Who was a Persian king who was one of the greatest conquerors who ever lived?
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1 PEP NKY-World History-Chapter 2-3 Lecture Notes The Persian Empire Who was a Persian king who was one of the greatest conquerors who ever lived? What country is Persia today? What happened in 546 BC between the Lydian king and Cyrus? Cyrus defeated the Lydian King Croesus What did Cyrus do to Coesus? Took him as a prisoner and allowed him to enjoy the life of the Persian royal court Persian Empire Cyrus the Great: Around 700 BC, all nomadic tribes are united under Cyrus the Great, a military and political genius. He is an excellent and benevolent leader and the first of the Achaemenids. Architectural ruins reveal his mastery of design and function. Determined to conquer the whole world, Cyrus the Great conquers one kingdom after another. He refuses to enslave his new subjects, and he frees the Jews. Cyrus dies in battle in 530 BC. His unadorned tomb is remarkably well preserved. Persian Empire Were they vicious like the Assyrians?! Cyrus-wise and merciful ruler Allowed defeated enemies self-rule Tolerated their religious beliefs Restored captive people to their homeland Bible calls Cyrus the Lord s anointed What did God use Cyrus for? Freed Hebrews from their captivity in Babylon Conquered Babylon in 539 BC Directed Jews to rebuild the Temple of God in Jerusalem Ezra 1:2-3 Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia, The Lord God of heaven hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth; and he hath charged me to build him a house at Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Persian Empire Empire provinces called satrapies Satrap governor Appointed by Persian king King s secret police- king s eyes Excellent roads Royal Road 1,677 miles Mail system American pony express Persian Empire continued 200 years after Cyrus s death Darius a general in the army Death of Cyrus leaves a leadership gap; rivals vie for power. Darius the Great secures power and becomes one of the greatest Persian leaders and builders. His masterpiece is Persepolis. Darius never stops expanding his Empire. PEP NKY World History-Chap. 2-3 Lecture notes page 1 of 6
2 Knossos-Minonian civilization-crete Famous inhabitant of the maze/labyrinth? Half man/half bull Darius the Great s Royal Road-Take II-difference in maps War between city states-greece Polis=city state Monarchy-archy=rule mono=by one King Oligarchy- rule of a few Tension between wealth noble class and lower classes Tyranny-tyrant complete control of government-uses force to implement laws Democracy-rule by the people Each male citizen had a share in the rule Omitted women and slaves Greek Religion Polytheistic Belief in Pagan Gods had human characteristics Anthropomorphic-having human form or attributes No powerful priesthood Priests public officials appointed to perform religions rites Concerned with the present and earthly needs Magic and astrology missing Delphic Oracle No system of ethics Beliefs private affairs Unless you upset established rituals or denies the existence of the gods ANCIENT GREECE Athens City-state First ruled by a king Later establish an oligarchy Council of nobles Chief noble elected from the nobility called archon Creativity Democracy Individualism 5 th century B.C.-Pericles rule of the people quiz ATHENS Geography Southeastern Greece On the Attica Peninsula Good harbors for trade Poor, rocky soil Population Free male Athenians were citizens Foreigners, women, and slaves had no political rights PEP NKY World History-Chap. 2-3 Lecture notes page 2 of 6
3 Education Students were taught to be well rounded (have sound mind and body) Studied many subjects - rhetoric, music, history, and literature Role of Women Women were considered inferior Had no political or legal rights Received no education stayed at home Only job-priestess Military Strength Became a major sea power Led the Delian League Values and Daily Life Athenians loved theatre and arts Valued philosophy, science, math, debate Loved freedom, beauty, and individuality Government World s first democracy 10 Generals - led the military for one year terms Council of propose laws and were selected by lot Assembly - all male citizens over age 30, made laws Greek Theater Greek tragedy by Aeschylus Actors all men-wore Masks Comedy: a play that made fun of events/people that had a happy ending Tragedy: a play that was sad and had a tragic ending Masks One actor could play different roles Sound amplification Olympic Games 776 BC-beginning Every 4 th year until end of 4 th century AD Why did Theodosius I cancel the Olympics Games in 393 A.D.? He was a Christian Did not want to hold a festival to honor Zeus and the false Greek gods Athletes men (no clothes!)-spectators men Sprint Long run Discus throw Javelin throw Wrestling Boxing Horse and chariot races Pentathlon (5 events) Glory only to First Place Winner! Important Athenian Leaders (Reformers) DRACO (621 BC.) Tyrant Made the first written law code of Athens - severe punishments (Draconian Law Code) PEP NKY World History-Chap. 2-3 Lecture notes page 3 of 6
4 SOLON (594 BC.) Tyrant Outlawed debt slavery cancelled all debts Reformed laws Expanded participation in the assembly Began export of wine and oil PERICLES ( BC.) Credited with Athens Golden Age Oversaw rise of democracy All male citizens given a voice in Athens (direct democracy); All male citizens are told that they have a duty (to be involved in their government Ordered the rebuilding of the Parthenon following the Persian Wars Sparta Centered on training warriors Highest good was to be the best warrior Totalitarian society Sparta controlled all aspects of her citizens lives Maintained army read for battle-always! Unhealthy babies left to die Boys-age 7 left families lived in barracks Boys-age 20-in the army Girls-training including running, jumping, boxing Strong mothers-bring up warriors for the state Return with your shields or on them Oligarchy Rule of the few-5 Spartan nobles quiz Battle of Thermopylae Persians vs. Greeks The 300 Spartans Persians-Xerses son of Darius Mountain pass at Thermopylae 7,000 Greeks faced about 200,000 Persians Only a few Persians could get through the pass at one time Persians attacked 3 times and could not get through Greek traitor shows Persians another way through mountains Greeks surrounded-retreated except for the 300 Spartans Fought to the death-monument reads: Tell them in Sparta, passerby, that here, obedient to their orders, we lie. Herodotus They [300 Spartans] defended themselves to the last, such as still had swords using them, and the others resisting with their hands and teeth. Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC Darius furious Slave sat at his feet and said Master, remember the Athenians! Dies, his son Xerxes took up the struggle Hot gates" - Named for what? Nearby hot sulfur springs Crossed Hellespont (Dardanelles ) on a bridge of boats 674 ships tied together with ropes-storm destroyed bridge Built another two more Defeated Spartans at Thermopylae Pass about 330 feet wide PEP NKY World History-Chap. 2-3 Lecture notes page 4 of 6
5 Xerxes burns Athens to the ground Battle of Salamis Bay- Themistocles Peloponnesian War, BC Who was fighting? Greek city-states Mainly Athens and Sparta Athens sea superiority Sparta land armies - intro. opening Who won? Sparta Sparta replaced democratic governments with oligarchies An oligarchy is? No freedom City-states break up again What other catastrophe happened at this time in Athens? (Think of what killed Pericles) Plague Review _-UQ Philip of Macedonia, ( BC) king of Macedonia and Conqueror of Illyria, Thrace, and Greece Where is Macedonia? North of Greece People related to the Greeks King Philip II united Macedonia Extended empire into Greece Greek city-states support him-wanted unity Reorganized the army Macedonia Phalanx Philip II-Marriages-7 wives #1: Illyrian princess Audata #2: Phila, princess of Macedonian canton of Elimea #3: 357 BC, princess Olympias from Epirus Olympias, mother of Alexander member of snake-worshipping cult of Dionysus #4-5 & #7, we ll skip them Mistake with #6: Cleopatra, noble Macedonian girl married for love Wedding banquet, Cleopatra's uncle, General Attalus, calls Alexander illegitimate Alexander throws a cup at him Philip draws his sword, charges at Alexander, trips and falls because he is drunk Alexander yells: "Here is the man who was making ready to cross from Europe to Asia, and who cannot even cross from one table to another without losing his balance. Alexander and his mother leave Macedon Philip II Assassinated- October 336 BC Aegae, capital of Macedon Celebrate marriage of Philip s daughter King enters unprotected to show how brave and approachable he is to the Greeks Killed by Pausanias of Orestis, one of his bodyguards PEP NKY World History-Chap. 2-3 Lecture notes page 5 of 6
6 Pausanias runs-friends holding horses for escape Three other bodyguards run after him Pausanias trips on a vine-killed Alexander crucifies Pausanias' corpse Olympias, Alex s mom, builds a memorial to Pausanias Murder trial, two other men found guilty of conspiracy with Pausanias-executed Alexander of Macedonia-the great Alexander was king at 20 Aristotle taught the young Alexander Other tutors watched over him One day a tutor stopped Alexander from throwing a handful of incense on an alter as an offering to their gods When you have control of the spice trade, then you can be wasteful. Years later, after Alexander conquered the center of the spice trade (Gaza), he sent his tutor 18 tons of frankincense and myrrh as a present e-to-power Alexander the great - Alexander of Macedon Alexander the god Introduced the Persian concept of absolute monarchy to the Greco-Roman world Spread the Greek language What is the language of the New Testament? Greek Conqueror! Son of a god?! eating-the-legend Ubiquitous? Means what? Bucephalus (Ox Head) Alexander s horse-black stallion-white blaze Tamed when 10 years old-frightened by shadow-philip You ll have to find another kingdom; Macedonia is not large enough for you Battle of the Hydaspes (June 326 BC) -Bucephalus killed-about 30 years old Alexander died at the height of his power in 323 BC at the age of? 32 From a fever ysterious-death Hellenic Culture Greeks called themselves Hellenes and the land Hellas Hellenic describes Greek Hellenistic means Greeks among the first to begin the formal study of human through and culture called? Greeks focused on What was the Greek motto? Greeks lacked pupils? Statues painted Paint fades PEP NKY World History-Chap. 2-3 Lecture notes page 6 of 6
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