Chapter 7 Mexico, Central America, & the Caribbean

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1 Chapter 7 Mexico, Central America, & the Caribbean

2 Chapter 7, Lesson 1 Physical Geography of Mexico, Central America, & the Caribbean

3 Physical Characteristics of Mexico and Central America An isthmus narrow strip of land with water on both sides that connects two larger bodies of land 8 countries Mexico Belize Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama

4 Mexico and Central America s Landforms Mountains Sierra Madre Occidental & Oriental Active volcanoes in southern Mexico and Central America Rugged & difficult to cross

5 Mexico and Central America s Landforms High Central Plateau Deserts Grasslands Cities Mexico City

6 Mexico and Central America s Landforms Coastal Lowlands Pacific Coastal Plain Desert in north & farmland in the south due to volcanoes Gulf Coastal Plains Fertile farmland Caribbean Coastal Plain Dense rain forests, tropical wet climate, poor soil

7 Mexico & Central America s Climate Affected by latitude & altitude 4 climate regions based on altitude: tierra caliente hot land tierra templada temperate land tierra fria cold land tierra helada frozen land Dry in the north Hurricanes along the coasts

8 Caribbean Archipelagos (groups of islands) Greater Antilles Bigger islands that are part of an underwater mountain range Examples: Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti/Dom. Rep.), Puerto Rico

9 Caribbean Archipelagos (groups of islands) Lesser Antilles Smaller volcanic islands Usually mountainous with rich soil Examples: Aruba, Trinidad & Tobago, Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, and others

10 Caribbean Archipelagos (groups of islands) Bahamas 3,000 limestone islands (only 30 are inhabited) Flat Poor, sandy soil

11 Climate of the Caribbean Tropical wet/dry climate VERY affected by the sea & wind Winds make temperatures moderate (80 ) Hurricanes!

12 Natural Resources in Mexico, Central America, & the Caribbean Islands Oil and natural gas are Mexico's most important resources. The Caribbean Sea is rich in fish, but the islands have few timber or mineral resources.

13 Chapter 7, Lesson 2 History of Mexico, Central America, & the Caribbean Islands

14 Ancient Native American Civilizations in Mexico & Central America Olmecs, 1200 BC 400 BC Used obsidian (black volcanic glass) to carve: Large stone heads à Jade jewelry Grew maize (corn) Built drainage ditches

15 Ancient Native American Civilizations in Mexico & Central America Mayans, ~1000 BC - AD 900 Lived on the Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, Belize Used a 365-day calendar for religious ceremonies Built step pyramids Hieroglyphics Number system

16 Ancient Native American Civilizations in Mexico & Central America Aztecs (or Mexica), AD 1200 Responsible for much of modern Mexico s culture Aggressive Capital city of Tenochtitlán à

17 Europeans arrive in the New World 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue to San Salvador! (Bahamas) 1 st settlement by the Spanish: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Columbian Exchange: new plants & animals were traded between the Americas & the rest of the world What was bad about the Columbian Exchange?

18 The Spanish take over Mexico & Central America 1519 Hernán Cortés destroyed the Aztec empire w/ help from 650 Spanish conquistadors (conquerors), the Aztecs enemies & modern weapons

19 Life in Spanish Colonial Mexico Natives had to work on haciendas (Spanish plantations) and gold/silver mines Natives were treated poorly Many died from European diseases Catholic missionaries converted many natives

20 Independence & Revolution Rebellion against Spain led to independence in 1821, but new governments were still controlled by wealthy landowners, not natives Panama owned by Colombia until 1903 Belize owned by Great Britain until 1981 Mexico lost territory to the US in the mid- 1800s (Texas, California, Utah, & Nevada) Rebellion against Mexican dictator led Mexico to form a republic in 1920 In the late 1900s, all the Central American nations except Costa Rica and Belize were torn by civil conflict.

21 Colonialism in the Caribbean 1600s & 1700s Europeans established mines and sugar plantations on many islands Native Americans quickly died from disease, starvation, and overwork, so Africans were brought as slaves to work 1800s & 1900s many islands gained independence from European rule Still suffered from rule by caudillos (military leaders), poverty, & weak economies

22 The Caribbean: Independent Countries or not? INDEPENDENT: Cuba Haiti Dominican Republic Barbados Jamaica Bahamas Trinidad & Tobago STILL COLONIES: Great Britain British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat United States US Virgin Islands Puerto Rico France Guadeloupe Martinique

23 Chapter 7, Lesson 3 Life in Mexico, Central America, & the Caribbean

24 Mexico & Central America s Economy As a result of NAFTA and CAFTA-DR, most of Mexico & Central America s trade is with the United States and Canada.

25 Northern Mexico s Economy Cattle ranching Vaquero Mexican cowboy Manufacturing Maquiladoras factories that assemble parts made in other countries Border cities: Monterrey, Tijuana, Ciudad Juarez How do maquiladoras affect Mexico? Benefits: Problems:

26 Central Mexico s Economy Fertile farmland Large industrial cities: Guadalajara & Mexico City (22 million people!)

27 Southern Mexico & Central America s Economy Agriculture In mountains: Subsistence farming Poor farmers raise livestock, corn, beans, & rice to feed themselves Along coasts: banana & sugarcane plantations Large farms that raise a single crop for sale Coffee, bananas, cotton, sugarcane

28 Southern Mexico & Central America s Economy Tourism Mexican cities: Cabo San Lucas, Acapulco, Puerto Vallarta, Cancun Belize, Costa Rica, & Panama Ecotourism traveling to see natural landscapes à

29 Economics of Panama Shipping The Panama Canal! Used by ships to cut across the isthmus instead of traveling around South America Built & owned by the USA since 1914 Turned over to Panama on Dec. 31, 1999

30 Daily Life in Mexico & Central America Speak Spanish & native languages (Belize English) Roman Catholic Carnival fiesta before Lent Baseball & fútbol (soccer) Salsa music

31 Mexican & Central American Food Corn, chocolate, tomatoes, beans, squash, chiles Got beef, chicken, cheese, & olive oil from the Spanish Tortillas used for tacos & enchiladas à

32 Mexican Fiestas (celebrations) Sept 16 - Independence Day May 5 Cinco de Mayo Nov 2 Day of the Dead Mariachi & Latino bands Parades, fireworks, dancing

33 Governments in Mexico & Central America Democracy, but not always multiple parties 7 republics elect presidents (like the US) Mexico - Federal republic power is divided between national & state gov ts s Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto à Belize is a parliamentary democracy legislature chooses the prime minister (like Canada)

34 Challenges for Mexico Illegal drug trafficking

35 Challenges for Mexico High population growth, especially in cities 40% of Mexicans live in poverty Migrant workers crossing into the US

36 Challenges for Mexico National debt Mexico borrowed money from foreign countries to build factories & create jobs Economy is struggling & gov t must use taxes to pay back loans

37 Challenges for Mexico Pollution Caused by population growth & factories Smog, air & water pollution

38 Challenges of Central America Most people are very poor Native Americans & Africans Small farmers or laborers, factory workers A small middle class mostly farmers or city workers The rich (Europeans) control the government

39 Armed Conflict in Central America Nicaragua Sandinistas brought socialism to Nicaragua in 1979 Thousands died before declaring a cease-fire in 1990 El Salvador Rich landowners hired death squads to prevent reform 70,000 died in the civil war between 1979 and 1992 Guatemala The military ran the country, government death squads killed 150,000, (40,000 disappeared ) A peace treaty was signed in 1996, ending the civil war

40 The Caribbean Islands The Caribbean islands are mostly small countries with small populations and few natural resources. Poverty is a major problem for most of the Caribbean islands. World music is strongly influenced by Caribbean salsa and reggae.

41 Economics of the Caribbean Tourism Problem resorts are owned by foreigners so natives don t earn the profits poorly paid

42 Economics of the Caribbean Agriculture Sugarcane, cocoa, bananas, coconuts, rice, cotton Many countries depend on a single crop for income Why is this a bad idea?

43 Culture in the Caribbean Ethnicities: Mostly African & European Religion: Mostly Christian (Catholic & Protestant) Language: Spanish, English, French Sports: Soccer & Baseball (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dom. Rep.) Music: Salsa (Cuba), Reggae (Jamaica), Calypso & Steel drums (Trinidad & Tobago)

44 Cuba Capital: Havana Communist Farmers work on cooperative farms owned by the government Cuba is very poor US trade embargo

45 Haiti Capital: Port-au-Prince 1804 slaves revolted against France and set up an independent country Civil war left the country in poverty, depending mostly on coffee & sugar exports Jan Earthquake à

46 Puerto Rico Capital: San Juan A commonwealth (self-governing territory) of the United States US citizens Wealthier than most Caribbean islands factories, sugar & coffee farms, tourism

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