Perseverance Harbour ( accessed 8 May 2017)

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1 New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero - Report for a Historic Area Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku Historic Area, CAMPBELL ISLAND/MOTU IHUPUKU (List No. 9700) Perseverance Harbour ( accessed 8 May 2017) Based on the report written by Nigel Prickett, Steve Bagley and Norman Judd, abridged by Heather Bauchop DRAFT: Last amended 10 January 2018 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 1. IDENTIFICATION Name of Area Location Information Legal Description Extent of List Entry Eligibility Existing Heritage Recognition 6 2. SUPPORTING INFORMATION Historical Information Physical Information Sources SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT Section 66 (1) Assessment APPENDICES Appendix 1: Visual Identification Aids Appendix 2: Visual Aids to Historical Information Appendix 3: Visual Aids to Physical Information Appendix 4: Significance Assessment Information 83 Disclaimer Please note that entry on the New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero identifies only the heritage values of the property concerned, and should not be construed as advice on the state of the property, or as a comment of its soundness or safety, including in regard to earthquake risk, safety in the event of fire, or insanitary conditions. Archaeological sites are protected by the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014, regardless of whether they are entered on the New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero or not. Archaeological sites include places associated with pre-1900 human activity, where there may be evidence relating to the history of New Zealand. This List entry report should not be read as a statement on whether or not the archaeological provisions of the Act apply to the property (s) concerned. Please contact your local Heritage New Zealand office for archaeological advice. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Purpose of this report The purpose of this report is to provide evidence to support the inclusion of Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku Historic Area in the New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero as a historic area. Summary Bleak, remote with an austere beauty, Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku Historic Area tells of the significant history of sealing, whaling, farming, and of the strategic importance of such remote islands in the twentieth century. Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku Island has aesthetic, archaeological, historical, cultural and scientific significance. Sighted in 1810 by Frederick Hasselburg, captain of the sealing brig Perseverance, Campbell Island was soon afterwards the temporary home of sealers and whalers who exploited the abundant seals and the migrating Right Whale in the area. Bearing the brunt of southern storms and on an international shipping route, the island also provides a poignant reminder of the fate of shipwrecked castaways in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Scientific expeditions saw the island drawn into international scientific literature on geology, biology and botany; it was the southernmost of many stations that observed the Transit of Venus world-wide in The early twentieth century saw a revival of whaling, and an unsuccessful attempt to maintain a farm in such a remote and inhospitable place. Apart from the Tierra Del Fuego farms on the Argentinian mainland, the Campbell Island farm has been the world s southernmost. Later in the twentieth century, Campbell Island s strategic importance was recognised when a coast watchers base was established there in World War Two, later to become a meteorological observation station for the latter half of the century. The physical remains on Campbell Island reflect the different human activities that have taken place largely focused in Perseverance Harbour and at the heads of smaller harbours and bays. The significant places include built structures and archaeological sites. The sites are associated with sealing from 1810 to the early Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

4 twentieth century, farming from 1895 to 1931, bay whaling at Northeast Harbour in the mid to late nineteenth century, shore-based whaling at Northwest Bay and Northeast Harbour from 1909 to 1914 and mineral prospecting. Notable early scientific visits are by Lt. James Clark Ross s Royal Navy vessels Erebus and Terror in 1840, French visits in 1873 and 1874 for the Transit of Venus and, in 1907, New Zealand s first scientific expedition to its Subantarctic Islands by the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. The first castaway depot dates from Long-term New Zealand government commitments have been the World War Two Cape Expedition coast-watchers established in the Tucker Valley in 1941, which was maintained as a Meteorological Service weather station until 1957 when it was shifted to Beeman Cove where it remained staffed until fully automated in The Department of Conservation s management of Campbell Island in the latter part of the twentieth century more than kept pace with a global interest for the preservation of natural ecosystems and conservation; reflected in a successful pest eradication programme and the island s inclusion in the Subantarctic Islands World Heritage Inscription. In the twenty - first century, Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku remains uninhabited, visited only by naval patrols, scientific expeditions and tourist cruise ships. 1. IDENTIFICATION Name of Area Name: Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku Historic Area Other Names: Motu Ihupuku 1.2. Location Information Address CAMPBELL ISLAND/MOTU IHUPUKU Subantarctic Islands 1 This section is supplemented by visual aids in Appendix 1 of the report. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

5 Additional Location Information About 550 kilometres south-east of Stewart Island, Campbell Island is the most southerly of the Subantarctic Islands. Local Authority Outside any territorial authorities Managed by the Department of Conservation Legal Description Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku (Nature Reserve, NZ Gazette 1954, p.1462, NZ Gazette 1975, pp ), Seabed Extent of List Entry 3 This historic area consists of an area of land and sea that contains a group of interrelated historic places. The identified historic places that contribute to the values in this historic area are CA/1 Northwest Bay Whaling capstan, CA/2 Northwest Bay Whaling station, CA/3 Northeast Harbour Whaling station, CA/4 Venus Cove French Transit of Venus expedition camp, CA/5 Duris Point Transit of Venus track/ building platforms, CA/6 Camp Cove Sod hut, CA/7 Camp Cove Farm sod fence, CA/8 Tucker Cove Castaway depot and boat run, CA/9 Tucker Cove Farm homestead, boat run, etc., CA/10 Tucker Cove Meteorological Service jetty and causeway for Tucker Camp, CA/11 Beeman Hill Rock engravings by crew of whaler Antarctic, CA/12 Lookout Bay Platform site, CA/13 Tucker Cove Tucker Camp, Cape Expedition and after, CA/14 Northeast Harbour, CA/15 Tucker Cove Sod hut, CA/16 Tucker Cove Stone jetty, CA/17 Tucker Cove Farm tidal fence and stone structures, CA/18 Depot Point Farm tidal fence, CA/19 Tucker Cove Farm peat cutting, CA/20 Tucker Cove Farm peat cutting, CA/21 Tucker Cove Tryworks, CA/22 Tucker Cove Tent camp, CA/23 Tucker Cove Stone Hearth hut, CA/24 Tucker Cove Graves, CA/25 Tucker Cove Farm woolshed, yards and jetty, 2 The foreshores were added to the reserve in Note that the Beeman Base metereological station buildings are owned by the Metservice who have a concession for them to be in the National Nature Reserve. 3 See Physical Information for an analysis of this statement. This section is supplemented by visual aids in Appendix 1 of the report. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

6 CA/26 Tucker Cove Farm, cylinder digester, CA/27 Northeast Harbour Rock shelter, CA/28 Monument Harbour Shipwreck timber, CA/29 Southeast Harbour Castaway finger-post, CA/30 Northwest Bay Whaling lookout, CA/31 Northeast Harbour Castaway finger-post, CA/32 Northeast Harbour Whaling station iron pipe, CA/33 Northeast Harbour Whaling station brick floor, CA/34 Moubray Hill Rock shelter, CA/35 Cave Rocks Rock shelter, CA/36 Duris Point Grave of Paul Duris, French Transit of Venus expedition, CA/37 Duris Point Prospecting hole, CA/38 Garden Cove Farm stock bridge, CA/39 Duris Point Philosophical Institute of Canterbury 1907 scientific camp, CA/40 Duris Point Methven Boiler Hut and boat run, CA/41 Camp Cove Stone arrangement associated with sealing or farming eras and CA/42 Beeman Cove Meteorological Service base, manned The area of land and sea that encompasses these historic places includes the land described as Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku (Nature Reserve, NZ Gazette 1954, p.1462, NZ Gazette 1975, pp ) and part Seabed, being Campbell Island and the following inlets: Northwest Harbour, Perseverance Harbour, Southeast Harbour and Monument Harbour, with a 50 metre buffer from the foreshore around the rest of the island. (Refer to map in Appendix 1 of the List entry report for further information) Eligibility This area is physically eligible for consideration as an historic area. It consists of an area of land that lies within the territorial limits of New Zealand and that contains interrelated historic places. There is sufficient information included in this report to identify this area and the historic places within it Existing Heritage Recognition Reserve This place is a Nature Reserve (NZ Gazette 1954, p.1462, NZ Gazette 1975, pp ) and was declared a National Nature Reserve in 1986 (Declaration by Order in Council see Section 13, Reserves Act 1977) in acknowledgement of its values of national or international significance. This place is a Marine Reserve (Campbell Island/Moutere Ihupuku Marine Reserve, Sec 1 on SO ) under the Subantarctic Islands Marine Reserves Act Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

7 Other Protection Mechanism Campbell Island is managed by the Department of Conservation on behalf of the Government. In addition to the Reserves Act and Subantarctic Islands Marine Reserves Act 2014, Campbell Island and the other four subantarctic island groups are also covered under the Wildlife Act 1953; the Wild Animal Control Act 1977; the Resource Management Act 1991; the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011; the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978; and the Fisheries Act The Subantarctic Islands are managed through the Regional Coastal Plan: Kermadec and Subantarctic Islands (Operative, 15 September 2017). New Zealand Archaeological Association Site Recording Scheme Sites within this area have been recorded by the New Zealand Archaeological Association. Note: before the 2011 archaeological survey undertaken by Nigel Prickett, Steven Bagley and Norm Judd, 13 records had been submitted by Palmer and Judd to the New Zealand Archaeological Association Site Recording Scheme (Sites CA/1 CA/13). Some of these included widely separate locations or historic episodes, or both. The 2011 expedition resulted in 39 records, some now separating previously grouped sites. Where a 2011 record is of part of a previous Palmer and Judd record the original site record number is given in brackets at the end. Sites CA/5 and CA/12 have Palmer and Judd records only, i.e. there is no 2011 record. CA/12 was examined but not confirmed in 2011, with the record retained for future clarification. CA/5 was not revisited. CA/14 appears to have been assigned or held over for a record which doubled up on CA/3, but with additional Northeast Harbour locations. Separate records for physically and historically distinct sites will aid identification of sites for management and conservation purposes and in any discussion of the island s history and archaeology. Thirty-one of 41 recorded Campbell Island sites (75% of the total) are in the area of Perseverance Harbour, five are in Northeast Harbour, three in Northwest Bay and one each in Southeast Harbour and Monument Harbour. Of Perseverance Harbour sites, accessed 21 September Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

8 (44% of the island total), are in Tucker Cove, with another ten at the head of the harbour in Camp, Garden and Venus Coves. Only five Campbell Island sites are more than m from the shore or on high ground (CA/11, 13, 27, 34 and 35). Other sites are noted by Judd in his accounts of 1975, 1981, 1991 and 1994 visits, but are outside the scope of this report. Judd has also prepared more extensive lists, of 68 sites and reported historic sites or locations and 61 sites in an unpublished spreadsheet. 5 Where a 2011 record is of part of a previous Palmer and Judd record the original site record number is given in brackets at the end. The references are: CA/1 Northwest Bay Whaling capstan, CA/2 Northwest Bay Whaling station, CA/3 Northeast Harbour Whaling station, CA/4 Venus Cove French Transit of Venus expedition camp, 1874 CA/5 Duris Point Transit of Venus track/ building platforms, 1873 [not visited 2011] CA/6 Camp Cove Sod hut, 19th century CA/7 Camp Cove Farm sod fence, CA/8 Tucker Cove Castaway depot and boat run, late 19th century CA/9 Tucker Cove Farm homestead, boat run, etc., CA/10 Tucker Cove Meteorological Service jetty and causeway for Tucker Camp, 1940s- 50s CA/11 Beeman Hill Rock engravings by crew of whaler Antarctic, 1894 or 1897 CA/12 Lookout Bay Platform site [unconfirmed in 2011] CA/13 Tucker Cove Tucker Camp, Cape Expedition and after, 1941 to mid-50s CA/14 Northeast Harbour [Duplicate of CA/3] CA/15 Tucker Cove Sod hut, 19th century CA/16 Tucker Cove Stone jetty, 19th century [CA/9] CA/17 Tucker Cove Farm tidal fence and stone structures, CA/18 Depot Point Farm tidal fence, [CA/8] 5 Judd 1994: pp Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

9 CA/19 Tucker Cove Farm peat cutting, [CA/9] CA/20 Tucker Cove Farm peat cutting, CA/21 Tucker Cove Tryworks, possibly of whaler Bencleugh ca 1878 [CA/10] CA/22 Tucker Cove Tent camp, farming era or later [CA/9] CA/23 Tucker Cove Stone Hearth hut, 19th century CA/24 Tucker Cove Graves, possibly of sealers [CA/10] CA/25 Tucker Cove Farm woolshed, yards and jetty, [CA/9] CA/26 Tucker Cove Farm, cylinder digester [CA/9] CA/27 Northeast Harbour Rock shelter, evidence of Met. Service recreation use, CA/28 Monument Harbour Shipwreck timber, 19th century CA/29 Southeast Harbour Castaway finger-post CA/30 Northwest Bay Whaling lookout, CA/31 Northeast Harbour Castaway finger-post [CA/3] CA/32 Northeast Harbour Whaling station iron pipe CA/33 Northeast Harbour Whaling station brick floor CA/34 Moubray Hill Rock shelter, evidence of Met. Service recreation use, CA/35 Cave Rocks Rock shelter, various casual users CA/36 Duris Point Grave of Paul Duris, French Transit of Venus expedition, 1874 CA/37 Duris Point Prospecting hole, 19th century CA/38 Garden Cove Farm stock bridge, CA/39 Duris Point Philosophical Institute of Canterbury 1907 scientific camp [CA/5] CA/40 Duris Point Methven Boiler Hut and boat run, 19th century [CA/5] CA/41 Camp Cove Stone arrangement associated with sealing or farming eras [CA/7] CA/42 Beeman Cove Meteorological Service base, manned Other Heritage Recognition Campbell Island is included within the New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands, World Heritage Inscription, accessed 23 August Wreck of the Perseverance: Australian National Shipwrecks Database 79 (ID No 9479) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

10 2. SUPPORTING INFORMATION 2.1. Historical Information Sealing Fur seals and sea lions were present in large numbers on New Zealand s coast and were obvious prey for the Polynesians when they arrived between 1250 and In the first two centuries of settlement, Māori were more often seal hunters than moa hunters, with evidence of sealing in the far north, Coromandel, Taranaki, Cook Strait, the Canterbury coast and the south from Waitaki to Fiordland. However, by the 1700s seals were confined to the far south. 6 Radiocarbon dating of umu and midden material at the Auckland Islands in 2003 suggests 1350 to 1450 contact at this island. A Government steamer captain in the late 19th century, J. Bollons, fossicked beach front erosion on Auckland Islands and Campbell Island and wrote that he found Māori artefacts at the Auckland Islands but none at Campbell Island. 7 Sydney based sealers recorded themselves as the first people to see Campbell Island in 1810 and it has been assumed that this remote, windy place could only have been first-landed by capable, seafaring Europeans. This assumption and the fact that flax was first introduced to the subantarctic by sealers were also made in various 19 th century scientific papers. However, historian Ian Kerr, in Campbell Island a History, alludes to the possibility that Hasselburg may not have been the first to see Campbell Island. 8 From the 1790s sealing became an important economic activity in the south-west Pacific. After the Bass Strait rookeries were exhausted sealing became an important activity in New Zealand. There were rushes after discovery to Dusky Sound in 1798, the West Coast in 1803 and the Auckland Islands in Jock Phillips, 'Sealing - The rise and fall of sealing', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, (accessed 21 September 2016) 7 See and see also Anderson, A.J Prehistoric Archaeology in the Auckland Islands, New Zealand Subantarctic Region. Report to the Department of Conservation, Wellington. 8 Ian Kerr, Campbell Island a History, Reed, Wellington, 1976, p.19. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

11 Campbell Island was sighted on 4 January 1810 by Frederick Hasselburg, captain of the sealing brig Perseverance out of Sydney, who, on his return trip to pick up sealers he had left on Campbell Island, also sighted Macquarie Island in July the same year and quickly returned to Sydney with the news. When he did get back to Campbell Island, Hasselburg drowned on 4 November 1810 in Perseverance Harbour, along with Elizabeth Farr and a boy George Allwright. The Perseverance itself was fated to wreck on Campbell Island in October After 1810, there were rushes to Campbell and Macquarie Islands. Two years later American sealers initiated a surge to the Antipodes Islands, and to a lesser extent the Bounty and Auckland islands. In three years, 140,000 seals were killed in the Antipodes Islands. By 1809 Foveaux sealers were back, working around Foveaux Strait and Stewart Island. A year later there was a rush to Macquarie and Campbell Islands, with profitable returns on skins dwindling rapidly after each new discovery. 9 Although Campbell Island was commercially of very little importance compared with her subantarctic neighbours, 10 history provides insight into the experiences of the early sealers, experiences that can only be imagined; isolation in a wild place, of hardship and, if marooned, searching forever a storm-torn horizon. Ian Smith has identified known and possible sealing locations on the New Zealand coast from historical data and reported field observations. 11 Campbell Island s first economic activity was sealing, with an initial rush for the new resource followed by small-scale sealing through to the early 20th century. Ling puts the island s total seal skin numbers from discovery to 1931 at 30,282, of which 15,200 were in three 1810 cargoes. While the total figure may be low from missing data, it is clear that Campbell Island was a small contributor to the south-west Pacific sealing industry, with just 2% of total skin cargoes Jock Phillips, ibid 10 Kerr, p I.W.G. Smith, The New Zealand Sealing Industry: History, Archaeology and Heritage Management, Department of Conservation, Wellington, Kerr, pp.18-27, pp And Ling JK (2002) Impact Of Colonial Sealing On Seal Stocks Around Australia, New Zealand And Subantarctic Islands Between 150 And 170 Degrees East. Australian Mammalogy 24, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

12 James Clark Ross, in Perseverance Harbour for four days in December 1840, noted: The remains of some huts were found on each side of a cove to the north of the Erebus anchorage, as also the graves of several seamen who had evidently been employed on the seal-fishing. 13 This was Tucker Cove named after the master of HMS Erebus where the 2011 expedition excavated test pits in two hut sites (CA/15 and CA/23). 14 Farming and settlement in the Subantarctic Islands Māori had a brief presence in the Subantarctic Islands in the 19th century. The Taranaki invasion of the Chatham Islands in 1835 had not enabled all the invaders to gain land, so in 1842, 40 Ngāti Mutunga and their 26 Moriori slaves came south, and by 1849, the Māori and Moriori had settlements on both Enderby Island and Auckland Island. The settlement was short-lived in 1856, Chatham Island families chartered a ship to bring back whanau who had remained. 15 Two European attempts to settle the Auckland Islands occurred in 1849 and 1873; both of short duration. Dreams of settling the Subantarctic Islands were briefly realised with Charles Enderby s mid-nineteenth century Auckland Island settlement. A London whaler, with interests in the southern whaling grounds, Enderby proposed that the Auckland Islands could become a whaling base and agricultural settlement. His firm, S. Enderby and Sons, took out a lease on the islands for 30 years and set up the British Southern Whale Fishery Company. Three ships and over 200 settlers arrived at Port Ross in December 1849 and January 1850, with Enderby himself appointed resident commissioner and lieutenant governor. The settlement was a failure and by 1852 the settlers had left. 16 The second attempt to settle the Auckland Islands began in 1873 when the Government granted a Dr. F. A. Monckton of Invercargill a 21-year lease over the islands. Less than three years later, in February 1877, the captain of a visiting Royal 13 J.C. Ross, A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions during the years , 2 vols. John Murray, London, 1847, p Kerr, p Jock Phillips, 'Subantarctic islands - The Enderby settlement', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, (accessed 21 September 2016) 16 For more detail see Paul R. Dingwall and Kevin L. Jones, 'The Enderby settlement ( )'. In Paul R. Dingwall, Kevin L. Jones and Rachael Egerton, eds., In care of the Southern Ocean: an archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands. Auckland: New Zealand Archaeological Association, 2009 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

13 Navy warship accused the couple appointed by Monkton to tend the small farm there of ransacking all three Auckland Islands depots. The two, who had reached a state of chronic discontent and wanted to leave the islands, admitted that they had taken foodstuffs just in order to stay alive. 17 In November 1894, Government leases were auctioned for pastoral runs on most of New Zealand s Subantarctic Islands. 18 Campbell Island was the first to be taken up in early May 1895 when James Gordon of Gisborne and three men arrived with 356 sheep, building material for a house and woolshed, and provisions for 12 months. 19 In 1901 the lease was transferred to Captain W.H. Tucker, also from Gisborne. By 1903 there were 4000 sheep on the island and in 1916, when Tucker sold to the Dunedin partnership of J.A. Mathewson and D. Murray, 6800 sheep gave 131 bales of wool. The enterprise again changed hands in 1927 when stock and improvements were bought by John Warren. Farming ended in 1931, defeated by isolation and irregular transport exacerbated by the depression and the Great Depression of the early 1930s. The Antipodes Island lease was sold but no farming took place. New Zealand s offering of farming leases in the southern islands were similar to French initiatives for the Indian Ocean Kerguelen Islands, also in part to establish a regular connection and active presence in these remote and strategic possessions. 20 Whaling Shore-based whaling was another important economic activity in nineteenth century New Zealand, hunting the black or right whale. Whales followed established migration routes around the New Zealand coast, as well as around the Subantarctic Islands. Early whaling stations were usually located on the migration routes or in the calving harbours. 21 New Zealand s shore-based whalers took their skills to more isolated places such as Campbell Island, although whaling was short-lived. The Campbell Island 17 Otago Daily Times, 14 March 1877, p DEPT. LANDS AND SURVEY FILES, Invercargill, 30 August Kerr, Rowley Taylor, Straight Through from London, the Antipodes and Bounty Islands, New Zealand, Heritage Expeditions New Zealand Ltd, Christchurch, 2006, pp Jock Phillips, 'Whaling - Shore-based whaling', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, (accessed 21 September 2016) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

14 whaling story links into the New Zealand story particularly the association with the Te Awaiti, Cook Strait and Whangamumu, Bay of Islands whalers. 22 Shore-based whaling for right whales was the third economic activity on Campbell Island, notably from stations at Northwest Bay from 1909 to 1913 and Northeast Harbour The two stations were the last frontier of New Zealand shorebased whaling based on right whales from the late 1820s to the 1840s and 1850s when the species had become scarce in New Zealand harbours and bays. The surviving mainland industry turned to humpbacks, smaller species and occasional sperm whales. 24 A tryworks site (CA/21) in Tucker Cove probably relates to a ca 1878 operations by the whaler Bencleugh. A hut site (CA/23) near the tryworks, which may have also been part of the Bencleugh operation, is included below with Other sites. 25 Another site associated with whaling is rock cut initials on Beeman Hill (CA/11), probably left by Norwegian pelagic whalers from the Antarctic who visited Campbell Island in 1894 and Northwest Bay The Northwest Bay operation was initiated by Captain Tucker who invited whalers from Te Awaiti, Tory Channel, for summer work on his run and winter whaling, right whales having been seen in winter near the island. In early 1909 a party of whalers under John Heberley went to Campbell Island to set up a whaling station. 27 In three seasons from 1909 they took 13, 10 and 8 whales. 28 At Northwest Bay there were no tryworks for processing blubber for oil, and whalebone (baleen) was all that was taken. In 1912 Jack Norton took over leadership and whaling continued to May 1913 when the towing launch was wrecked after one whale was taken in the season. 29 The Te Awaiti whalers then continued farm work as well as sealing. The last whale catch 22 Judd, N.J. Marlborough Whalers on Campbell Island , Dept. Lands & Survey, Auckland, 2000, p Kerr, pp See N. Prickett, The Archaeology of New Zealand Shore Whaling, Department of Conservation, Wellington, J.I. Thomson, J. I. 1912: Voyages and wanderings in far off seas and land., Headly Brothers, London, 2012, pp Judd, 1994, p J. Timms, Marlborough whalers at Campbell Island, : a narrative based on the recollections of J. Timms in I. S. Kerr; N. Judd ed. Wellington, Department of Lands and Survey, 1978, p Kerr, p Timms, 1978, p. 11. And Judd, 2000, p. 11. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

15 was a cow and calf in Perseverance Harbour in In 1917 Campbell Island whaling ended with the loss of the launch Komuri. 31 Three recorded sites relate to the Northwest Bay station (CA/1, CA/2 and CA/30). Northeast Harbour The Northeast Harbour whaling station was set up in January 1911 by the firm Jagger and Cook of the Cook family whaling operation at Whangamumu, south of the Bay of Islands. 32 With them were the 28 m whale-chaser Hananui II and the Huanui, a 59 ton schooner. Unlike the Northwest Bay whalers they were equipped for processing oil as well as whalebone. They took 13 whales in the first season and 17 (16 right whales and one fin whale) in The next two years were not successful and the whalers did not return after Three site records relate to the Northeast Harbour station (CA/3, CA/32 and CA/33). Prospecting The best known Campbell Island prospecting interest is that of the Grafton which was at the island 2-29 December 1863 looking for an argentiferous tin mine, of which information had been given by a Sydney draper. 33 This was not found and the Grafton went on to be wrecked on the Auckland Islands in early January The historical origin of prospecting holes north of Garden Cove is not known. Three are noted by Judd; the site recorded here (CA/37) is likely to be one of these. The prospectors may have been attracted by the presence of quartz veins appearing in the Garden Cove shoreline profiles. 34 It is possible that a hut site (CA/40; see below) on the shore nearby was a prospectors hut. Scientific expeditions Scientists interests in the Subantarctic Islands ranged from botany (providing comparative samples of botanical specimens) to astronomy. 35 In the days of small sailing ships involved in Antarctic exploration, islands such as Campbell Island were of 30 Timms, 1978, pp Kerr, pp Kerr, p Kerr, pp Judd, 1994, p accessed 21 September Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

16 distinct value, providing shelter in the wild Southern Ocean, collection of water and firewood and, in a time of scientific curiosity, a place of study in its own right. 36 The first scientists on Campbell Island were with the Royal Navy s Erebus and Terror expedition under Captain James Clark Ross in December 1840, when the young Joseph Dalton Hooker, with David Lyall and Robert McCormick, collected botanical specimens, described later in Hooker s Flora Antarctica. 37 In 1873 the French naval ship Vire under Captain J. Jacquemart visited to examine the island s suitability for observations of the 1874 Transit of Venus across face of the sun (and so to calculate the distance from the earth to the sun). A favourable report saw the Vire back in September 1874 and accommodation and scientific huts set up in what is now Venus Cove, only to have the 9 December transit obscured by cloud. 38 Jones has written of the successful outcome and the archaeology of a German expedition to the Auckland Islands viewing the same event. 39 In November 1907 a Philosophical Institute of Canterbury expedition spent 12 days on Campbell Island, to contribute to The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand (two volumes) published in Scientific visits have continued to the present day. No recorded sites relate to the Erebus and Terror visit, three are from the two French stays on the island (CA4, CA/5 and CA/36) and one recorded site is from the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury expedition (CA/ 39). Kerr writes that the known history of interaction between the natural environment and introduced species has provided botanists, like Cockayne, with the unrivalled opportunity of studying the effect of the introduction of a foreign herbivorous animal on the natural vegetation and plan formations. 40 The comparison is possible because of the earlier observations of Hooker, Kirk and others. Castaway facilities New Zealand s maritime heritage is reflected in the shipwrecks that dot the coast and the offshore islands. While loss of life was tragic, even more moving was the potential for castaways to be marooned on offshore islands, particularly in the Subantarctic, where castaways might never be rescued. The Subantarctic Islands lie to the south 36 Kerr, p Kerr, pp Kerr, pp Jones, 2009, pp Kerr, p. 4. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

17 and south-east of New Zealand. Ships that were blown astray in the Southern Ocean were wrecked on the islands that lay on the Great Circle Route used by ships leaving Australasia for Europe some 11 shipwrecks were known to have occurred between 1833 and Three shipwrecks on the Auckland Islands in the 1860s led to castaway depots being placed on New Zealand s southern islands. Depots, boatsheds and finger-posts on the Auckland Islands are described by Egerton et al. and depots on the Antipodes and Bounty Islands by Taylor. 42 Wreckage on Campbell Island was sighted on three occasions in Northwest Bay during the period 1868 to Wreck relics were discovered in Monument Harbour by a weather station member in 1972 and surveyed by Judd in Campbell Island castaway facilities are described by Kerr, the first castaway provisions being left in 1868 by the Amherst (sent by the Southland Provincial Government to look for survivors of the General Grant), taking the form of a case of provisions at Tucker Cove marked by a white pole. 45 After 1882 a larger depot was built at Depot Point, with a shed for provisions and a boatshed. Six fingerposts around the island pointed the way. The depot was closed in Long-term government stations The outbreak of World War Two in September 1939 brought renewed interest in the strategic importance of the Subantarctic Islands as places to monitor and report the movements of enemy ships. This was the Cape Expedition 1941 to Scientist Sir Charles Fleming was part of the Cape Expedition, taking the opportunity to study the geology and natural history of the island. 48 After the war, the Campbell Island 41 Ken Scadden, 'Castaways - Wrecked on a subantarctic island', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, (accessed 21 September 2016) 42 Taylor, 2006, pp and P.R. Dingwall, K.L. Jones and R. Egerton (eds), In Care of The Southern Ocean; an archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands. N.Z. Archaeological Association Monograph 27, 2009, pp , pp New Zealand Gazette, Province of Southland. 1 April 1868 (Vol. 6, p.51 to 56). Nature 17 December, Judd, N., Wreck relics in Monument Harbour, Campbell Island, A report to Historic Places Trust and Department of Conservation, in fulfilment of Authority No. 2007/ Kerr, pp Kerr, p Jock Phillips, 'Subantarctic islands - Second World War and after', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, (accessed 21 September 2016) 48 R. K. Dell. 'Fleming, Charles Alexander', Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, first published in Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

18 coastwatching camp situated in the Tucker Valley, evolved to become New Zealand s subantarctic weather station. 49 The history and archaeology of two Auckland Island stations is told in the 2003 expedition report. 50 The Tucker Camp was used from the end of the war by the Meteorological Service and Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) until a new base was built at Beeman Cove in readiness for the 1957 IGY International Geophysical Year. 51 The weather station was staffed until automated in The most recent significant use of the historic Beeman Base was by the two-month 2010 Campbell Island Bicentennial Expedition in the summer of 2010/11. Meteorologist and Campbell Island historian Ian Kerr writes that Campbell Island was probably the most important weather station maintained by the New Zealand Government. 52 The Subantarctic Islands history of scientific study, the recognition of their natural values and the cycle of the introduction of species and their removal is part of the cultural history of the islands and reflects the twentieth century prioritisation of conservation. 53 The earlier history of the exploitation and farming are statement of possession, and of our intent to tame unused country. 54 Environmental historian Bernadette Hince writes that this history is common to other isolated islands, and is part a global history of isolated islands the ecological changes made by humans, the debris, the remains of the buildings all testify to a tangible human history shared by many of the Subantarctic Islands. They are what constitutes the subantarctic s cultural history. 55 alexander (accessed 10 January 2018) 49 Kerr, pp S. Bagley, S., K.L. Jones, P.R. Dingwall and C. Edkins, The Erlangen incident and the Cape Expedition of World War II, pp in P.R. Dingwall, K.L. Jones and R. Egerton (eds), In Care of The Southern Ocean; an archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands. N.Z. Archaeological Association Monograph 27, Kerr, p Kerr, p.ix. 53 Bernadette Hince, The Cultural History of the Eastern Hemisphere Subantarctic Islands, Referred paper from the 4th International Small Island Cultures Conference, June 17th-20th 2008, pp accessed 21 Sep Hince, p Hince, p. 7. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

19 More recently, the natural importance of Campbell Island has been recognised. New Zealand s Subantarctic Islands were declared National Nature Reserves in 1986, the highest possible conservation status, and in 1998 were inscribed on the World Heritage List for their significant natural values. 56 In 2014, the ocean around Campbell Island was declared a marine reserve (Moutere Ihupuku/Campbell Island Marine Reserve). Since 1995, Campbell Island has been uninhabited, with only periodic visits from naval patrols, researchers and tourists. Associated List Entries N/A 2.2. Physical Information Current Description Physical descriptions of sites in this report are taken from the archaeological survey that took place in early 2011 during the 2010 Campbell Island Bicentennial Expedition, undertaken by 50 South Trust. At 52 S, Campbell Island is New Zealand s southernmost territory but for the Ross Dependency in Antarctica, and is one of several island groups in the Southern Ocean south of mainland New Zealand, including the Auckland, Antipodes, Bounty and Snares groups, and Australia s Macquarie Island which is the furthest south at 54 S. The Subantarctic Islands lie in a semicircle to the south and south-east of New Zealand, and are the five southernmost groups of New Zealand s outlying islands. Campbell Island is located at S and E. The main island area is km2, offshore islets and rocks bringing the total to km2. The highest point is Mount Honey at 558 m. Average January temperatures are: high 12.1 C, low 7.1 C. The annual rainfall of 1.33 m falls on average 325 days a year. Campbell Island is around 14 kilometres at its greatest length from north to south and west to east. There are no safe all-weather anchorages on the west and south coasts, and while landings in Northwest Bay and Monument and Southeast Harbours can be achieved in fair weather, these bays are open to the ocean and whoever anchors in 56 accessed 21 September 2016 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

20 these places should be aware that weather conditions can change with little warning. Though secure anchorage can be found in either of the two harbours on the east coast, of which Perseverance Harbour is the more popular for large vessels because it offers more swinging room, both harbours are subject to very strong winds, primarily from the west. 57 Unlike the Auckland Islands further north, where lower altitudes are dominated by rata forest, there is no forest on Campbell Island, and only one tree, a spruce planted early last century in Camp Cove. Instead, vegetation is mostly tussock grassland with spectacular megaherb fields including Pleurophyllum speciosum, Anisotome latifolia and Bulbinella rossii. For nearly a century from 1895 sheep created and maintained short grassland throughout the island. Since they were removed, the last in 1991, high ground is reverting to tussock grassland and herb-fields, with lower ground being taken over by scrub dominated by dracophyllum scrub to 4 5 m high. Almost all human activity on Campbell Island has been on low ground near the shore so that sites now being hidden, damaged and buried in dense vegetation is an issue for heritage conservation. Notable among wildlife are sea lions and sea elephants. Less apparent in the harbours and bays are fur seals which have not recovered from 19th century exploitation. Seabirds include major breeding populations of several albatross and mollymawk species and other sea-birds. Rockhopper penguin numbers have declined by 94% from ca 1.6 million breeding birds in the late 1950s, apparently after a southward shift of the food-rich ocean convergence zone. Rats, which may have arrived soon after 1810, were exterminated in 2001 in a remarkable Department of Conservation exercise using several helicopters. Campbell Island snipe, pipits and teal are now back on the main island after surviving more than 150 years on rat-free off-shore islets. Campbell Island historical activity and archaeological sites reflect either economic or official purposes. Economic activity has been sealing, farming, whaling and prospecting; official (mostly New Zealand government) presence includes castaway facilities, the World War Two Cape Expedition coast-watchers, Meteorological Service, and scientific expeditions. Sealing was the first economic activity, thus making any 57 Pers comm Mark Hammond, Master Maia, support vessel for the 2010 Campbell Island Bicentenniary Expedition. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

21 related site significant in the island s archaeology. On current knowledge this means accommodation huts. Two 19th century sod huts are reported; one in Camp Cove the other in Tucker Cove. Both were likely to have been occupied by sealers and/or marooned sailors. Huts were reported in both bays in Test pitting of the Tucker Cove Sod Hut in 2011 revealed sea bird and possibly seal bone (certainly mammal) indicating locally sourced parts of a diet, and stockpiled chert suggests an early rather than late 19th century date. If this hut site is an early sealing site it will be the only one in New Zealand to have been physically tested. 59 Also in Tucker Cove is the Stone Hearth Hut, but here the use of brick in the fireplace and a possible link to the Bencleugh visit ca 1878 suggest occupants other than sealers. The Camp Cove hut has sod walls and may be the establishment reported by Ross in 1840, so was most likely a sealers hut. At the Methven Boiler Hut timber piles do not suggest early 19th century or sealers. The boiler from the Dunedin Methven firm is no older than 1886 and may be 1906 or later. Other possible sealing era sites are the Tucker Cove graves (CA/24), and the enigmatically placed stone constructions (CA/41) in Camp Cove which may also relate to Ross s report. Nine site records tell of farming on Campbell Island. The homestead (CA/9) and woolshed (CA/25) records are of large sites with several elements at the heart of the farm. Other records are mostly of one aspect of activity. More farm remains, notably 15 kilometres of fence-line, are described by Judd in his 1990 expedition report. 60 The brief period of a single farming enterprise, in the end outside its practical limits, gives a farming landscape frozen in time. The archaeology of whaling on the island mostly records two early twentieth century shore stations at Northwest Bay and Northeast Harbour, each with three widely dispersed parts, and so separately recorded sites. Two other sites probably relate to earlier visits by the whalers Bencleugh and the Norwegian Antarctic. The main Northeast Harbour record (CA/3) includes domestic and industrial parts of the station backed up by good historical documentation. This is a major site. At Northwest Bay, accommodation (CA/2) and industrial (CA/1) parts of the whaling operation are widely 58 Ross, Sir J.C. A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions John Murray, London, 1847, 59 Radio NZ: 2 July 2014, David Steemson interviewing N. Prickett and N. Judd. 60 Judd, N.J. Campbell Island Historic Site Inspection 1990, Department of Conservation, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

22 separated at opposite ends of the bay. Both have suffered more damage than at sheltered Northeast Harbour. The Tucker Cove tryworks (CA/21) is likely to be a rare temporary land establishment set up by a whaling vessel. An unimpressive prospecting drive (CA/37) rounds out a story of optimism and the hope of riches that brought people to remote Campbell Island, as with the sealers, farmers and whalers. Official scientific activity began with the December 1840 Royal Navy visit of Ross s Erebus and Terror Antarctic expedition. No physical evidence is known; a search for the expedition s magnetic station east of Shoal Point by Judd and Bagley was unsuccessful the site had been heavily modified by seals, but Campbell Island was put on the scientific map when Joseph Hooker described botanical specimens in his Flora Antarctica. Other major contributions to scientific knowledge were by the 1873 and 1874 French Transit of Venus expedition and by the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury in For three months the French occupied Venus Cove (CA/4) where there are still important archaeological remains despite fossicking by meteorological staff. Other French remains are the Duris grave (CA/36), and nearby tracks and platforms on the west side of Garden Cove (CA/5) recorded by Palmer and Judd but not revisited in The Tucker Cove stone jetty (CA/16) may possibly be French work. Only a stone fireplace was recorded of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury camp in Garden Cove (CA/39), this site also having suffered from fossicking attention. The most important castaway facility is the depot (CA/8) at the mouth of Tucker Cove (Depot Point), where there was a boatshed and provision shed and still is a boat run and signpost. Two of three surviving finger-posts put up around the island are at Southeast Harbour (CA/29) and the head of Northeast Harbour (CA/31). The fingerpost at Cook Point, Northeast Harbour, was not visited and so not recorded although observed to be still standing in a naval patrol June An official presence on the island that was to continue for 54 years began with the 1941 arrival of the Cape Expedition and setting up of a coast-watchers base (CA/13) in the valley at the head of Tucker Cove. At the end of the war this was taken over by the 61 Judd pers comm. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

23 Meteorological Service and grew to 15 buildings. In the 1950s a new base was set up at Beeman Cove, where it still stands, but without permanent staff since automation in Tucker Camp and Beeman Base are important historical and archaeological places. A particular threat to historic sites is the dense scrub dominated by dracophyllum now reclaiming lower ground since the removal of sheep which had previously maintained grassland over much of the island. The scrub conceals sites from archaeologists and tourists alike and its roots damage sub-surface deposits. Major sites such as the Tucker Cove Sod Hut (CA/15) and nearby farmhouse (CA/9) and woolshed (CA/25), Tucker Camp (CA/13) and the Northeast Harbour whaling station (CA/3) are near to being buried in a sea of scrub. Vegetation change from tussock to dracophyllum scrub at less important sites such as the Northwest Bay whalers lookout (CA/30) is also a loss to the historic landscape. Other damage is by sea lions and elephant seals which create deep wallows and runs where they gather. This has badly damaged the hillside and beach flat at Northwest Bay whaling station (CA/2); a hut site behind the station capstan (CA/1) is completely destroyed. Sea damage includes high tides eating away the poor quality mortar of the Tucker Cove tryworks (CA/21), and stone structures broken up by wave action, notably the Tucker Cove stone jetty (CA/16), castaway depot boat run (CA/8) and tidal fence (CA/18), all at or near Depot Point and so exposed to the length of Perseverance Harbour which can be a funnel for wind and waves, and the Venus Cove jetty (CA/4) and adjacent shoreline profiles. Stream erosion has taken much of the brick floor (CA/33) associated with the Northeast Harbour whaling station, and possibly some of the Camp Cove stone arrangement (CA/41) where what is visible is now close to the eroding bank. Proposals for prioritising Campbell Island historic sites conservation have also been made by Palmer and Judd (1981) and Judd (1992: 3-6; 1994: 4). It must be emphasised that the 39 sites recorded in 2011 are not the only archaeological sites on Campbell Island. Others have been noted by Judd in his several reports, but not revisited in 2011, and others, including significant sites, may yet be found. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

24 Construction Professionals N/A Construction Materials Timber, brick, metal, stone Key Physical Dates Early 1800s Sealing camps 1874 Venus Cove Transit of Camp Late 19 th C Tucker Cove castaway depots Mid-late 19 th C Bay whaling Farming 1907 Scientific Expedition Renewed whaling activity - Northwest Bay Renewed whaling activity - Northeast Harbour Coast Watching service presence Meteorological Service presence Uses Accommodation Accommodation Accommodation Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture Cultural Landscape Defence Defence Funerary Site Manufacturing Manufacturing Research Research Ruin Transport House Hut/Shack Shed/Store Woolshed (Former) Farm (Former) Wall/Fence Historic Landscape Observation Post (Former) Defence Other (Former) Graves Sealing Station/site Whaling Station (Former) Meteorological Station Observatory (Former) Misc Archaeological Jetty (Former) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

25 Transport Vacant Shipwreck Vacant Historic Places Farming Sites Nine recorded sites relate definitely to the farming era. Tent camp remains (CA/22) in Tucker Cove, although near the major farm sites, may not be part of farming operations and so are described under Other sites below. Fence lines described by Judd are not included here. 62 Site CA/12 ( N E 63 ), a building platform site, was examined but not confirmed in Figure 1: Tucker Cove Farmhouse Complex CA/9 (N. Judd Plan) 62 Judd (1992:10 and see map). 63 All coordinates in this Historic Places section are recorded in the World Geodesic System (WGS) 1984 standard. Coordinates have been provided where available for all sites (noting the exceptions of CA/05 and CA/42). Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

26 Figure 2: Tucker Cove farmhouse boat-run (N. Judd) The farm homestead (CA/9, N E) is one of several associated sites on the west side of Tucker Cove relating to Campbell Island s only farm. The important centre of farming operations is the house and adjacent store-shed 30 m from the cove, on a small flat which has been cut into the bank behind. The house kitchen is marked by an H.E. Shacklock Ltd Orion kitchen stove and nearby remains of a brick hearth in what was the homestead sitting room or lounge. A 1981 plan by Palmer shows an irregular building 9 x 7.9 m (ca 66 m2) defined by surviving wooden piles, and adjacent 4 x 4.6 m (18.4 m2) store shed. 64 Historic photographs show the house to have board and batten walls and a corrugated-iron roof, with two rainwater tanks and a barrel at the three visible corners. The house is said to have had six rooms and was mostly or entirely surrounded by drains, a path of beach gravel with a stone border. 65 The house and store area is now swampy ground. Included in CA/9 is a brick ramp from the house to the shore, where there is a boat run and adjacent terrace. The 20 m long ramp is now buried and was located by probing. At its seaward end a line of boulders protects the bottom of the ramp at the back of the beach. Immediately south is a 3-4 m wide boat run of cleared beach protected each side by large placed boulders. Above the boat run is a small terrace dug from the steep bank. 64 See J.D. Palmer and N. Judd, Campbell Island Archaeological Investigation 1981, Wellington, Department of Lands and Survey, Head Office, Kerr, p. 79. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

27 Figure 3: Woolshed Site CA/25 (N. Judd Plan) The woolshed site (CA/25, N E) ca 100 m south of the homestead along the Tucker Cove shore, includes a ca 35 x 15 m terrace which once accommodated woolshed, concrete swim dip and part of the yards. There is also a jetty and other yards, and holding paddocks mostly south of the woolshed marked by surviving fence posts. Archaeological features are posts (and so fences), woolshed piles, surviving yard fences, jetty remains and a metalled area of the yards now covered by peat. These are recorded in plans by Palmer and Judd in Some timbers and boulders extending from the shore at the woolshed site are all that is left of the former wooden jetty. 66 A digester (CA/26, N E), on the terrace between the homestead and woolshed sites, 65 m south of the Orion stove, is a 400 mm diameter 1.5 m long iron cylinder set vertically in the ground. This has been described as a digester for extracting lard from sheep carcasses by way of a sealed container (Campbell Island farm diary 1901, Auckland Museum), or container for dog-tucker. It may have been used for several purposes See Palmer and Judd, 1981, and Judd, Campbell Island Historic Site Inspection 1990, Privately published, Palmer and Judd, 1981, p. 8. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

28 Figure 4: Tucker Cove peat cutting CA/19 (N. Prickett) Two peat cuttings (CA/19, N E and CA/20, N E) from the farming era are dug into a 3-4 m high scarp at the back of the beach north of the homestead. CA/19, 20 m north of the CA/9 boat run has a floor area of ca 5.5 x 5.5 m with a well-defined 300 mm wide ditch at the foot of the rear and side scarps, probably for drying out the next layer of peat before it was removed. The floor is ca 250 mm above high tide, to show it was nearly dug out. CA/20 is 100 m further north, x 3 m in area and a 3 m rear scarp, again with evidence of a perimeter drainage ditch, and floor ca 400 mm above high tide, and so also nearly dug out. The peat cuttings are likely to have been dug by Shetland Islanders recruited by Captain Tucker in 1904, who will have known about peat. 68 Two tidal fences related to the farming operation are north and south of the homestead/woolshed complex, with other associated boulder constructions in one case. Tidal fences made of a line of piled boulders topped by a post and wire fence extended across a beach from the end of a land fence to prevent stock from walking around from one paddock to the next at low tide. 68 Kerr, p. 81. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

29 Figure 5: Tucker Cove tidal fence and other beach stone works CA/17 (N. Judd plan) Figure 6: Site CA/17 showing landward end of tidal fence and boulder revetment at back of beach (N. Prickett) Stone arrangements (CA/17, N E (coordinates at west corner of revetment)) on the beach north of the northerly peat cutting include a ca 18 m tidal fence of boulders securing the shallow beach end of a fence running inland. The relation of the tidal and land fence here is shown in a 1907 photograph. Nearby are a m circle of boulders of unknown purpose, and a ca 8 m boulder revetment protecting a low bank at the rear of beach from wave action, as at the homestead site boat ramp. It is likely all three parts of the site date from well before the farming era. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

30 The tidal fence may have once been a northeast-southwest boat run to the bank revetment before realignment by farmers to north and south. Figure 7: Depot Point tidal fence CA/18, view to south-west (N. Prickett) Tidal fence (CA/18, N E) is at the south end of Depot Point between Tucker and Camp Cove, at the end of a fence down the length of Homestead Ridge between Tucker and Camp Cove (Judd 1992:10 and see map). A ca 10 m line of boulders is more or less piled depending on original construction and later wave damage. Camp Cove sod fence (CA/7, N E (coordinates at northern end)): outside Tucker Cove two recorded farming sites are in Camp Cove and Garden Cove. A ditch-and-bank sod fence runs across rising ground west of the stream at the head of Camp Cove, ca 80 m long, 500 mm high and 1 m wide with a now shallow ditch on the uphill (west) side. This was in good order in Judd describes this fence and the remains of other sod and post and wire fences on the island and outlines their historical sequence in relation to farming operations. 69 Garden Cove stock bridge (CA/38, N E). The remains of a stock bridge across Garden Stream are ca 100 m from the beach. Two stringers of iron 69 Judd, 1992, pp and Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

31 railway track ca 1.5 m apart lie across the stream and adjacent banks at a location which would have been chosen for its height above the stream and conveniently short span on a necessary stock route to the extensive grazing of the peninsula between Perseverance Harbour and the south coast. Whaling Sites Figure 8: Northwest Bay whaling station CA/2, showing remains of accommodation hut fireplace and wooden pile in foreground (N. Prickett) Living quarters (CA/2, N E (coordinates at hut site)) were in the valley of Norton Stream which flows into Whalers or Sandy Bay at the west end of Northwest Bay, made up of a cookhouse and three accommodation huts m from the beach on a steep hillside east of the stream, and a boatshed on the foreshore. 70 In 2011 the site was under short grass and scattered tussock, dracophyllum, etc., and badly damaged by sea lion runs and wallows on a steep hillside also subject to slumping. One accommodation hut was located from its fireplace mound, four remaining wood piles, some loose timber and two (whisky?) bottles. The cookhouse terrace near the stream is under tussock, has suffered little sea lion impact and is in better order than the area of accommodation huts on a steep slope closer to the sea. In 1981 remains were seen of two accommodation huts, cookhouse and boatshed See Palmer and Judd, 1981, and J. Timms, Palmer and Judd, 1981, p. 3. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

32 Figure 9: Northwest Bay capstan site CA/1 plan of capstan support; capstan barrel; location of capstan platform and barrel in Capstan Cove (S. Bagley drawing) Figure 10: Northwest Bay capstan site remains of main capstan support posts and stone platform (N. Prickett) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

33 Figure 11: Northwest Bay capstan barrel (N. Prickett) Processing operations (CA/1, N E) were in Capstan Cove at the eastern corner of Northwest Bay, a kilometre from CA/2. The bay is named after a capstan on the foreshore 10 m from the mouth of a small stream, for hauling up whales, or just their heads (and baleen), for processing. A sketch of the capstan arrangement provided by whaler J. Timms is included in Judd. 72 Palmer and Judd note on the original site record from their 1981 visit: Remains of a capstan (two uprights, cross brace, drum). Will remain for many years. 73 In 2011 only the much reduced remains of two posts which supported the capstan structure remained above ground at two ends of a large horizontal timber secured within a platform of flat boulders under a leptinella sward. The capstan barrel and other timbers were 100 m away at the outflow of a small creek in the west side of the bay, presumably put there to prevent their loss in storms. The site of an associated hut behind the capstan is now modified by sea lion and sea elephant wallows. A hillside track between Capstan Cove and Whalers Bay can still followed in places. 72 N. Judd, Leader s report on historical sites, pp in Preliminary Reports of the Campbell Island Expedition , Reserves Series No 7, Wellington, Department of Lands and Survey, p Palmer and Judd, 1981, p. 3. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

34 Figure 12: Complex Point, Northwest Bay, whalers lookout CA/30 (S. Bagley drawing) A whalers lookout (CA/30, N E (coordinates at Lookout Shelter)), on Complex Point, m north of the living quarters, is on an elevated site just above a slight dip towards the end of the point ca 300 m distant. Judd reports the 1993 condition of the site, and notes that a whiff pole (on which a pennant was raised to signal to the station that a whale was in sight), seen near the lookout in 1976, had disappeared. 74 In 2011 remains of the lookout comprised an angled L-shaped sod wall, now ca 500 mm high, of two ca 4 m long arms facing west and north, and two shorter extensions forward and downhill of the northern face probably to strengthen the main wall. Some of the wall had fallen away. Vegetation was tussock, some regenerating dracophyllum scrub, also bulbinella and shield fern. 74 Judd, 1994, p Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

35 North East Harbour Figure 13: Northeast harbour from Lyall Ridge showing the location of whaling station CA/3 on the larger point at the head of the harbour (N. Prickett) Figure 14: Trypots at Northeast Harbour whaling station (N. Prickett) The main station site (CA/3, N E), 3 km from the open sea at the end of the larger of two promontories at the head of the harbour, includes nearly all Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

36 archaeological remains of the station. 75 A 1910 proposal submitted by Jagger and Cook to the Marine Department shows a wharf, factory building with trypots and storage tanks, cooper and engineers shop, coal bin, engine house and buildings for blubber and whalebone. On the north side of the point were a cookhouse and dining room and two accommodation huts. Notable visible remains in 2011 are three trypots (there are four in a 1941 photograph, a concrete-lined pit, two concrete engine pads, stone wall along the shore, ring bolts on intertidal rocks, timbers at the landward end of the jetty, etc. 76 Vegetation is mostly tussock and grasses on a partly cut terrace at the low end of the point, and dracophyllum scrub, shield fern, etc. encroaching from behind. A plan of the factory s floor was constructed from a 1912 photograph by reoccupying the photopoint and running triangulations off three clearly visible landmarks in the photograph. The plan submitted to the Marine Department by the Whangamumu whalers in 1910 was a proforma but indicates very good prior knowledge of the site. There is every probability that the gently sloping foreshore on the point and possibly the hearth were used by bay whalers in the 1800s. 77 Figure 15: Northeast Harbour whaling station, outlying brick floor site CA/33 beside Northeast Stream (N. Prickett) 75 Judd, 1980 and Judd, 1992, p Judd, 1994, p NZ PILOT, 5th Edition, 1883, London, also chart Brit. Miss. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

37 A brick floor (CA/33, N E), on the south side of Northeast Stream ca 100 m from the harbour, probably marks a shed almost certainly part of the whaling station, although given a separate record being ca 300 m away from the main site at CA/ 3. The first record of the roughly laid floor is by Judd in 1991 that puts it at 5 x m. There was less of it in 2011 as the stream has cut into the bank and bricks have fallen away. A brick stamped G (made by James Gore of Mosgiel) is identical to bricks found at the main station site. 78 An iron pipe (CA/32, N E) runs across the beach into the north side of harbour m from the whaling station. The 10 m visible length of 2 inch (50 mm) diameter pipe is presumably from a water source on the hill above and used for watering the station or vessels at anchor, or both. The pipe was first reported by Judd, who searched for but did not find the water intake, which may be high above the beach. 79 Figure 16: Tucker Cove tryworks platform CA/21 (N. Judd drawing) 78 Judd, 1992, pp Judd, 1992, pp Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

38 Figure 17: Tryworks platform, dyke prominent at right, view south to Mt Honey (N. Judd) Tucker Cove tryworks platform (CA/21, N E) is likely to relate to whaling, or trying out sea elephants, sea lions or fur seals. It is located on the east side of Tucker Cove, on the landward side of a basalt dyke with deep water off the dyke and a shallow bay behind. The only known historical information which might apply is of the Bencleugh whaling vessel which built a tryworks and hut on Campbell Island four years after the French Transit of Venus expedition, i.e. ca While there, a tsunami upset the trypot, damaged or destroyed the hut and carried off everything that floated. The well-built 2.4 x 1.9 m working surface is made of bricks and some larger angular stones. The platform fill beneath includes some placed brick and stone, and rubble, also black clinker deposits consistent with oil-impregnated fire waste as found at New Zealand shore station tryworks. In the 1950s the structure was weakened when a tractor track was cut down next to it, effectively isolating the tryworks and dyke from ground behind. The brick platform is now mostly covered in soil; low vegetation is predominantly grass and leptinella with some tussock. High tides over most of the platform, as occurred on 31 January 2011, remove soil and vegetation and erode bricks and poor quality mortar to expose the fill to further damage. Two small areas were examined in 2011 to learn more of the platform structure. At the south-east corner, furthest from the dyke, excavations revealed as 80 Thomson [1912], p. 131.; and Judd, 1994, p. 14. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

39 many as seven brick courses. At the north-west corner, against the dyke, the built structure was two bricks high and two bricks wide at the platform margin to secure the mixed platform interior. A hut (CA/23) 50 m from the tryworks and close to the shore at the back of the cove may have been built or occupied by the Bencleugh land crew and had a chimney of brick and angular stone like the tryworks platform. Rock engravings (CA/11, N E) at the top of Beeman Hill reported by Palmer and Judd (1981: 9) are described in more detail by Judd. 81 Several sets of initials and NORWAY relate them to the Norwegian whaler Antarctic which visited Campbell Island in 1894 and The engravings are 14 m from the Beeman trig but were not relocated by Judd in 1993, nor in 2011, due to lichen growth and perhaps also to deterioration and unfavourable light conditions. Scientific Expeditions French Transit of Venus expeditions 1873 and 1874 Figure 18: Venus Cove, French Transit of Venus 1874 expedition camp CA/4, magnetic variation instrument base at the rear of beach (N. Prickett) 81 Judd, 1994, pp Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

40 Figure 19: Venus Cove, remains of French stone jetty. View north-east down Perseverance Harbour (N. Prickett) The French camp at Venus Cove (CA/4, N E (coordinates at Hatt's telescope pedestal base)), was occupied September to December 1874 in a global programme to observe the Transit of Venus. The Campbell Island station was the world s southernmost. 82 Prefabricated buildings included 12 x 5 m living quarters, 3 x 2 m kitchen, a workshop and forge, darkroom, storeroom and buildings to house scientific instruments. 83 A French map locates as many as 16 buildings with 11 illustrated on three lithograph views which together are a close fit of the map. 84 Evidence along the 100 m length of the bay in 2011 includes: terraces; a brick and limestone instrument base eroding from the back of the beach near the west end and stone hut floor with instrument pedestal at the east end; quartz gravel path eroding in places from the rear of the beach; stone jetty ca 20 m long, m wide now largely broken down; and scattered glass and ceramic fragments on the beach including brown glazed earthenware, window glass, and black and clear bottle glass. The Venus Cove site is in fair to good condition under tussock and grass with dracophyllum and other scrub encroaching from behind. There has been fossicking damage by meteorological staff and some loss of the immediate rear of the beach to 82 accessed 8 May Kerr, p See Palmer and Judd, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

41 sea erosion and sea lion damage. Conservation issues are the continued loss of the beach section and invasion by dracophyllum scrub and other plants. Figure 20: Duris Point, grave of Paul Duris of French Transit of Venus expedition CA/36 (N. Prickett) Duris grave (CA/36, N E) on the other side of Perseverance Harbour at Duris Point is the grave of Paul Duris of the French Transit of Venus expedition who died of typhoid fever in September This was rediscovered in 1993 on a level area ca 30 m from the end of Duris Point, and was cleared and protected from sea lion damage by a 2.8 x 1.5 m timber fence. 86 In 2011 the grave was again cleared of vegetation and the wrought-iron cross treated with Ensis metal preservative. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury scientific camp (CA/39, N E): the November 1907 camp is on the west side of Garden Cove ca 200 m from Duris Point and 50 m from the shore. A rock fireplace reported in 1981 is probably the same as seen in 2011 visit. In 1980 there was considerable fossicking by one of the meteorological staff. 87 The site is now hard to find in dense second growth dominated by dracophyllum and coprosma. 85 Kerr 1976: Judd, 1994, pp Palmer and Judd, 1981, p. 6. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

42 Figure 21: Depot Point castaway depot boat-run (N. Prickett) The depot site (CA/8, N E) is on the west side of Tucker Cove at Depot Point. A boat run between two lines of placed boulders ca 13 m long and 2 m wide at its narrowest, is in worse condition than the more sheltered farmhouse boat run (CA/9) further up the cove. Two sheds can be seen in a 1907 photograph taken from Beeman Hill. The boatshed was at the top of the boat run, above boulders still in place to protect the back of the beach. The smaller provision shed was on a ca 5 x 15 m flat area 5 m up from the boatshed. On a low ridge 32 m north-west of the boat run, there is still a 1.85 m high signpost, comprising of a 75 x 40 mm (3 x 1½ in) post and 398 x 80 x 6 mm remaining of the signboard. White paint survives at the post base and the back of the board has dark green paint against the post. The site is now under tussock and some dracophyllum, and soon will be all under dracophyllum and other scrub. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

43 Figure 22: Southeast Harbour finger-post CA/29 and Steve Bagley (N. Prickett) Finger-posts (CA/29 and CA/31) set up in the late 19th century were: two on the south coast at the head of Southeast Harbour and at Shag Point; two in Northeast Harbour at Cook Point and the head of the harbour; and one each at Davis Point in Perseverance Harbour and near the whaling station site at Northwest Bay. Judd reports those at Shag Point and Northwest Bay disappearing since The Southeast Harbour finger-post (CA/29, N E) is 3 m from the terrace edge above the beach east of the stream flowing into the head of the bay. The post is 4 x 2 inch (100 x 50 mm) totara, 1.65 m high above and 500 mm in the ground. The finger of 4 x 1 inch timber (100 x 25 mm) and 450 mm long, on which the words PROVISION DEPOT are just visible, points to Depot Point, Perseverance Harbour (at 310 ). The timber is in good condition but for deterioration of the bottom 200 mm in the ground and in 2011 was painted in copper naphthenate preservative. Original iron nails had already been supplemented by two stainless steel screws. Vegetation at the site is shield fern, carex and dracophyllum and coprosma scrub. The Northeast Harbour finger-post (CA/31, N E) is at the head of harbour, 20 m from the end of the point, behind and above the whaling station (CA/3). Measurements are as for the Southeast Harbour post and finger except that the post is 2.3 m above ground and 1 m below. Stainless steel screws have been added in recent years to secure the finger. The totara timber is weathered but without rot and in 2011 was painted with copper naphthenate preservative. 88 Judd, 1994, pp Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

44 Long-term government stations Figure 23: Tucker Camp CA/13, established and occupied by Cape Expedition World War 2 coastal watchers , and by Meteorological Service until 1957 (S. Bagley drawing) There have been two phases of long-term New Zealand government presence. First was the World War Two Cape Expedition coast-watchers camp set up in June 1941 to report any use of Campbell Island by German raiders and hidden from the sea up the valley at the head of Tucker Cove. The Cape Expedition ended in From the end of the war Tucker Camp (CA/13) was used by the Meteorological Service and DSIR until a new base was built at Beeman Cove giving a view down the harbour, the main building being finished in The weather station was manned until automated in The most recent significant use of the historic Beeman Base was by the twomonth 2010 Campbell Island Bicentennial Expedition (CIBE) in the 2010/11 summer. 89 Kerr, pp The history and archaeology of two Auckland Island stations is told in the 2003 expedition report see Bagley et al, pp Kerr, p Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

45 Five site records are of the Cape Expedition and Meteorological Service presence on Campbell Island. Figure 24: Tucker Camp, view over 1941 accommodation building (N. Prickett) Figure 25: Tucker Camp Met. Hut, the only standing building from the camp in 2011 (N. Prickett) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

46 Figure 26: Tucker Camp, Marsden Matting road to Tucker Cove jetty (N. Prickett) The historically important 1941 Cape Expedition accommodation building (also known as Tucker hut) is derelict, while other buildings have collapsed, or are removed and marked by a terrace or concrete floor, pieces of timber, etc. Only the so-called Met. Hut is left of Tucker Camp buildings, although not maintained and now breaking up. There are also remains of access tracks, machinery, a bridge, aerial stay anchors, an explosives box, etc. A dam and a latrine spanning the stream were not found. Included in the site record is the road from Tucker Cove surfaced with Marsden Matting (or Marston ), produced from late 1941 for American and allied military airfields and roads. 91 Tucker Camp was important to New Zealand World War Two coastal defence and was a base for significant scientific and mapping work on Campbell Island. Near the end of the war early meteorological work was carried out and after the war the base came under the Meteorological Service. The station later shifted to Beeman Cove. Some of the Tucker Camp site is still under grass but dense dracophyllum scrub is encroaching and likely to take over. 91 See accessed 29 September Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

47 Figure 27: Tucker Cove, jetty and causeway CA/10 at start of road to Tucker Camp, view to south (N. Prickett) A causeway and jetty (CA/10, N E) at the head of Tucker Cove dates from the end of the war when it was no longer necessary to conceal Tucker Camp from enemy vessels in the harbour. The causeway crosses ca 50 m of low-lying intertidal flats to a natural rock dyke which extends into the bay and was modified to form a jetty and ramp usable by small craft depending on the tide. Poppleton gives a photograph of the dyke and jetty with a shed at its landward end, and a sketch map showing the shed, trolley way down the jetty, a slipway on the west side, and railway across the tidal flats behind to a top railway shed, probably marked by the piles of a building on the end of a spur a few metres west of where the road rises towards Tucker Camp from the flat at the back of the beach. 92 Built additions to the sides of the dyke to facilitate use as a jetty have suffered considerable damage. The causeway has lost much of its soil cap and the boulder base also is no longer intact. Storm wave damage is the chief threat with some damage also by sea lions. 92 G. Poppleton, Campbell Island , Privately published, 2000, p. 12, p. 14. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

48 Figure 28: Beeman Base CA/42, view south-west from Lyall Ridge; beyond the base from right to left are Tucker, Camp, Garden and Venus coves (N. Prickett) Figure 29: Beeman Base buildings, view north-east to Mt Lyall (N. Prickett) Beeman Cove Base (CA/42) was occupied from 1957 to 1995 by the Meteorological Service and for periods in that time and since by scientific researchers, Department of Conservation teams and other users. Construction took place from November 1956 when 450 tons of equipment and prefabricated buildings arrived on the Holmglen, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

49 and the base was ready for the 1957 start of the International Geophysical Year. 93 By 1961 an initial staff of five had increased to ten in winter and 12 in summer (Kerr 1976: 121). Ten buildings, a jetty, railway up to the main buildings, roads, drains, meteorological and scientific instruments and radio masts are shown on a map of the base in Buildings and other structures have deteriorated in the 15 years since the last permanent staff departed. Some buildings were removed before 1995 and others since. In the course of the Bicentennial Expedition the railway was decommissioned after moving material from and to the jetty for the last time, aerial masts were dropped, and maintenance was carried out on the accommodation building. Vegetation at Beeman Base is grass and tussock with the usual encroachment by dracophyllum and other scrub that will eventually take over if allowed. Decisions are needed regarding the future of the base, in which its historic significance needs to be taken into account. The Beeman Base buildings include a hostel, Department of Conservation annex, carpentry, vegetable and meat store; cool store, bulk food store, fuel shed (formerly mechanical shed); jetty store (wharf shed); jetty boat shed; wharf; hydrogen building; Aurora house; technical building and masts, generator shed; fuel tanks; and the Ionosphere hut, seismic hut and geomagnetic observatory. The building and support systems were designed for up to 10 personnel living and working for 12 months of generally unsupported occupation. 95 The main structures are listed below: Wharf Buildings Boat Shed: A timber framed structure with corrugated sheet metal, unlined. Boat rails are still present. There is an associated launch ramp. Fuel Store (former mechanical workshop): Timber framed structure on concrete ring foundation, clad in weatherboard. 93 Kerr, p Poppleton, pp Gavin Calder, Metservice Campbell Island Site & Building Maintenance Report, Opus International, (Draft. February 2017). Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

50 Jetty or Wharf Store: timber framed with concrete ring foundation, concrete slab on ground. It is clad in weatherboard. Wharf: The wharf is a combination of reclaimed beach and backfilled with rocks, capped with concrete surface and retaining walls. There is a section with a timber structure. Some decking timbers have been removed. Derrick: A Scotch Derrick with A frame structure fixed into concrete. Original design is from 1954, modified in the 1970s. Tramway and Winch: The tramway was built circa 1957/58 and soncists of railway iron fixed to timber sleepers. The t4rack runs from the timber wharf to the dry store. At the top of the track is a Listor petrol engine coupled to a wire rope winch. Above Ground Fuel Tanks and Pipework The fuel storage compound has four steel tanks, installed circa Generator Building:Timber framed structure on concrete slab. The building is clad in aluminium profiled sheet metal. Metereological Technical Buildings Aurora Hut: Built in for the study of the Aurora Australis. It is a timber framed structure clad in green Perspex, with timber piles. It has asbestos cladding in the interior. Meteorological and Technical Building: a prefabricated building (circa 1960), based on a prefabricated system developed by Bristol Aircraft Company in Great Britain. It is an aluminium frame structure with aluminium external cladding. It was extended circa The extension is timber framed with galvanised sheet external cladding. Hydrogen Generation/Balloon Hut This was built circa 1958/59. It has a timber frame with timber cladding and a corrugated sheetmetal roof. It is in some disrepair and has been deemed for demolition for some years. There is demolition rubble (including asbestos) inside the building. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

51 Metereological Accommodation Buildings Beeman Cove Hostel: the hostel combines prefabricated and a timber structure built around Part of the building uses the prefabricated system supplied by the Bristol Aircraft Company. The building was extended to the south, providing extra kitchen and lounge space. Beeman Cove Accommodation Annex: Built circa 1961, this is a timber framed structure with an aluminium sheet glued to plywood substrate. Beeman Cove Hostel/Annex Department of Conservation Water Tanks: There are nine copper water tanks located on stands above the accommodation blocks. Dry store: This is an unlined timber-framed structure. It is clad and roofed in galvanised metal. Freezer/Chiller Building: This is a timber framed structure on concrete foundations and is unlined. Carpenters Workshop & Associated Stores Buildings: This combination of buildings was probably built in several stages and shows a mixture of construction types and materials. They appear to have been built over several years with any spare site materials. An Opus building and maintenance report describes the Beeman Base buildings as largely redundant, but capable of reuse. Some buildings were lined with asbestos (the hostel, meterological and generator buildings). The report recommends that redundant buildings and structures are demolished, and the asbestos is removed or managed from those structures that remain. The report recommends that the fuel tank farm and distribution pipe work, floating fuel hose and reel; the hydrogen generator building and the derrick and winch be removed. 96 Three rock shelters have evidence of recreational use, almost certainly by Meteorological Service staff. Two are included here as belonging to long-term New 96 Calder, p. 1.; p. 77. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

52 Zealand government activity on Campbell Island, however casual this may have been. The third shelter, at Cave Rocks, where two chairs tell of recreational use, was used as a shelter in the farming era and by wartime coast watchers in the event of their main camp becoming compromised. Moubray Hill shelter (CA/34, N E) is at the lower edge of the rock outcrop on the south side of the 246 m Moubray Hill, north of Perseverance Harbour. The small, dry shelter is ca 5 m across and 2 m deep, with grass and bulbinella at the front. Cached items were two Duraline brand cups, and a jar and bottle of clear glass. The shelter was used as lunch stop by meteorological staff ca 1945 to 1995 and not likely to be used overnight. Future damage is unlikely, unless there is a collapse of the roof. Northeast Harbour shelter (CA/27, N E) is on the north side of the harbour from which it is highly visible, m from the head, at the west end of the higher of two rock escarpments, 250 m from the shore and 90 m a.s.l. The shelter floor is mostly wet, especially to the rear and metal items on the cave floor are therefore corroded. Despite a soft and wet floor the shelter was used at least once for a stop-over. Cached for future use is a corroded aluminium billy, holding two tins of food (cans and labels now destroyed) resting on a corroded spoon (?), and covered by four nested aluminium foil plates and overall by an up-turned aluminium frying pan. This was on a rock and so relatively dry compared to most of the cave floor. Also present were small sheets of black and clear plastic. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

53 Figure 30: Site of the Camp Cove Sod Hut CA/6, view from the bay to hut location below left end of the flax (N. Prickett) Figure 31: Tucker Cove Sod Hut CA/15 (N. Judd drawing) Camp Cove Sod Hut (CA/6, N E) has been related to the so-called Lady of the Heather, said to be the daughter of Bonnie Prince Charlie, the last of the Stuart pretenders to the British throne. Kerr has shown this story to depend on a fabrication by journalist Robert Carrick. 97 More likely the hut was built and occupied 97 Kerr, pp Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

54 by a sealer or other 19th century residents of Campbell Island, which makes it potentially significant for archaeological investigation of the early historic, possibly sealing, period, along with the Sod Hut (CA/15) and Stone Hearth Hut (CA/23), both in Tucker Cove. The Camp Cove Sod Hut is on the south side of the cove at the stream mouth, on the hillside 10 m above the shore and next to the walking track to Garden Cove and Northwest Bay. A clump of flax bushes that was once confined to immediately behind the hut now extends around the north-west side and well down the slope to the front of the hut. The one-roomed hut faces north-east and is ca 6.2 x 4.3 m in external measurements and ca 4.6 x 2.5 m inside. Sod walls are up to a metre high, not as high at the rear, and ca 800 mm across, and topped by shield fern along the front and part of the sides. The door is centre front opposite a dug-over stone hearth at the middle of the rear wall. From ca 1.4 m behind the back wall the rear terrace scarp rises 1.5 m to the dense flax. From the front door a path of quartz pebbles, visible in places, leads ca 20 m down to a shoreline dyke which may have served as a landing place at high tide. Placed stones near the path ca 5 m from the south-east corner of the hut may mark a grave. 98 The site is in fair condition with encroaching flax and possible sea lion damage. Much of the floor appears to have been dug out by fossicking, as has the fireplace in the centre of the rear wall. However, most of all four walls are in fair to good order and some large stones, although disturbed, locate the fireplace at centre of rear wall. The terrace scarp behind the rear wall is in good order under flax. The site remains in good order overall. The major current risk is from flax taking over and modifying the cultural fabric of the site. In addition, climate change and the future impact of the increasingly invasive flax on the local ecology is also a discussion that conservationists need to have to find balance between natural and cultural heritage values for this site and, eventually, the whole island. Tucker Cove Sod Hut (CA/15, N E), a sod-walled hut first reported in 1950 and located again in 1995, is on the west side of Tucker Cove, 110 m up the small stream from the CA/17 intertidal stone structures, at the back of open ground 98 Palmer and Judd 1981: 6-7 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

55 near the advancing dracophyllum scrub. Earth walls define a rectangular one-roomed building ca 10 x 5.5. m in external measurements, and 5.8 x 3.5 m inside the ca 1 m thick walls, plus ca 1.8 x 2 m within thicker walls at the west end which was the fireplace location. 99 A well-defined 900 mm wide doorway on the south side is 5 m from the small stream to site CA/17. Outside the west end of the hut ca 3-5 m is a deposit of chert which will certainly have been assembled by the occupants. There is no mention of the hut or chert in 1895 to 1931 farm records. It is possible the hut is one of several seen on both sides of Tucker Cove in Ross s 1840 visit, and if so is an important early sealers accommodation site. Probing in the hut interior indicated a stone floor in the narrow west end, which was investigated by a 500 x 350 mm test pit across the stone edge. The excavation ground surface sloped down to the hut centre to give a peat depth of mm at the south side, and mm at the north side further from the hut wall. At the north side of the excavation Layer 1 peat sat directly on large flat placed stones. Where the stones were absent, Layer 1 peat was extended as much as 200 mm deeper than the stone surface, to a gritty, black, slightly loose Layer 2 living surface, containing fragments of clay pipe, charcoal, bone, shell and chert flakes, mostly small shatter flakes. The excavated area probably covers the front (south-east) corner of the floor in front of the fireplace. Clay pipe fragments are two plain stem pieces of 15 and 25 mm, a plain spur with 18 mm of stem and 5 mm of upright bowl, and a bowl rim fragment with moulded decoration. These fit mid and late 19th century material but are not limited to that period. Bone material was identified by Brian Gill of Auckland Museum as: the proximal end of a humerus in two pieces, a segment of coracoid and femur of a medium-sized bird, all probably procellariiform about the size of sooty shearwater; and part of a heavy bone in two pieces, possibly seal mandible. Chert fragments include a ca 700 x 500 mm piece of grey material to which can be fitted several waste flakes, probably produced by heat from the fire. Five metres from the west end of the hut is a ca 7.5 x 2 m area of chert pieces and flakes almost certainly brought here for some purpose by the hut inhabitants. The chert was visible on the surface to the mid-1990s and described as two piles, but in 99 Judd, 1995, pp.6-7. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

56 2011 is no longer visible. Probing was carried out to locate the extent of the stone. 100 A 400 x 500 mm test square was excavated near the north edge of the pile only to find beach cobbles in a tight circle indicative of a hearth at 150 mm depth, with just two associated small chert flakes. A 400 x 320 mm extension beginning 450 mm west of the hearth uncovered a dense layer of chert flakes. The sod construction of this hut may be compared with the Camp Cove Hut (CA/6) and fence (CA/7) and Northwest Bay whaling lookout (CA/30). The hut is still highly visible despite scattered tussock, shield fern and some dracophyllum and coprosma scrub. Some of the large vegetation was cleared from the walls in 2011, but this will not stop takeover by dense dracophyllum, etc. now near the site to the west and south. A hole in the centre of the floor is probably from sea lion occupation. Figure 32: Tucker Cove Stone Hearth Hut CA/23, showing fallen stones and brick of fireplace and small area of black floor surface at centre (N. Prickett) Stone Hearth Hut (CA/23, N E) is a hut site named from the remains of a stone fireplace visible on the surface is on the east side of Tucker Cove, next to the walking track up the south side of the spur with the graves (CA/24), ca 5 m from the shore at the rear of the cove behind the rock dyke and tryworks site (CA/21). Investigations were carried out to confirm identification of the fireplace remains and recover anything that might give a clue as to date and origin. Remains include broken bricks and large flat stones chosen for building the fireplace. Fireplace mounds are common at 19th century New Zealand whaling stations and take their form when a 100 Judd, 1995, p. 7. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

57 chimney base of stones and sometimes brick as here, with poor quality mortar or no mortar, collapses after being abandoned. 101 Excavation through a small area of chimney debris showed a level black floor, now soft and damp. Fragmentary bone, shell and charcoal were recovered. A green bottle neck and top on the shoreline below is of 19th century date. Bone material was identified by Brian Gill of Auckland Museum as a shaft of femur of procellariform about the size of a sooty shearwater; the distal end of a tibiotarsus, part of scapula, aphalanx, two sections of radii and one small section of long bone shaft from a smaller bird; and 25 fragments of robust bone possibly seal. Similar medium-sized petrel and possibly seal bone was also found in the Sod Hut and may indicate a seasonal economic activity and perhaps period in the two early Tucker Cove hut sites. The Stone Hearth Hut may relate to the whaler Bencleugh, probably responsible for the nearby tryworks and also a nearby wooden hut for the shore party. 102 This was destroyed by a tsunami, the gable tumbling over on the brick chimney, before the hut settled down again minus the two sides of the chimney. The collapsed chimney has the same mix of brick and angular stone as the tryworks platform. 101 See Prickett, 2002, p. 115, p Thomson [1912], p Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

58 Figure 33: Garden Cove, Methven Boiler Hut site CA/40 is on the shield fern terrace above the beach (N. Prickett) Methven Boiler Hut (CA/40, N E) site is on the north side of Garden Cove, 140 m south of Duris Point, on a narrow terrace 3 m above the beach and below a higher scarp (see the map in Judd 1994: opp. 10). The name comes from an iron boiler branded Methven 12, which was on the beach when first reported, but removed to the steep slope between the beach and hut terrace before The hut takes up some part of ca 18 x 3.5 m terrace mostly under shield fern with some tussock, carex and bulbinella. Three items indicate its location, but not its size: 1. a patch of large stones and gravel located by probe is possibly the remains of a hearth; 2. a single wooden pile nearby indicates a timber floor (more piles were reported in 1981); and 3. a small deposit of coal is 9 m north of the hearth. Two stone dykes extend across the beach below, one at the north-east end of the hut terrace and the other ca 40 m south, both may have had boulders cleared from their north-east sides to form boat runs. Attached to rock on the north side of the northerly dyke is what remains of an iron (mooring?) bolt. The origin of the Methven Boiler Hut is not known. Two possibilities are the 1873 visit of the French Transit of Venus expedition and miners responsible for the nearby prospecting (CA/37). The Dunedin Methven company began as an iron and brass foundry in 1886 and made taps and copper laundry vessels from Of course the hut might already have been in place when the boiler was brought in. If it dates from after 1895 it is surprising there is no mention of it by the farmers in nearby Tucker Cove. French path and platforms (CA/5) were reported by Palmer and Judd from Duris Point ca 100 m south into Garden Cove and it is possible the Methven Boiler Hut was part of this establishment. 104 If the Stone Hearth Hut (CA/23) was that of the Bencleugh, described as a wooden hut then the two huts may similarly made of imported timber, in contrast to the Tucker Cove (CA/15) and Camp Cove (CA/6) sod huts both apparently built from material at hand. 105 The hut terrace is in fair condition under shield fern. Two likely fossicking holes of ca 500 x 500 mm may have been dug within the hut area. Erosion of the terrace front to the beach and steep rear scarp may 103 Palmer and Judd, 1981, p Palmer and Judd, 1981, p. 6. And Judd, 1994, p Thomson [1912], p Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

59 impact on the hut site. Other threats are from vegetation and possible sea lion activity. Figure 34: Cave Rocks, location of site CA/35 (N. Judd) Figure 35: Cave Rocks shelter showing 2011 investigation locations (N. Judd drawing) Cave Rocks shelter (CA/35, N E): two 500 x 500 mm test pits were excavated in a cave or shelter at Cave Rocks, ca 100 m above sea level on the ridge west of Garden Cove, beside the Camp Cove Northwest Bay track. The cave faces south-east, with a floor ca 3.8 m across at the entrance and 2.8 m at its greatest depth. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

60 Two 1960s style chairs were probably brought in by meteorological staff. On the cave floor were several fragments of white ceramics and a rectangular brown bottle embossed [Wat]erbury s/ [Co]mpound, being a tonic for coughs and colds used in the 19th century and still available today. Two rusted iron standards driven into the forward cave floor and split totara posts outside show the rock was once the end of a section of farm fence. Pit 1 near the back of the cave was dug through three layers to the rock floor at mm, rising to the cave rear. Layer 1 to ca 100 mm was a gravel soil broken down from exfoliated cave roof material with high plant fibre content. Layer 2 was ca 50 mm of soil with grass, sheep dung and pieces of an iron standard and No 8 wire of the farm period. Layer 3 was a gravelly brown soil without dung or plant fibre, as much as 150 mm deep with no sign of farming activity and resting on the underlying rock. Pit 2 near the front edge of the cave floor was dug through dark peaty soil then the underlying gravelly brown soil (as Layer 3 above) to ca 700 mm without reaching a rock base. In September 2004, excavations were carried out in the same shelter at Cave Rocks looking for natural faunal remains, the bones of a now extinct Campbell Island parakeet and other species being recovered. 106 The Cape Expedition s emergency camp was at Cave Rocks, but not at CA/35 if Kerr and Poppleton are correct. Kerr writes that, It was quite dry, about 7.5 by 5 metres, and commanded an unobstructed view of the harbour. A sod wall was built to screen the entrance 107 The harbour cannot be seen from CA/35. But a view of the harbour might also give the harbour a view of the emergency camp, especially at such an exposed place; Poppleton s cave needs to be confirmed. Other caves and overhangs at Cave Rocks also need a careful look. The chairs at CA/35 suggest recreational use of the cave during the Meteorological Station era, as at CA/27 and CA/34 already reported. 106 R.N. Holdaway, J.M. Thorneycroft, P. McClelland and M. Bunce, Former presence of a parakeet (Cyanoramphus sp.) on Campbell Island, New Zealand subantarctic, with notes on the island s fossil sites and fossil record, Notornis 2010 (57), pp Kerr, p Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

61 Figure 36: Tucker Cove stone jetty CA/16, view north-east to Beeman Hill at left, some Beeman Base buildings visible, and Mt Lyall in distance (N. Prickett) Stone jetty (CA/16, N E): a jetty on the west side of Tucker Cove south of the farm complex and north of Depot Point is 24 m long, 5 m wide, m high and faced with six or seven courses of massive beach boulders enclosing a rubble fill. Wave damage has caused some loss of large boulders from the sides and end and of the rubble-filled interior. Soil survives only on the central undamaged section between collapsed seaward and landward sections. The jetty is Campbell Island s largest and most outstanding stone structure. Who built the jetty is a mystery, but one that cannot be beyond resolution given the scale of the work and the few possible candidates. There is no mention of the jetty from the 1868 Amherst visit which left a boat and case of provisions nearby. Nor is it shown on two French maps of Perseverance Harbour or mentioned in French reports of , although they certainly had the time and man-power to build it and there are few other candidates. The most likely builder may be the farming operation from A 1907 photograph shows a fence running down the slope behind to meet the south side of the jetty. This may have been located to bring stock to the jetty for access to ships in the bay. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

62 Figure 37: Monument Harbour ship timber CA/28 (N. Prickett) Shipwreck timber (CA/28, N E): in January 2007, two pieces of timber, a plank and a beam, were located and surveyed in Monument Harbour. 108 Both timbers have been identified by Scion, Rotorua, as Northern Hemisphere larch, probably grown at the same location. The plank, found on the true left (east) side of the Six Foot Lake outlet ca 70 m from mean high water in Monument Harbour, was identified in 2007 as either a tholl pin plate or a chain plate. 109 Between 2007 and 2011, the plank vanished, probably swept away by waves. The beam remains 20 m from the true right (west) side of the Six Foot Lake outlet, also ca 70 m from mean high water in Monument Harbour. What remains of a once larger timber is 3.42 m long and ca 250 mm in section but for a damaged part near one end at ca 220 mm section. The timber has been identified as probably the remains of a deadwood or keelson of a schooner sized vessel. 110 Other structural vessel parts have been suggested for this timber such as a spar or bowsprit. The embedded spikes discount the bowsprit theory. The theory in 2011 that this was a spar may have been influenced by the eroded shape of the timber reduced to conform to its medial rings. Five large forged iron spikes are driven into or through the wood, two near one end. Vegetation 108 Judd, N., Wreck relics in Monument Harbour, Campbell Island, A report to Historic Places Trust and Department of Conservation, in fulfilment of Authority No. 2007/ M. Hammond, pers comms 110 Bullers, R., Quality of construction of Australian-built colonial-period wooden sailing vessels; case studies from vessels lost in South Australia and Tasmania. Department of Archaeology, Flinders University November p49. EASTERN AMERICAN SCHOONER CONSTRUCTION - LATE 1800S - FROM WEBSITE M Hammond pers comm. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

63 was cleared so that the timber could be examined and measured, and allowing recovery of a loose spike from underneath. The spike has been deposited with the Southland Museum and Art Gallery. Timber and remaining iron are in poor condition on wet, peaty ground. Stone arrangement (CA/41, N E): this site is in Camp Cove on the west side of Camp Stream, within a sharp bend 20 m downstream of the historic spruce tree and ca 100 m from the head of Camp Cove. Five placed stones form a circle ca 400 mm across, with a discontinuous line of four stones extending ca 1.6 m from the north side. Some stones break the surface, others were found by probe. There may be more. Palmer and Judd also report placed stones across the stream in the bend opposite and immediately upstream, and draw attention to Ross s observation that as well as sealers huts in Tucker Cove, There had also been an establishment by the side of a stream in the north-west corner of the harbour, Camp Cove probably being referred to. Palmer and Judd also mention a relatively recent fireplace part buried under turf. CA/41 does not look like part of a building. Palmer and Judd suggest the placed stones on both sides of the stream may mark graves. These may or may not relate to the establishment apparently already abandoned in Probing and test excavations may yet reveal an early period sealers hut and/or a grave or graves here which would make this a significant Campbell Island archaeological site. On both sides of the stream the placed stones are under grass with some carex and bulbinella. With the stream bank now only 300 mm to 1 m from CA/41, an unknown part of the site may already have been taken by stream erosion J.C. Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions. London, John Murray Palmer and Judd, 1981, p. 7. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

64 Figure 38: Tucker Cove grave cairn (N. Prickett) Graves (CA/24, N E): several burials are located on a low spur east of the top of Tucker Cove, above the Stone Hearth Hut (CA/ 23), and marked by a stone cairn and two other stone piles. 113 Most intact is the Cairn Grave marked by a 1.2 m high cairn of oval plan, 1.2 m across at the base and 700 mm at the top, built of stone and some brick in a sand and lime mortar. Stones form a cross on the ground in front and others mark a plot enclosing the cairn and cross and presumably burials beneath. There is evidence the cairn dates from 1901 and marks the remains of three individuals reinterred from a grave previously disturbed by seals. 114 Judd s Grave 2 has suffered disturbance although surface and sub-surface rocks still reveal a rectangular arrangement. Grave 1 is badly disturbed, if it did once have a regular form, and if it is a grave. In 1840 James Clark Ross saw in Tucker Cove, the graves of several seamen who had evidently been employed on the seal-fishing, possibly referring to this place. 115 CA/24 is under tussock, shield fern, grass, bulbinella and dracophyllum. Fossicking has resulted in items now in the Museum of New Zealand, Wellington. 116 The cairn is now splitting and needs attention or will collapse. In 1993 Judd erected timber barriers around the Cairn Grave and Grave 2 for protection from sea lions. 113 Judd, 1994, pp Judd, 1994, p Ross, 1847, p Judd, 1994, pp Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

65 Tent camp (CA/22, N E): dating from the farming era or after are the remains of a tent camp frame, now in dense dracophyllum scrub inland ca 150 m behind the Tucker Cove woolshed site. The possibility that this was the temporary camp of the first lessee is supported by the site being on sheltered, dry ground only 200m from the farm homestead and woolshed sites. A structure is marked by four 100 x 75 mm wooden posts ca 1 m high, set into ground in a 2.5 x 2.5 m square, with a piece of corrugated iron possibly part of a chimney, and other outlying posts. Lengths of iron pipe to 4.15 m may tell of the length of the tent Sources Sources Available and Accessed The history of Campbell Island has been detailed in several reports and publications notably Ian Kerr s 1976 history. In particular, the reports of Norman Judd, Nigel Prickett and Steve Bagley have provided significant detail on the history and sites on Campbell Island. This information has been sufficient for the purposes of the List entry. Further Reading wreck of Perseverance World Heritage Inscription N.J. Judd, Preliminary Reports of the Campbell Island Expedition Leader's Report on Historical Sites, Reserves Series No. 7, Department of Lands and Survey Head Office, 1980 N.J. Judd, Protection of Historical Information in the Subantarctic, Dip. Parks and Recreation Dissertation, Lincoln College, 1980 N.J. Judd, Campbell Island Historic Site Inspection 1990, Dept. Conservation, 1991 N.J. Judd, Campbell Island Historic Sites In 1995, DOC Ian Kerr, Campbell Island: A History, A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington, 1976 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

66 J. Palmer & N. Judd, Campbell Island Archaeological Investigation 1981: A field survey, assessment and management recommendations for historic sites on Campbell Island, The Department of Lands.and Survey Head Office, Wellington, 1981 N. Prickett, S. Bagley and N. Judd, CAMPBELL ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY January February 2011, 50 South Trust Occasional Papers No. 1. Report to the New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga under Section 14, Historic Places Act 1993, Authority No 2011/ SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT 3.1. Section 66 (1) Assessment This area has been assessed for, and found to possess aesthetic, archaeological, and historical significance or value. It is considered that this area qualifies as part of New Zealand s historic and cultural heritage. Aesthetic Significance or Value Campbell Island is remote and dramatic. Set in the storm-tossed Southern Ocean, the island and the remnants of human habitation provide a powerful experience of the isolation and hardship experienced by the people who have left the traces of their life there. Archaeological Significance or Value Campbell Island has considerable archaeological significance. The traces of human activity and occupation of Campbell Island remain in the archaeological features such as sealing sites, shipwreck remains, farm sites, whaling sites, and castaway sites. These sites have potential to reveal further information about nineteenth and twentieth century life on this island through archaeological methods. Historical Significance or Value Campbell Island has special historical significance, its history reflecting the main resource-based, scientific exploration and strategic issues of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. With its history of sealing, whaling and farming it echoes the main historical strands of New Zealand s early history. The history of scientific interest is also representative of nineteenth century scientific trends. The later history of coastwatching reflects the history of World War Two and the strategic importance of such Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

67 remote outposts. The more recent history of protection and scientific study reflects the conservation focus of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

68 4. APPENDICES 4.1. Appendix 1: Visual Identification Aids Location Maps Figure 39: Location of the World Heritage area (Subantarctic Islands and surrounding territorial seas) in relation to the New Zealand mainland and major oceanographic features (accessed from 23 August 2016) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

69 Figure 40: (Topographic map of Campbell Island, accessed from Land Information New Zealand cropped NZOITopo50-CM01) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

70 Boundary of the Historic Area List Entry Figure 41: The boundary of the historic area includes Campbell Island and also encompasses the Northwest Harbour, Perseverance Harbour, Southeast Harbour and Monument Harbour, with a 50 metre buffer from the foreshore around the rest of the island (map produced using ArcGIS with LINZ Topo50 overlay, 19 September 2017). Maps and Boundaries of Historic Places Contributing to the Historic Area See maps with individual places. Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

71 Current Identifier NZ Gazette 1954, p.1462 NZ Gazette 1975, p Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

72 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

73 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

74 4.2. Appendix 2: Visual Aids to Historical Information Historical Plans N/A Historical Photographs Figure 42: The Transit of Venus observatory on Campbell Island ( accessed 26 September 2016) Figure 43: The first group of Te Awaiti men to go to Campbell Island in January 1909, to farm in the summer months and whale out of Northwest Bay in winter, From left to right, back row: Harry McKegney, Charlie Heberley, Charlie (aka Cloe) Jackson, Bill Toms, Dick Norton. Centre row: Harry Heberley, Jack Norton, John Heberley (leader of the group), Arthur Jackson. Front row: Tim Norton, Andrew Nicolson (Shetlander), Harry Norton. Reference Number: 1/ F ATLMarlborough Express photo (See also Judd, N. Marlborough Whalers on Campbell Island , 2000 p.16). ( accessed 3 August 2016) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

75 Figure 44: Beach at Campbell Island, with whale bones, [ca 1910] Reference Number: 1/ F. Photographer unidentified. ( accessed 3 August 2016) Figure 45: Te Awaiti whalers at Campbell Island, in their whaling craft, From the stern: Jack Norton (headsman), Harry Norton, William Toms, Charles Heberley, Charles Jackson, Harry McKegney (steerer) and A Jackson. Photographer unidentified. ( accessed 3 August 2016) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

76 Figure 46: Three sealers, Dick Norton (left), Harry Norton and an unidentified man who is holding a club, are pictured with clubbed seals on Campbell Island around 1914 or Seals were not usually shot, and the method of slaughter was barbaric: to save ammunition they were clubbed over the head while they lay sleeping or resting on the rocks. At the time, seals already had some legal protection and hunting was only allowed by licence in the wintertime. Gerard Hutching and Carl Walrond. 'Marine conservation - Marine mammals', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 9-Jul-13, URL: accessed 8 May 2017 (Alexander Turnbull Library Reference: 1/ G) Figure 47: Whangamumu whalers at the Northeast Harbour Whaling Station (1911 to 1914) built on the promontory at the head of the harbour in 1911 (note white post of castaway depot sign in upper left middle distance). The cooper s shed is far left; the cooper standing in front with his casks and hammer in hand. The main factory is in the background and the chimney marks the location of the hearth that can still be seen today. Capt. Herbert Cook, leader of the station, may be to the left of the blubber trolley. Photographer Capt Hall ( accessed 3 August 2016) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

77 Figure 48: Servicing 1906 style, was conducted with a three piece band in this historic shot at Tucker Cove, when the farm on Campbell Island was in full swing. Captain Tucker stands white bearded at the rear of the group, with the captain of the wool steamer "Rimu, Sandstrum, on his right. Four Shetlanders whom Tucker assisted to migrate to New Zealand for the purpose of engaging them on his Campbell Island lease are, front row, first from the left; Andrew Nicolson, fourth with cap; Adam Adamson, tall man in front of Tucker; Peter Williamson and second from right; Bill Manson. ( accessed 3 August 2008) Figure 49: Whalers, all from Te Awaiti, on Campbell Island. Photograph taken between by an unidentified photographer. Standing from left to right: Harry (Yank) Norton, Bill Toms, Charlie (Cloe) Jackson, John (Arthur) Jackson, Walter (or his brother Charlie) Heberley and Dick (Shot) Norton. Sitting from left to right: Harry (Gundy) Heberley, Jack Norton (second leader), John Heberley (first leader) and Harry McKegney (not Te Awaiti). In front: Tim Norton. ( accessed 8 May 2017) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

78 Figure 50: Campbell Island sheep yards (AWNS ; Jock Phillips. 'Subantarctic islands - Castaways and farmers, ', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 24-Jan-13 URL: (Original source; Auckland City Libraries - Tāmaki Pātaka Kōrero, Sir George Grey Special Collections Reference: AWNS ) Figure 51: Campbell island farmhouse c Hocken Library Collections Dunedin. accessed 3 August 2016 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

79 Figure 52: Group portrait of Shetland Island farmers circa These men were appointed to manage the Campbell Island farm by the leaseholder Captain Tucker. Front row, left to right: Andrew Nicolson (with dog), unknown, Adam Adamson, unknown, unknown, unknown, Peter Williamson (with pipe), unknown (with accordion), Frank Manson (with fiddle), unknown (with bagpipes). Captain Tucker is behind the front row in the white hat. Photograph taken by Karl Gerstenkorn. ( 8 May 2017) Figure 53: Northeast Harbour whalers with harpoons and spears at the station, Campbell Island, Charlie Serle is far right (obscured) Clem Wood is left, with a lance; Albert Cook is second from right. Photographer Capt Hall. ( accessed 3 August 2016) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

80 4.3. Appendix 3: Visual Aids to Physical Information Current Plans Figure 54: Campbell Island location of recorded sites outside upper Perseverance Harbour. The individual numbers marked on the map refer to the relevant CA number for each site (map reproduced from Prickett, et al 2011, p. 2). Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

81 Figure 55: Sites at Upper Perseverance Harbour (30 of the 41 recorded Campbell Island sites. The individual numbers marked on the map refer to the relevant CA number for each site (map reproduced from Prickett et al 2011, p. 3.) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

82 Current Photographs of Area Figure 56: Meteorological buildings (fuel shed, formerly mechanical shed) on Campbell Island (Andy Palmer photograph, accessed from Jock Phillips, 'Subantarctic islands - Overview and climate', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, accessed 26 September 2016 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List Entry Report for a Historic Area, List No

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