombia 1815 Peru 1703 Brazil 1622 Ecuador 1559 Indonesia 1531 Venezuela 1360 India 1258 Bolivia a 1257 China 1244 DRC 1094 Kenya a 1078 Mexico 1050 a. Bolivia and Kenya are not megadiversity countries, but have high enough bird diversity to make the top twelve. 5

Top 12 Countries in the World for Total Bird Diversity Endemic species Percent endemism a Indonesia 397 26 Australia 355 48 Brazil >191 12 Philippines 183 33 Colombia

Total number of birds endemic to top 12 countries: 1912 Proportion of global mammal diversity endemic to top 12 countries (1912/9040) = 21.

6 Top 12 Countries in the World for Total Bird Diversity Endemic species Percent endemism a Indonesia Australia Brazil > Philippines Colombia >142 8 Mexico Peru Madagascar China 99 8 PNG USA 71 9 India 52 4 Total 1912 b a. Percent endemic out of total bird species in country b. Total number of birds endemic to top 12 countries: 1912 Proportion of global mammal diversity endemic to top 12 countries (1912/9040) = 21.2% Top 12 Countries in the World for Total Reptile Diversity Reptiles Australia 755 Mexico 717 Colombia 520 Indonesia 511 Brazil 468 India 408 China 387 Ecuador 374 PNG 305 Madagascar 300 South Africa 299 Peru 298 6

Top 12 Countries in the World for Reptile Endemism Endemic species Percent endemism a Australia 616 82 Mexico 368 51 Madagascar 274 91 India 187 46 Brazil 172 37 Indonesia

Total number of reptiles endemic to top 12 countries: 2430 Proportion of global reptile diversity endemic to top 12 countries (2430/6458) = 37.

7 Top 12 Countries in the World for Reptile Endemism Endemic species Percent endemism a Australia Mexico Madagascar India Brazil Indonesia China Philippines Ecuador Peru Colombia USA Total 2430 b a. Percent endemic out of total reptile species in country b. Total number of reptiles endemic to top 12 countries: 2430 Proportion of global reptile diversity endemic to top 12 countries (2430/6458) = 37.6% Top 12 Countries in the World for Total Amphibian Diversity Amphibians Colombia 583 Brazil 517 Ecuador 402 Mexico 284 China 274 Indonesia 270 Peru 241 India 206 Venezuela 204 PNG 200 Australia 196 USA 194 7

Top 12 Countries in the World for Amphibian Endemism Endemic species Percent endemism a Colombia 367 63 Brazil 294 57 Madagascar 176 99 China 175 64 Australia 169 86 Mexico 169 60 Ecuador 138 34 PNG

Total number of r Amphibians endemic to top 12 countries: 2047 Proportion of global Amphibian diversity endemic to top 12 countries (2407/4222) = 48.

8 Top 12 Countries in the World for Amphibian Endemism Endemic species Percent endemism a Colombia Brazil Madagascar China Australia Mexico Ecuador PNG USA India Indonesia Peru >89 37 Total 2047 b a. Percent endemic out of total Amphibian species in country b. Total number of r Amphibians endemic to top 12 countries: 2047 Proportion of global Amphibian diversity endemic to top 12 countries (2407/4222) = 48.5% Top 12 Countries in the World for Total Freshwater Fish Diversity Freshwater Fish a Brazil >3000 Colombia > b Indonesia 1400 Venezuela 1250 Ghana 1010 DKC 962 Peru 855 Tanzania c 800 USA 790 India 750 Thailand c 690 Malaysia 600 a. Source: McAllister el al., 1997; Kottelat and Whitten, 1996; B Chernoff, pers. comm. b. Estimates for Columbia run as high as 3000 (J. Hernandez Camacho, pers. comm. c. Tanzania and Thailand are not megadiversity countries, but have high enough fish diversity to make the top twelve 8

Top 12 Countries in the World for Total Butterfly Diversity Butterflies a Peru 3532 Brazil 3132 Colombia 3100 Bolivia 3000 Venezuela 2316 Mexico 2237 Ecuador 2200 Indonesia 1900 DRC 1650

9 Top 12 Countries in the World for Total Butterfly Diversity Butterflies a Peru 3532 Brazil 3132 Colombia 3100 Bolivia 3000 Venezuela 2316 Mexico 2237 Ecuador 2200 Indonesia 1900 DRC 1650 Cameroon b 1550 Tanzania b 1400 China 1200 a. Source: N. Myer, pers. Comm. b. Cameroon and Tanzania are not megadiversity countries, but have high enough butterfly diversity to make the top twelve Top 12 Countries in the World for Butterfly Endemism Endemic species a Indonesia 700 Philippines 352 Peru 350 Colombia 300 Madagascar 250 Brazil 200 Mexico 200 Ecuador 200 China 200 Bolivia b 200 PNG 200 Australia 174 Total 3326 a. Source: N. Myer, pers. Comm. b. Bolivia are not megadiversity countries, but have high enough butterfly diversity to make the top twelve 9

10 Ranking of Megadiversity Countries: Diversity Ranking of Megadiversity Countries: Endemism 10

Top 12 Countries in The World in Combined Ranking: Diversity and Endemism a Diversity Endemism Total Brazil 30 18 48 Indonesia 18 22 40 Colombia 26 10 36 Australia 5 16 21 Mexico 8 7 15 Madagascar 2

11 Top 12 Countries in The World in Combined Ranking: Diversity and Endemism a Diversity Endemism Total Brazil Indonesia Colombia Australia Mexico Madagascar Peru China Philippines India Ecuador Venezuela a. Based on the five countries for diversity in five vertebrate group (birds, mammals, amphibians, and freshwater), two invertebrate groups (butterflies and tiger beetles), and higher plant, and the top five countries for endemism in four vertebrate groups (birds, mammals reptiles, and amphibians), two invertebrate groups (butterflies and tiger beetles) and higher plants. First place given 5 points in each category of diversity and endemism, second place 4 point, third place 3 point, fourth place 2 point, and fifth place 1 pint 12 Countries with the Highest Number of Centers of Plant Diversity and Endemism a Diversity and Endemism China 41 PNG 39 USA 37 Indonesia 36 Malaysia 29 Mexico 17 Brazil 14 Australia 14 Philippines 12 DRC 12 Colombia 10 India 10 a. Source: WWF/IUCN, 1994, 1995,

Countries with the Most Species of Threatened (CR, EV, VU) Birds a Threatened birds Indonesia 104 Brazil 103 China 90 Philippines 86 India 73 Colombia 64 Peru 64 Ecuador 53 USA 50 Vietnam 47 Thailand

IUCN Red List = 1107. Total in megadiversity countries (13) on this list = 833. Proportion in megadiversity countries (833/1107) = 75.

12 Countries with the Most Species of Threatened (CR, EV, VU) Birds a Threatened birds Indonesia 104 Brazil 103 China 90 Philippines 86 India 73 Colombia 64 Peru 64 Ecuador 53 USA 50 Vietnam 47 Thailand 45 Australia 45 Myanmar 44 New Zealand 44 Argentina 41 Russia 38 Mexico 36 Malaysia 34 Japan 33 PNG 31 Source: IUCN 1996 Total critically Endangered (CR), endangered (EN), and vulnerable (VU) in 1996 IUCN Red List = Total in megadiversity countries (13) on this list = 833. Proportion in megadiversity countries (833/1107) = 75.2% Countries with the Most Species of Threatened (CR, EV, VU) Mammals a Threatened mammals Australia 58 PNG 57 Philippines 49 Madagascar 46 Peru 46 Kenya 43 Malaysia 42 DRC 38 Vietnam 38 Ethiopia 35 USA 35 Colombia 35 Thailand 34 South Africa 33 Tanzania 33 Source: IUCN 1996 Total critically Endangered (CR), endangered (EN), and vulnerable (VU) in 1996 IUCN Red List = Total in megadiversity countries (13) on this list = 833. Proportion in megadiversity countries (833/1107) = 75.2% 12

13 12 Countries in the World for Human Cultural Diversity Human groups FNG 875 India 613 (1652) a Indonesia 336 USA 300 DRC Mexico 240?(54-120) b Brazil 206(286) c Australia ( ) d Philippines 111 Peru 96 Colombia 81 China 56 a. The estimates for tribal group in India is 613, the estimates for languages is Since it is believed that the higher figure includes minor dialect variations, we have chosen the lower, more conservative number to reflect human cultural diversity b. Estimates of cultural diversity for Mexico vary. Toledo (1995) mention 20 languages. Martinez (186; cited in bye, 1993) indicated that there were 120 languages spoken at the time of conquest, but that only 54 remain today. c. The estimates for extant tribes in Brazil is 206, it is believed that at lest 80 tribes have gone extinct this century. We have therefore given the higher number in parentheses, indicating the minimum diversity that existed at the beginning of the twentieth century. d. The case of Australia is the reverse of that for India; there, the estimate for languages is , whereas the estimate of different tribal groups is To be conservative, we have chosen the lower figure. Indonesia s Biodiversity No. Taxon Indonesia World 1 Bacteria, algae (blue/green) 300 4,700 2 Fungi 12,000 47,000 3 Sea weed 1,800 21,000 4 Moss 1,500 16,000 5 Fern 1,250 13,000 6 Flowering plants 25, ,000 7 Insect 250, ,000* 8 Mollusk 20,000 50,000 9 Fish 8,500 19, Amphibians 1,000 4, Reptile 2,000 6, Bird 1,500 9, Mammals 500 4,170 * Sum of species for insect until now about 1,435,670 and will increase to 5-10 million. Sources: BAPPENAS,

Produce material 70 tons of plant material/ha/year Tropical Rain Forest Extreme

14 Tropical Rain Forest (Global) One third of the world s forests Four-fifth of the earth s vegetation on land 1 ha of primary forest = tons of plant material Produce material 70 tons of plant material/ha/year Tropical Rain Forest Extreme ecological richness South East Asia: 2,5 million km 2 25,000 species of flowering plants 14

Characteristics of Tropical Environment: Indonesia Sunshine all year round with a fixed day length Constant temperature, with a low fluctuation between night and day (23 o C 32 o C) High rainfall (±

15 Characteristics of Tropical Environment: Indonesia Sunshine all year round with a fixed day length Constant temperature, with a low fluctuation between night and day (23 o C 32 o C) High rainfall (± 2,000 mm) 2 seasons: rainy/wet season (August-January) and day season (February-July) Arable soil but easily eroded and high leaching rate Tropical Rain Forest of Indonesia Coverage: 144 million ha (material statistics) Multi-storey Various types Species rich 15

16 Species rich Multi-storey Why So Species Rich? 1. The rate of in-situ speciation 2. The opportunities for in-situ coexistence 3. Accessibility to immigration 16

17 Distribution of mammals (excluding bats) within the vertical structure of the lowland rain forest 17

18 Sumatra Jawa-Bali-NT 18

19 Kalimantan Sulawesi 19

20 Papua Status of Species Conservation in Indonesia 20

21 Peluang untuk Tetap Lestari (%) 27/11/2011 Kritis Memiliki peluang untuk punah > 50% dalam kurung waktu 5 tahun Genting Memiliki peluang untuk punah > 20% dalam kurun waktu 20 tahun Rentan Memiliki peluang untuk punah > 10% dalam kurun waktu 100 tahun Tahun Besarnya Peluang Suatu Jenis Untuk Punah Berdasarkan Kategori Ancaman Menurut IUCN 100 Batasan Kategori Terancam Punah dari IUCN Kriteria Kritis Genting Rentan A Penurunan Tajam > 80% selama 10 tahun atau 3 generasi > 50% selama 10 tahun atau 3 generasi > 50% selama 20 tahun atau 5 generasi B Daerah Sebaran Yang Sempit Luas daerah sebaran < 100 km 2. Luas daerah yang ditempati < 10 km 2 Luas daerah sebaran < km 2. Luas daerah yang ditempati < 500 km 2. C Populasi Kecil < 250 individu dewasa < individu dewasa Luas daerah sebaran < km 2. Luas daerah yang ditempati < km 2 < individu dewasa D1 D2 Populasi Sangat Kecil Daerah Sebaran Sangat Kecil < 50 individu dewasa < 250 individu dewasa < individu dewasa - - < 100 km2 atau 5 lokasi E Kemungkinan Punah Memiliki peluang untuk punah > 50% dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun Memiliki peluang untuk punah > 20% dalam kurun waktu 20 tahun Memiliki peluang untuk punah 10% dalam kurun waktu 100 tahun 21

22 Javan Lapwing Vanelus macropterus: extinct in 1940s Javan Tiger: extinct in 1980s Bali Tiger: extinct in 1940s 22

Species Protection Protected Species by Indonesia Law Red Data Book (IUCN) CITES Bird to Watch Protected Species in Indonesia Since 1931 Currently the list includes:

23 Species Protection Protected Species by Indonesia Law Red Data Book (IUCN) CITES Bird to Watch Protected Species in Indonesia Since 1931 Currently the list includes: - 95 species of mammals species of birds - 28 species of reptiles -? species of amphibians - 6 species of fishes - 20 species of insects -? species of plants 23

Category Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III All species 87 sp 1579 sp 23 sp Mammals 36 sp 96 sp - Aves 15 sp 232 sp Amphibians - - Reptiles 9 sp 27 sp - Pisces 1 sp 1 sp - Insect - 26 sp - Plants 25

24 Category Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III All species 87 sp 1579 sp 23 sp Mammals 36 sp 96 sp - Aves 15 sp 232 sp Amphibians - - Reptiles 9 sp 27 sp - Pisces 1 sp 1 sp - Insect - 26 sp - Plants 25 sp 991 sp 23 sp Institution Related to Management of Endemic and Endangered Species A. Governmental Institution Ministry of Forestry, Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation State Minister of Environment B. General Public Nature Lovers Group Professional Group Public awareness Program Campaign and Advocacy Networking 24

25 C. Non Governmental Institution WWF Indonesia Foundation BirdLife Indonesia The Nature Conservancy Wetland International-Indonesia Programe Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Biodiversity Foundation Many others Why species become endangered? Direct endangering Overexploitation Preindustrial society Wildlife trade, etc Indirect endangering Paving over Urbanization Agriculture Development, etc (Source: Ehrlich, 1981) 25

26 Problem and Constraints Large areas, high number of species Inventory of flora and fauna Budget (national, international) Local expertise (human resources) Safety against illegal hunting and illegal possession Conflict with other resources use Timber exploitation Mining activities Land use change Degradation of habitat quality Endemic and endangered species are susceptible to extinction 26

Madagascar s Unique Biodiversity and Conservation Needs

Madagascar s Unique Biodiversity and Conservation Needs Russell Mittermeier, Ph.D. President, Conservation International ABCG Meeting on Madagascar s Environmental Program 21 July 2010 MADAGASCAR US