Papua new guinea rainforest tree species

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1 Papua new guinea rainforest tree species Seeing red: why Melania Trump's crimson Christmas trees are so jarring. The Sepik, Mamberamo, Fly, and Digul rivers are the island's major river systems that drain in roughly northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest directions respectively. Many of these rivers have broad areas of meander and result in large areas of lakes and freshwater swamps, with a few grassy plains in the lower areas around the rivers. The current population of the island of New Guinea is about eleven million. Many believe human habitation on the island dates to as early as 50,000 BC, [21]. Papua New Guinea receives report of the Commonwealth Observer Group. The shape of New Guinea is often compared to that of a bird-of-paradise (indigenous to the island), and this results in the usual names for the two extremes of the island: the Bird's Head Peninsula in the northwest ( Vogelkop in Dutch, Kepala Burung in Indonesian; also known as the Doberai Peninsula), and the Bird's Tail Peninsula in the southeast (also known as the Papuan Peninsula). The western portion of the island located west of 141E longitude (except for a small section of territory to the east of the Fly River which belongs to Papua New Guinea) was formerly a Dutch colony, part of the Dutch East Indies. After the Dutch New Guinea Dispute it is now two Indonesian provinces: The eastern part forms the mainland of Papua New Guinea, which has been an independent country since It was formerly the Territory of Papua and New Guinea governed by Australia, consisting of the Trust Territory of New Guinea (northeastern quarter, formerly German New Guinea ), and the Territory of Papua (southeastern quarter). The country consists of four regions: Sheffield council holds out olive branch over tree-felling plans. The name Papua was used to refer to parts of the island before contact with the West. [1]. Throughout most of the highland basins, much of the natural vegetation has been removed by the relatively intensive agriculture of the highlanders. The central highlands are the most densely populated part of the island. Principal ports are Alotau (on the southern tip of New Guinea), Port Moresby (on the south coast), and Lae, Madang and Wewak (on the north coast), Rabaul (in New Britain), Kieta (Bougainville) and Momote (Manus Island). As there are relatively few roads, river transport is important, for both freight and passengers, and particularly on the River Sepik. Celebrate the winter solstice to reclaim the festive spirit. Islands, consisting of Manus, West New Britain, East New Britain and New Ireland provinces, and the Bougainville Autonomous Province. Throughout New Guinea's geological history there have been many land connections with Australia. These have occurred during glaciations in various ice ages. Many occurred during the Pleistocene ice age (including the last glacial maximum about 18,000 years ago); the last of which was severed about 10,000 years ago due to rising sea levels that overflowed the lowlands. At this time, a number species existed on both land masses, and many plants and animals thus crossed from Australia to New Guinea and vice versa. Many later became isolated as the connection ended, further evolved to the new environment and became distinct species. Because the continent was more isolated than any other, very few outside species arrived to colonize, and unique native forms developed unimpeded. Seeing red: why Melania Trump's crimson Christmas trees are so jarring. Netherlands New Guinea and the Australian territories were invaded in 1942 by the Japanese. The Australian territories were put under military administration and were known simply as New Guinea. The highlands, northern and eastern parts of the island became key battlefields in the South West Pacific Theatre of World War II. Papuans often gave vital assistance to the Allies,

2 World War II. Papuans often gave vital assistance to the Allies, fighting alongside Australian troops, and carrying equipment and injured men across New Guinea. Following the return to civil administration, the Australian section was known as the Territory of Papua-New Guinea ( ) and then as Papua and New Guinea, even though they were merged administratively. Although the rest of the Dutch East Indies achieved independence as Indonesia on December 27, 1949, the Netherlands regained control of western New Guinea and attempted to claim and gain West Papua as part of its nationhood. West New Guinea was under Dutch occupation from 1949 till Geologically it is a part of the same tectonic plate as Australia. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level), [10]. The climate of New Guinea is basically tropical, with mean annual maximum temperatures ranging between 86 and 90 F (30 and 32 C) in the lowlands; daytime temperatures in the highlands generally exceed 72 F (22 C) year-round. The southeast trade winds blow for about seven months each year, and rainfall on the southward-facing slopes of the central highlands frequently exceeds 300 inches (7,620 mm) annually. Consequently, the Fly- Digul shelf and bordering highlands are one of the world's wettest places and also one of the least-inhabited. The central highlands receive rain throughout the year totaling between 100 and 160 inches (2,540 and 4,065 mm). Port Moresby on the southeastern coast receives only about 40 inches (1,000 mm) of rain per year. South of the central mountain chain is the. Puncak Jaya, sometimes known by its former Dutch name Carstensz Pyramid, is a mist-covered limestone mountain peak 4,884 m above sea level. Tokyo Olympics venues 'built with wood from threatened rainforests'. Country diary: a chainsaw massacre in the alder woods. View WWF Critical Regions of the World in a larger map. Despite their remoteness, New Guinea's forests face growing threats from logging, mining, wildlife trade and agricultural plantations, particularly oil palm. PNG Government due to poor regulation of the logging. the two countries remain strong. The Australian Government. An unnamed species of Papua New Guinea bat. German controlling the east. In 1906, Australia took over the. Housing prices are plunging, but we really should have seen it coming. promotion of such alternative forest products, the local. itself. It also means that because of their desire for such. Beyond 1,000 m, the lowland forest gives way to montane forests. Here, the canopy is lower than the lowland forests and fewer trees rely on buttresses. Branches also grow lower on the trunks and the shrub layer is denser. island remained a Dutch territory until 1963, when Indonesia. Two men injured after boat catches fire in South Australia's Riverland region. This crisis has been widely publicised, due to the work of. of birds, 445 species of which dwell in the rainforest areas. Moss forest at an altitude of 2,600 m in the Arfak Mountains Nature Reserve, West Irian Jaya Province, Indonesia. effectively propped up the misguided PNG Government. The. Monetary Fund (IMF), supported financially and politically by. Most New Guineans still live in tribal societies. crisis. But perhaps the biggest threat to the preservation of. government response to its findings is clearly required. In. interest from PNG NGOs to distribute this video and other. The first inhabitants of New Guinea arrived possibly as early as 50,000 years ago, having travelled through the southeast Asian peninsula. These first inhabitants, from whom the Papuan people are probably descended, developed one of the earliest known agricultures. Archaeologists have found evidence of ancient irrigation systems in the highlands. Early garden crops, many of which are indigenous, included sugarcane, Pacific bananas, yams, and taros, while sago and pandanus were two commonly exploited native forest crops. Guinea coast. The first map showing the whole island (as an island) was

3 The first map showing the whole island (as an island) was published in 1600 and shows it as "Nova Guinea.". However, Indonesia threatened with an invasion, after full mobilization of its army, by August 15,. New Guinea, located just 100 miles north of Australia, is the world's second largest island after Greenland, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded around 5000 B.C.E. The name Papua has also been longassociated with the island. The western half of the island contains the Indonesian provinces of Papua and Papua Barat (formerly West Irian Jaya), while the eastern half forms the mainland of the independent country of Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea itself consists of the mainland and about 600 offshore islands, comprising a total land area of about 462,800 square kilometers. Central Simbu Eastern Highlands East Sepik Enga Gulf Madang Morobe Oro Southern Highlands Western Western Highlands West Sepik Milne Bay National Capital District. A central east-west mountain range dominates the geography of New Guinea, over 1,600 km in total length. The western half of the island contains the highest mountains in Oceania, rising to 4884 m high, and ensuring a steady supply of rain from the tropical atmosphere. The tree line is around 4,000 m elevation and the tallest peaks contain permanent equatorial glaciers sadly disappearing due to a changing climate. Various other smaller mountain ranges occur both north and west of the central ranges. Except in high elevations, most areas possess a warm humid climate throughout the year, with some seasonal variation associated with the northeast monsoon season. In more recent millennia another wave of people arrived on the shores of New Guinea. These were the Austronesian people, who had come from present day Taiwan, through the south-east Asian archipelago, colonizing many of the islands on the way. These people had technology and skills extremely well adapted to ocean voyaging. Austronesian language speaking people are present along much of the coastal areas and islands of New Guinea. New Guinea has 284 species, many nocturnal, and six orders of mammals: (monotremes (2 species), three orders of marsupials, rodents and bats); 195 of the mammal species (69 percent) are endemic. New Guinea has 578 species of breeding birds, of which 434 species are endemic. The island's frogs are one of the most poorly known vertebrate groups, currently totalling 282 species, but this number is expected to double or even triple when all species have been documented. About 330 sorts of amphibians and reptiles are already known, though it is believed to easily exceed 500 species. New Guinea has a rich diversity of coral life and 1,200 species of fish have been found. Also about 600 species of reef-building coral the latter equal to 75 percent of the world's known total. The entire coral area covers 45 million acres off a peninsula in northwest New Guinea. The immense diversity of ocean terrain includes barrier reefs, coral walls (drop-offs), coral gardens, patch reef, fringing reefs, seagrass beds and coral atolls. The highest peak between the Andes and the Himalayas, at 4,884 metres, Puncak Jaya (sometimes called Mount Carstenz) makes New Guinea the world's fourth highest landmass. It is also the highest mountain on an island on the planet, and perhaps the strongest candidate for highest point of the Australia/Oceania continent. Prior to the early 1930s, most European maps showed the highlands as uninhabited forests; that area was only first "discovered" in On June 21, 1938, Richard Archbold discovered the Grand Valley of the Baliem River which had 50,000 yet-undiscovered Stone Age farmers living in orderly villages. The people, known as the Dani, were the last society of its size to make first contact with the western world. In New Guinea are a high percentage of all the world's ecosystem types: permanent equatorial glaciers, alpine tundra, savanna, montane and lowland rainforest, mangroves, wetlands, lake and river ecosystems, seagrasses, and some of

4 wetlands, lake and river ecosystems, seagrasses, and some of the richest coral reefs on the planet. During the 1950s the Dutch government began to prepare Netherlands New Guinea for full independence, which was granted limited home rule in 1951 from Australia. Elections began taking place in 1959 and the New Guinea Council took office on April 5, The Sepik, Mamberamo, Fly, and Digul rivers are the island's major river systems that drain in roughly northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest directions respectively. Many of these rivers have broad areas of meander and result in large areas of lakes and freshwater swamps, with a few grassy plains in the lower areas around the rivers. Many institutions are interested in Papua New Guinea's terrestrial biodiversity, and have organized over 100 expeditions to areas throughout the country. Even with these expeditions the numbers of global and New Guinea invertebrate species are poorly known, and thus an accurate comparison is difficult. Butterflies are the best known invertebrate group, and are represented in New Guinea by about 735 species, which is about 4.2 percent of the world total of 17,500 species. Puncak Jaya, sometimes known by its former Dutch name Carstensz Pyramid, is a mist-covered limestone mountain peak 4,884 m above sea level. The gardens of the New Guinea highlands are ancient, intensive permacultures, adapted to high population densities, very high rainfalls (as high as 400 inches per year (10,000 mm), earthquakes, hilly land, and occasional frost. Complex mulches, crop rotations and tillages are used in rotation on terraces with complex irrigation systems. A unique feature of New Guinea permaculture is the silviculture of Casuarina oligodon, a tall, sturdy native ironwood tree, suited to use for timber and fuel, with root nodules that fix nitrogen, and copious leaf litter provides a source of mulching material. Many areas of Papua New Guinea provide evidence of forest clearing over thousands of years. However, in at least two sites of considerable distance, Baliem Valley to the west and the Wahgi Valley approximately 500 miles to the east, Pollen studies of approximately 1,200 years ago indicate a surge of casuarina. This innovation probably occurred independently at these sites, and people still commonly transplant seedlings that have sprouted naturally along stream banks into silviculture sites on higher ground. Netherlands New Guinea and the Australian territories were invaded in 1942 by the Japanese. The Australian territories were put under military administration and were known simply as New Guinea. The highlands, northern and eastern parts of the island became key battlefields in the South West Pacific Theatre of World War II. Papuans often gave vital assistance to the Allies, fighting alongside Australian troops, and carrying equipment and injured men across New Guinea. Following the return to civil administration, the Australian section was known as the Territory of Papua-New Guinea ( ) and then as Papua and New Guinea, even though they were merged administratively. Although the rest of the Dutch East Indies achieved independence as Indonesia on December 27, 1949, the Netherlands regained control of western New Guinea and attempted to claim and gain West Papua as part of its nationhood. West New Guinea was under Dutch occupation from 1949 till In 1545 the Spaniard Iñigo Ortiz de Retez sailed along the north coast of New Guinea as far as the Mamberamo River near which he landed, naming the island 'Nueva Guinea' because he found a resemblance between the islands' inhabitants and those found on the African. However, this Australia-New Guinea mixing occurred among relatively few faunal groups; some New Guinea species have an Asian origin. As New Guinea drifted north, it collided with the Pacific Plate as well as a number of oceanic islands. Although no land connection with Asia was ever formed, the proximity between the landmasses, via the many small islands of the Indonesian

5 landmasses, via the many small islands of the Indonesian archipelago, allowed some Asian species to migrate to New Guinea. This has resulted in a unique mixture of Australian and Asian species, endemic to New Guinea. Another major habitat feature are the vast southern and northern lowlands. Stretching for hundreds of miles, these include lowland rainforests, extensive wetlands, savanna grasslands, and some of the largest expanses of mangrove forest in the world. The southern lowlands are the site of Lorentz National Park, also a UNESCO. In 1905 the British government renamed their territory Papua and in 1906 transferred total responsibility for it to a newly independant Australia. During World War I, Australian forces seized German New Guinea (Kaiser-Wilhelmsland), which in 1920 became a League of Nations mandated territory of Australia. The Australian territories became collectively known as The Territories of Papua and New Guinea (until February 1942 when invaded by Japanese forces) Papua new guinea rainforest tree species. All rights reserved.