World History María E. Ortiz Castillo

Transcription

1 World History María E. Ortiz Castillo

2 Geographic framework It is mountainous territory allowing them to be isolated from other cities Each community was formed independently developing different city states. Land surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. It is a peninsula surrounded by numerous islands. They had an extensive coastal area and numerous bays.

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4 Minoan Crete Discovered by archaeologist Arthur Evans Society with extensive maritime knowledge that put them in contact with Egypt. Its period of greatest development was between the years 2000 and 1450 BC. Greatest creation: Knossos Palace Love for nature represented in frescoes of sports scenes and nature. Theories Catastrophic collapse in 1450 BC A powerful volcanic eruption (Thera) triggered a Tsunami Invasion of Greeks from the mainland (Mycenaean)

5 The Mycenaean Greeks Discovered by archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann gold masks, cups, jewellery, bronze weapons and pottery They were developed in the Bronze Age Its administrative centre was the city of Mycenae, a highly fortified city. Indo-European group that came to Greece from the north that was characterized as warriors. Its period of greatest apogee was between BC. They built fortified palaces in the hills to the royal family, while the rest of the population lived outside the walls.

6 The Mycenaean Greeks The Mycenaean civilization was formed by powerful monarchies forming a confederation, with Mycenae being the strongest city. The Mycenaean society was organized as follows: Wanax = Mycenaean King army commanders, priests and bureaucrats peasants, soldiers and artisans servants and slaves They managed to establish an extensive commercial network by the Mediterranean Sea.

7 The Mycenaean Greeks Territorial expansion Managed to occupy the island of Crete and the islands of the Aegean Sea They took the city of Troy (supposed military adventure) campaign guided by King Agamemnon (1250 BC.) Decay of Mycenae The city of Mycenae was burned down in 1190 BC. Then it was abandoned in 1125 BC. Other Mycenaean centres presented the same pattern Theories: Invasion from the north by other peoples such as the Dorians who destroyed the Mycenaean centres of power and settled in the Peloponnese. Internal conflicts between kings attached to the effects of severe earthquakes.

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9 The Greeks of the Dark Age ( BC) Greece faced a difficult period: Population declined as agricultural production. Great migratory wave towards the territory of Asia Minor. (Ionia) Decrease in cultural development Changes produced at the time Replacement of bronze with iron Adoption of the Phoenician alphabet (24 letters) which simplified learning. Appearance of The Iliad and The Odyssey

10 Iliad Epic poem based on the Trojan War. Paris, son of Priam, king of Troy; kidnaps Helena, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta and brother of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae. In revenge, they attack Troy and ten years later they manage to conquer it and plunder (sack) it. It also tells the heroes Achilles' exploits and the way his anger leads him to disaster.

11 Odyssey Epic poem that recounts the adventures of Ulysses (Odysseus) on his way back to Ithaca with his wife Penelope, who had been waiting ten years for his return from the war against Troy.

12 Ancient Greece This period is characterized by: the colonization of the Mediterranean and Black seas economic growth social revolt and political change revival and improvement of the arts and literature development of lyric poems that reflected personal emotions and lifestyles.

13 Ancient Greece Polis: small autonomous political units where all social, religious, political and economic activities were carried out. Acropolis: religious center and place of refuge Agora: open space conditioned for meetings of citizens and as a market.

14 Ancient Greece Military Order Hoplites: heavily armed and protected men Phalanx: advanced as a unit with a strict order. Shoulder to shoulder. The security of each man depended on the discipline of those at his side.

15 Period of brilliant achievements, flourishing of Athens democracy, cultural development and conflicts with other peoples and each other.

16 Forms of government in Greece Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy State governed by a king Rule is hereditary Some rulers claimed divine rights Practiced in Mycenae for 2000 B.C. State ruled by nobility Rule is hereditary and based on families ties, social rank and wealth. Social status and wealth support rulers authority Practice in Athens prior 594 B.C. State ruled by a small group of citizens Rule is based on wealth or ability Ruling groups controls military Practiced in Sparta by 500 B.C. Direct Democracy State ruled by its citizens Rule is based on citizenship Majority rule decides vote Practiced in Athens by 500 B.C

17 Athens Democracy Draco Rich and poor were equal under law Solon No citizen should own another citizen Organized all citizens into four social classes according to wealth, the top three could hold political office All citizens could participate in the assembly Cleisthenes Reorganized the nobility based on were they lived Increased the power of the assembly

18 Atenas Men The sons of wealthy families were educated starting at 7 years to prepare them to be good citizens The studied reading, grammar, poetry, history, mathematics and music Received training in logic and public speaking Trained their body in athletic activities When the got older, went to military school Women Were educated at home about child-rearing, weaving, preparing meals, managing the house hold and how to become good wife and mothers They were not considered citizens Did not participated in publics activities

19 Sparta Political organization Kings (2): they were in charge of military and political affairs Ephors: Judges and supervisors of citizens and kings Council of Elders: assembly composed of 30 elders Sought kept isolated from other Polis to avoid contamination with new ideas. They had organized themselves as a highly military state and maintained order in the Peloponnese.

20 Sparta Men: they were evaluated at birth, to see if they were healthy at 7 years they were separated from their mothers to educate them and make them tough and disciplined at age 20 they enlisted in the army to fulfill military service until they were 60 years old at age 30 they could vote and live in their homes they were forced to eat the Black Broth made of pork pieces cooked with blood, salt and vinegare Women: they stayed in the house they had greater freedom and power in the home they were encouraged to do exercises to stay healthy and have healthy male children they supported strict Spartan values like bravery come back with your shield or on it

21 Persian War Indo-European people located in southern Iran organized into tribes. Cyrus: unified the territory under a monarchy. He managed to conquer Babylon and Lydia and had the first contacts with the Ionian Greeks, who eventually fell under Persian power. Cambyses: son of Cyrus, who managed to invade Egypt Darius: Strengthened the Persian kingdom it reached the Indus River he carried out the invasion of mainland Greece organized a campaign to invade mainland Greece and expand its domains (490 BC) The Persians made their way to Attica, crossing the Aegean Sea until they reached Marathon, where the Athenians and Platonists clashed, causing defeat and numerous losses to the Persians. The Persians did not coordinate another attack in 10 years due to conflicts with Egypt.

22 Xerxes With the desire to avenge the defeat of his father and expand the empire, he planned an invasion of Greece (480 BC.) He crossed the Hellespont making a bridge with the ships They crossed Thrace and Macedonia The Spartans faced the Persians in the footsteps of Thermopylae 300 Spartans led by Leonidas and 7,000 Greek soldiers detained the Persians for three days a traitor told the Persians how to use a path through the mountain to surround them some Greeks left, but the Spartans stayed The Athenians decided to leave the city and the Attica area towards the island of Salamis. The Persians sacked Athens.

23 Xerxes Naval Battle of Salamis: The Greeks defeated the Persian fleet Xerxes retires for fear of a revolt in Ionia He left a fleet in Thessaly Battle of Platea 479 B.C. the Greeks raised the largest army they defeated the Persians the rest of the Persian troops returned they destroyed much of Persian fleet in Mycale, Ionia

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25 Period characterized by the Athenian expansion and the confrontation between different city-states for control and power in Greece.

26 Pericles of Athens ( B.C.) Intellectual, scientific and artistic growth He managed to maintain power for 32 years Goals: Strengthen Athenian democracy Maintain and expand the empire Glorify Athens He used the money of the Delia League to fulfil his goals

27 Pericles Democracy Empire Glorify Increased the number of official positions that were paid a salary Organized the Delian League Beautified the city Direct Democracy: Citizens rule directly and not through representatives Strengthened the naval fleet in the Mediterranean. Encouraged the development of arts and architecture

28 Athenian expansion The Athenians saw the need to liberate the Greeks in Ionia from Persian power. They organized the Delian League to develop the attack on the Persians ( B.C.) They liberated the Aegean states In 469 B.C. they definitely defeated the Persians When they finished with the enemy, many cities wanted to leave the league, but Athens used force to force them to stay in it. Pericles: King of Athens supported the rupture of relations with Sparta to bring its power throughout Greece

29 The Peloponnesian War ( B.C.) Causes The fear that Athens inspired for Sparta Conflict between Megara and Corinth with Athens. Both threatened Sparta to withdraw from the Peloponnesian League if they did not back them. Strategies Athens relied on its naval force Sparta and her allies relied on her powerful army

30 The Peloponnesian War ( B.C.) The Spartans marched towards Athens and burned all their resources and food. Athens depended on those who entered by port of their colonies. Pericles sheltered the surrounding inhabitants within the city walls In the second year of the war a plague wiped out a third of the population, including Pericles. In 421 BC both cities signed a truce.

31 The Peloponnesian War ( B.C.) In 415 B.C Athenians sent a huge fleet to the island of Sicily to destroy the city-state of Syracuse, one of Spartan allies Athenians fleet were totally destroyed Despite the defeat, Athens was able to defend them self against Spartan attack for nine years. The war came to an end in 404 B.C. when Athens surrender, loosing their power, empire and wealth

32 Decay of the Greek states ( A.C.) Period of continuous battles between the Greeks for power The Persians took advantage of the internal struggles in Greece: They seized again the Greek states in Asia Minor They offered financial aid to Athens and Thebes to oppose Sparta, thus initiating the Corinthian War ( BC). The Greeks, exhausted by the constant wars accept the Peace of the King proposed by the Great King of Persia. In 371 BC declined Spartan power and was replaced by the Theban (Thebes) Phillip II of Macedonia finished with the power of Greek when managing to prevail in Greece.

33 While the Greeks city-states were weakened and their economy an military power decline, in the kingdom of Macedonia, located north of Greece, was becoming strong and powerful with the dream con conquering Greece and Persia

34 Phillip II Became king of Macedonia in 359 B.C. when he was 23 years old Brilliant general and ruthless politician Transformed the peasants into a well-trained professional army with larger spears and a strong cavalry In 338 B.C. he defeated the army of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea ending with Greek independence. The city-states retained self government only in local affairs Phillip was killed in 336 B.C. and immediately his son Alexander proclaimed himself as king.

35 Alexander The Great Was only 20 years old when he became king Was educated by Aristotle about science, geography, and literature He was inspired by Achilles and always kept a copy of the Iliad He learned to ride a horse, use weapons and command troops since he was a boy He demonstrated his power to the Greeks destroying the city of Thebes and killing about 6,000 Thebans

36 Alexander The Great Invasion of Persia In 334 B.C. he led an army of 35,000 soldiers across the Hellespont into Anatolia, deafening the Persian army of 40,000 soldiers The Persian king Darius III created a huge army outnumbering Alexander s army. Battler of Iso 333 B.C Alexander surprised them by breaking through a weak point in the Persian line. Darius fled the battle, to avoid being capture, giving Alexander the control of Anatolia

37 Alexander The Great Conquering Persia Darius tried to negotiate with Alexander, giving him al the lands west of the Euphrates, but he rejected it In 332 B.C. he entered Egypt and was crowned as their pharaoh and he founded the city of Alexandria After conquering Egypt, he moved to Mesopotamia conquering Syria and PalestineIn the Battle of Gaugamela Alexander ended Persian power In a short time he occupied Babylon, Susa and Persepolis

38 Alexander The Great Conquering Persia In 330 BC Darius was assassinated by his own men and Alejandro managed to assume the title and functions of the Great King of the Persians. He spent the next 3 years moving east, reaching the present Pakistan. In the summer of 327 BC he went to India, where he had numerous difficulties disastrous battles His soldiers stopped supporting him claiming to be exhausted and eager to return to their homes The soldiers mutinied and refused to continue further in the expedition to the east

39 Alexander The Great After a terrible defeat against the Indians, he agreed to return On the way back he led his troops through southern Iran, through the desert, suffering many casualties due to desert conditions He arrived in Babylon where he died in 323 BC. at 32 years old Weakened by his wounds and fever An excess of alcohol

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41 Alexander The Great Ideals He sought to imitate Achilles and claimed to be a descendant of Hercules Universal Humanity: felt the need to merge the Greeks and Macedonians with the Persians in a single class to ensure better control of the empire: He had his soldiers marry Persian women He married Estatira, daughter of Darius and Rossana of Bactria He used Persian dress Appointed Persians as administrators He trained young people in the Macedonian military method

42 Alexander The Great - Legacy He created the Hellenistic era (imitating the Greeks) Dissemination of the Greek language and ideas He provided great wealth to the Greeks and Macedonians, stimulating the economy He gave Greek engineers, intellectuals, merchants, soldiers and administrators the opportunity to manifest according to their field Transformed the army into an international force with exclusive loyalty to him Cultural fusion The creation of a great empire that served as a source of inspiration for the Romans who would eventually inherit it

43 Hellenistic Kingdoms The empire created by Alexander disintegrated with his death. In 301 BC All the Alexandrian generals were involved in a struggle for power. Eventually different kingdoms emerged, dividing the empire among the generals who survived the civil war. The heirs of Alexander was murdered in the process.