Dynamic of blossoming of autochthonous and introduced cherry genotypes

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1 Izvorni znanstveni rad Dynamic of of autochthonous and introduced cherry genotypes Jasmina Aliman 1, Pakeza Drkenda 2 1 Dzemal Bijedic University in Mostar, Agro Mediterranean faculty, USRC «Midhat Hujdur Hujka», 88 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina ( jasmina.aliman@unmo.ba) 2 University in Sarajevo, Faculty of agriculture, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine dynamics of autochthonous genotypes of cherry (alica and hrust) and introduced genotypes of cherry (stela and burlat) on the location of Mostar as well as to determine their ability to adjust to different weather conditions changes. The tests were carried out in private cherry plantation, north from Mostar during 6 and 7. The earliest process of as well as the ability to blossom for a longer period was registered with alica genotype while the latest and the shortest were registered with hrust genotype. Autochthonous genotype alica has shown the ability to blossom for longer period in the case of adverse weather conditions during 7. Genotypes of burlat and stela have not shown significant oscillations regarding the dynamics considering the years of testing. Key words: cherry;, genotypes, phenophases Introduction Considering the geographical position, climate and the characteristics of the soil, Bosnia and Herzegovina has exceptionally favourable conditions for far bigger production and presence of cherry, particularly in those areas were it has comparative advantages when compared to other sorts of fruit. The value of cherry, from the aspect of economy, shows small needs regarding the conditions of cultivation, early and regular yield, early ripening of fruits, relative immunity to more important diseases and pests. Cherries are being cultivated in different parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The most famous is the valley of Mostar, Dubrava plateau, Seonica near Konjic, Upper Podrinje (region of Gorazde), Gradacac, region of Brcko. Tuzla Canton is the biggest producer of cherries, while the biggest number of fruitful trees of this sort is in Herzegovina Neretva Canton. This implies a high presence of old plantations of this sort in this canton (Aliman and Drkenda, 8). Past production of cherries is characterized by cultivation, mainly extensive. Therefore, there were only few planned orchard. Old sorts in these orchards were inoculated on Prunus avium and Prunus mahaleb, with huge gaps between planting and poor usage of agro technical measures, particularly fertilization and watering. Lately, we are introducing new, productive sorts that demand adequate agro techniques and use of pesticides in preserving healthy conditions as well as getting good products and high crops. Many of them proved to be attention worthy in our agro ecological conditions. According to their quantitative and qualitative characteristics, they meet demands of modern production, markets and processing. In recent years, there is a trend of expanding the plantations on poorly luxuriant soil, primarily Gisela, the most often Gisela 5*, what with usage of new technologies of cultivation makes cherries very favourable sort (Bisko and Kovacic, 6). Specialization in selection of cultivated sorts what represents a goal in modern fruit growing, and the desire to have bigger profit, lead to genetic uniformity. Therefore, many autochthonous sorts of desirable qualities are being pushed aside or completely withdrawn from production. 822

2 Vodarstvo, vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo Considering that, cherry is a sort of fruit that needs other sorts for pollination and that its is determined by weather conditions in that period, the monitoring of the dynamics is important in order to determine eligibility of certain genotypes of cherry for their cultivation in given area. Many researchers, such as Stancevic 1967; 1976; Pirnat at al., 198; Radicevic at al., ; Usenik and Fajt 8; Horvat at al., 8, have dealt with these problems. During the work, we have tested dynamics and time of ripening for autochthonous genotypes of alica and hrust, and introduced genotypes of cherries burlat and stela. Based on two years of testing, we have determined that the earliest of tested genotypes has alica, and then come stela and burlat, the latest is registered with hrust genotype. Regarding the time of ripening, the genotype burlat is the earliest and genotype hrust is the last in this sort composition. Autochthonous genotypes of alica and hrust have shown bigger level of adjustment to weather conditions while with introduced genotypes there were no significant oscillations regarding the dynamics and ripening of fruits. Material and methods All tests, subjects of this study were carried out in the area of Mostar during 6 and 7. Plantation of cherries in private ownership on 35 m of altitude and with for genotypes: alica, hrust, burlat and stela, was a subject of testing. The plantation was planted in 1. All tested genotypes were inoculated on Prunus mahaleb (raseljka) with gaps of 4 x 3,6 m. They were subjects to common agro and pomo technical treatment. The cultivating form was a pyramid. The tests included following phenophases: formation of buds, starting of, full, and the end of, formation of first fruits, fruit bud and ripening of fruits. Climate and meteorological conditions Compared to years-long average, 6 was wormer per, 4 C, and 7 was wormer per 1, 3 C. The biggest difference of average monthly temperature in 6 compared to years-long average, was registered in April, which was colder per 1, 9 C, while in 7, April was warmer per 4 C. 3, 18 25, 16 1, 1 15, 1 8 1, 6 5,, I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII god. 7. god. III IV V VI Višegodišnji niz: godina 6. godina 7. godina Graph 1 Average air temperatures ( C) in 6, 7, and for longer period of years (1971-) Graph 2 The amount of precipitation (l/m 2 ) during the period of and ripening of cherry fruits in 6, 7 and for longer period of years (1971-.) The biggest deviations of the amount of precipitation are registered in April 6. They were decreased for 112, 9 l/m 2 from the years-long average, while the smallest deviations were registered in May 7. Significant differences regarding the amount of precipitation were registered in the period in the years of testing, what had an impact on the length of 44. hrvatski i 4. međunarodni simpozij agronoma 823

3 of certain sorts. This difference was the most visible in April were the amount of precipitation in 6 was increased for 8, 5 l/m 2 in relation to 7. Results and discussion Dates of the start of certain phenophases are given in the table 1: Table 1 Phenophases of and ripening of fruits of genotypes of cherry in 6 and 7. Phenophases Alica Burlat Stela Hrust Growing of the bud Start of Full The end of The length of (days) Full foliation Formation of first fruits Fruit bud Ripening of fruits The length of fruit growth For alica, the growing of buds in 7 was registered 19 days earlier and for hrust 15 days earlier when compared to 6. The genotype hrust has shown later start of this phenophasis when compared to other genotypes in both years of testing. The earliest start of, full and the end of process in both years of testing was registered with alica genotype while the latest one registered was with hrust genotype. Stancevic (1967) states that the period of for 48 sorts of cherries is between 11 to 17 days, Pirnat et al.(198) determined that this period is 12 days, and this very research has obtained similar findings. Therefore, the interval of was from 1 to 18 days. The shortest period of was registered with hrust during 7 (1 days), what can be explained by extremely favourable temperatures in that period, and the longest with alica during the same year (18 days). The reason is that in this period of we had heavy rains followed by lower temperatures when compared to the beginning of the vegetation alica burlat stela hrušt alica burlat stela hrušt 6 7 Graph 3 The length of (days) in 6 and 7 Graph 4 -The length of fruit growth in 6 and 7 The period of in tested genotypes was overlapping nicely, what is significant regarding pollination and it is visible from the phenology of (Graph 5) while in 824

4 Vodarstvo, vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo 7 genotype hrust had a shorter period of overlapping of this phenophasis with other genotypes (Graph 6) Hrušt Stela Burlat Alica Graph 5 Phenogram of of teste genotypes of cherries in 6. Start of Full The end of process Hrušt Stela Burlat Alica Graph 6 Phenogram of of tested genotypes of cherries in 7. Foliation, for all tested genotypes, came much after. This has a positive impact in the case of late spring frosts what prevents damages for the entire fruit tree. In 7, formation of fruits started earlier with all genotypes when compared to 6. Fruit bud of the fruit was first formed with burlat in both years, then with alica, stela and at the end with hrust. In 7, ripening of fruits was registered earlier with two tested genotypes when compared to 6, what can be directly related to different climate factors during the years of research. The earliest ripening of the fruit in both years was registered with burlat, then come alica and stela and at the end hrust. The results by Stancevic (1976) regarding the ripening period of stela are somewhat different from the results produced by this study. This can be explained by different agro ecological conditions in Cacak when compared to conditions in Mostar. We can state that burlat had the same length of fruit development in both years of research (33 days), as well as approximately same length of fruit development had stela and alica (figure 4). In this situation, hrust was significantly different; in 6, its length of fruit development was 46 days while in 7 this phase lasted for days. Conclusions Based on the examination of dynamics and pomological characteristic of autochthonous and introduced genotypes of cherrys (alica, hrust, burlat and stela) in production plantation near Mostar in the period of 6 7, we can concluded the following: 44. hrvatski i 4. međunarodni simpozij agronoma 825

5 The earliest was registered with alica. However, this genotype has shown ability to blossom for a longer period (18 days) in a case of adverse weather conditions (decrease of temperature, long periods of rain), which were all registered during 7. The latest was registered with hrust as well as the shortest period of (1 days). However, this was according to the significantly favourable temperature regime during the period of the. Genotypes burlat and stela had during the both research years parallel length of. Phenophasis of with tested genotypes during 6 were overlapping nicely, while during 7 hrust had short overlapping of phenophasis with other genotypes. Regarding the ripening period of tested genotypes, burlat ripened first, then come alica and stela, while hrust was the last to ripen what is actually favourable timetable when it comes to the continuity of their presence on the markets. References Aliman J., Drkenda P., Kurtoviš M. (8). Postoješe stanje proizvodnje treńnje u FBiH i mogušnost njenog unapreťenja. III savjetovanje o proizvodnji i preradi hrane sa meťunarodnim uţeńšem agrotech. Gradaţac Aliman J. (8). Dinamika cvjetanja i pomolońke karakteristike domaših i introdukovanih genotipova treńnje. Magistarski rad, Sarajevo Bińko A.; Kovaţiš M.(6): Identifikacija i tehnolońko vrednovanje autohtonih kultivara treńnje. Drugi hrvatski oplemenjivaţki i sjemenarski kongres. Poreţ Horvat T., Kovaţiš S., Ugarkoviš J., Druņiš J., Ţmelik Z. (8). Osobine rasta i rodnosti nekih sorata treńnje u MeŤimurju. Treši hrvatski oplemenjivaţki i sjemenarski kongres. Split Pirnat M., Kapetanoviš N., Buljko M. (198). Pomolońke karakteristike sorti treńanja na podruţju Mostara. Jugoslovensko vošarstvo 1. Ţaţak Radiţeviš S., Nikoliš M.,Ceroviš R.(). Biolońko-pomolońke karakteristike novijih sorti treńanja. Jugoslovensko vošarstvo 34. Ţaţak Stanţeviš A.(1976). Biolońko-privredne osobine samooplodne treńnje stela. Jugoslovensko vošarstvo , 81-83, Ţaţak Usenik V., N. Fajt (8). Rezultati preizkuńanja sort ţeńenj. Zbornik referatov 2. slovenskega sadjarskega kongresa z mednarodno udeleņbo. Krńko 826

NIVERSITY OF BANJALUKA ТИТУТ ЗА ГЕНЕТИЧКЕ РЕСУРСЕ

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