Civil Society in Japan History, Roles, and Community Building Experience

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1 Civil Society in Japan History, Roles, and Community Building Experience Presentation for: US-JAPAN GRASSROOTS EXCHANGE PROGRAM CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN POST-DISASTER COMMUNITY BUILDING Presented by Makiko Ueno, UCRCA 2015/06/20 1

2 Overview of Japan s Problems 1. Decreasing Population and Increasing Elderly Population 2. Slow Economic Recovery and Growing Economic Disparity 3. Increasing National Debt 4. Slow Recovery from Tohoku Disaster 5. Increasing Natural Disasters 6. Global Environmental Problems, CO2 2

3 Japan-US: Current Japan Population 126,867,957 Median age 46.2years Labor force population 65,770, % (65 years and over) US Population 324,925,523 Median age 37.5years Labor force population 155,388, % (65 years and over) 3

4 Population Japan ,867,957 Median age 46.2years 2035 (forecast) 117,662,624 Median age 52,5years USA ,925,523 Median age 37.5years 2035 (forecast) 373,468,491 Median age 40.1years 4

5 Aging in Japan 5

6 The world population growth by region 6

7 Aging in Major Industrial Countries 7

8 Rate of aged 65 and over Japan, China, and US 8

9 Depopulate Region 9

Japan s Changing Demographics Average life span: men 80.

10 Japan s Changing Demographics Average life span: men and women 86.61(2013) People Aged 100 or Over 58,820 (2014) 10

11 ノンプロフィットセクターとアメリカの市民社会 1990 年 11

12 Civil Society Organizations and Their Role Civil society as The function and space, which non-governmental actors work for public benefit/goods 1) It is an organization. 2) Its purpose is not-for-profit and therefore does not distribute profits. 3) It is independent from the government. 4) It is self-governing. 12 5) It is voluntary.

13 Non profits (2015) Japan 50,147 1 NPO for every 2,529 Japanese US 1,521,052 Public charities 1,050,318 Private foundations 101,558 Others 369,176 1 NPO for every 213 Americans 13

14 NPOs in Japan Areas of Activity 50,090 (March 2015) Health, Medical, Welfare Services 29,315 Social Education 23,885 Promote Machizukuri 21,932 Children Care Services 21,832 Promote Art, Culture, Sports 17,269 Environment Protection 13,865 Job Training and Opportunity 12,470 International Cooperation 9,887 Promote Economic Activity 8,743 Human Rights & Peace 8, Consultancy, Advice, Networking 22,770

15 Share of GDP JAPAN GDP 2013 GDP 2013 US $4,920bn (480bn yen) In 2004 Sector s Share of GDP 4.8% Sector employed 4.2% of full time workers $16,768bn In 2010 Sector s Share Of GDP 5.5% Sector employed 13.7 million people 9.8% of full time workers 15

16 Giving USA Donations to charitable causes $335 billion U.S. private foundations grant dollars $19.1 billion Individual Giving $743 in 2006 The average volunteer served 207 hours in

17 Giving and volunteering during times of disaster East Japan Hanshin-Awaji Volunteers 1,020,200 1,377,000 Donation bn bn. USD $3.61 bn. $1.79 bn. 17

18 Giving US, Japan, UK 18

19 Relation between Government and Civil Society the community/neighborhood point of view 1868 Meiji Restoration Public benefit corporation 1889 Meiji Constitution the Sino-Japanese War the Russo-Japanese War the Peace Preservation Law 1937 Invasion of China 1940 National Mobilization Law, Buraku Chonaikai Seibi 1941 Japanese declaration of War World War II 1942 Taiseiyokusan Kai 1944 Pearl Harbor, 1945 Tokyo Air Raid, Atomic bombing Hiroshima, Nagasaki End of World War II 19

20 20

21 Community Evolution Throughout Japanese History Feudal Social System YUI, REN Neighborhoods under World War II Burakukai, Chonaikai as War promoting mechanism for control and watching neighbors Defeat of the War 21

22 History, continued GHQ Occupation The Constitution of Japan established in 1946 Shift toward democratic governance system: education, welfare, economy The 50s Urban Rebuilding and Industrialization 1956 It was no more the post war era 22

23 Housing quality in urban area in the 60s 23

24 History, cont. The 60s and 70s Economic growth and Pollution, environmental Problems, disputes Anti-US-Japan Security Treaty National Comprehensive Development Plan in 1962 Tokyo Olympic GNP of Japan, the second largest Plan for Remodeling the Japanese Archipelago (1972) 24

25 History, cont. The 80s, 90s to Present 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake The Volunteer Revolution 1998 the Nonprofit Law was enacted Globalization 2008 The World Financial Crisis 2009 Gov. Change, Democrat Party 2011/03/11 Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Disaster 25

26 Planned Community in the 70s and 80s 26

27 27

28 28

29 Natural disaster, History 1894 Shonai Earthquake ( Meiji Sanriku Earthquake 1897 Miyagi-ken oki Earthquake 1910, 1917 Kanto Flood 1923 Kanto Great Earthquake (100,000) 1934 Typhoon Muroto (3,066) Four big Earthquakes, Showa-tonankai, Mikawa, Showa-nankai, and Fukui 1945 Typhoon Makurazaki (3756) 1952 Tokachi-oki Earthquake 1959 Isewan Typhoon 1960 Chile Earthquake 1964 Niigata Earthquake 1968 Sanriku-oki Earthquake 1976 Typhoon 16 and Nagaragawa Flood 1978 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake 29

30 cont Nihonkai-chubu Earthquake and Tunami 1983 Miyake Island Volcano Eruption 1993 Kushiro-oki, Hokkaido-Nansei-oki Earthquake 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake 2000 Miyake-jima Volcano Eruption 2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake 2004 Niigata-chuetu Earthquake 2008 Iwate-Miyagi-nairiku Earthquake 2009 Surugawan Earthquake 2010 Chile Earthquake and Tunami 2011 Shinnendake volcano Eruption 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake 2014 Hiroshima Landslide 2014 Ontakesan Volcano Eruption 2015 Kuchinoerabu Island Volcane. 30

31 Visions of National Land Development by

32 National Comprehensive Development Plan and Five year Plans

33 Big Projects & Public Works 33

34 US-Japan Grassroots Exchange Program, Basic Data Miyako & Kobe Miyako-City, Iwate Population(2013) Iwate Pref. 1,295,000 (#of NPOs 464) Miyako-city 57,000 Kobe-City, Hyogo Population(2013) Hyogo Pref. 5,558,000 (#of NPOs 1,357) Kobe-city 1,554,000 Nagata-ku 10,200 New Orleans & Galveston New Orleans, Louisiana Population(2013) Louisiana 4,649,676 (#of NPOs, 2010, 4,109) New Orleans 369,000 Galveston, Texas Population (2013) Texas 26,956,958 (#of NPOs, ,290) Galveston 47,743 34

35 NPOs and Civil Society in the future Opportunities: Progressing, a growing need and hope Weaknesses: ----Lack of money, knowledge, expertise, and human capital ----Lack of commitment to current political and social affairs ----Lack of advocacy and policy research 35

36 Think Tanks Public Policy Analysis Institutions for a Mature Democracy Neighborhood Research Institutes with data, numbers and information for the citizens to participate and to create strong sustainable community 36

Statistics Catastrophe Loss, etc. Typhoon Makurazaki Sept ,756 89, ,888. Typhoon Catherine Sept ,930 9, ,743

XII Statistics Catastrophe Loss, etc. 1. Major Catastrophe Losses (Since 1945) Major Windstorms and Floods Windstorm and Flood Time of Occurrence Number of Casualties and Property Damage Dead/Missing Buildings