North America Geography. Chapter 3 Section 1

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1 North America Geography Chapter 3 Section 1

2 Ch 3 Sec 1.1: Physical Geography North America stretches from the cold arctic of northern Canada to the warm tropics of Mexico. At the center of N.A. lie the 48 contiguous, they are all connected U.S. The state of Alaska is in the N.W. The state of Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean.

3 Highlands, Plains, and Plateaus East of the Rocky Mountains lies the Great Plains, which are flat areas of land that make up the center of North America. Plateaus which are flat lands of high elevations are located between mountains in the western U.S. and central Mexico.

4 Rivers and Lakes Major cities developed along rivers, such as Cincinnati on the Ohio River New Orleans on the Mississippi River Juarez on the Rio Grande The St. Lawrence River provides a waterway from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. These 5 lakes form the largest body of fresh water in the world. 4 of the lakes provide a physical boundary between the U.S. and Canada The Rio Grande provides a natural boundary between Mexico and the U.S.

5 A Variety of Climates There is Humid Equatorial Climate by the Yucatan Peninsula. There are Dry Climates in Mexico, western U.S., and SW border of Canada. There are Humid Temperate, or mild climates in the west coast of U.S. and Canada, and eastern U.S. There is Humid Cold in Northern U.S. and most of Canada There is Tundra in Northern Alaska, and northern Canada which has glaciers, or large masses of ice and packed snow.

6 Ch 3 Sec 1.2: The Great Plains The Great Plains crops feed the population of North America with enough left to export, or send to other countries

7 Farming on the Great Plains Great Plains has 2 reasons for good agriculture: 1.) The soil is rich with nutrients, so it produces bountiful crops. 2.) The climate on the Great Plains is temperate and the area usually has plentiful amount of rain. Some years rainfall is below normal for a long period of time called drought and it kills crops. Example is the Dust Bowl in the 1930 s Prairie land has been replaced by agriculture (wheat, corn, and other grains). Highly productive farms are typical of commercial agriculture, or the business of producing crops to sell.

8 Energy Resources The Great Plains has major oil and natural gas deposits. Main oil fields are found from Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Texas also have offshore oil wells in the Gulf of Mexico. Commercial drilling in the Gulf can be risky (BP oil spill) High winds are also utilized in the Great Plains as an alternative energy source.

9 Ch 3 Sec 1.3: Western Mountains & Deserts Mountains and plateaus cover much of the western United States and Canada. Theses landforms create natural barriers to western coastal regions and offer plentiful resources in some areas.

10 Landforms and Climate The main landform in the western part of the region is the cordillera, which is a system of several mountain ranges that often run parallel to one another. Cordillera includes the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada's. The area between these mountain ranges is the Great Basin, which is a depression in the surface of the land. The Great Basin is a desert. The Great Basin is marked by canyons, which are deep steep-sided valleys formed when rivers cut through soft rock. The best known canyon is the Grand Canyon in SW U.S. It formed over hundreds of millions of years and is 277 miles in length and up to 18 miles wide. The Great Basin is mostly dry because of rain shadow effect.

11 Resources and Conservation The Great Basin and mountain ranges have important mineral deposits. Areas of SW Canada hold natural gas reserves. SW U.S. has dry climate so they use a dams, which is a barrier that controls the flow of water, to control water shortage. Dams can also be used for irrigation of crops.

12 Ch 3 Sec 1.4 Mexico s Mountains and Plateaus Central Mexico is made up mainly of mountains and plateaus. These landforms yield rich resources that contribute to Mexico s economy.

13 Landforms and Climate Mexico includes two peninsulas, narrow strips of land that extend out into a body of water. Baja Peninsula in western Mexico Yucatan Peninsula in the SW. The Sierra Madre mountains run along each side of Mexico. The Mexican Plateau lies between the two ranges of the Sierra Madres. Mexicans call the southern area Mesa Central, and the northern area Mesa del Norte. Mesa means table in Spanish.

14 Landforms and Climate Mexico s highest mountain, volcano Pico de Orizaba, rises at the southern edge of the plateau. Mexico City is on the Mesa Central. It has fertile soil due to volcanic activity. Sugarcane, corn, and wheat are important agricultural crops. Northern Mexico sits in the temperate zone. Southern Mexico sits in the tropic zone. Mesa Central climate is modified, or made less extreme by higher elevation.

15 Resources and Agriculture Mexico s mountains hold resources such as copper, silver, and zinc. They also have oil found around the Gulf of Mexico. Over 3 million barrels are produced each day. Farmers in the north grow cotton, wheat, fruit, and raise cattle. Farmers in the south grow sugarcane, coffee, and tropical fruits. Many rural Mexicans live by subsistence farming, growing just enough food to feed their families.

16 Ch 3 Sec 1.5: Exploring the Yucatan Sacred Wells It has a wet and dry season There is very little surface water The peninsula is composed of mostly limestone. Water flows in the cracks of the limestone to underground caves. These underwater caves function as aquifers, or layers of rock beneath the earth that contain water. This is a critical water supply to the people. Sometimes the surface rock collapses to reveal underground pools, which are called cenotes (Mayan word for sacred wells ) One cave explored has a 112 miles of underwater passages.

17 Saving an Important Resource Tourism is important to Mexico s economy but can be a threat to the cenotes, due to pollution from tourist visiting. The pollution leaves the cenotes unusable. It is important to protect the aquifers, and use them as a sustainable resource, to grow Mexico s economy by preserving them not using them up.

18 History of Mexico Chapter 3 Section 3

19 Ch 3 Sec 3.1 The Maya and the Aztecs Present day Mexico was settled several about 100,000 years earlier than the United States. Native American groups lived in the Valley of Mexico, the area around Mexico City. Around 7,000 years ago they began to grow maize, or corn, high yields of this crop allowed larger populations.

20 The Maya 1000 B.C. the Olmec lived along the southern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Their culture had a strong influence on later cultures, like the Maya. The Maya lived on the present-day Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico and Central America. Around 100 B.C. the Maya began to develop into a civilization, a society with highly developed culture, politics, and technology. The Maya used hieroglyphics, a system of writing that consisted mostly of pictures and symbols or hieroglyphs as characters. They had a highly developed written language. The Maya studied the sun, moon, stars, and planets, which allowed them to develop a calendar. After A.D. 900, Mayan civilization apparently declined. Historians do not fully understand why this happened. Possible theories include violent conflict between cities, overpopulation, or overuse of land available for farming.

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22 The Aztecs Another dominant group was the Aztecs, who settled in the area of modern Mexico City around A.D The Aztec people built a city called Tenochtitlan on islands in Lake Texcoco. The constructed human-made islands called chinampas, or floating gardens, on the lake to give them more area to grow food. The Aztecs built an empire, an extensive group of peoples governed by one ruler, through military conquest of neighboring lands. They gained more power by enslaving conquered people. They used their labor to build more cities. Rulers also collected tribute, or fees, in the form of money crops, or other goods. The Aztec Empire continued to thrive until Spanish explorers arrived in the 1500s, which changed life in the region.

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25 The Conquest of Mexico Late in 1518, Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico with a force of about 500 soldiers. Cortes was a conquistador, a Spanish soldier-explorer. Cortes quickly realized that the Aztecs were widely hated by other native groups and heard of rumors of Aztec wealth. The Aztec ruler was Montezuma. He welcomed Cortes and his men to the capital. Within three years Cortes had killed Montezuma and captured the city. He ordered the city burned and built a new capital Mexico City. By 1525, Spanish control reach far south as Central America.

26 Spanish Advantage Cortes was bold, skillful leader. The Spanish had guns, swords, and armor, all superior to the Aztecs weapons. The Spanish also used horse and dogs in battle. The Aztecs were slow to act at first because they believed Cortes was a god. When Montezuma was killed by Cortes in 1520, the Aztec armies fell apart in confusion. Many native tribes hated the Aztecs, and they helped Cortes conquer the Aztecs. A native woman called Malinche served as an interpreter and guide for the Spanish. One of the biggest reason for the Aztec defeat was diseases. The Spanish unknowingly brought over diseases that the natives had never encountered and could not resist. Illnesses like measles and smallpox became epidemics. An epidemic is the outbreak of disease that spreads widely. The diseases killed huge number of the native population.

27 Results of the Conquest From their base in Mexico, the Spanish armies conquered all of Central America. They went on to conquer most of South America, building their own vast empire. Diseases continued to wipe out native populations. Natives who survived were enslaved by the Spanish and forced to farm and mine. Spain s success drove other European countries to explore the Americas.

28 Ch 3 Sec 3.3 Mexican Independence Because of the conquistadors, Mexico became a major part of Spain s colonial empire. The empire included Central America, Caribbean, and parts of present day U.S.

29 Colonial Mexico In 1800s, society of colonial Mexico was divided into social classes. At the top were people born in Spain, called peninsulares. They held the highest offices in government and the church. Next were crillos, people of Spanish background born in Mexico. Next came mestizos, people of mixed Spanish and native heritage. Native Americans were the lowest class of society

30 Independence In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest led a revolt against the peninsulares. He led an army of almost 100,000 men, including many mestizos. His army killed many peninsulares and criollos and captured several of Mexico s cities. Government troops resisted Father Hidalgo s army, and in 1811, the troops defeated the priest s army and seized him. On July 30, 1811 they executed him, but his rebellion inspired others in Mexico to continue the fight. Jose Morelos, a priest and revolutionary, took over leadership of the Mexican independence movement. In November 1813, he and his followers declared independence from Spain. They drafted a constitution that made Mexico a republic, a government of elected officials. The constitution guaranteed freedom, equality, and security to Mexico s citizens. Spain refused to accept the constitution. Father Morelos was captured and executed by Spanish troops in 1815.

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32 The Struggle Continues In 1820, Colonel Augustin de Iturbide united Mexico. In 1821, he issued a plan that included 3 Guarantees: 1 st Mexico would be independent of Spanish control. 2 nd peninsulares and criollos would be equal to each other under the law. 3 rd Roman Catholicism would be the only religion in the country. Iturbide s army rapidly defeated Spanish troops in Mexico. In 1821, Spain signed a treaty granting independence to Mexico. In 1822, Iturbide crowned himself the emperor of Mexico. His reign was a disaster. As emperor he could unify the country. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, rebelled against him. In 1823, Iturbide gave up his crown and was exiled, or forced to leave the country. Santa Anna s new government wrote the Constitution of Santa Anna finally defeated Spain in Mexico s people elected Santa Anna as their president.

33 Ch 3 Sec 3.4 U.S.-Mexican War When Santa Anna became president of Mexico the country included land from presentday Texas to California and north to Utah.

34 The Texas Revolution To encourage new settlers in the area of Texas, Mexico offered land grants to Americans to set up colonies. They began to arrive in The American population grew so quickly Mexico passed a law in 1830 blocking further settlement. This move started growing hostility between Mexican government and settlers in Texas. In 1835, Texans began to rebel against Mexican forces. President Santa Anna led a large army to Texas to end the rebellion. In 1836, in a battle that lasted 13 days, Mexican forces killed almost all of the approximately 200 Texan rebels defending a fort called the Alamo. Despite this defeat, Texans continued their fight for independence. General Sam Houston, led the Texan army and defeated Santa Anna s troops at the Battle of San Jacinto.

35 War with the United States After winning independence from Mexico, Texans created the Republic of Texas. For 9 years the country struggled with debt, disputes with Mexico, and violence between settlers and Native Americans. In 1845, Texas joined the United States through annexation, or adding territory. Texas and the United States claimed that the southern border was the Rio Grande, but Mexico said the border was the Nueces River, farther north. In 1846 American troops were sent to occupy the disputed area between the two rivers.

36 War with the United States When Mexican and U.S. Troops fought near the Rio Grande in May 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico. Santa Anna s troops battled the U.S. army but were defeated after two years. As a result, in 1848 Mexico gave up the area from Texas to California. This land became known as the Mexican Cession. In 1853 Santa Anna sold further Mexican land to the United States in what came to be known as the Gadsden Purchase. In Mexico many people opposed, or objected to this decision.

37 La Reforma-The Reform Due to growing opposition to Santa Anna and his policies, he was forced out of leadership in In 1857, President Benito Juarez proposed major reforms, of changes, to promote social equality. Religious and military leaders refused to accept these reforms, and the country entered a civil war. Conflict continued though out the 1860s.

38 Ch 3 Sec 3.5 The Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution was partly a fight for land reform, in which larges estates would be broken up and the land would be given to the poor. Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa led the struggle, which lasted form 1910 to 1920 and killed more than one million Mexicans.

39 Document 1: Plan of Ayala Zapata issued the Plan of Ayala in 1911 to state goals for the revolution. We who undersign declare solemnly to end the tyranny [harsh government] which oppress us The pueblos [villages] or citizens who have the titles [to property being held by the government].will immediately enter into possession of that real estate [property] The immense majority of Mexican [settlements] and citizens are owners of no more than the land they walk on and suffer the horrors of poverty without being able to improve their social condition in any way.

40 Document 2: Constitution of 1917 One important goal of the constitution was to bring about changes in land ownership. Article 27. Ownership of the lands and waters within the boundaries of the national territory is vested [included] originally in the Nation, which has the right to transmit [give] title thereof to private persons Necessary measures shall be taken to divide up large landed estates; to develop small landed holdings [smaller farms] in operation To encourage agriculture and to prevent the destruction of natural resources The rights of small landed holdings in operation [will be] respected at all times.

41 Document 3: Photo of Pancho Villa Pancho Villa, the son of a poor farm laborer, became a folk hero in Mexico. He gained popularity by stealing from the rich in order to give to the poor. Villa s knowledge of the physical geography of northern Mexico helped him avoid being captured.

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