²ðºìØîÚ²Ü Ð²Ú²êî²ÜÆ ä²îø²î²ü ÐàôÞ²ðÒ²ÜܺðÆ ìæö²îà 1915 Â.-Æò Æ ìºð THE CONDITION OF ARMENIAN MONUMENTS IN WESTERN ARMENIA SINCE 1915.

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2 2 ì²ðòø N 2 ²ðºìØîÚ²Ü Ð²Ú²êî²ÜÆ ä²îø²î²ü ÐàôÞ²ðÒ²ÜܺðÆ ìæö²îà 1915 Â.-Æò Æ ìºð THE CONDITION OF ARMENIAN MONUMENTS IN WESTERN ARMENIA SINCE 1915 Ð³Û ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ý Çñ μ³½ù³¹³ñû³ý å³ïùáõãû³ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ Ï»ñï»É Ùß³ÏáõÛ- ÃÇ μ³½ù³μýáõûã ٻͳù³Ý³Ï ÏáÃáÕÝ»ñ: ñ³ýó ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ù³ëÁ ïýíáõù ѳۻñÇ å³ïù³ï³ý μýûññ³ýç` г۳ëï³ÝÇ ï³ñ³íùáõù: ²é³çÇÝ ³ß˳ñѳٳñïÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ` 1915 Ã., ºñÇïÃáõñù»ñÇ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ý³Ë ½³íÃ³Í Ñ³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý 6 Ý³Ñ³Ý Ý»ñÁ ì³ý, ³Õ»ß, γñÇÝ, ʳñμ»ñ¹, ê»μ³ëïç- ³, îç ñ³ý³ï»ñï Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý å»ïáõãû³ý ϳ½ÙáõÙ ³Ùñ³ ñ»éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí áõç»ñïñ³ù³ëáõù Çëå³é μý³çýçáõù μýçïý»ñçý, ³å³ 1920 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùμ»ñÇÝ Ñ³ñÓ³ÏíáõÙ 1918 Ã.-Çó ³ÝϳËáõÃÛáõÝ Ó»éù μ»ñ³í г- Û³ëï³ÝÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³ Ýí³- áõù Ýáñ³Ýϳ˻ñÏñÇ ³ñ ÙïÛ³Ý ßñç³Ý- Ý»ñÁ, Ù³ëݳíáñ³å»ë γñëÇ Ù³ñ½Á ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ûëù³ýû³ý å»ïáõãû³ý ½³íÃáõÙ- Ý»ñÇ μ³ñóñ³ï»ïáõù»ñμ Ãáõñù»ñÇ Ó»éùÁ ãáýï³í êáõñù³éáõç ³í³éÁ: ú ïí»éáí г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëï»õíí³í ù³õ³ù³ï³ý ͳÝñ ϳóáõÃÛáõÝÇó` ѳÝñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÛáõëÇë³ÛÇÝ ³ñ»ÉÛ³Ý áñáß ßñç³ÝÝ»ñ É ½³íÃáõÙ»Ý Ãáõñù»ñÇÝ ¹³ßݳÏó³Í ìñ³ëï³ýý áõ ²¹ñμ»ç³ÝÁ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, 1920 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùμ»ñÇó ËáñÑñ- ¹³Ûݳó³Í г۳ëï³ÝÁ 1991 Ã. ÍÝáõݹ ³é³Í Ýñ³ Çñ³í³Ñ³çáñ¹ Ý»ñϳÛÇë г- Û³ëï³ÝÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ ë³ñù³ý- Ý»ñáõÙ Ý»ñ³éáõ٠ѳÛáó ѳÛñ»ÝÇùÇ ßáõñç 1/10-ñ¹ Ù³ëÁ ÙdzÛÝ, ÇëÏ Ùݳó³ÍÁ ½³íÃí³Í μéý³ïóí³í ÙÝáõ٠ѳñ ³Ý å»ïáõ- ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: Æ Ñ»ï ³Ýù ³Ûë ³Ù»ÝÇ` ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý å³ïù³ï³ý Ñáõß³ñÓ³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³ áõûý Ù³ëÝ É ÇÝùݳμ»ñ³μ³ñ ïýíáõù Ý»ñϳ- ÛÇë г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ë³ñ- Ù³ÝÝ»ñÇó ¹áõñë: ²Ýó³Í 8-9 ï³ëý³ùû³ïý»ñç ÁÝóóùáõÙ 1920 Ã.-Çó Ç í»ñ г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ñ³ñ ³Ý å»ïáõãûáõýý»ñá (Âáõñùdz, ²¹ñμ»ç³Ý, In the course of their centuries-old history, the Armenians have built and created a wide variety of cultural monuments most of which are situated in the territory of Armenia, the historical cradle of the Armenian nation. During World War I, in 1915 the Young Turks carried out the total extermination of the native population of the 6 Armenian provinces Van, Baghesh, Karin, Kharberd, Sebastia and Tigranakert that remained usurped by Turkey so that their annexation to the Turkish state would become complete and indisputable. Later, in October 1920, the Turks attacked the Republic of Armenia, which had proclaimed independence in 1918, and occupied the western parts of the country, particularly the Region of Kars and even the District of Surmalu that had never fallen into the hands of Turkish invaders even when they were at the height of their conquests. Taking advantage of the grave situation in which Armenia had found itself, Georgia and Azerbaijan, which acted in alliance with Turkey, annexed some of the northern and eastern parts of the Armenian republic. Due to these circumstances, Soviet Armenia, which came into being in November 1920, and its assignee, the present-day Republic of Armenia, whose foundation dates back to 1991, received only about the 1/10th part of the Armenian Homeland, whereas the rest of its territory remains annexed by the neighbouring states. In the aftermath of all this, the vast majority of Armenian historical monuments are located outside the borders of the present-day Republic of Armenia. During the past 8 to 9 decades since 1920 the states adjacent to Armenia, namely Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Iran, have not been unanimous in their approaches to the preservation

3 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 ìñ³ëï³ý, Æñ³Ý) ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý å³ïù³ï³ý Ñáõß³ñÓ³ÝÝ»ñÇ å³ñå³ýáõãû³ý ѳñóáõÙ ¹ñë áñ»é»ý ï³ñμ»ñ Ùáï»óáõÙÝ»ñ: ³ó³éáõÃÛ³Ùμ Æñ³ÝÇ` г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»- ïáõãû³ý ÙÛáõë»ñ»ù ѳñ ³ÝÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³íù- Ý»ñáõ٠ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý å³ïù³ï³ý Ñáõß³ñ- Ó³ÝÝ»ñÁ áã ÙdzÛÝ»Ýóϳ ã»ý»õ»é å³ñå³ýáõãû³ý, ³ÛÉ Íñ³ ñí³í ÙÇïáõÙݳíáñ áãýã³óí»é»ý: àõëáõùý³ëçñ»éáí ³Ýó³Í ÙÇ ù³ýç ï³ë- ݳÙÛ³ÏÝ»ñÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ²ñ ÙïÛ³Ý Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ïýíáõ å³ïù³ï³ý Ñáõß³ñÓ³Ý- Ý»ñÇÝ í»ñ³μ»ñáõ ïíû³éý»ñá` ÙÇ³Ý ³- Ù³ÛÝ ³ÏÝ»ñ, áñ ó»õ³ëå³ýáõãû³ý ÙÇçáóáí ²ñ ÙïÛ³Ý Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÁ μýçïý»ñçó å³ñå»éáõó Ñ»ïá Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Çß˳Ýáõ- ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÉÍí»É»Ý μýçïý»ñçó ³í³Ý¹í³Í ÝÛáõÃ³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ Ñáõß³ñÓ³ÝÝ»ñÝ ³Ý- Ñ»ï³óÝ»Éáõ áñíçý, ù³ýç áñ Ýñ³Ýó å³ñ- ½áõÝ³Ï Ùï³ÛÝáõÃÛ³Ùμ ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý Ñáõß³ñ- Ó³ÝÝ»ñÁ ¹Çï³ñÏíáõÙ»Ý áñå»ë áõñ³óí³í ÅËïí³Í å³ïù³ï³ý Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ù³ïÝáÕ ³ÝßáõÝã, ë³ï³ûý ã³ ³½³Ýó ËáëáõÝ íï³ý»ñ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, ѳ½³ñ³ÙÛ³ÏÝ»ñÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ëï»õíí³í Çñ³í³Ùμ ѳٳٳñ¹Ï³- ÛÇÝ ù³õ³ù³ïñãáõãû³ý ³Ýù³Ïï»ÉÇ ³ñÅ»ù ѳٳñíáÕ Ñ³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý å³ïù³ï³ý μ³½ù³- ѳ½³ñ Ñáõß³ñÓ³ÝÝ»ñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Çß˳- ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ùáɳ ³ñáõÃÛ³Ùμ çýçí»óçý ÑáÕÇ»ñ»ëÇó: ºñ áõûã, áñç áñíáõáõãûáõý- Ý»ñÇ Ï³Ý˳Ùï³Íí³Í Ï»ñåÝ áõ ͳí³ÉÝ»- ñá ѳëï³ïáõÙ»Ý Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ϳé³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³ áñí³í»õ»éýá ݳ Ñ³Û Ùß³- ÏáõÛÃÇ Ñ³Ý¹»å: гïϳÝ߳ϳÝ, áñ ç³ñ¹³ñ³ñáõãû³ý ³é³çݳÛÇÝ ÃÇñ³Ë ÇÝ ÁÝïñíáõ٠ѳïϳå»ë ³ÛÝ Ñáõß³ñÓ³ÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáýù Çñ»Ýó á- ÛáõÃÛ³Ùμ ³é³í»É ó³ûïáõý ÇÝ Ù³ïݳ- ÝßáõÙ μýçïý»ñç Ý»ñϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ ûÏáõ½»ñμ»ÙÝÇ Çñ»Ýó å³ïù³ï³ý ѳÛñ»ÝÇùáõÙ: ²Ûë å³ï ³éáí ³é³çݳѻñÃáñ»Ý áãýã³óíáõù»ý Ñ³Û Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ ùñçëïáý»³ï³ý ß»ñïÇ μ³õï³óáõóçã Ù³ë ϳ½ÙáÕ í³ýù»ñý áõ»- ϻջóÇÝ»ñÁ, μ³½ù³ñ³½³ñ ³ñӳݳ Çñ ï³å³ý³ù³ñ»ñáí ˳ãù³ñ»ñáí ѳñáõëï ѳÛϳϳݻñ»½Ù³ÝáóÝ»ñÁ: ØÇÝã- ¹»é ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý Ï³ÙáõñçÝ»ñÇó áõ ³ÕμÛáõñ- of Armenian historical heritage. With the exception of Iran, the other three neighbours of the Republic of Armenia have not ever concerned themselves with the preservation of Armenian historical monuments; moreover, Armenian monuments have been constantly undergoing deliberate demolition in these countries. Research into the condition of historical monuments in Western Armenia makes it evident that since the genocide of its native population, the Turkish authorities have been busy destroying the monuments of culture comprising their heritage. By doing so, they want to get rid of Armenian monuments which expose historical reality that historical reality which Turkey has been denying for about a century now as mute but very eloquent witnesses to history. In their frenzy of annihilating everything Armenian, the Turkish authorities have already totally wiped out thousands of centuries-old Armenian historical monuments that are justly considered as forming an inseparable part of human civilization. The extent of the premeditated atrocities perpetrated against Armenian monuments, and the fact that they are always carefully planned by the Turkish Government prove that they are carrying on the genocide of the Armenian nation, this time targeting their cultural heritage. It is remarkable to note that the acts of barbarity are primarily committed against those monuments which unfalteringly attest to the former existence of the natives of Western Armenia in their historical homeland. For this reason, the wave of demolition is first of all directed against churches, monasteries and cemeteries abounding in tombstones and cross-stones with thousands of Armenian-language epitaphs and inscriptions (all these forming part of Armenian cultural heritage of Christian era). As for other Armenian monuments, such as bridges, springs, houses or public buildings, these are mostly stripped of their Armenian-language construction inscriptions, for without them, their appropriation becomes easier and permissible. 3

4 4 ì²ðòø N 2 Ý»ñÇó, μý³ï»éç ϳ٠ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳéáõÛóÝ»ñÇó ³ÝÑ»ï³óíáõÙ»Ý É˳íáñ³å»ë ѳۻñ»Ý ßÇݳñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ³ñӳݳ ñáõ- ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ù³ýç áñ ³Û¹ Ï»ñå Ñݳñ³íáñ ÃáõÛɳïñ»ÉÇ ÝϳïíáõÙ ¹ñ³Ýó ߳ѳ áñ- ÍáõÙÝ áõ Ûáõñ³óáõÙÁ: 1928 Ã.-Çó ²ñ ÙïÛ³Ý Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ½³Ý í³í³μ³ñ ³Ýí³Ý³ áëáõãû³ý»ý»ý- óñÏíáõ٠ݳ μý³ï³í³ûñ»ñç ³ß˳ñ- ѳ ñ³ï³ý μýçï ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý ï»õ³ýáõýý»- ñá: ³Ï³Ý Ãí³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ³Ûϳ- Ï³Ý Ñáõß³ñÓ³ÝÝ»ñÝ ²ñ ÙïÛ³Ý Ð³Û³ëï³- ÝáõÙ áãýã³óíáõù»ý ݳ»ñÏñÇ ½ÇÝáõÅÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: ñ³ýóçó ß³ï»ñÁ, ½Çݳí³ñÅáõ- ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Çμñ ÃÇñ³Ë, å³ûã»óí»é»ý, ÇëÏ ëñμ³ï³ß ù³ñ»ñý û ï³ áñíí»é áñå»ë ßÇݳÝÛáõà ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³ ³Ë ½áñ³- ÝáóÝ»ñÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï: ØÇÝã¹»é Ï³Ý áõý Ùݳó³ÍÝ»ñÁ ó³ûåù ͳé³ÛáõÙ»Ý áñå»ë áù, å³ñ»ëï, ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ μ³ýï, áñáß ¹»åù»ñáõÙ É í»ñ³ííáõù»ý Ù½ÏÇÃÇ Ï³Ù É Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñíáõÙ ë»éçáõïû³ý ³ñï³ñ³å»- ïáõãû³ý ÝÙáõßÝ»ñ: гÛϳϳݻϻջóÇÝ»ñÇ ³í»ñáõÙÁ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Çß˳ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ѳ ³Ë å³ï ³é³μ³ÝáõÙ»Ý ³Ûë áïáõù ï»õç áõ- Ý»óáÕ»ñÏñ³ß³ñÅ»ñáí: ê³ï³ûý ÇÝãå»±ë»Ý ³Û¹»ñÏñ³ß³ñÅ»ñÝ ÁÝïñáõÃÛáõÝ Ï³ï³ñáõÙª ÙÇ ÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ã³í»ñ»éáí ë»éçáõïû³ý áã ÙÇ Ñáõß³ñÓ³Ý... î³ñçý»ñ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Éñ³ïí³ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÁ Éáõñ»ñ»Ý ï³ñ³íáõù, û Çμñ ѳñáõëï ѳۻñÁ ݳËù³Ý»ñÏñÇó Ñ»- é³ý³éá Çñ»Ýó áëïçý»ñá óùóñ»É»Ý ³ÛÝ ù³ñ»ñç ï³ï, áñáýó íñ³ ³éϳ»Ý ³Ýѳí³ïÝ»ñÇ ñáõãûáõýý»ñ, ˳ãÇ ù³ý¹³ï ³ÛÉÝ: àëïç ïý»éáõ Ù³ñÙ³çáí ï³ñí³í` ²ñ Ùï³Ñ³Û³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ³Û³Ã³ μý³ï³í³ûñ»ñá ½μ³Õ»óñ³Í Ãáõñù ùáõñ¹ μý³ïãáõãûáõýý ³Ý¹³¹ñáõÙ ù³ý¹»é ï³ï³íçý ù³ý¹áõù ³ÛÝ ³Ù»ÝÁ, ÇÝãÁ ѳÛϳϳÝáõ- ÃÛáõÝ ÑáõßáõÙ: ÚàôܺêÎú-Ç ïíû³éý»ñç ѳٳӳÛݪ 1915 Ã.-Çó Ñ»ïá Ï³Ý áõý Ùݳó³Í 913 ßÇÝáõÃÛáõÝ- Ý»ñÇó 1974 Ã. ¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùμ 464-Á Çëå³é ³Ý- Ñ»ï³óí»É ñ, 252-Áª í»ñ³íí»é ɳï³ÏÝ»- ñç, ÇëÏ 197-Á í»ñ³ï³ý ÝÙ³Ý Éáõñç ϳñÇù Since 1928 the original Armenian toponyms and geographical names of Western Armenia have been renamed into Turkish ones. Between the 1940s and 60s, the Armenian monuments of Western Armenia were also destroyed by the armed forces of Turkey. Most of them were exploded while being used as targets for shooting exercises, their finely-dressed stones being used as building material oftener in the construction of barracks. The Armenian monuments that are still preserved standing serve as cattlesheds, storehouses and even prisons. In some cases, they are turned into mosques, or are declared as specimens of Seljuk architecture. The Turkish powers often explain the destruction of Armenian monuments by earthquakes, but how do the earthquakes select between Armenian and Seljuk monuments without ever damaging any of the latter...? Over many years, Turkish mass media have been making allegations that on their leaving the country, the wealthy Armenians hid their gold beneath stones bearing inscriptions, cross reliefs or other ornamental elements left by infidels. Carried away with their crazy search for gold, the Turks and Kurds who live in the formerly Armenian-inhabited villages of Western Armenia have been incessantly digging out and destroying everything indicative of Armenian origin. According to the information provided by UNESCO, as of 1974, out of the 913 monuments that had remained standing since 1915, 464 were totally levelled with the ground; 252 were reduced to ruins, and 197 were in bad need of restoration. Despite the law on the preservation and restoration of historical monuments adopted in Turkey, no monument was restored in this country up to the late 1990s. In recent years, the Turkish authorities have been implementing a policy of appropriating Armenian monuments by means of altering their features. They have restored Tigran Honents Church of Ani, as well as the emblem, the residential quarters and shopping area of this city site together with Arakelots (Apostles ) Church in Kars and Sourb Khach (Holy Cross) Monastery on

5 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 áõý»ñ: гϳé³Ï ÂáõñùdzÛáõÙ ÁݹáõÝí³Í å³ïù³ï³ý Ñáõß³ñÓ³ÝÝ»ñÇ å³ñå³ýáõ- ÃÛ³Ý áõ í»ñ³ï³ý ÝÙ³Ý ûñ»ýùç áûáõãû³ý` ÙÇÝã 1990-³Ï³Ý Ãí³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñç»ñá áã ÙÇ Ñáõß³ñÓ³Ý ãç í»ñ³ï³ý Ýí»É: ì»ñççý ï³ñçý»ñçý ³í»ÉÇ Ý»Ý ³ áëù³ý Ûáõñ³ó- Ù³Ý Íñ³ Çñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáíª Çß˳Ýáõ- ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ëïë»é»ý ²ÝÇáõÙ îç ñ³ý ÐáÝ»Ýó»Ï»Õ»óáõ, ½ÇݳÝß³ÝÇ, å³ñçëåý»ñç, μý³- Ï»ÉÇ Ã³Õ³Ù³ë»ñÇ ³é ïñ³ï³ý ß³ñù»ñÇ, γñëÇ ²é³ù»Éáó»Ï»Õ»óáõ, ²ÕóٳñÇ êμ. ʳã í³ýùç í»ñ³ï³ý ÝÙ³Ý ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»- ñá: Âí³ñÏí³ÍÝ»ñÇ ß³ñùáõÙ í»ñççýë ÙÇ³Ï ¹ñ³Ï³Ý μ³ó³éáõãûáõýý ` ßÝáñÑÇí Ù³ëݳ- Çï³Ï³Ý μ³ñ»ëçõ í»ñ³ñëïáõáõãûáõýý Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ³ñï³ñ³å»ï ¼³ù³ñdz ØÇñ¹³ÝûÕÉáõ: ²ÛÝ μ³ý³ó Çó, áñ ó»õ³ëå³ýáõãûáõýý ÃÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý Ï³Ù ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ËÙμÇ áã ÙdzÛÝ ýç½çï³ï³ý, ³ÛÉ Ýñ³ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ áãýã³óáõùý, Ñ»ï áõù, áñ ѳۻñÇ ÝϳïÙ³Ùμ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí³Í ó»õ³ëå³ýáõãûáõýá Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Çß˳ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ áñí³¹ñ»é»ý ݳ 1915 Ã.-Çó Ñ»ïá, Áëï áõãû³ý, ß³ñáõݳÏáõÙ»Ý áñí³¹ñ»é ó³ûåù: λóí³Íù, áñá ÙÇ³Ý ³Ù³ÛÝ ³ÝѳñÇñ ¹³ï³å³ñï»ÉÇ ÙÇç³½ ³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»- ñç, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ ÚàôܺêÎú-Ç, ÆÎàØàê-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù»íñáå³Ï³Ý ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ Ù³ë ϳ½- Ù»ÉáõÝ Ñ³í³ÏÝáÕ å»ïáõãû³ý ѳٳñ: ijٳݳϳÏÇó ÂáõñùdzÛáõÙ ó»õ³ëå³- ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÅËïáõÙÁ ¹³ñÓ»É å»ï³ï³ý ù³- Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ: ²Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ëï»õíí³í ϳé³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÇó ѳïáõÏ Ñáí³Ý³íáñíáÕ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ½μ³ÕíáõÙ»Ý Ñ³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïùáõãûáõýá ˻ճÃÛáõñáÕ μ³½ù³ãçí ñù»ñç μ³½ù³é»½áõ Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ùμ, ï³ñ³íù³ùμ ù³ñá½ãáõ- ÃÛ³Ùμ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, Ñ³Û Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ ÝϳïÙ³Ùμ Çñ³ áñíí³í ï³ï³íçý áñí³¹ñáõãû³ý Ù»ç ïýíáõ»õ»éýá Ñ»ï³åݹáõÙ»ñÏáõ É˳íáñ Ýå³ï³Ï` Ý³Ë ³å³óáõó»É, áñ ²ñ ÙïÛ³Ý Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÁ»ñμ»ù ѳۻñÇ μýûññ³ýá ãç»õ»é,»ñïñáñ¹` ÂáõñùdzÛáõ٠ѳۻñÇ ó»õ³ëå³ýáõãûáõý ï»õç ãç áõý»ó»é: Aghtamar Island. The last of these monuments mentioned comprises the only positive exception, for it was restored properly thanks to the conscientious attitude of the architect who supervised the process of work with a careful professional approach Zakaria Mirdanoghli. Genocide means not only the physical extermination of a given ethnic or religious group, but also that of its culture; therefore, the genocide of Armenians did not come to an end in The Turkish authorities are still carrying it on a demeanour that is absolutely impermissible for a state holding membership of such international organisations as UNESCO and ICOMOS, and striving for admittance into the European family. In modern Turkey, the denial of the genocide of Armenians has grown into a state policy. Different organisations, set up for this particular purpose and enjoying the Government s special support, are actively engaged in carrying out anti- Armenian propaganda by publishing and spreading a great number of multi-language books gerrymandering the history of the Armenian nation. The ongoing genocide against Armenian culture has two main goals: to prove that Western Armenia has never been the historical cradle of the Armenian nation, and that no genocide was perpetrated against the Armenians in Turkey. 5

6 6 ì²ðòø N 2 îºîàð. êμ. ºññáñ¹áõÃÛáõݻϻջóáõ º ¹³ñ ï»ëùá ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó, ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó, ѳñ³í-³ñ»ÉùÇó ѳïí³Í- Ý»ñ Éáõë.` 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. TEKOR. Sourb Yerrordutiun (Holy Trinity) Church (5th cent.) from the north-west, south-west and south-east; partial views of the church photos 1900s

7 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 7 îºîàð. êμ. ºññáñ¹áõÃÛáõݻϻջóáõ Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá 1976 Ã. Éáõë.` æ. áééç 2000 Ã. Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ TEKOR. General view of the remnants of Sourb Yerrordutiun (Holy Trinity) Church as of 1976 (photo by J. Boll) and 2000 (photos by Samvel Karapetian)

8 8 ì²ðòø N 2 ² ²ì²Ü. ³ ñ ³Ý¹Ç êμ. ÐáíѳÝÝáõ»Ï»Õ»óáõ ÃÃ. ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá ѳñ³íÇó ѳïí³ÍÝ»ñ Éáõë.` Ðáíë» úñμ»éáõ, ÃÃ. BAGAVAN. General view of St. Hovhan Church 613 to 619 of Bagrevand from the south and partial views of the monument photos by Hovsep Orbeli, 1911 to 1912

9 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 9 ² ²ì²Ü. ³ ñ ³Ý¹Ç êμ. ÐáíѳÝÝáõ»Ï»Õ»óáõ ï»õá 1940-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñç»ñçý ÑÇÙݳѳï³Ï ù³ý¹áõùçó Ñ»ïá: ø³ñ»ñç ÙÇ Ù³ëÝ áñí³íí»é í³ýùç ßáõñç áû³ó³í î³ß É»ñ ÛáõÕáõÙ μý³ï³ñ³ýý»ñ ϳéáõó»ÉÇë, ÇëÏ Ù»Í Ù³ëÁ áë³¹ñí»é ²ÕñÁ ù³õ³ù û ï³ áñíí»é ï»õç` 1950 Ã. ϳéáõóí³Í É˳íáñ Ù½ÏÇÃÇ ëïáñçý ß³ñí³ÍùáõÙ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2000, 2008 ÃÃ. BAGAVAN. The site of St. Hovhan Church 613 to 619 of Bagrevand after its complete annihilation in the late 1940s. Part of its stones were used in the construction of houses in Tashevler Village that was founded around the monastery, but most of them were removed to the town of A$ri, where they were laid in the lower stonework of the principal mosque erected in 1950 photos by S. Karapetian, 2000, 2008

10 10 ì²ðòø N 2 ²ð Æܲ. γÃáÕÇÏ»»Ï»Õ»óáõ Ä ¹³ñ ï»ëùá ѳñ³íÇó, ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó, ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó, ³ñ ÙáõïùÇó ÑÛáõëÇë- ³ñ»ÉÛ³Ý áñùý³ùáõûãç ËáÛ³ÏÝ»ñÁ Éáõë.` 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ARGINA. The church named Katoghike 10th cent. from the south, north-west, south-west and west; the built-in-wall capitals of the north-eastern wall pylon of the church photos 1900s

11 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 11 ²ð Æܲ. γÃáÕÇÏ»»Ï»Õ»óáõ Ä ¹³ñ Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí³Í å³ûã»óáõùçó ëñμ³ï³ß ù³ñ»ñç Ûáõñ³óáõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2005 Ã. ARGINA. The remnants of the church named Katoghike 10th cent. after its explosion between the 1940s and 1950s and the appropriation of its finely-dressed stones photos by S. Karapetian, 2005

12 12 ì²ðòø N 2 ºð²¼ ²ìàðê ÞÆð²Î²ì²Ü. êμ. öñïçã»ï»õ»óáõ  ¹³ñ ï»ëùá ѳñ³íÇó, ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó, ѳñ³í-³ñ»ÉùÇó, ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó, ѳïí³Í»Ï»Õ»óáõ ÑÛáõëÇë³ÛÇÝ å³ïç ³éç, ѳñ³í³ÛÇÝ ³Ï³ïÇ ³ñ»ÉÛ³Ý áñùý³ëáñßç åë³ïá, ÝáõÛÝ ³Ï³ïÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝÇó μ³óí³í Éáõë³ÙáõïÝ»ñÁ Éáõë³ÙáõïÇ åë³ï ѳñ³í³ÛÇÝ ÙáõïùÇ í»ñçý Ó³Ë ³ÝÏÛáõÝáõÙ Éáõë.` ³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. YERAZGAVORS SHIRAKAVAN. Sourb Prkich (Holy Saviour) Church 9th cent. from the south, south-west, south-east and north-west; partial view of the area in front of the northern wall of the church; the crown of the eastern niche of its southern facade; the windows opening from the central part of the same facade, and a window crown at the upper left corner of the southern entrance of the church photos 1900s to 1910s

13 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 13 ºð²¼ ²ìàðê ÞÆð²Î²ì²Ü. êμ. öñïçã»ï»õ»óáõ  ¹³ñ Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ϳï³ñí³Í å³ûã»óáõùý»ñçó ³í»ñáõÙÝ»ñÇó Ñ»ïá Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, Ã. YERAZGAVORS SHIRAKAVAN. The remnants of Sourb Prkich (Holy Saviour) Church 9th cent. after the acts of explosion and destruction carried out between the 1950s and 1960s photos by S. Karapetian,

14 14 ì²ðòø N 2 ì²üøæ ºÔ. êμ. ³ñ¹áõÕÇÙ»áë ³é³ùÛ³É í³ýùç Â-ľ ¹¹. ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` 1917 Ã., ѳïí³ÍÝ»ñ ³ñ ÙïÛ³Ý ³Ï³ïÇó Éáõë.` ³ñï. ³ÑÙ³ÝÇ, 1913 Ã. VANKIGEGH. The monastery of St. Bartholomew the Apostle 9th to 17th cents. from the south-west photo 1917 ; partial views of the western facade of the church photos by architect Nahmann, 1913

15 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 15 ì²üøæ ºÔ. êμ. ³ñ¹áõÕÇÙ»áë ³é³ùÛ³É í³ýùç Â-ľ ¹¹. ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó ³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. å³ûã»óáõùçó ³í»- ñáõùý»ñçó Ñ»ïá, ѳïí³ÍÝ»ñ ³ñ ÙïÛ³Ý ³Ï³ïÇ Ñ³ñ¹³ñ³ÝùÇó Éáõë.` ³ñï. ²ñÙ»Ý Ð³Ëݳ½³ñÛ³ÝÇ, 1978 Ã., é³½ù³ï³ý ѻݳϻïÇ í»ñ³íí³í ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2006 Ã. VANKIGEGH. The monastery of St. Bartholomew the Apostle 9th to 17th cents. from the south-west after the acts of explosion and demolition committed between the 1940s and 60s; partial views of the decoration of its western facade photos by architect Armen Hakhnazarian, 1978 ; general view of the monument site that has turned into a military base photos by S. Karapetian, 2006

16 16 ì²ðòø N 2 ܲðºÎ. ܳñ»Ï³í³ÝùÇ Â-Ä ¹¹. ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ºñí³Ý¹ ȳɳ۳ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ., ѳñ³í-³ñ»ÉùÇó 2 Ýϳñ, ³é³çÇÝÁ`»ñÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý Éáμáõë ѳݹ»ëÇ 1870 Ã. ѳٳñÇó ÏñÏÇÝ Ñ³ñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. NAREK. Narek Monastery 9th to 19th cents. from the south-west photo by Yervand Lalayan, 1900s, south-east the first of the two photos taken from the Globe German journal, 1870, and again from the south-west unknown photographer, 1900s

17 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 17 ܲðºÎ. í³ýùý Çëå³é áãýã³óí»é ³Ï³Ý ÃÃ.: ºÏ»Õ»óÇÝ»ñÇ ï»õáõù 1970-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ϳéáõóí»É Ù½ÏÇÃ, áñç ßáõñçÁ ϳéáõó³å³ïí»É μý³ï»éç ßÇÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2004, 2007 ÃÃ. NAREK. The monastery was totally levelled with the ground between the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1970s, a mosque was built in the site of the churches with residential buildings erected around it photos by S. Karapetian, 2004, 2007

18 18 ì²ðòø N 2 îæ ÜÆê ÚàôÔ. îç ÝÇëÇ μ»ñ¹ç ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` ³ñï. Âáñáë Âáñ³Ù³ÝÛ³ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. μ»ñ¹ç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2005 Ã. TIGNIS VILLAGE. General view of the castle of Tignis from the south-east photo by architect Toros Toramanian, 1900s ; the remains of the castle photo by S. Karapetian, 2005

19 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 19 îæ ÜÆê ÚàôÔ. îç ÝÇëÇ μ»ñ¹ç ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` ³ñï. Âáñáë Âáñ³Ù³ÝÛ³ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. μ»ñ¹ç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2005 Ã. TIGNIS VILLAGE. General view of the castle of Tignis from the north-east photo by architect Toros Toramanian, 1900s ; the remains of the castle photo by S. Karapetian, 2005

20 20 ì²ðòø N 2 ÆÜܲÎÜÚ²Ü ê. βð²äºî Ȳβì²Üø. í³ýùç º-Ä ¹¹. ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó ² Éáõë.` ì³ñ¹³ý гÙμÇÏÛ³ÝÇ, ³Ï³Ý ÃÃ., Éáõë.` á¹çé ÛáñÝÇ, 1905 Ã., ï»ë³ñ³ýý»ñ ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó, 2 Ýϳñ ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇ- ݳÏÝ»ñÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. INNAKNIAN SOURB KARAPET GLAKAVANK. The monastery 5th to 19th cents. from the south-west photo No. 1 by Vardan Hambikian, 1900s; photo No. 2 by Bodil Bioern, 1905 ; the monastery from the north-west, and 2 photos showing it from the south-west photos by unknown photographers, 1910s

21 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 21 ÆÜܲÎÜÚ²Ü ê. βð²äºî Ȳβì²Üø. É˳íáñ ϳéáõÛóÝ»ñÇ ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` á¹çé ÛáñÝÇ, 1905 Ã., ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ì³ñ¹³ý гÙμÇÏÛ³ÝÇ, 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. INNAKNIAN SOURB KARAPET GLAKAVANK. The principal buildings of the monastery from the south-west photo by Bodil Bioern, 1905, north-west unknown photographer, 1910s and west photo by Vardan Hambikian, 1910s

22 22 ì²ðòø N 2 ÆÜܲÎÜÚ²Ü ê. βð²äºî Ȳβì²Üø. í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ 1972 Ã. Éáõë.` ³ñï. ²ñÙ»Ý Ð³Ëݳ½³ñÛ³ÝÇ INNAKNIAN SOURB KARAPET GLAKAVANK. The remnants of the monastery in 1972 photos by architect Armen Hakhnazarian

23 DUTY OF SOUL N 1 23 ÆÜܲÎÜÚ²Ü ê. βð²äºî Ȳβì²Üø. í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ 1972 Ã. Éáõë.` ³ñï. ²ñÙ»Ý Ð³Ëݳ½³ñÛ³ÝÇ INNAKNIAN SOURB KARAPET GLAKAVANK. The remnants of the monastery in 1972 photos by architect Armen Hakhnazarian

24 24 ì²ðòø N 2 ÆÜܲÎÜÚ²Ü ê. βð²äºî Ȳβì²Üø. í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ 2006 Ã. Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ INNAKNIAN SOURB KARAPET GLAKAVANK. The remnants of the monastery in 2006 photos by S. Karapetian

25 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 25 ÆÜܲÎÜÚ²Ü ê. βð²äºî Ȳβì²Üø. í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ 2006 Ã. Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ INNAKNIAN SOURB KARAPET GLAKAVANK. The remnants of the monastery in 2006 photos by S. Karapetian

26 26 ì²ðòø N 2 ØÞà ²è²øºÈàò ì²üø. í³ýùç º-Ä ¹¹. ï»ëùý ³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ì³ñ¹³ý гÙμÇÏÛ³ÝÇ, 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ARAKELOTS MONASTERY OF MOOSH. The monastery 5th to 19th cents. from the west photo by Vardan Hambikian, 1910s and east unknown photographer, 1900s

27 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 27 ØÞà ²è²øºÈàò ì²üø. í³ýùç º-Ä ¹¹. ï»ëùý ³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ³ñï. ²ñÙ»Ý Ð³Ëݳ½³ñÛ³ÝÇ, 1972 Ã. ³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2006 Ã. ARAKELOTS MONASTERY OF MOOSH. The monastery 5th to 19th cents. from the west photo by architect Armen Hakhnazarian, 1972 and east photo by S. Karapetian, 2006

28 28 ì²ðòø N 2 ØÞà ²è²øºÈàò ì²üø. í³ýùç º-Ä ¹¹. ï»ëùý ³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ARAKELOTS MONASTERY OF MOOSH. The monastery 5th to 19th cents. from the east unknown photographer, 1910s and south-west unknown photographer, 1900s

29 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 29 ØÞà ²è²øºÈàò ì²üø. í³ýùç º-Ä ¹¹. ï»ëùý ³ñ»ÉùÇó ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2006 Ã. ARAKELOTS MONASTERY OF MOOSH. The monastery 5th to 19th cents. from the east and south-west photos by S. Karapetian, 2006

30 30 ì²ðòø N 2 ØÞà ²è²øºÈàò ì²üø.»ñ»½ù³ýáóç ÁݹѳÝáõñ Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ѳïí³Í³Ï³Ý Éáõë.` Ø. òçóçï- Û³ÝÇ, 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ï»ë³ñ³ýý»ñ ARAKELOTS MONASTERY OF MOOSH. General unknown photographer, 1910s and partial photos by M. Tsitsikian, 1910s views of the monastic cemetery

31 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 31 ØÞà ²è²øºÈàò ì²üø.»ñ»½ù³ýáóç ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Éáõë.` Ø. òçóçïû³ýç ³ñ¹»Ý ÑÇÙݳѳï³Ï áãýã³óáõ- ÙÇó Ñ»ïá Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2006 Ã. ARAKELOTS MONASTERY OF MOOSH. General view of the monastic grave-yard in the 1910s photo by M. Tsitsikian and after its total obliteration photo by S. Karapetian, 2006

32 32 ì²ðòø N 2 ØÞà ²è²øºÈàò ì²üø. í³ýùç»ñ»½ù³ýáóáõù ïýíáõ ˳ãù³ñ 1141 Ã. ` Ï»ñïí³Í ³íÇà ²ÝѳÕà ÇÉÇëá ³ÛÇ ÑÇß³ï³ÏÇÝ Éáõë.` 1960-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ARAKELOTS MONASTERY OF MOOSH. A cross-stone 1141 from the monastic grave-yard erected in memory of philosopher David the Invincible photo by Priest Shavarsh Palemian, 1960s

33 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 33 ØÞà ²è²øºÈàò ì²üø Ã. ³íÇà ²ÝѳÕà ÇÉÇëá ³ÛÇ ÑÇß³ï³ÏÇÝ Ï³Ý Ý»óí³Í ˳ãù³ñÇ ç³ñ¹áïí³í Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ï³ïýáõíñ³ ³ñí³Í»ñ»½Ù³ÝáóÇó ѳñ³í` É»éݳɳÝçÇÝ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2006 Ã. ARAKELOTS MONASTERY OF MOOSH. The broken fragments of the cross-stone erected in 1141 in memory of philosopher David the Invincible found on a mountain slope south of the ruined cemetery photos by S. Karapetian, 2006

34 34 ì²ðòø N 2 Îàôèàôä²Þ ÚàôÔ. êμ. ²ëïí³Í³ÍÝÇ í³ýùç ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` ºñí³Ý¹ ȳɳ۳ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í³ýù³ï»õçý 2006 Ã. Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ KURUPASH VILLAGE. Sourb Astvatzatzin (Holy Virgin) Monastery from the south-east photo by Yervand Lalayan, 1900s and the site of the sanctuary in 2006 photo by Samvel Karapetian

35 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 35 ÞàôÞ²Üò ÚàôÔ. γñÙñíáñ êμ. ²ëïí³Í³Íݳ í³ýùç ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` ºñí³Ý¹ ȳɳ۳ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í³ýù³ï»õçý 2006 Ã. Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ SHOOSHANTS VILLAGE. Karmrvor Sourb Astvatzatzin Monastery from the south-east photo by Yervand Lalayan, 1900s and the site of the monument in 2006 photo by Samvel Karapetian

36 36 ì²ðòø N 2 ² ܲÚð ÚàôÔ. ³ ݳÛñÇ í³ýùç ï»ëùá ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ»ÉùÇó 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ 2010 Ã. Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ BAGNAYR VILLAGE. The monastery of Bagnayr from the north-east in the 1900s unknown photographer and the remnants of the sanctuary in 2010 photo by Samvel Karapetian

37 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 37 ² ܲÚð ÚàôÔ. ³ ݳÛñÇ í³ýùç ï»ëùý ³ñ»ÉùÇó 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ 2010 Ã. Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ BAGNAYR VILLAGE. The monastery of Bagnayr from the east in the 1900s unknown photographer and its remnants in 2010 photo by Samvel Karapetian

38 38 ì²ðòø N 2 îºîàð ÚàôÔ. ÊÍÏáÝùÇ í³ýùç ï»ëùá ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ»ÉùÇó 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ 2002 Ã. Éáõë.` êãçí»ý êçùç TEKOR VILLAGE. Khetzkonk Monastery from the north-east in the 1900s unknown photographer and its surviving parts in 2002 photo by Stephen Sim

39 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 39 îºîàð ÚàôÔ. ÊÍÏáÝùÇ í³ýùç ï»ëùý ³ñ»ÉùÇó 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ 2000 Ã. Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ TEKOR VILLAGE. Khetzkonk Monastery from the east as of the 1900s unknown photographer and its surviving parts in 2000 photo by Samvel Karapetian

40 40 ì²ðòø N 2 ÐàèàØàê. í³ýùçý Ù»ñӳϳ ѳÕóϳٳñÁ 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï HOROMOS. The triumphal arch adjacent to the monastery in the 1900s unknown photographer

41 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 41 ÐàèàØàê. í³ýùçý Ù»ñӳϳ ѳÕóϳٳñÇ Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ 2008 Ã. Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ HOROMOS. The remains of the triumphal arch adjoining the monastery as of 2008 photo by Samvel Karapetian

42 42 ì²ðòø N 2 ÐàèàØàê. í³ýùç ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ»ÉùÇó ² Éáõë.` 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ., Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2008 Ã. HOROMOS. General view of the monastery from the south-east photo No s, No. 2 by Samvel Karapetian, 2008

43 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 43 ÐàèàØàê. í³ýùç ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ»ÉùÇó ² Éáõë.` 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ., Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2008 Ã. HOROMOS. General view of the monastery from the north-east photo No s, No. 2 by Samvel Karapetian, 2008

44 44 ì²ðòø N 2 ²ÜÆ. Ðáííǻϻջóáõ ï»ëùý ³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` ³ñï. Âáñáë Âáñ³Ù³ÝÛ³ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ANI. The church named Hovvi (Shepherd s) from the east photo by architect Toros Toramanian, 1900s

45 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 45 ²ÜÆ. Ðáííǻϻջóáõ ï»ëùá ѳñ³íÇó Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2007 Ã. ANI. The church named Hovvi (Shepherd s) from the south photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2007

46 46 ì²ðòø N 2 ²ÜÆ. ØÇçݳμ»ñ¹Ç Ùμ»Ã³íáñ»Ï»Õ»óáõ ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ³ñï. Âáñáë Âáñ³Ù³ÝÛ³ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ANI. The domed church of the citadel from the south-west photo by architect Toros Toramanian, 1900s

47 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 47 ²ÜÆ. ØÇçݳμ»ñ¹Ç Ùμ»Ã³íáñ»Ï»Õ»óáõ ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2010 Ã. ANI. The domed church of the citadel from the south-west photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2010

48 48 ì²ðòø N 2 úôàô¼èæ ÚàôÔ Î²ðêÆ Ø²ð¼.»Ï»Õ»óáõ  ¹³ñ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó, ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó ѳïí³Í ѳñ³í³ÛÇÝ ³Ï³ïÇó Éáõë.` 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. OGHUZLI VILLAGE KARS REGION. General view of the church 9th cent. from the south-west and north-west; partial view of its southern facade photos 1910s

49 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 49 úôàô¼èæ ÚàôÔ Î²ðêÆ Ø²ð¼.»Ï»Õ»óáõ  ¹³ñ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó, ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ»ÉùÇó ѳïí³ÍÝ»ñ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2008 Ã. OGHUZLI VILLAGE KARS REGION. General view of the church 9th cent. from the south-west and from the north-east; partial views of the monument photos by Samvel Karapetian, 2008

50 50 ì²ðòø N 2 ÈÆØ ÎÔ¼Æ. êμ. áñ í³ýùç ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` ºñí³Ý¹ ȳɳ۳ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý Ãà ³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. å³ûã»óáõùçó Ñ»ïá Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2004 Ã. LIM ISLAND. General view of St. Gevorg Monastery from the north-east photo by Yervand Lalayan, 1900s and after its explosion between the 1950s and 60s photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2004

51 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 51 ÈÆØ ÎÔ¼Æ. êμ. áñ í³ýùç ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1900-³Ï³Ý Ãà ³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. å³ûã»óáõùçó Ñ»ïá Éáõë.` ³ñï. ²ñÙ»Ý Ð³Ëݳ½³ñÛ³ÝÇ, 1972 Ã. LIM ISLAND. General view of St. Gevorg Monastery from the south-east unknown photographer, 1900s and after its explosion between the 1950s and 60s photo by architect Armen Hakhnazarian, 1972

52 52 ì²ðòø N 2 ¾ðºðÆÜ ÚàôÔ. êμ. ê³ñ³ï í³ýùç ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá ѳñ³íÇó Éáõë.` ºñí³Ý¹ ȳɳ۳ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý Ãà ³í»ñáõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2005 Ã. ERERIN VILLAGE. General view of St. Sahak Monastery from the south photo by Yervand Lalayan, 1900s and the monument after its destruction photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2005

53 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 53 ºì²Þ ø²ô²ø. êåçï³ï í³ýùç ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` ºñí³Ý¹ ȳɳ۳ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý Ãà ÑÇÙݳí»ñ í³ýù³ï»õçý Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2005 Ã. GEVASH CITY. The monastery named Spitak (White) from the south-east photo by Yervand Lalayan, 1900s and the site of the totally annihilated sanctuary photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2005

54 54 ì²ðòø N 2 ÆÈÆ ÚàôÔ. ø³é³ëáõý Ëáñ³Ý êμ. ²ëïí³Í³ÍÇݻϻջóáõ ï»ëùá ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` ºñí³Ý¹ ȳɳ۳ÝÇ, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2005 Ã. ILI VILLAGE. The church named Karasoon Khoran Sourb Astvatzatzin (Holy Virgin of Forty Apses) from the north-east photo by Yervand Lalayan, 1900s and its remnants photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2005

55 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 55 ÎàÔ ²Üò ÚàôÔ. ê³éý³å³ïç í³ýùç ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ³ñï. ³ÑÙ³ÝÇ, 1913 Ã. í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. å³ûã»óáõùçó Ñ»ïá Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2004 Ã. KOGHBANTS VILLAGE. The monastery of Salnapat from the south-west photo by architect Bahmann, 1913 and its remains after its explosion between the 1940s and 50s photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2004

56 56 ì²ðòø N 2 ²ð² ÎÆð ø²ô²ø. ê. ²ëïí³Í³ÍÇÝ Ù³Ûñ»Ï»Õ»óáõ ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ù³ý¹áõùçó Ñ»ïá»Ï»Õ»ó³ï»ÕÇÝ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2007 Ã. ARABKIR CITY. The mother church of Sourb Astvatzatzin from the south-west unknown photographer, 1900s and its site after its demolition photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2007

57 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 57 Üàðàì²Üò ÚàôÔ ØàÎê ²ì²è. γñÙÇñ ϳÙñçÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ï»ëùá Éáõë.` ³ñï. ²ñÙ»Ý Ð³Ëݳ½³ñÛ³ÝÇ, 1974 à Ã. Ýáñá áõãû³ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï áãýã³óí³í ßÇݳñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ³ñӳݳ ñáõãûáõýá Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2008 Ã. NOROVANTS VILLAGE MOKS DISTRICT. General view of the bridge named Karmir (Red) photos by architect Armen Hakhnazarian, 1974 and its construction inscription that was destroyed during its renovation in 2005 photos by Samvel Karapetian, 2008

58 58 ì²ðòø N 2 ì²ð² ²ì²Üø. í³ýùç ï»ëùá ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ì³ñ¹³ý гÙμÇÏÛ³ÝÇ, 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ï»- ÕáõÙ áû³ó³í ùñ¹³μý³ï ³ùñ³ãÉÁ ÛáõÕáí ѳݹ»ñÓ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2005 Ã. VARAG MONASTERY. The monastery as seen from the north-west photo by Vardan Hambikian, 1910s and its remnants with the Kurdish village of Bakrachli established around its site photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2005

59 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 59 ì²ð² ²ì²Üø. í³ýùç ï»ëùá ѳñ³í-³ñ»ÉùÇó Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ï»õáõù á- Û³ó³Í ùñ¹³μý³ï ³ùñ³ãÉÁ ÛáõÕáí ѳݹ»ñÓ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2005 Ã. VARAG MONASTERY. The monastery from the south-east unknown photographer, 1910s and its remnants with the Kurdish village of Bakrachli established around its site photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2005

60 60 ì²ðòø N 2 ì²ð² ²ì²Üø. í³ýùç ï»ëùý ³ñ ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ì³ñ¹³ý гÙμÇÏÛ³ÝÇ, 1910-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í³ýùç Ùݳóáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ѳñ³í-³ñ - ÙáõïùÇó Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2007 Ã. VARAG MONASTERY. The monastery from the west photo by Vardan Hambikian, 1910s and its remains from the south-west photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2007

61 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 61 ²ÜÆ. ³ ñ³ïáõýû³ó ó ³íáñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ù ÃÃ. ²ÝÇÇ ½ÇݳÝß³ÝÁ` ˳ãÇ Ñáí³ÝÇ Ý»ñùá, êùμ³ïû³ý å³ñçëåý»ñçó μ³óí³í ³í³ ÙáõïùÇ ³Ï³ïÇÝ Éáõë.` Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ ³ÝѳÛï, 1900-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñ³ï³ý ÝáõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2007 Ã. ANI. The emblem of Ani, the capital of the Armenian kingdom of the Bagratids 961 to 1045 carved beneath a cross on the facade of the main gate of the city opening from its Smbatian Ramparts unknown photographer, 1900s and the same emblem after its restoration photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2007

62 62 ì²ðòø N 2 ÐÆÜ ºÔ èþîàôüæø ²ì²è, Æì² àôúüæ ì²üø. í³ýùç êμ. гñáõÃÛáõÝ É˳íáñ»Ï»Õ»óáõ 1447 Ã. ï»ëùý ³ñ»ÉùÇó 2005 à Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùμ»ñÇ 26-ÇÝ Û³í³ßóÇ ÙÇ ËáõÙμ ³ÝÓ³ËáõÛ½ ëñçï³ý»ñç Ó»éùáí ù³ý¹»éáõ å³ñçý Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ : ì³ý¹³é³ï³ý áñíáõáõãûáõýý»ñá ï»õç ÇÝ áõý»ýáõù ÐÇÝ»Õ ³ÛÅÙ` ÆÝùÛáÛ ÛáõÕÇ ÛáõÕ³å»ïÇ, ÛáõÕÇ ÙÇ³Ï Ý³í³í³ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ áñí³ïóáõãû³ùμ ï»õ³ï³ý Çß˳ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Éáõé Ñáí³Ý³íáñáõÃÛ³Ùμ: Æ ¹»å, ݳËÏÇÝáõÙ ë í³ýùá μ³½ùçóë»ýã³ñïí»é ³í»ñÇã áïýó áõãûáõýý»ñç. Ù³ëݳíáñ³å»ë` í³ýùç É˳íáñ»Ï»Õ»óáõ ³ñ ÙïÛ³Ý ³Ï³ïÇó μ³óí³í Éáõë³ÙáõïÇó í»ñ ³ áõóí³í ëñμ³ï³ß ù³ñ»ñá, áñáýó íñ³ ³ñӳݳ ñí³í ñ ²ÕóٳñÇ ¼³ù³ñdz ϳÃáÕÇÏáëÇ ç³ýù»ñáí í³ýùç` 1447 Ã. í»ñ³ßçýáõãû³ý å³ïùáõãûáõýá, áãýã³óí»é ÇÝ ÃÃ. ÙÇç³Ï³ÛùáõÙ: î³ïýáõíñ³ ñ ³ñí³Í ݳ í³ýùç»ñ»½ù³ýáóá, áñï»õ 2010 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùμ»ñÇ 26-Ç ¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùμ ˳ãù³ñ»ñÁ ï³å³éí³í Ïáïñ³ïí³Í ÇÝ,»ñ»½Ù³ÝÝ»ñÁ` áñí³í åõíí³í: DIVABOOYN MONASTERY, HINGEGH VILLAGE, RSHTUNIK DISTRICT. The main church of the monastery, Sourb Harutiun (Holy Resurrection), dated 1447, from the east in 2005, and on 26 October 2010, at the moment of its destruction by a group of villains from Gyavash who were searching for gold in the sanctuary photos by Samvel Karapetian. This act of vandalism was being perpetrated with the participation of the head of Hingegh (nowadays: Inkyoy Village and the only shipmaster of this place, through the connivance of the local authorities. In former times, the sanctuary repeatedly underwent similar acts of barbarity: thus, there were finely-dressed stones, with an inscription commemorating the renovation of the monastery in 1447 through the efforts of Zakaria Catholicos of Aghtamar, laid above the window opening from the western facade of Sourb Harutiun Church; these stones were destroyed between 1976 and The monastic cemetery was in a state of utter ruin and disorder as of 26 October 2010, the local cross-stones were overthrown and broken to pieces, the graves being dug out and defiled.

63 DUTY OF SOUL N 2 63 ʲâø²ðºð ²è²Üò ʲâÆ. ²ñ ÙïÛ³Ý Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ³Û¹åÇëÇù ϳñ»ÉÇ Ñ³Ý¹Çå»É ³Ù»Ýáõñ»ù` ÐéáÙÏɳÛáõÙ (Éáõë.` гñÃ- Ùáõï ÐáýñÇËï»ñÇ, 1973 Ã.), γñëÇ ßñç³ÝÇ Î³ñÙÇñí³Ýù ÛáõÕÇ Ñ³Ù³Ýáõݻϻջóáõ ³ñ ÙïÛ³Ý ³Ï³ïÇÝ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2005 Ã., ²ñ¹íÇÝÇ ßñç³ÝáõÙ ïýíáõ ʳÝÓóÛÇ í³ýùáõù (Éáõë.` áõý¹áéý ñáõùñ³áõ½ç, 1976 Ã.), γñëÇ Ã³Ý ³ñ³Ý áë³¹ñí³í Ù³Ûñ»Ï»Õ»óáõ ¹éÝ»ñÇÝ Éáõë.` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, 2000 Ã. CROSS-STONES WITHOUT CROSSES. Such cross-stones may be found everywhere throughout the territory of Western Armenia in Hromcla (photo by Hartmut Hofrichter, 1973); in the western facade of the church called Karmirvank (Red Monastery), situated in the village of the same name, Kars District photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2005 ; in the monastery of Khandzta, Ardvin District (photo by Gundolf Bruchhause, 1976), as well as on the doors of the mother church of Kars no longer existing now at present kept in a museum in Kars City photo by Samvel Karapetian, 2000

64 64 ì²ðòø N 2 ʲâø²ðºð ²è²Üò ʲâÆ. ²ñ ÙïÛ³Ý Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ³Û¹åÇëÇù ϳñ»ÉÇ Ñ³Ý¹Çå»É ³Ù»Ýáõñ»ù` ²ÝÇÇ îç ñ³ý ÐáÝ»Ýó»Ï»Õ»- óáõù, ²ÏÝ ³í³éÇ Þñ½áõ ÛáõÕǻϻջóáõÙ, γսí³Ý ³í³éÇ Ô³ñ³í³Ýù ³ÛÅÙ` î³ßμáõéáõý ÛáõÕáõÙ ïýíáõ ʳã³í³ÝùáõÙ,»ñç³Ý ³í³éÇ ²åñ³Ýù ÛáõÕǻϻջóáõÙ Éáõë³ÝϳñÝ»ñÁ` ê³ùí»é γñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÇ, ÃÃ. ³ÛÉáõñ: CROSS-STONES WITHOUT CROSSES. The territory of Western Armenia abounds in such cross-stones. They can be seen in Tigran Honents Church of Ani; in the church of Sherzu Village, Akn District; in Khachavank, Gharavank (nowadays: Tashburun) Village, Kaghzvan District; in the church of Aprank Village, Derjan District photos by Samvel Karapetian, 2007 to 2008 and in many other places.