Theme 3 - Political: Gupta Empire. The Gupta Empire reigned over northern, central, and the southern parts

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1 Ayesha Bakshi AP World History / Period 4 Theme 3 - Political: Gupta Empire The Gupta Empire reigned over northern, central, and the southern parts of India in 320 to 550 CE. There were many different maharajas or kings that ruled in the Gupta Empire. For example, Chandragupta I had much access to metallurgy such as iron and used it as a good for trading. Many opposing forms es had to surrender to this maharaja. Chandragupta I had achieved much land when he ruled. His son, Samudragupta had a talent in the military and took rule after his father. He also helped the Gupta Empire expand to northern India and southern india. Samudragupta was also considered a philanthropist and cared a lot about education. The Gupta Empire had provinces called pradeshas and there were certain people in charge of them. The economy during this empire was successful. Gold and silver coins were used in large amounts. An assortment of goods like cotton, spices metal, etc. were commonly used for trade. The Gupta Empire had trade relations with the Middle East, Africa, and China. Sanskrit was a liked language during the Gupta Empire. Poetry was very popular in this kingdom, as well and so was science and philosophy. There was much importance for musical instruments, sculptures and paintings, and architecture during this Indian empire. The decline of the Gupta Empire started after the the death of one of the rulers called Skandagupta. After that, many fights became common and it became

2 difficult to maintain this huge empire. They were also attacked by the Huns. The economy also started to go down. - Gold coin

3 Political: Sogdiana Balila, Joshua Period 2 Sogdiana (A.K.A. Sogdia) is a region in Central Asia between the northern Jaxartes river and the southern Oxus river, and was a form of toll booth along the Silk Road during the Classical Period. Before then, however, Sogdiana was conquered by Achaemenid Persia, and the Sogdian elite class was given several special privileges and supplies that they wanted to maintain. It wouldn t be until later, however, that Sogdiana became an influence on the Silk Road Trade. Along the route, goods would stop by in Sogdiana and have to pay a toll in order to continue along the way. In this fashion, Sogdiana was able to amass a reasonable sum off of the Silk Road Trade. Sogdiana was also able to spread its culture through the trade routes that passed through it, influencing both China in the East and Persia in the West. One of the cultural aspects moved along the Silk Road was religion, and hints of Zoroastrianism were spread along the trade network to new and far-off lands. The intensely trade-centric lifestyle of the Sogdians also meant that there were many Sogdian merchants that travelled abroad to other lands in order to sell their wares. One final note about Sogdiana was that it had an odd form of political unity in that most cities developed independently for trade, with the exception of the capital of Samarkand. The loose connections between these cities made trade the only binding factor within the state

4 Ariann Barker Ap World History Period 4 Political: Mauryan Empire The Mauryan Empire was founded in 322BC by Chandragupta Maurya. In occupied the majority of India, except for the South. Its capital was Pataliputra. Under Ashoka, it was the largest empire to have encompassed the Indian subcontinent. Its initial main religion was Hinduism, however, under Buddhist Ashoka s rule, it changed to Buddhism. The Mauryan Empire was the empire that promoted the spread of Buddhism, as well as the source for Hinduism. Its fall was caused by many reasons. One, the empire was too large for its own good, which prompted a lack of communication between the various areas. Additionally, after Ashoka s death, the successors did not perform as well. This resulted in a revolt from within. The king was slaughtered and the empire fell.

5 Eric Bazail AP World History/4 [Political]: (The Peloponnesian War) Even before the Persian Wars, Athens and Sparta maintained an uneasy peace, defined by the constant rivalry between the two states. The Persian Wars united the Greek world, and temporarily made Athens and Sparta allies against a common enemy, with Sparta providing ground troops, and Athens providing its superior naval technology to combat the Persian military machine. But immediately following the defeat of the Persians, Athens began exerting dominance over the rest of Greece, primarily through its leadership of the Delian League, a primitive form of a supranational organization between the Greek city-states. Jealous over the continued Athenian dominance, Sparta and several other citystates left the Delian League and formed their own organization, heightening tensions between the old rivals. War broke out in 431 BCE following the execution of 200 Spartan soldiers who attempted to loot a small village west of Athens. Choosing to fight a war of attrition, Athens, under the leadership of Pericles, allowed the Spartans to take over the hinterlands while the Athenian navy would continue to fight on. This turned out to be a foolish plan, as plague spread through the city of Athens, aggravated by the food shortages caused by the loss of the farmland around the polis. Meanwhile, the Spartans, thanks to the generosity of the Persians, who despised Athens much more than Sparta due to its encouragement of Anatolian revolts, had a state of the art navy at its disposal, which defeated the Athenian navy at almost every encounter. In 404 BCE, the war ended when a defenseless and weak Athens was taken over by a war-weary and exhausted Sparta. The Athenian democracy temporarily was replaced by the rule of an oligarchy, and Sparta gained the spoils of war. Regardless, neither power walked out strong enough to deal with the next threat, the Macedonians, who came into the power vacuum and took over all of Greece by 390 BCE, including the Anatolian outposts.

6 Jared Cohen AP World History - P.4 Political: Hellenistic Period The Hellenistic period was a period where Greek culture was spread to parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe. For centuries, Ancient Greece was split into many city-states. They rarely interacted with each other (in terms of competition.) Because of Sparta's victory in the Peloponnesian war, they became very prominent on the Greek peninsula. After several more battles, the Greek citystates were poor, so no city-state reclaimed power. It was not until Macedonia, led by King Phillip II, retook control of the Greek Peninsula. He was assassinated before he ever had the chance to take over the Achaemenid Empire. Luckily, his son, Alexander the great, had become president. Today, he is known for creating one of the largest empires of the Classical era. Alexander's first order of business was to take over Achaemenid Empire. When he succeeded, he controlled most of the Fertile Crescent, Turkey, Syria, and Egypt. Over several more battles, he extended his empire to the west of the Indus river valley. On his way back from Greece, he died from unknown causes. It was because of Alexander's successes in a battle that led to Hellenization. After his death, the kingdom was split into 3 dynasties: the Seleucids, Ptolemaics, and antagonists. The Seleucids were located near Syria, Persia, and Babylonia. This dynasty was very large, extending to India, and lasted past the Greek empire. It fell in a war versus the Roman Empire. The Ptolemaic empire was the African-South-Levant portion of Alexander's empire. It held a very important city Alexandria. This city was the center of all science and technology for the Greek Empire. It too fell to the Roman Empire after several generations of rulers. Lastly, the Antigonid dynasty, which controlled Macedon, was one of the smallest parts of the empire. It had a very powerful army and fell to the Romans as well. Though The Hellenistic Period did not last for millennia, it did have a long-lasting effect on the world. Major advances in technology and culture helped the world advance.

7 Sydni Dichter Dichter 1 Tavernia AP World History, Period 4 10 November, 2016 Political - Empress Lu Empress Lu was married to Emperor GaoZu, the founder of Han China. She was the first woman to become a ruler in China, after her husband s death. She determined which of her children would succeed her, and empresses usually chose weak children so they, the empresses, would have more power. Empress Lu is infamous for secretly killing powerful individuals with strong military backgrounds because she was scared they would take away her power.

8 Ben Geller AP World History P.4 Political: The Ten Commandments The ten commandments are a set of tablets showing and representing different biblical and ethical meanings and It plays a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity. Moses is given two tablets by god n Mount Sinai and these tablets are the ten commandments. The ten commandments have ways of living; it is a sort of legalized document the religion needed. It helps keep the entire religion united and as one. The teen commandments also correspond to the many stories in Judaism. The commandments help control the religion from chaos and create a rule system of some sort. Every stable system has some method of doing this kind of work. The ten commandments are political, because they are legalized document that helps Gide ad unite a nation as one. Religious documents like this help bring together populations.

9 Annita Huang AP World/Period 4 Packet: C Theme 3: Peloponnesian War In 431 B.C.E, the peloponnesian war broke out, which was between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that involved most of the Greek world. In the wake of the Persian retreat, Athens grew more powerful and tensions rose, making the war last for almost three decades. Sparta, however, emerged victorious, while the constant fighting left Athens bankrupt, exhausted and demoralized. Neither city-state regained the military strength they once had. During the first war, the Spartans dominated the land and the Athenians dominated the sea. Athens built long walls all the way from the city to its seaport Piraeus. This enabled them to stay inside the city and still have access to trade and supplies from their ships. During the second war, the Spartans began to gather allies to conquer Athens. They even enlisted the help of the Persians who lent them money to build a fleet of warships. Athens, however recovered and won a series of battles between 410 and 406 BC. In 405 BC the Spartan general Lysander defeated the Athenian fleet in battle. With the fleet defeated, the people in the city of Athens began to starve. They did not have the army to take on the Spartans on land. In 404 BC the city of Athens surrendered to the Spartans.

10 Laila In an Mr.Tavernia AP World History,P4 Political:Saul,David,and Solom on Saul,David,and Solom on w ere kings of Ancient Israel.Israelth e land itself links Anatolia, Egypt, Arabia, and M esopotam ia. It is very im portant for its geographical location, agricultu re, and religious history.saulwas th e first king of Israel.Saul s reign established Israel and its d efen se. He helped protect Israel, being a big target to neighboring em pires by land or sea. David w as the second king of Israel.King David helped convert Israelfrom a tribalconfederacy to a monarchy.king Solom on,th e th ird king of Israeland king David s son, led ancient Israel into its h ighest point.he also built th e first tem p le, th e tem p le of Solom on. They w ere the top three m ost im portant political heads in ancient Israelite h istory. With ou t th em, Canaan w ould have collap sed to th e n eighboring em pires. They helped further develop the civilization as a w hole. In creasing their defenses,advancing tech n ologies,trad e,and etc.im p ortan t in politics over anything else.

11 Sloane Knapp AP World History P4 11/10/16 Political: Satraps Satraps were the governors of the Persian empire. They were in existence during the classical period. Twenty six Satraps were created by Cyrus, one per each region of the Achaemenid empire. This was an example of a decentralized government, due to the vast size of the empire. Each satrap ruled over their region and controlled what was going on. The taxes they collected got passed up to Cyrus, as he took credit for their work.

12 Political: Gupta Empire Like the Mauryan empire, the Gupta empire emerged from the Ganges Plain and established its capital in Pataliputra. However, Pataliputra was more important in the Mauryan empire. Its army was centered on soldiers on horses and the use of bow-andarrow. It was primarily centralized but established bureaucracies within regions of the empire. The Gupta empire was a theater state, meaning it used pompous displays of ceremony to show benefits of alliance with it. Patriarchy was very very prevalent during the Gupta empire; during this period women were barred from participating in sacrifices, learning sacred texts and weren t allowed to own property. The Guptan empire was Hindu and thus the empire reinstated the caste system.

13 Angela Lin AP World History P.4 State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict: Carthage Around 813 BCE, Carthage was founded by Queen Elissa of Phoenicia. The rise of Carthage happened after Alexander destroyed Tyre in 332 BCE. Once a small coastal port for Phoenician traders to resupply or repair their ships, Carthage became the most powerful city in the Mediterranean before Rome rose. After the fall of Tyre, Tyrians who escaped, mostly by buying their way out of death, fled to Carthage. Those Tyrians established Carthage as the new center of Phoenician trade. They drove the native Africans out, enslaved them, or demanded tribute from them. The city grew size and covered miles of land. Before long, Carthage grew to be the wealthiest city in the Mediterranean. As Carthage expanded, conflicts with Rome began to rise. Rome and Carthage made a treaty that kept Rome from trading into the western Mediterranean. However, when Carthage took Sicily, Rome took action building 330 ships, prompting the beginning of the First Punic War. Rome defeated Carthage in 241 BCE and was forced to cede Sicily to Rome. Carthage ensued in another war known as The Mercenary War and won. The Second Punic War started when Carthaginian general Hannibal attacked Rome s ally the city of Saguntum. Carthage lost again in 202 BCE to Rome. Another war fought between Numidia and Carthage left Carthage in debt. The Third Punic War began when a Roman embassy demanded Carthage to dismantle and rebuild further inland, which was refused. Carthage was besieged by the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus for three years until it fell. The Romans sacked and burned Carthage to the ground. Utica became Rome s capital of African provinces. Carthage was rebuilt by Julius Caesar, and rose once again five years after his death. The city was under Roman influence until 698 CE when the Muslims destroyed and defeated the city, and created the city of Tunis. Carthage still lies under Tunisia today.

14 Olivia Lloyd AP World/Period 4 Political: Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was born in Pella,Greece, in 356 BC to King Philip II and Queen Olympia. He assisted his father and began leading the cavalry at the age of eighteen and he ascended to rule by the time he was twenty years old. He was tutored by Aristotle and so developed a deep affinity for Greek culture, which he spread during Hellenization, as he conquered Persia and Egypt. Alexander the Great s military tactics were unparalleled, which lead to his great success in conquering territories. He had a falling out with his father at Phillip s wedding to Cleopatra, effectively demoting Queen Olympia. Alexander and his mother fled to Epirus, Olympia s home country, up until his father was murdered by a Macedonian noble. Once he assumed the throne, Alexander quickly established himself as a stern and logical ruler by making an example out of Thebes, a city-state that was rejecting Alexander s claim to the throne. All of the other city-states quickly fell in line. Alexander faced off against King Darius III, King of Persia, and used his military ability to win a key battle, even though he was outnumbered. By 333 BC, Alexander had seized Persia and declared himself king. After conquering Egypt and founding the city of Alexandria, later to become a center of Greek culture, he moved east through Iran and northern India, but was forced to turn back after his army refused to travel all the way to China. In 323 BC, when he was thirty-two, he died of malaria.

15 Hijaan Mitha AP World Period 4 Political: Democracy Although it seems to be a very new concept, Democracy has been in place ever since the Classical Period. A democracy is a system of government where all citizens have equal political and legal rights. Nowadays, Governments that carry out this system offer rights to those who are citizens of the country, no matter your birthplace or gender. However, during the classical period, only free adult males had privileges. One of the First Empires to demonstrate a democratic government was the Greek Empire, In which city-states such as Athens elected a representative to fight for their political decision.

16 Athens The first settlement of Athens was in 3000 BCE, when King Theseus united several settlements of Attica. The city was named after the patron god, Athena, who supposedly gave the Athenians an olive tree from which all their olive crops originated. The soils of the Athenian region were not fit to grow major crops such as wheat or rice, so the Athenians relied on sea trade as well as on the success of their olive crops. The region of Athens was also rocky and mountainous to the point that land travel was difficult, and therefore favored the sea as a trade and transportation route. Athens is famous for the development of democracy. Originally, Athens was ruled by the rich aristocracy and dictators or tyrants, just as the other Greek city states. The Athenian people became dissatisfied by this system and demanded that a new form of government be implemented. Democracy was implemented under the rule of Cleisthenes, and it was developed by the Athenian leader, Pericles, around 470 BCE. One of the earliest forms of democracy was the council of 500. In which all citizens were allowed to join. Citizenship constituted of free, Greek- born males of a certain age. The council worked on laws and improved the system of government. Athens is also famous for its art, architecture, philosophy, and higher learning. Monumental building projects were completed, such as the Parthenon on the Acropolis. The column and the triangle were both significant in the Athenian style of architecture. Isosceles triangles were used to connect the different sides of the building and the column was useful for holding up the large amounts of stone that made up the roof. Famous philosophers from Athens include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates is the most well known as he founded the Academy in Athens as well as shifted the views of philosophy from nature to government and the corruption of man. Plato was a student of Socrates and went on to teach at the Academy after the execution of Socrates. Aristotle studied at the Academy and was later recruited by Philip II of Macedonia to be the tutor of Alexander the Great. Athens was also famous for their sculptures of both man and gods, and the fact that the sculptures were made very precisely and human-like.

17 Samantha Ross AP World History P.4 Packet: C Political: Dynasties After the death of Alexander, the Greek empire was broken into three major kingdoms. These kingdoms included the Seleucid Dynasty, the Ptolemaic Dynasty, and the Antigod Dynasty. The Seleucid Dynasty controlled Mesopotamia, Syria, and Anatolia. It existed from 312 BC to 63 BC and was founded by Seleucus. This dynasty faced the greatest challenges after death of Alexander. The Ptolemaic Dynasty ruled Egypt and perfected an administrative structure from the system created by pharaohs, pouring in incredible amounts of revenue. T he dynasty lasted until the death of Cleopatra VII. It was ruled from Alexandria. Lastly, the Antigonid Dynasty had an ethnically homogenous kingdom in northern Greece. It ruled the house of ancient Macedonia from 306 to 168 bc. When the dynasty suffered a defeat from Pydna, the end of the dynasty grew nearer. Perseus resigned and that was the end.

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19 Kaitlyn Seese AP World History P.4 Packet: C Persian Wars The Persian Wars were caused by the Ionian Revolt, an uprising of the Greeks against the Persians. The wars consisted of two Persian attacks on Greece and three main battles. The first, the Battle of Thermopylae occurred when the Spartans bought time for their allies to escape. These allies refer to those in the Delian League, an association of Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens whose purpose was to completely drive out the Persian Empire. The second battle, the Battle of Salamis, occurred when the Persian Navy was lured into the straits of Salamis and suffered defeat. The third battle, The Battle of Plataea, was when the Greeks started getting the upperhand. The Persians had difficulty supplying such a large army in a foreign land, they had a tactical error at Salamis, Greek Hoplite soldiers had the advantage over the Persian infantry, and the Greeks had an advantage as they were defending their homeland. The Greeks winning of the Persian Wars launched them into their period of greatest productivity.

20 Sydney Stewart AP World History Period 4 Political: Ten Commandments The Ten Commandments, also called the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principle that relates to ethics, worship and rudimentary law. They play a large role in Judaism and Christianity. The Ten Commandments are: 1. I am the Lord your God 2. You shall have no other gods before me 3. You shall not make for yourself an idol 4. Do not take the name of the Lord in vain 5. Remember the Sabbath and keep it holy 6. Honor your father and mother 7. You shall not kill/murder 8. You shall not commit adultery 9. You shall not steal 10. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor The Ten Commandments were said to be written down by Moses after the arrival of the Jews at Mount Sinai. On the third day that they were there, God came down and told Moses all of the 10 Commandments and the whole covenant. Moses then went back up the mountain. He stayed up there for 40 days and nights and came back down with the tablets with the commandments written on them.

21 Shayaan Subzwari AP World History/Period 4 Political: Ashoka Ashoka was the third emperor of the Indian Mauryan Dynasty who ruled the great majority of India from 268 to 232 BCE. At the time of about 260 BCE, Ashoka carried out a war against the Kalinga civilization in Eastern India and incorporated the area into his empire. After viewing the mass destruction and death that resulted from the war, Ashoka decided to move away from violence. As a result, he converted from Hinduism to Buddhism at around 263 BCE. His conversion to Buddhism was a key factor in preserving the Buddhist religion and culture, although its importance in India would diminish later on. Ashoka is also well known for the Edicts of Ashoka which are a compilation of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka. They were distributed on multiple pillars throughout the many areas of the Mauryan Empire and serve the purpose of educating people about Ashoka s views on the problems that society had. Ashoka ruled the Mauryan empire for 36 years. Upon his death, he was cremated and it is said that his body burned for 7 days. His son that was destined to succeed him was blinded by his own wife, and ended up becoming a singer. After the death of Ashoka, the Mauryan empire lasted for 50 more years until it lost some of its hold over the entire subcontinent.

22 Noah Teixeira Mr.Tavernia AP World History Period 4 Political: Carthage Carthage, located near the present-day city Tunis in Tunisia, was founded by the Phoenicians in 800 BCE.This city was a major commercial center and naval power in the west Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century BCE. It served as the center of trade and the center of governance for the Phoenician communities. These Phoenician communities seeked for military support and followed its lead on foreign policy. Carthaginian power relied on its strong navy, which led to it becoming one of the largest cities in the world around 500 BCE. It contained a diverse population of 400,000. Carthages reign ended it continuous wars with the Romans and Greeks around 300 BCE.

23 Kathryn Treacy AP World History, Period 4 : Classical Civilizations State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict: Persian Wars The failed revolt led to the Persian Wars, two Persian attacks on Greece in the early fifth century B.C.E. In 490 B.C.E. Darius dispatched a force to punish Eretria and Athens, two mainland states that had aided the Ionian rebels. Eretria was betrayed to the Persians, and the survivors were marched off to permanent exile in southwest Iran. The Athenians probably would have suffered a similar fate if their hoplites had not defeated the more numerous but lighter-armed Persian troops in a sharp engagement at Marathon. Darius s son and successor, Xerxes, set out with a huge invasionary force consisting of the Persian army, contingents from all the peoples of the empire, and a large fleet of ships drawn from maritime subjects. Crossing the narrow Hellespont strait, Persian forces descended into central and southern Greece. Xerxes sent messengers ahead to most Greek states, demanding earth and water.