CHAPTER IV URBANISATION ACTIVITIES IN TAMIL NADU

Transcription

1 CHAPTER IV URBANISATION ACTIVITIES IN TAMIL NADU Urbanisation in India has been relatively slow where compared to many developing countries. The per centage of annual exponential growth rate of urban population reveals that in India it grew at faster pace from the decade to until Thereafter it registered a sharp drop during the decade The decades and showed a significant improvement in the growth which has thereafter steadily dropped to the present level of 2.7. The sharp drop in urban pupulation growth rate during was mainly due to declassification of a very large number of towns during that period. Rural growth has been fluctuating since The decline in rural population growth was within small range during and During the process of urbanization it is natural that rgup > rgtp > rgrp, where rgup = rate of growth of urban population, rgtp = rate of growth of total population, rgrp = rate of growth of rural population. This fact is supported in case of Indian urbanisation also since The anual growth rates of total rural and urban populations in percentages are shown in Table Hardoy JE, Mitlan D, Satterthwaite D:(2001) Environmental problems in an urbanizing world. London: Earthscan. 124

2 Table 4.1 Annual Growth Rates of Population by Residence( ) Year Annual growth rate Annual growth rateof Annual growth rate of total population in urban population in of rural population percentage (rgtp) percentage (rgup) in percentage (rgrp) Sources: Government of India Report on Ministry of urban affairs, Tempo of urbanization refers to speed of urbanization and is measured as change registered in the level or degree of urbanization over the years. From Table 4.1and chart 4.1 it is clear that tempo or speed of urbanization is not uniform over the years. It shows a fluctuating trend over the years and a declining trend during and Again it is required to mention that the tempo of urbanization measured as a percentage will tend toward zero as the urban population reaches the 100 per cent level, since the urban and total population growth would become the same. 125

3 Chart Annual Growth rate of Population by Residence Annual growth rate (Percentages) Year Annual growth rate (Percentages) of total population (rgtp) Annual growth rate (Percentages) of urban population (rgup) Annual growth rate (Percentages) of rural population (rgrp) 126

4 URBANIZATION TREND: AN INTERSTATE ANALYSIS The regional variations in the distribution of urban population are significant. A large proportion is concentrated in six most developed States, namely Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Punjab, and West Bengal, accounting for about half of the country s urban population. By the 2001 Census, they report per centage of urban population much above the national average of 27.78, whereas the less developed States report significantly low figures. Indeed, the levels of urbanization are high in the States with high per capita income and vice versa. The pattern of urban growth across States is significantly different from that of the levels of urbanization. Since independence until 1991, the developed states that have high per centage of people in urban areas have shown medium or low growth of urban population. High urban growth has however been registered in relatively underdeveloped states, viz. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh, the States that have low per centages of urban population. This implies that the relationship between urban growth and economic development is generally negative. However, some of the developed States like Maharashtra and Haryana are exceptions, as they record urban growth rates higher than the country average. Urban scenario in the post independence period has, thus, been characterized by dualism. The 127

5 developed States attracted population in urban areas due to industrialization and infrastructure investment. Interestingly, the less developed States too, particularly their rural districts that is, districts having predominantly rural population earlier (for example, Gurgaon) and small and medium towns, experienced rapid urban growth. This can partly be attributed to government sponsored infrastructural investment in the district and taluka headquarters, programmes of urban industrial dispersal, and transfer of funds from the States to local bodies through a need based or what is popularly known as a gap filling approach. A part of rural-urban migration into smaller towns from their rural hinterland in less developed States could, however, be explained in terms of push factors, owing to lack of diversification in agrarian economy. The 1990s, however, make a significant departure from the earlier decades, since many of the developed States like Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra and Gujarat have registered urban growth above the national average. Karnataka has remained slightly below the national average and West Bengal is an exception whose growth rate is low due to specific policies followed by the state government. The backward states, on the other hand, have experienced growth either below that of the country or, at the most, equal to that. Making a comparison over the past two decades, 128

6 the growth rates for developed States have either gone up or remained the same in the 1990s. The backward States, however, have recorded either a decline or stability in their urban growth. The urbanization process has, thus, become more concentrated in developed regions with the exclusion of backward areas in recent years. This is also reflected in the larger cities recording relatively higher growth when compared to smaller towns, as noted in the preceding section. This could, at least partly, and rather paradoxically, be attributed to the measures of decentralization whereby the responsibilities of resource mobilization and launching infrastructural projects have been given to local bodies, as noted below. Large municipal bodies that have a strong economic base, particularly those located in developed States, have an advantage that has clearly been manifested in their high economic and demographic growth. Urban Scenario in Tamil Nadu State Tamil Nadu State is situated at the South Eastern extremity of the Indian Peninsula bounded on the north by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh on the east by Bay of Bengal, on the South by the Indian Ocean and on the West by Kerala State. It lies between 8 o 5' and 13 o 35' of northern latitude and 76 o 15' and 80 o 20' of eastern longitude with an area of 1,30,058 square 129

7 kilometers. It is the 11 th largest State in India in area forming 4.11 per cent of the country. The State has a coastal line of about 1076 km, the country s third longest coastal line. Administrative Units The Tamil Nadu State came into existence as a separate State on 01 st March The major administrative units of the State comprise of 32 Districts, with 10 City Corporations, 148 Municipalities, 561 Town Panchayats, 73 Revenue Divisions, 208 Taluks, 1120 Firkas, Revenue Villages and 12,618 Village Panchayats. The State has 39 Lok Sabha Constituencies, and 234 Assembly Constituencies. Chennai (formerly known as Madras) is the State Capital. It is the fourth largest city in India and is also one of the five A1 Metropolitan cities of India. It extends over an area of 174 sq. km. As per G.O (D) No.256 Dt ; it is proposed to expand the limits of the Chennai Corporation by incorporating 9 Municipalities, 8 Town Panchayats and 25 Panchayats Unions. It is proposed to expand the city during 2011, by which the City will have an area of 426 sq. km. Population According to the provisional figures of Census of India, 2001, the population of India is 1027 million and that of Tamil Nadu is million. 130

8 The urban population of India and Tamil Nadu are and million respectively. Tamil Nadu thus accounts for 6% of the country's total population and 9.6% of country's urban population. Tamil Nadu ranks first in urbanisation among the fifteen major States in the country. Urbanisation has been on the increase since According to the 2001 Census, Tamil Nadu has emerged as the State with the highest level of urbanisation (44%) in the country among the larger States. While the per centage of urban population in the country increased from 10.85% to 27.78% during , Tamil Nadu registered a much higher per centage increase i.e., from 14.15% to 44.04% during the above period. Urbanisation Levels and Growth Trends Over a century period, since 1901 to 2001, it can be witnessed a gradual increase in the urbanisation levels and growth of urban population in Tamil Nadu, comparatively higher than the all India s level. The growth rates of urban population in India and in Tamil Nadu Comparitively over the period is provided in Table

9 Table Comparison of population Growth Rates in Tamil Nadu and India ( ) Tamil Nadu India Share of Decadal Share of Decadal Urban Urban Year Urban Growth Urban Growth Population Population Population Rate Population Rate (Million) (Million) (%) (%) (%) (%) Source: Urbanisation Levels and Growth Tamil Nadu State is steadily transforming into a predominantly urban society. At the beginning of this century, Tamil Nadu s population was 20.9 million, of which about 0.31 million were living in urban areas. Over the years, the share of urban population has gone up to 44 per cent and stands at 132

10 27.4 million. The last four decades have been an almost three and a half times increase in urban population (from 8.99 million in 1961 to million in 2001). It can be seen from the above Chart 4.2 and Table 4.2 that the urban population in the State has increased from 15.07% during the year 1911 to 34.15% during the year 1991 and further to 44.04% during 2001 census. The decadal growth of the urban population of the State during the period from 1991 to 2001 has shown a massive increase of about 44.06%. 133

11 Chart ****************** Population Year Tamil Nadu Urban Population (Millions) Tamil Nadu Share of Urban Population (%) Tamil Nadu Decadal Growth Rates (%) India Urban Population (Millions) India Share of Urban Population (%) India Decadal Growth Rates (%) 134

12 Tamil Nadu Urban Rural Share Over the decades the share of incremental population going to urban areas has shown a fluctuating trend. Of the total increment in the population during the period a gigantic 128 per cent has gone urban areas pushing back the rural areas. The total Tamil Nadu urban rural shares of populaaion, decadal increments and percentages of increments over the decades in period are furnished in Table

13 Table Tamil Nadu Population Urban Rural Share ( ) Percentage of Population Increment during the decade Increment during the decade Year in rural in urban in Total in Rural in Urban Total Rural Urban Population Population Population Population Population (%) (%) ,09,02,616 1,77,53,479 31,49, ,16,28,518 1,82,00,439 32,48,079 7,25,902 4,46,960 98, ,34,72,099 1,92,41,717 42,30,382 18,43,581 10,41,278 9,82, ,62,67,507 2,10,93,825 51,73,682 27,95,408 18,52,108 9,43, ,01,19,047 2,27,85,522 73,33,525 38,51,540 16,91,697 21,59, ,36,86,953 2,46,96,425 89,90,528 35,67,906 19,10,903 16,57, ,11,99,168 2,87,34,334 1,24,64,834 75,12,215 40,37,909 34,74, ,84,08,077 3,24,56,202 1,59,51,875 72,08,909 37,21,868 34,87, ,58,58,946 3,67,81,354 1,90,77,592 74,50,869 43,25,152 31,25, ,24,05,679 3,49,21,681 2,74,83,998 65,46,733-18,59,673 84,06, Not available Source: Census of India 136

14 During the period a meagre 13 per cent went to urban areas. The subsequent decades revealed a mixed trend of increasing and decreasing growth of per centage of population added to urban areas. With a slowdown during , it stood at a massive high during With these trends continuing, forecasts suggest that, by 2026, 54 million people constituting nearly 74.8 per cent of the State population would be residing in urban Tamil Nadu (Source: Population Projections for India and States , Census of India). During the period there has been a steady increase in number of towns and urban population in Tamil Nadu. The trends of increase of town Panchayats and population increase are provided in Table 4.4 and Chart

15 Table Tamil Nadu Urban Population Growth, Percentage of Year No. of Total Urban urban Towns Population Population Total Population (%) ,92,52,630 27,24, ,902,616 31,49, ,16,28,518 32,48, ,34,72,099 42,30, ,62,67,507 51,73, ,01,19,047 73,33, ,36,86,953 89,90, ,11,99,168 1,24,64, ,84,08,077 1,59,51, ,58,58,946 1,90,77, ,24,05,679 2,74,83, Source: Census of India During the period 1991 to 2001, inclusion of Town Panchayats has increased the urban towns 363 (77 %) as well as urban population. With the introduction of the 74 th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1994, all Town Panchayats irrespective of whether they satisfy the demographic and economic criteria were brought under the urban fold as 138

16 Municipal Corporation, Municipality and Cantonment by 2001 Census. This resulted in great boost in the number of towns during 1991 to 2001 period in Tamil Nadu, from 469 to 832 urban towns. Index of Primacy Tamil Nadu has a very dispersed pattern of urbanisation with municipalities in virtually every district. The boundaries of Chennai District are contiguous with the Chennai Municipal Corporation. However, the Chennai Metropolitan Area is a larger area which includes several municipalities and town panchayats in Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram Districts. The spatial distribution (by district) of the Ten city corporations, 148 municipalities, and 561 town panchayats, clearly illustrates that urbanization is not limited to any part of the State. However the urban population is concentrated along certain urban corridors. The index of primacy as on 2001 is furnished in Table 4.5 and chart

17 Chart Tamil Nadu Urban Population Growth, Population Year 140

18 Municipality / Corporation Table Index of Primacy as on Percentage Population Population of shae of State Within Municipal Urban Urban Limit (2001) Agglomeration Population Percentage share of State Urban Population Chennai 43,43, ,60, Coimbatore 9,30, ,61, Madurai 9,28, ,03, Tiruchirappalli 7,52, ,66, Salem 6,96, ,51, Tirunelveli 4,11, ,33, Erode 3,89, ,89, Vellore 3,86, ,86, Tiruppur 3,44, ,50, Thoothukkudi 2,16, ,0 43, Total of 10 Cities 94,01, ,28,46, Source: Census of India, (Note: All towns and agglomerations in Tamil Nadu having more than 20,000 inhabitants.) The State of Tamil Nadu has a very wide urban base. Unlike some other states, the problem of over dependency on one city does not exist. 141

19 From the index of primacy Chennai, the largest city, which is de-facto state capital, accounts for over 15.8 per cent of urban population. About one third of the urban population of the State live in ten municipal corporation areas and their urban agglomeration. Effects of Urbanisation in Tamil Nadu On account of industrial revolution and technological breakthrough during the last two centuries, the employment potential and industrial production have promoted the development of urban centres. This has resulted in the concentration of social, economic and commercial activities in the towns and cities, thereby necessitating the creation of an effective mechanism for managing the urban planning and development with provision of adequate basic amenities. Urbanisation results in the growth of small and medium towns and mega cities. The effects are: Land prices have increased tremendously, Increase in sale of land for commercial uses Kuchcha houses are being converted to pucca houses. 142

20 As there is highly accelerated phase of urbanization, the cities and the towns are exposed to the problems of overcrowding, congestion, slums sanitation driking water supply inadequate transportation facilities and environmental pollution. In order to find solution to the problems of urban areas the governments have initiated a series of measures which would certainly improve the urban profile and regulate urban expansion. 143

21 Chart Index of Primacy Population Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli Salem Tirunelveli Municipality / Corporation Erode Vellore Tiruppur Thoothukkudi Population Within Municipal Limits (2001) Population of Urban Agglomeration 144

22 Urban Local Bodies in Tamil Nadu The Municipal Administration in Madras, was first introduced in the year 1687, on 30 th December, when a corporation was set up to levy certain direct taxes and to provide certain amenities like education, cleaning the roads etc. The 74 th Amendment Act aims transformation in the structure of urban service delivery. The starting point for the same is municipal governance. The Act envisages three types of Municipalities: Municipal Corporations for large cities, Municipal Councils for smaller cities and towns, and Nagar Panchayats for areas in transition from rural to urban. Accordingly, the state governments have re-categorized different areas by notifying the criteria for classification of municipal bodies. Table 4.6 furnishesthe growth in the unmbers of corporations, municipalities town panchayats etc during 1991 to Also Table 4.6 gives the populations, increase in population and decadal growth rates in the period

23 Table Urban Local Bodies of Tamil Nadu and their Population levels Number Population (in Lakh) Increase in population (in Lakh) Decadal Growth Rate (%) ( ) Corporation Municipalities Town Panchayats Census Towns N.A. N.A. N.A. - Total Source: Tamil Nadu Development Report, 2005 As evident from the Table 4.6 the inclusion of all the town panchayats resulted in an increase from 1991 to 2001 of lakhs in that category alone. The increase in the town panchayat population accounted for about 76 per cent of the total increase of lakh from 1991 to Classification of Municipalities and Town Panchayats in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu has 5 different categories of municipalities based on the annual income /population. Grade III municipalities have been added when some of the town panchayats were upgraded as municipalities. The 146

24 government under the Tamil Nadu Municipalities (Norms for Classification of Municipalities) Rules 2008, has reclassified and upgraded 26 municipalities. 147

25 Chart Urban Local Bodies of Tamil Nadu Decadal Growth Rate (%) Corporation Municipalities Town Panchayats Census Towns 0 Corporation Municipalities Town Panchayats Census Towns 148

26 Table Classification of Municipalities in Tamil Nadu Sl. No. Grade Annual Income (Rs. No. of in Crore) Municipalities 1 Selection Grade Municipality Above Grade Municipality Grade Municipality Second Grade Municipality Below Third Grade Population Municipality Exceeding 30, Total 148 Reference: Municipal Administration & Water Supply (Election), Department G.O. (Ms.) No. 237, MAWS Dept dated The classification of five types of municipalities on the basis of annual income or population in Tamil Nadu is provided in Table 4.7 as well as in chart 4.6 Tables 4.8 highlights the distributions of population in manicipal corporation and minicipalities district wise in Tamil Nadu as per 2001 census. 149

27 Chart Classification of Municipalities in Tamil Nadu Decadal Growth Rate (%) Special Grade Municipality Selection Grade Municipality First Grade Municipality Grade Second Grade Municipality Third Grade Municipality Special Grade Municipality Selection Grade Municipality Third Grade Municipality Grade Municipality First Second Grade Municipality 150

28 The following table highlights the population of the municipality and municipal corporations, District wise and Municipality wise. Sl. No. District Table District wise population in Tamil Nadu (as per 2001 census) Total Population Total Rural Urban % of urban population to total population (Level of Urbanisation) Population in the Municipality and Corporations % of municipality and corporation population to Total population % of municipality and corporation population to urban population 1 Chennai Kancheepuram Thiruvallur Cuddalore Villupuram Vellore Thiruvannamalai Salem Namakkal Dharmapuri Erode Coimbatore The Nilgiris

29 14 Tiruchirappalli Karur Perambalur Ariyalur Thanjavur Nagapattinam Thiruvarur Pudukottai Madurai Theni Dindigul Ramanathapurem Virudhunagar Sivagangai Tirunelveli Thoothukudi Kanyakumari Total

30 The areas and populations of the municipalities and the corporations found in the different districts in Tamil Nadu as per 2001 census are provided in Table 4.9. Table Areas and Populations of the Municipalities and Corporations in different districts as per 2001 census Name of the Sl. Area (in Population Total No. of Municipality / Grade No. Sq.km Wards Corporation Chennai Corporation Kancheepuram District 1 Alandur spl Kancheepuram spl Chenglepet I Pallavapuram spl Tambaram spl Madurantagam II Anakaputhur III Maraimalainagar III Pammal III Ullagaram Puzhuthivakkam III Total Tiruvallur District 153

31 11 Ambattur Spl Avadi spl Kathivakkam sel Thiruvottiyur spl Madhavaram spl Tiruvallur I Maduravayal III Poondamalle III Thiruthani III Thiruverkadu III Valasaravakkam III Manali III Total Cuddalore District 23 Cuddalore spl Chidambaram sel Panruti I Virudhachalam I Nellikuppam II Total Vellore District 28 Arakonam I Gudiyatham I Tirupathur sel Arcot I

32 32 Ambur sel Ranipet sel Vaniyambadi sel Walajapettai II Dharapadavedu III Jolarpet III Melvisharam III Pernambut III Sathuvachari III Vellore corporation Total Thiruvannamalai District 41 Thiruvannamalai spl Arani I Thiruvathipuram II Vandavasi II Total Villupuram District 45 Villupuram sel Tindivanam sel Kallakurichi III Total Salem District 48 Mettur sel Attur sel

33 50 Idappadi I Narasingapuram III Salem corporation Total Namakkal District 52 Namakkal sel Tiruchengode sel Komarapalayam I Rasipuram I Pallipalayam III Total Dharmapuri District 57 Dharmapuri sel Krishnagiri I Hosur sel Total Karur District 60 Karur Spl Kulithalai II Inamkarur III Thanthoni III Total Thanjavur District 64 Thanjavur Spl Kumbakonam Spl

34 66 Pattukottai sel Total Nagapattinam District 67 Mayiladuthurai sel Nagapattinam sel Sirkazhi II Vedaranyam III Total Tiruvarur District 71 Mannargudi sel Tiruvarur I Thiruthuraipoondi II Koothanallur II Total Pudukottai District 75 Pudukottai sel Aranthangi I Total Tiruchirappalli District 77 Thuraiyur sel Manaparai I Thuvakudi III Tiruchirappalli corporation Total Perambalur District 157

35 80 Perambalur II Total Ariyalur District 81 Jayankondam III Ariyalur III Total Madurai District 83 Thirumangalam II Melur II Usilampatti II Anaivur III Avaniapuram III Thiruparangundram III Madurai corporation Total Theni-Allinagaram District 89 Theniallinagaram sel Periyakulam II Chinnamanur II Cumbum I Bodinayakanur I Gudalur III Total Sivaganga District 95 Karaikudi sel

36 96 Devakottai I Sivagangai I Total Ramanathapuram District 98 Ramanathapuram I Paramakudi I Keelakarai III Rameswaram III Total Dindigul District 102 Dindigul Spl Kodaikanal Spl Palani sel Total Erode District 105 Dharapuram I Gobichettipalayam sel Sathiamangalam I Bhavani II Kasipalayam III Periyasemur III Punjaipuliyampatti III Surampatti III Veerappanchatiram III Vellakoil III

37 Erode corporation Total Coimbatore District 115 Pollachi Spl Mettupalayam sel Kavundampalayam III Kuniamuthur III Kurichi III Nallur III Valparai III Velampalayam III Palldam III Udumalaipetai sel Coimbatore corporation Tiruppur corporation Total Nilgiris District 125 Uthagamandalam Spl Coonoor sel Gudalur III Nelliyalam III Total Tirunelveli District 129 Kadayanallur I Sankarankoil I

38 131 Tenkasi I Puliangudi II Sengottai II Ambasamudram III Vikramasingapuram III Tirunelveli corporation Total Tuticorin District 136 Kovilpatti spl Kayalpattinam III Tuticorin corporation Total Kannyakumari District 138 Nagercoil Spl Colachel I Kuzhithurai II Padmanabhapuram II Total Virudhunagar District 142 Rajapalayam spl Aruppukottai I Sivakasi sel Srivilliputhur I Virudhunagar sel Sattur II

39 148 Thiruthangal III Total Grand Total Source: Census of India, Town Panchayats Tamil Nadu has introduced a classification called Town Panchayat which is a transitional body between rural and urban local bodies. The town panchayats are governed by Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act There are 561 town panchayats in the State which are classified into four grades, based on the income criteria: Table No provides classification of town panchayats in Tamil Nadu. Table Classification of Town Panchayats in Tamil Nadu Grade Income per year No. of Town Panchayats Special Grade Above Rs. 20 Lakhs 13 Selection Grade Above Rs.16 Lakhs 245 Grade I Above Rs. 8 Lakhs 221 Grade II Above Rs. 4 Lakhs 82 Total 561 Source: 162

40 Town Panchayats are under the administrative control of Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department, at the government level and are administered by the Directorate of Town Panchatays. The town panchayats are places of importance such as Division / Taluk headquarters, tourist spots, pilgrim centers and commercial/industrial towns. This necessitate special attention to the civic needs of the town panchayats. Explanatory Note Census of India defines all Towns, Cities and Urban Agglomerations as below: i. Statutory Towns i.e. Municipal Corporation, Municipal Board, Cantonment Board, Notified Area etc. ii. Census towns which are non-statutory towns and are actually rural areas but satisfy following criteria: Minimum Population of 5000 Density of population of at least 400 per sq.km 75 per cent of the male working population engaged in nonagricultural activity 163

41 iii. City: Class I Town - Population of and above Class II Town - Population of Class III Town - Population of Class IV Town - Population of Class V Town - Population of Class VI Town - Population below 5000 iv. Urban Agglomeration: The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JNNURM) provides both incentives as well as support for undertaking reforms and infrastructure development at State and City level. Three classes of cities/urban agglomerations have been identified for assistance under JNNURM: 1. Category A: City/urban agglomeration with population of 4 million and above as per 2001 census. 2. Category B: City/urban agglomeration with population of 1 million and above as per 2001 census. 3. Category C: Other selected city/urban agglomeration, including State capital and city/ua of religious/historic and tourist importance 164

42 Sometimes two or more towns may be contiguous to each other, making it necessary to consider them together for studies on urbanisation in the area. In some other cases there are large railway colonies, university campuses, port areas, military camps etc., just outside the statutory limits of a town, but adjoining it. Though these areas may not themselves qualify to be treated as towns, it would be realistic to treat them as urban. Such areas are termed as outgrowths (O.G.). The above two types of contiguous urban areas are called Urban Agglomerations. An urban agglomeration may comprise: A town and contiguous outgrowths; or Two or more towns and their outgrowths, if any; all of them forming a contiguous spread of urban area. 165