Legacy of a lost lake

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1 Legacy of a lost lake Natural history and conservation in the Lake Iroquois Plain Mark Stabb Central Ontario Program Director Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC) May 2014

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3 Nature Conservancy of Canada National not-for for-profit private land conservation organization Founded in 1962 Protected >2.6 million acres (765,000 hectares) across Canada With lots of help Thank you.

4 Legacy of a lost lake Chapter in Great Lakes history Influence on habitats and settlement Conservation stories and legacy Conservation Targets and Priorities

5 Ideas? Questions?

6 Legacy of a lost lake

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9 The Trent Embayment

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11 Iroquois Its dammed history Harry Fenn 1893

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17 What s s so special about the Lake Iroquois Plain? During the past two years the increase in building operations in Toronto has caused the opening of a number of sand and gravel pits in beach deposits and the finding of fossils in some of them has made it worth while to give the Iroquois shore more careful study than it has hitherto received. A.P. Coleman 1898

18 What s s so special about the Lake Iroquois Plain? Top Federal Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation in the Mixedwood Plain Iroquois Plain Napanee Plain Lake Erie Spits Huron Fringe St. Clair Clay Plains Bryan et al. 2011

19 First Nation management from glaciers to Governor Simcoe Hunter-gatherer communities Iroquois Homeland Large Huron and Neutral settlements Significant modifications for agriculture For firewood and game

20 Yonge Street

21 Toronto

22 Toronto Arthur Cox 1875

23 Discovering the lost lake Ancient shoreline identified Thomas Roy, civil engineer Charles Lyell

24 Discovering the lost lake Roy s s paper read by Lyell in London in 1837; toured with Roy in 1842 Charles Lyell

25 Discovering the lost lake Named by geologist J.W. Spencer 1882 After the Indian confederation who used it as a trail J.W. Spencer

26 Discovering the lost lake Reinforced by geologist G.K. Gilbert 1887 A chapter in the history of Lake Ontario G.K. Gilbert J.W. Spencer

27 Discovering the lost lake History unravelled by geologist and professor Arthur Philemon (A.P.) Coleman (1899)

28 Discovering the lost lake

29 Iroquois legacy on the land

30 Discovering the lost lake A. P. Coleman 1899

31 Other land marks

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33 Iroquois legacy on the land Shore bluff and cliffs Gravel beaches, spits, bars and islands

34 Iroquois legacy on the land Sand plain Clay plain

35 Toronto Arthur Cox 1875

36 Iroquois legacy on the land Davenport Ridge Spadina Ave. and Road Ishpadinaa - "high hill or sudden rise in the land"

37 Iroquois legacy on the land

38 Iroquois legacy on the land Casa Loma. Photo: TripAdvisor

39 Iroquois legacy on the land

40 Nick Eyles, U. of T. Lake Iroquois shoreline and beaches became a significant source of sand and gravel Gravel pit - Homer Watson 1903

41 Iroquois Plain

42 iroquois Cootes Paradise Burlington Heights Source: Karrow et al. 1961

43 Iroquois legacy on the land

44 Iroquois legacy on the land

45 Niagara s Benches Source: Brock University Dept of Geography

46 Niagara s Benches Source: VQA Ontario

47 ueen_iroq.html

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49 natural heritage studies

50 Ideas? Questions?

51 Rome Sand Plain

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53 Trent Embayment

54 The Trent Embayment

55 The Trent Embayment

56 Recognized in natural heritage studies Sager Conservation Area, Lower Trent Conservation

57 The Trent Embayment

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60 Iroquois legacy on the land Groundwater resources Thousands of wells Groundwater discharge Stream refreshment

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62 Iroquois legacy on the land Wetlands Wildlife habitat Ecological corridors

63 Iroquois legacy on the land Sand and clay plain Gravel beaches, spits and bars 25 m 60 m shore bluff and cliff Scarborough Bluffs 100 m

64 Shoreline recognized in natural heritage and planning studies

65 Shoreline recognized in natural heritage and planning studies

66 Shoreline recognized in natural heritage and planning studies

67 Shoreline recognized in Greenbelt Plan

68 NCC and Lake Ontario

69 A Conservation Legacy for the Lake Iroquois Plain

70 Coastal Wetlands Second Marsh Rattray Marsh Credit Valley Conservation Cranberry Marsh, Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority

71 NCC Nature Reserves Willenroth Woods (Brighton) Donated for conservation by the late Arnold Boes

72 Distinctive Coastal Habitats Sand dunes Beaches Colonial bird nesting sites

73 Distinctive Coastal Habitats Sand dunes Beaches Colonial bird nesting sites Bond Head Bluffs Area of Natural and Scientific Interest, Durham Region

74 Iroquois ecodistricts

75 Migratory bird stopover habitat

76 The Trent Embayment Inland Wetlands Murray Marsh

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78 NCC Nature Reserves Mary West donation Campbellford

79 Migratory bird stopover habitat

80 Migratory bird stopover study Expert birder/volunteers Surveyed patches of woodland habitat Shoreline to 60+ km inland Spring and fall Forested, urban, agricultural landscapes

81 Migratory bird stopover habitat More abundant with greater woody cover and patches of woody cover close to lake Concentrated in isolated patches near urban areas and agricultural areas. Parks and other small islands of habitat close to Lake Ontario were more heavily used than those far from the shoreline.

82 Iroquois Plain

83 iroquois ther eis now a dawn of light upon the theory and origin of the great lakes of north america science 1888 jw spencer The southern part of the park was flooded between 12,500 and 12,000 years ago by Lake Iroquois, an ice-dammed, ancestral Lake Ontario that had water levels up to 60 metres above present lake levels. The old Lake Iroquois shoreline passes through the Metro Toronto Zoo and the Beare Road landfill. Most of the shoreline has been removed by aggregate extraction or covered by landfill. The shoreline consisted of shingle beaches, sandy bays and a

84 Iroquois plain stats Barrier beaches bronte credit etobicok creek humber done sand and gravel worked out now Slightly sloping plain sands Proximity to lake milder climate

85 Iroquois plain stats Toronto harboaur in natural state protected by toronot island bar of sand derived from undercutting of schaborough bluffs Old beach, steep bluff 75 ft at casa loma Don umber cut to original lake base levels sand and gravel bars

86 iroquois Scarbnorough bluffs 350 ft Sands and deposits below the original shore Now well drained cedaer thicket Loam soils good for ag apples near newcastle Iroquois lake plain flat building sites East of newcastle drumlins were islands in the lake sandy areas were outlier of tobacco belt North along 401 high shoreline baltimorearea

87 Trent embayment undundated bay with many islands Wave wahed hilssides X people now live in the iroquois plain most densely populated? Old lake plain first settled Easy grades easy connections to settlements markets along th elake Specialty agriculture climate and favourable lake based soils Old sandbars, offshore aprons of sand important acquifers for farms etc. garvel bars sourc of road metlan building Clays of old lake bed manufacturing brick iroquois

88 Iroquois ecodistricts Oshawa cobourg 6e-13 7e-4 The Town ofwhitby recently adopted a Grimsby 7E-3 secondary plan for the Taunton North area that gives an exemplary 3 slides maps and overview level of attention to the protection of the lake Iroquois shoreline aquifer and wildlife Protected areas lynde shores, habitats. Based on an environmental cranberry marsh, rattray marsh, audit, the plan designates areas that are second marsh, too sensitive to develop, areas that require Inland/shore woods an environmental impact study, and areas that can be Darlington pp, bronte creek, developed without further study. thicksons woods, NCC willenroth woods Better farmland on varved silts and clays deposited on lake bottom

89 Iroquois Plain features Beaches, ridges, bluffs earth science interest benefits to groundwater etc Coastal wetlands Iroquois plain terrestrials and wetlands migratory bird stopover habitat Shore bluff wetlands/seeps significant? Water source for a number of small watersheds CLOCA says the Iroquois Beach area (important for its groundwater recharge and discharge functions, significant cedar swamp wetlands and minimally disturbed valley lands),

90 Migratory bird stopover habitat

91 Visiting the Iroquois Plain Waterfront Trail Bronte Creek and Darlington Provincial Parks Darlington Provincial Park

92 Visiting the Iroquois Plain Waterfront Trail Bronte Creek and Darlington Provincial Parks Bronte Creek Provincial Park

93 Visiting the Iroquois Plain Conservation Areas Municipal Parks Seaton Trail, Pickering

94 Visiting the Iroquois Plain Land Trust properties Cora s s Woods

95 Visiting the Iroquois Shoreline Conservation Areas Municipal Parks Iroquois Shoreline Hawkwatch Site Heber Down Conservation Area, Brooklin Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority

96 Visitingthe theiroquois IroquoisShoreline Plain Visiting Conservation Areas Municipal Parks Stephen s Gulch, Barrier beach Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority Ontario Region

97 Visiting the Iroquois Shoreline Riverwood Park City of Mississauga

98 Visiting the Iroquois Shoreline Insert your favourite Credit Valley spots here!!

99 Migratory stopover studies Large exodus from forest fragments not from urban areas, or agricultural areas Concentration areas were in areas of higher forest cover but not necessarily large forest blocks Birds select forests near water and avoid ag and urban areas Preserving islands of natural habitat in developed and agricultural landscapes should be a priority for conservation plans addressing the stopover requirements of migratory land birds. bonter et al 2008 SAR recovery strategies and migratory bird habitatlake Iroquois Shoreline The Lake Iroquois Shoreline is an ancient geological landform that was formed by post-glacial Lake Iroquois. Distinctive features of the Lake Iroquois Shoreline are its extensive sand and gravel deposits. It is the headwaters for many smaller creeks and is characterized by a high water table, which makes this area a significant groundwater resource. The sand deposits store and then discharge cool water to the creeks. Between the south edge of the moraine and the present urban

100 Priority: Coastal wetlands

101 Ideas? Questions? as%

102 Ideas? Questions?

103 Ideas? Questions?

104 Ideas? Questions?

105 The Trent Embayment

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