Game boards or offering tables?

Transcription

1 Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique Varia Game boards or offering tables? Some remarks on the Minoan pierres à cupules Nicola Cucuzza Electronic version URL: DOI: /kernos.1574 ISSN: Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 janvier 2010 Number of pages: ISSN: Electronic reference Nicola Cucuzza, «Game boards or offering tables?», Kernos [Online], , Online since 10 October 2013, connection on 30 September URL : ; DOI : /kernos.1574 The text is a facsimile of the print edition. Kernos

2 Kernos23(2010),p Game boards or offering tables? Some remarks on the Minoan pierres à cupules Abstract:Fromanarchaeologicalpointofview,therecognitionbetweenreligiousand gamingactivitiesisveryuneasy.thisistruealsofortheso-calledminoanpierres à cupules(or Minoankernoior stoneslabswithdepressions )whosemostimpressivespecimenissurely thewellknowntable à offrandesfoundintheminoanpalaceatmallia.afterthemostrecent worksonthesubject(byh.whittakerandn.hillbom),theinterpretationofthepierres à cupulesasgameboardisnowprevailing;however,theirpossiblereligiousfunctioncannotbe disregarded.thepaperaimstocheckthemethodologicalproblemsinvolvedinthestudyof thesepierres,startingfromtheavailablearchaeologicalevidence. Résumé: Les découvertes liées au déroulement des pratiques de culte sont souvent difficiles à distinguer, sur le plan archéologique, de celles qui ont à voir avec la simple dimension du jeu. Cette difficulté d interprétation se pose de façon particulièrement évidentepourlestablesàcupules(oukernoiminoensoustone slabs with depressions),dontla célèbretableàoffrandedupalaisminoendemalliaoffreunexemplairemonumental.même sil interprétationdestablesdejeu(àlaquelleseréfèrentlesplusrécentescontributionsde H.WhittakeretN.Hillbom)estprobablementprédominante,celleliéeàlareligionnepeut pas être facilement exclue pour ces dispositifs. Cette analyse se propose par conséquent d attirer l attention sur les problèmes méthodologiques suscités par l étude des tables à cupules,àpartirdestémoignagesarchéologiquesdisponibles. Given the absence of explicit literary or iconographic sources, it is often difficulttoestablishwhethercertainobjectsbroughttolightbyarchaeological excavations have a religious or gaming function. This problem has been addressed,fromamethodologicalpointofview,byc.renfrewinhisbookthe Archaeology of Cult: Therecognitionofcultmustbeonthebasisofcontext. 1 Gamesaswellasreligiouspracticesfollowwell-establishedrituals.Therequired expressive actions (such as digging a hole to bury certain objects) are either the same or very similar. From an archaeological point of view, the distinction between religion and game is always difficult to determine; according to Renfrew, ritual has a more serious purpose, and is often conducted in an atmosphereofsolemnity. 2 Atmosphereis,however,verydifficulttoascertain in archaeological terms. Moreover, a high technological level and the invest- 1 RENFREW(1985),p RENFREW(1985),p.15.

3 134 N.CUCUZZA mentoflargeeconomicresourcesarenotexclusivetothesphereofreligionas opposed to that of games(even if sports are excluded from the definition of game ). Archaeological context cannot always solve our interpretative doubts: the borderline between gaming and religious rituals is, if anything, even more blurredwhenweexaminethedataconcerningtheagesinlifewhengamesare themainactivity:aretheminiaturevesselsinchildren stombsburialofferings orsimplegames?whatexactlywasagameinantiquity?thedifferentpurposes of play recreational, educational and social render the issue even more complex. InthisarticleIwillexamine the so-called pierres à cupules 3 from the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures. 4 By far the most famous pierre is without doubt the one discovered in the Minoan palace at Mallia (Fig. 1). 5 Carved in a single cylindrical stone block, it has 34 circular holesarrangedalongitscircumference, one larger than the others, while there is an almost hemispherical large hole at the centre. The stone is sunk into the paved floor of a room at thesouth-westerncornerofthecentralcourtwhichopensontothisspace;the roomislocatedatthesouthernentrancetothepalaceandjustsouthofavery largestaircase.abenchonthewesternsidewaspossiblyusedtogetherwiththe stone(probably to facilitate the activities carried out on its upper surface). In 1928,inaseminalwork,F.Chapouthieridentifiedthestoneasakernos,based on Athenaeus s description of this type of vessel: according to the French scholar,theholeswereusedfortheofferingoffirstfruits. 6 Ifcorrect,theMallia stonewouldthusbeanofferingtableforaritualverysimilartotheeleusinian panspermia. TheMalliatableisthemostmonumentalofseveralexamplesthathavebeen documented both at Mallia and in other Minoan settlements and cemeteries (Fig. 2).Theyconsistofcircularholescutintothesurfaceofstoneslabs,most 3 HILLBOM(2003);WHITTAKER(2002). 4 Cf.HILLBOM(2005),p , , CHAPOUTHIER(1928);HILLBOM(2003),p.74cat CHAPOUTHIER(1928). Fig.

4 SomeRemarksontheMinoan pierres à cupules 135 commonly arranged in a circle or an oval: some of them also have a central (and larger) hole, while a few have a hole that is different from the others in size and position. Some have their holes arranged along a rectangle, and in some cases the holes are arranged in several parallel rows (Fig. 3). These last examples sometimeswithmorethan100holes aredistinctlydifferentfrom the others, while both the circular and rectangular types share the same characteristics(numberofholes,presence/absenceofacentralhole).thefinal typeconsistsofafewslabswithholesarrangedinaspiralorirregularmanner. 7 Uncertaintyabouttheirfunctionisreflectedinthevarietyofnamestheyhave been given in the archaeological literature: the rather anonymous slabs with depressions,pierres à cupulesor Minoan cup-holes and cup-marks,butalso kernoi and tables à offrandes. The neutral term slabs with depressions, which correspondsexactlytotheexpressionpierres à cupules,hasbeenadoptedforthe purposesofthisarticle. Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Theseobjectshavebeeninterpretedfromareligiousviewpoint,byChapouthier(and, more recently, by Hood), and from a gaming perspective, by Evans (which,morerecently,hasbeentheonepreferredbyh.vaneffenterre). 8 Inthis latterview,themalliastoneisamonumentalgameboard,asindicatedbyanalogy with the Egyptian games of senet and mehen and their resemblance to the later tabulae lusoriae. 9 This suggestion has been reinforced by the discovery, in some cases, of small objects near the slabs with depressions that can be seen as gaming pieces. 10 Moreover, van Effenterre has found a Greek inscription 7 Fortheclassificationinthesethreetypescf.HOOD(1995);HOOD(2000),p.608.HILLBOM (2003),p.20-24distinguishes13differenttypes. 8 EVANS( ), vol.iii,p ;hood(1984);hood(1995);hood(2000);van EFFENTERRE (1955). Cf. GESELL (1985), p.7-8, WHITTAKER (2002), p and HILLBOM (2003),p WHITTAKER(2002),p.76-77withfurtherbibliographicalreferences. 10 HILLBOM (2005), p See infra for the small objects found near the slab with depressionsdiscoveredaddimini.

5 136 N.CUCUZZA referringtoanaumachia veryprobablyagame nearagroupofholesarranged inacircleonmountoxa,ontheborderbetweenlatoandolous. 11 Thecommonviewisthatitmusthavebeenaritualizedgame,performedin specialcircumstances. 12 Thishypothesisdoesnotclashwiththepossibilitythat someofthemostelaborate slabswithdepressions (especiallythetable à offrandes at Mallia) were mainly or only used for religious purposes, as Chapouthier suggests. Inthelastfewyears,thedocumentationregardingtheslabshasbeenanalyzedbyH.Whittakerand,mostrecently,byN.Hillbom,whohasputtogether the most comprehensive catalogue to date, comprising 167 specimens. 13 In spite of the ambiguity of his book s title, For Gods or for Games, 14 Hillbom prefers the gaming interpretation for the Minoan slabs with depressions. TheirpresenceinburialcontextsisexplainedbyreferringtotheEgyptianbelief inthegamethesoulsofthedeadplayedwiththegodsinordertochoosetheir final destination. 15 Moreover, Hillbom suggests the existence of different games:the 3 10 (probablydevelopedfromtheegyptiansehen),the 10/2- ring,the 12-ring andsoon. 16 Hillbom s corpus can be complemented with other specimens, bringing the totalnumberofknownslabs with depressions toapproximately200.however,in this article, reference will only be made to fixed slabs, and stone vases with rows of holes (which Hillbom considered to be the same as slabs with a rectangularlayoutofholes)willbeexcluded. 17 Slabs with depressions have been found in approximately 20 sites in centralandeasterncrete, 18 whilenonehavesofarbeendiscoveredinwestern Crete. Prepalatial examples have been found at Myrtos Phournou Koryphi, VasilikìandTrypitì.Mostslabs with depressions,however,datetotheprotopalatial period. At Knossos, Haghia Triada, Mallia, Gournià and Mochlos, slabs have beendiscoveredinboththesettlementsandincemeteries.localcharacteristics areprobablyrelevant:atknossosthereareonlyholesarrangedinlinearrows, 11 VANEFFENTERRE(1955),p HILLBOM(2003),p HILLBOM(2003),p HILLBOM(2003),republishedinHILLBOM(2005),p HILLBOM(2003),p WHITTAKER(2002),p.76-80;HILLBOM(2003),p HILLBOM(2003),p.69,77(cat.nos.51and117,typeIX).Cf.WARREN(1969),p TotheslabswithdepressionscataloguedbyHillbomotherspecimenscanbeaddedfromMallia and Phaistos; see the following footnote for other Cretan sites where slabs with depressions have beendiscovered. 18 To the sites catalogued by Hillbom (Archanes Anemospilia, Gournia, Jouktas, Kavousi Kastro,Knossos,Kommos,Mallia,Mochlos,MountOxa,MyrtosPhournouKoryphi,Phaistos, Pyrgos, Syme Viannou, Trypitì, Vasilikì, Zakros), can be added also Haghia Triada, Kavousi VrondaandAzorià,Pseira.

6 SomeRemarksontheMinoan pierres à cupules 137 withtheexceptionofacoupleoflmiiispecimensbelongingtoaspecifictype wheretheholesaredividedintotwohalvesbyaline(theso-called 10/2-ring in Hillbom s classification) that is also found in Crete after the Bronze Age (KavousiKastroandAzorià,perhapsMountOxa). The linear type, with holesarrangedinparallelrows, seems to be more recent than the circular type (Fig. 4): in the theatral area at Knossos examples of the former are to be found on the eastern flight of steps, which was added to the architectural complex at a later date. Based on the currently available evidence, the circulartypeseemstobeearlier andmorewidespread,whilethe lineartypewithrowsisperhaps later than the protopalatial period.apartfromknossos,only seven specimens of the linear type are now known. It appears that the circular type variant was added, with the division of the holes in two different halves, during LM III: it has been found at Kavousi Kastro, Azorià and on Mt Oxa, whose slabswithdepressions areveryprobablylaterthanthebronzeage. The ten slabs with depressions thus far found in cemeteries are in fact only seven, once those found in the Isopata Royal Tomb near Knossos in ashlarblocksre-usedasconstructionmaterialareexcluded. 19 Interestingly,the seven slabswithdepressions datebacktotheprotopalatialperiod;athaghia Triada a slab is positioned on the floor of a MM I-II room built very near tholos A. 20 Other rooms nearby contained a large number of vases used in liturgicalpracticesinhonourofthedeadburiedinthetomb,whichwasused fromemitommii.inspiteofthesmallnumberofslabsincemeteries,itis importanttoemphasisetheirantiquity(atmalliaandgourniatheypossiblydate totheprepalatialperiod)andthecaretakenintheirarrangement,insomecases inroomsinwhichtheywereanimportantelement. Apossiblepredecessortothe slabswithdepressions wasfoundinfinal NeolithiclevelsatPhaistos.Nineholeswerepurposelycutintothebedrockin the area corresponding to the central court of the Minoan palace; near these were a triton sea-shell, 12 astragaloi and 2 fragmentary vases with red ochre 19 HILLBOM(2003),p.68,cat LAROSA(2001),p.225. Fig. 4

7 138 N.CUCUZZA decoration. 21 The Final Neolithic assemblages in the area (which included a large amount of pottery), were recently re-examined by S. Di Tonto and S.Todaro, and attest feasting activities, where enormous quantities of meat wereconsumed. 22 AtPhaistos, slabswithdepressions arewelldocumentedintheprotopalatialperiod, 23 andinfactthisisthesitewherethelargestnumberhasbeenfound (atleast50specimens 24 ).Duetothevariousarchitecturalphasesidentifiedin the palace and in the surrounding buildings, it is possible to assign almost all theknownspecimenstotheprotopalatialperiod. 25 Itisimportanttostressthat mostofthemaretobefoundinthewesterncourti(fig. 5),onthestepsofthe theatralareaaswellasonthepaving(40specimens). The connection of slabs with depressions to western courts and theatral areas is also evident at other sites: in the settlement at Knossostenspecimensoutof 19 are located in the theatral area, while at Mallia11outof23arein the western court (and oneintheplacette ouestof Quartier Mu). At Vasilikì most of the slabs with Fig. 5 depressions are in the western court, and at Pseiratheonlyknownslabisintheso-calledplateia. 26 Aparticularconcentration of slabswithdepressions inopenareasisalsotobefoundatgournià,where15 ofthe34specimensarelocatedinthestreetsofthesettlement. Intheindividualsettlementsthereareareaswherethereisaconcentration of slabswithdepressions.thesearegenerallyineasilyaccessibleopenspaces 21 LEVI( ),p.340,fig.192.Unfortunatelythereisnotaclearpictureofthenineholes. 22 TODARO,DITONTO(2008),p Thepresenceofahumanskeletonnearbycould testifyapossiblelinkbetweenthisarrangementandtheburial.ithanks.todarotohavecalled myattentiononthisfindings. 23 FERRARI,CUCUZZA(2004). 24 To the 48 slabs with depressions (types 1 and 2 of the classification) catalogued by FERRARI, CUCUZZA (2004), three other slabs with depressions can be added, located in the protopalatialpiazzalei.thenumberrefersonlytotheassuredspecimens. 25 FERRARI,CUCUZZA(2004),p DAVARAS(2001),p.85,87.

8 SomeRemarksontheMinoan pierres à cupules 139 suchasthewesterncourts(termed publicspaces byc.palyvou 27 ),butalsoin thelightwellsandinnercourtsofhouses:atgourniàtherearesixspecimensin room4ofprotopalatialhouseaa. Apartfromtheslabsidentifiedinshrinesorcultrooms(atotalofaboutten in the shrines of Juktas, Kato Syme and Gournià, at Anemospilià and in the domestic shrines at Mallia Maison Epsilon Alpha room 6, Mochlos House B2 room2,zakrosroomhoftheprotopalatialbuildingundertheeasternwingof the palace), the other specimens are usually located near entrances or at thresholds. This is very evident in the protopalatial period, as shown by the slabswithdepressions attheentrancestothefirstpalaceatphaistosaswell asatthecrypte HypostyleatMallia. 28 Thisfeaturealsooccursinthelaterstages ofthebronzeage:thetable à offrandesislocatedneartheentrancetothepalace atmallia,anda slabwithdepressions datingbacktolmiiichasbeenfound nearbuilding BatKavousiVrondà. 29 Anothergroupofabouttenslabsistobe foundinroomslinkedinsomewaytostorageactivities:atphaistosandmallia someslabs with depressionsareinstoreroomsfromthefirstpalaceperiod. 30 It is improbable that the concentration of slabs with depressions in cult rooms or at the entrances to buildings is accidental, and it is even less likely that this fact was only linked to gaming activity. It mustbepointedoutthatinthe largestcomplexinthewholeof Crete in the protopalatial western court at Phaistos slabs with depressions only occur in one well-defined area, delimited by raised walkways Fig. 6 (Fig. 6). The Sacred Grove and Dance Fresco indicate that raised walkways very probably had the function of defining spaces in the western courts during the performance of ritual activities. 31 Slabs with depressions were therefore possiblyusedforariteduringsuchperformances. 27 PALYVOU(2004),p HILLBOM (2003), p.72 cat. 76 (Mallia), p cat (Phaistos); FERRARI, CUCUZZA(2004),p.72cat.79-80(Phaistos). 29 PRESTONDAY,COULSON,GESELL(1986),p HILLBOM(2003),p.72-73cat.76,87(Mallia);FERRARI,CUCUZZA(2004),p.72-74cat.82, 88-89(Phaistos). 31 Cf.MARINATOS(1987),p

9 140 N.CUCUZZA What then is the link between western courts(withtheatral areas), shrines and cult rooms, entrances, storerooms (both of palatial and domestic levels/types)andcemeteries? Overthelasttenyears,manystudieshavepointedtotheceremonialcharacter of the Minoan palaces, emphasising the importance of banquets in the CretanBronzeAgeasawayoflegitimizingandnegotiatingpower. 32 Feastsand banquetstookplaceintheareasofthecentralcourtswellbeforetheconstruction of the first palaces in Crete, 33 and their importance has been well documented archaeologically by the discovery of large numbers of vases for food anddrink.thecollectiveconsumptionoffoodverypossiblyhadthefunction of redistributing goods, i.e. the distribution of equal rations of food and/or beverages. 34 InMinoanCrete,suchredistributiveactivitiesarearchaeologically attested in Palatial and funerary contexts: the impressive number of conical cupsandjugletsfoundintheareaofroom25inthepalaceatphaistosisagood examplefortheprotopalatialperiod. 35 Curiouslyenough,acircularlampwas found in an upside-down position in the dump, with a series of conical cups (which were also upside down) placed carefully along its rim: 36 this feature recalls a protopalatial vessel found in a storeroom in the palatial building at Monastiraki, as well as the well-known vase from Building 6 in the Archanes Phournìcemeteryfromthesameperiod. 37 The resemblance of both vases to the slabs with depressions is very evident: the link between clay vessels and slabs is even closer in a neopalatial contextinhousezeta-alphaatmallia:inroom5severalconicalcupsplaced alongacircularedgewerefoundonaslab. 38 ThevasesfromMonastirakiand Archanes Phournì are very similar to some Early Cycladic ones: as is well known,inthecyclades,evenintheearlybronzeage(especiallyinphylakopìi culture) composite clay vases usually referred to as kernoi were produced andveryprobablyusedforofferings. 39 Itisinterestingtonotethattheperiod whentheproductionofthispotteryshapebegancoincideswiththatinwhich thepresenceofsetsfortheconsumptionofalcoholicbeverageswasrecorded, suggestingthepracticeoffunerarybanquets Cf.DAY,WILSON(2002),p andthepapersdevotedtotheMinoaninHALSTEAD, BARRETT(2004)andHITCHCOCK,LAFFINEUR,CROWLEY(2008). 33 Cf.DRIESSEN(2004). 34 See RUPP, TSIPOPOULOU (1999) for the conical cups; cf. the use of the bevelled-rim bowls inthe4 th millenniumbcmesopotamia:liverani(1988),p LEVI(1976),p ;MILITELLO(2002),p LEVI(1976),fig.604and614;MILITELLO(2002),p.59,fig KANTA,MARAZZI(2007),tav.2a(room47,Reth.Mus.n.P8725);GIRELLA(2002),p ,193(cat.n.11),fig PRIVITERA(2008),p.69-70withreferences. 39 BARBER(1987),p BROODBANK(2008),p

10 SomeRemarksontheMinoan pierres à cupules 141 InprotopalatialCretetheredistributionoffoodandbeveragesisattestedin funerary contexts; hundreds of ceramic vases were found at Haghia Triada in theso-calledcamerettesouthoftholosa:inthiscase,ithasbeensuggestedthat therewasaspecificsetwithajug,asmallplateandfourconicalcups. 41 Inshort,weneedtoaskwhethertheuseof slabswithdepressions might be linked to the redistribution that took place in both palatial and funerary contexts,whichwasapartofclearlyreligiousrites.redistributionseemstobe the common factor between the various contexts where slabs with depressions havebeenfound:thefindinroom25atphaistos,themonastirakivase and the arrangement of slab and conical cups in House Zeta-Alpha at Mallia raises questions about the link between slabs with depressions and conical cups certainlythemostcommonformofminoanvaseconnectedtotheidea ofequalredistribution,whichisattestedfromtheearlyphasesoftheprepalatial period. 42 ItisthoughtthattherewasalinkbetweenstorageandreligioninMinoan Crete; 43 redistributiveactivitiescouldthereforehavebeencarriedoutaspartof a religious rite, perhaps including the use of slabs with depressions for a ritualizedgame,asseveralscholarshaveinferred. 44 Ifcorrect,itwouldthenbe possibletosubscribetotheidentificationoftheslabsaskernoi,asproposedby Chapouthier, always bearing in mind, however, the very blurred distinction betweenreligiousritualsandgames.weshouldperhapsrememberthepresence in the central court of the palace and Chrysolakkos tomb at Mallia of several vesselsbelongingtothesametypeofvasethatcouldhavebeenused,according top.demargneando.pelon,tocontainavotiveoffering: 45 itistemptingto connect these vases with the slabs with depressions discovered near the central courtofthepalaceaswellasinthetomb. Inconclusion,itisinterestingtonotetherecentdiscoveryoftwo slabswith depressions whichhavebroadenedourknowledgeandwillundoubtedlybethe subjectofmuchfuturediscussion. Thefirstwasalarge slabwithdepressions foundnearanentrancetothesocalledmegaron BinthepalatialcompoundexcavatedatDiminiinThessaly,which wasdestroyedatanearlystageoflhiiic.accordingtov.adrimisismani,the discovery of an altar in the middle of room 1 suggests that Megaron B was a religious building. 46 The slab with depressions was, however, found on the oppositesideofthebuilding:theholesareirregularlypositioned,althoughthey 41 LAROSA(2001),p Onthispotteryshape,WIENER(1984),GILLIS(1990);seealsoWIENER(2006),p OnthesubjectCHRISTAKIS(2008),p HILLBOM(2003),p PELON(2002),p.117pl.XXXIIIa-b. 46 ADRIMISISMANI( ),p.39-41,fig.25;ADRIMISISMANI,GODART(2005),p.53-55, fig.3;adrimisismani(2006),p.473;adrimisismani(2007).

11 142 N.CUCUZZA seemtofollowatleasttwoedgesoftheslab. 47 Manysmallobjectswerefound nearby:ninehumanandsixanimalfigurines,onefigurineseatedonathrone,a stone seal, a fragment of a kylix with an engraved Linear B inscription(a true ostrakon) 48, pictorial-style sherds, at least one miniature clay vessel, and many bronzepinsandleaves. 49 Thisfindepitomisesalltheinterpretativedifficultiesof slabs with depressions : were the figurines and the other small finds gaming piecesorvotiveofferings?orperhapsboth?itshouldbepointedout,however, thatthepositionnearanentrancetoaverylargeopenareaisverysimilartothat oftheminoanslabs.moreover,theentrancewaslinkedtothreeroomsusedto storevessels(includingalargenumberofkylikes)andothergoodsdesignedfor thepreparationandconsumptionoffoodandbeverages. 50 The second new discovery was of three slabs with depressions (two of themin situ)onthestepsofthemonumental Civic BuildingatAzorià(Kavousi)in Crete,whichwasdestroyedatthebeginningofthe5thcenturyBC.Thetwoin situslabs arein a corner and exactly in themiddle of the eastern wall of the building; 51 itisdifficulttobelievethatthispositionisaccidental,anditseemsto reflecttheimportancegiventotheslabsbythepeopleusingthemonumental building.thelinkbetween slabswithdepressions andstepsisreminiscentof the Bronze Age arrangements at Phaistos and Knossos and raises a series of problems. One of these is the function of the slabs: in this case it seems unlikelythattheyweresimplygameboards. NicolaCUCUZZA UniversitàdegliStudidiGenova DipartimentodiArcheologiaeFilologiaClassica ViaBalbi,4 I 16126GENOVA Nicola.Cucuzza@lettere.unige.it List of figures Fig.. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Mallia:the Pierre à cupule inroomxvi,1(photobytheauthor) Phaistos: slabwithdepressions inwesterncourti(photobytheauthor) Knossos: slabwithdepressions inthe TheatralArea (photobytheauthor) Phaistos: slabwithdepressions inwesterncourti(photobytheauthor) Phaistos:WesternCourtIfromWest(photobytheAuthor) Phaistos:planoftheWesternCourtI:the slabwithdepressions in situarelocatedin theareamarkedingrey 47 ADRIMISISMANI( ),p.44,fig.29;ADRIMISISMANI,GODART(2005),p.54,fig IOLZ2:ADRIMISISMANI,GODART(2005),p.62;cf.ZURBACH2006,p ADRIMISISMANI( ),p.42-44;ADRIMISISMANI,GODART(2005),p ADRIMISISMANI(2006),p.474.Cf.thePalaceatPylos,rooms18-20andtheuseofcourt 88/63:BENDALL(2004),p HAGGIS MOOK(forthcoming);onthebuilding,HAGGIS,MOOKet al.(2007),p

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