ZBORNIK KONFERENCIJE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Transcription

1 Konferencija EKONOMIJA CRNE GORE 2013 Saradnjom do prosperiteta ZBORNIK KONFERENCIJE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

2

3 KONFERENCIJA EKONOMIJA CRNE GORE 2013 Saradnjom do prosperiteta Organizator: Privredna komora Crne Gore Termin održavanja: 28. i 29. novembar, godine Mjesto održavanja: Budva, Hotel Splendid CONFERENCE ECONOMY OF MONTENEGRO 2013 Through cooperation to prosperity Organized by: Chamber of Economy of Montenegro Date of event: November 28 th and 29 th 2013 Place of event: Budva, Hotel Splendid

4

5 Zbornik konferencije KonferencijA Ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Saradnjom do prosperiteta Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of MONTENEGRO 2013 Through cooperation to prosperity Podgorica, 2013.

6 6 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE KONFERENCIJA Ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Saradnjom do prosperiteta SADRŽAJ Uvodne riječi... Vekimir Mijušković... Milo Đukanović... Program Konferencije... Panel I - Pogled na EU iznutra... Ljubo Jurčić - Razdvajanje ili jačanje Europske unije... Otto Oberperleiter - Osvrt na Evropsku uniju iznutra - iz međunarodne kompanije... Panel II - Pogled na EU sa Balkana... Gordana Đurović - Pogled na EU sa Balkana: izazovi pristupanja... Predrag Ivanović - Prilog Evropskoj ruci u razvoju regiona... Panel III - Mladi kao budućnost zemalja Balkana... Mirjana Radović Marković - Uticaj preduzetničkog obrazovanja na povećanje kompetencija i smanjenja nezaposlenosti mlade radne snage u zemljama zapadnog Balkana... Mladen Grgić - Zapošljavanje u državnoj administraciji: lekcije iz istorije Kine... Martin Ćalasan - Zbog čega mladi u Crnoj Gori treba da vide budućnost u razvoju energetike?... Ivan Vukčević - Mladi u Crnoj Gori i regionu... Specijalni gost - Stjepan Mesić... Stjepan Mesić - Pogled na Europsku uniju sa Balkana... Panel IV - Kako osnažiti postojeće veze zemalja Balkana... Igor Lukšić - Ekonomija Crne Gore - saradnjom do prosperiteta... Radoje Žugić i Milan Lakićević - Stabilnost bankarskog i finansijskog sistema... Panel V - Kako staviti u funkciju prirodne resurse... Goran Barović - Pregled prirodnih resursa Balkana i njihovo korišćenje... Aleksandar Joksimović - Morski biološki resursi crnogorskog Jadrana u kontekstu ekonomske valorizacije sasa

7 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro conference Economy of MONTENEGRO 2013 Through cooperation to prosperity CONTENTS Introductory word... Vekimir Mijušković... Milo Đukanović... Conference Programme... Panel I - An Inside View of the EU... Ljubo Jurčić - Breakup or Strenghtening of the European Union... Otto Oberperleiter - An Inside View of the EU - From an International Company... Panel II - A View at the EU From the Balkans... Gordana Đurović - View of the EU from the Balkans: Accession Challenges... Predrag Ivanović - Contribution to the European Hand in the Development of the Region... Panel III - The Young as the Future of the Balkan Countries... Mirjana Radović Marković - Effects of Enterpreneurship Education on Competitiveness Improvement and Poverty Reduction in Youth Unemployment in the Western Balkan Countries... Mladen Grgić - Employment With the State Administration: Lessons From China... Martin Ćalasan - Why Should the Young People in Montenegro See the Future in the Energy Development... Ivan Vukčević - The Young in Montenegro and in the Region... Special Guest - Stjepan Mesić... Stjepan Mesić - View of the European Union From the Balkans... Panel IV - How to Strenghten the Existing Ties of the Balkan Countries... Igor Lukšić - Montenegrin Economy - Cooperating to Prosperity... Radoje Žugić and Milan Lakićević - Stability of Banking and Financial System... Panel V - How to Put Into Function Natural Resources... Goran Barović - Review of the Balkan s Natural Resources and of Their Use... Aleksandar Joksimović - Marine Biology Resources of the Montenegrin Part of the Adriatic Sea in Terms of the Economic Valorization sasa

8 8 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE

9 uvodne riječi introductory word Velimir Mijušković Predsjednik Privredne komore Crne Gore President of the Chamber of Economy of Montenegro Milo Đukanović Predsjednik Vlade Crne Gore Prime Minister of Montenegro

10 10 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Velimir Mijušković Predsjednik Privredne komore Crne Gore Poštovani Predsjedniče Vlade, gospodine Đukanović, Poštovani ambasadori, gradonačelnici, Uvaženi učesnici Konferencije, Dame i gospodo, Imam zadovoljstvo da Vas pozdravim u ime organizatora ove Konferencije, Privredne komore Crne Gore. Komora već tradicionalno organizuje godišnju Konferenciju posvećenu aktuelnim ekonomskim pitanjima. Sa zadovoljstvom konstatujem da su se i ovoga puta, kao i do sada za učešće u radu ovog skupa odazvali kompetentni stručnjaci iz ekonomske teorije i prakse, predstavnici privrede i Vlade. Podrška Predsjednika Vlade našoj Konferenciji, kao i uvijek do sada nije izostala. Hvala Vam gospodine Đukanović što ste se odazvali našem pozivu i što ćete Vašim obraćenjem dati značajan doprinos kvalitetu ovog skupa. Smatrajući izuzetno aktuelnim ekonomska dešavanja u Evropskoj uniji, poziciju zemalja Zapadnog Balkana kada su integracioni procesi u pitanju, te ekonomske prilike u svakoj od ovih zemalja pojedinačno, opredijelili smo se da u dvodnevnom radu Konferencije otvorimo pitanja, kao što su: stanje i perspektive EU, iz ugla njenih članica, kao i iz ugla zemalja Balkana, te sagledavanje ekonomskog stanja i perspektiva ovog prostora. Svojim obraćanjem nastojaću da se kratko osvrnem na aktuelnu ekonomsku situaciju u Evropskoj uniji, našem Regionu i Crnoj Gori u njemu, te šansama za bolju regionalnu ekonomsku saradnju i ukupni prosperitet. Činjenica je da se svaka od zemalja Zapadnog Balkana opredijelila za svoju budućnost u Evropskoj uniji i nalazi se u različitim fazama integracionih procesa. Znamo da je 1. jula godine Evropska unija dobila još jednu članicu i nakon ulaska Hrvatske, regionalna arhitektura se u neku ruku promijenila. U zavisnosti od toga šta će se dešavati u vezi sa ekonomsko-finansijskom krizom i sveukupnom politikom EU, zavisi i njena politika proširenja, budući da je upravo kriza zaoštrila podjele, izbacujući na površinu različite poglede o nastavku integracija. Stoga je moguće da će institucionalni okvir i tempo integracija u doglednoj budućnosti biti konfuzniji nego do sada. Kriza u EU, koju sam već pomenuo u mnogo čemu je posljedica strukturalnih nedostataka EU, koji se ispoljavaju kroz ustavnu krizu i krizu institucija, demografsku krizu, te krize identiteta, liderstva i drugo. Takođe, ekonomska kriza je značajno usložnjena strukturom same privrede, tj. neuravnoteženim odnosom proizvodnje i usluga u BDP-u Unije. Podsjetiću da je već godinu dana Evropska komisija predstavila planove za pokretanje tzv. nove industrijske revolucije, kako bi se ojačao privredni rast. Cilj je da industrija predstavlja 20% BDP Unije, koji je sada na nivou od 16,6%. Prateći to, veoma mi je ostao upečatljiv stav potpredsjednika Komisije, gospodina Tajanija, koji je rekao: Godinama smo griješili stavljajući naglasak samo na finansijski i uslužni sektor. Moramo uvjeriti Vlade evropskih zemalja da je potrebno promijeniti taj trend. Naglasio bih još i činjenicu da u EU postoji monetarna, ali ne i fiskalna unija, što takođe predstavlja jednu od tačaka sporenja i nastanka problema, obzirom na dužničku krizu koja je eskalirala poslednjih godina. Uzimajući u obzir sve ove problem sa kojima se već neko vrijeme Evropska unija susrijeće, smatram da zemlje Regiona trebaju prije svega da se usredsrede na sagledavanje svojih komparativnih prednosti i kroz dobro osmišljene strategije razvoja pojedinačno svaka od nas iskoristi sopstvene prednosti temeljene na raspoloživim resursima. Uporedo sa tim veoma je važno da se usmjerimo i na usvajanje i primjenu standarda i pravila koja se primjenjuju u razvijenim zemljama Evrope i na taj način unapređujemo svoju ekonomiju. Bitno je da to radimo sa sviješću u cilju poboljšanja performansi svoje privrede i njene konkurentnosti. Region Zapadnog Balkana ima populaciju manju od 20 miliona stanovnika i relativno nizak nivo razvijenosti, sa ukupnim BDP-om manjim od 70 milijardi, što predstavlja samo 7% deset najrazvijenijih zemalja Unije, odnosno 0,5% na nivou cjelokupne evropske zajednice. Tokom godine, prosječan BDP po stanovniku mjeren paritetom kupovne moći činio je 31% od EU-27 prosjeka i 49% od prosjeka 10 najrazvijenijih zemalja Evrope. Kretao se od EUR na Kosovu do EUR u Crnoj Gori. Ovi podaci dovoljno govore o tome koliko je naš region iza nivoa EU i da nam je potrebna snažna međunarodna podrška, kako bi se evidentne razlike ublažile. Naravno, ne smijemo planove o svom razvoju bazirati isključivo na međunarodnoj pomoći. Moramo imati jasnu strategiju ekonomskog razvoja i intenzivnije poslovno povezivanje unutar Regiona, budući da smo male ekonomije koje su kompatibilne, i samim tim kroz saradnju imamo veće šanse da budemo konkurentni na globalnom tržištu. Zapadni Balkan je ostvario intenzivan privredni rast u pred kriznom periodu. Taj rast je bio baziran na prilivu stranih direktnih investicija i to najviše u sektoru prometa nekretnina, finansija, telekomunikacija i slično, što je

11 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Velimir Mijušković President of the Chamber of Economy of Montenegro Your Excellency Prime Minister, Mr. Đukanović, Your Excellencies Ambassadors, Mayors, Dear participants to the Conference, Ladies and gentlemen, It is my pleasure to welcome you on behalf of the Chamber of Economy of Montenegro, the organizer of today s Conference. Traditionally, the Chamber organizes annual conferences dedicated to the current economic issues. With great pleasure, I can say that this event also - as it has been the case so far attracted the involvement of numerous experts in economic theories and practices, representatives of economy sector and the Government, respectively. The support of the Government to our Conference - as always - has not failed. Mr. Đukanović, thank you very much for responding to our invitation and for your address that will give a distinctive contribution to the quality of this gathering. Taking into account the paramount importance of current economic events within the European Union and the position of the Western Balkan countries as regards the integration processes and economic circumstances in each of these countries, we have opted to rise - during this two-day Conference - the issues such as the EU status and prospects from the points of view of both the EU member states and the Balkan countries, as well as to consider this region s economic status and prospects. By this my address, I will make every effort to briefly refer to the current economic situations in the European Union, our Region and in Montenegro respectively, as well as to chances to have a better regional cooperation and the overall prosperity. The fact is that each of the Western Balkan countries has committed to the membership of the European Union and is in a different stage of integration processes. We all know that on July 1 st 2013 the European Union got one member state more, so, after the accession of Croatia, the EU architecture has in a way changed. What is going to take place in relation both to the economic downturn and financial crisis and to the overall politics of the EU are the grounds on which the EU enlargement policy depends since exactly the crisis has aggravated divisions, pushing to the surface a variety of views of the integration s continuation. Therefore, it is possible that in the near future institutional framework and the integration pace will show more confusion than it has been the case so far. The crisis within the EU - which I have already mentioned - is, in many ways, a consequence of structural shortages inside the EU, such shortages being reflected through constitutional and institutional crisis and demographic, identity, leadership and similar crises. Besides, the very structure of economy, namely unbalanced relation between production and services in the GDP of the EU has made the economic downturn significantly more complex. Just to remind you that, for almost one year so far, the European Commission has been presenting the plans for launching so called new industrial revolution. The goal is to have industry to contribute 20.00% to the Union s GDP, which is now at 16.6%. Taking into account this fact, the attitude of the Vice President of the European Commission, Mr. Antonio Tajani who said: For years we have made mistakes putting emphasis only on financial and service sectors. We have to convince the Governments of the European countries that it is necessary to change that trend. has left a very distinctive to me. I would emphasize also the fact that there is the monetary union but not a fiscal union in the EU. This also stands as a critical disputing and challenging point, taking into account debt crisis that has escalated over the recent years. Having in mind all these challenges which the EU has been facing for a time thus far, my opinion is that the regional countries should primarily focus on analyzing their respective comparative advantages and, through well designed development strategies, each of them should make the most of their own favorable positions grounded in available resources. At the same time, it is very important to be oriented to the introduction and implementation of the standards that are applicable in developed European countries and in that way to improve our economy. It is significant to do so with full awareness dedicated to advancing our economy performances and competitiveness. The Western Balkan accommodates population of 20 million inhabitants and relatively low level of development, with the total GDP amounting to less than 70 billion that represents only 7.00% out of the ten most developed countries in the European Union, i.e. 0.5% at the level of the entire European Community. During 2011, the average GDP per capita - measured by purchasing power parity made 31.00% of the EU-27 average and 49.00% out of the average of 10 most developed countries of Europe. It ranged from 4,810 in Kosovo to 10,500 in Montenegro. The foregoing data speaks enough in favor of both how

12 12 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE uticalo na rast zaposlenosti i podiglo nivo domaće tražnje. Ovaj rast je zaustavila kriza, koja je dovela do smanjenja priliva stranih investicija, što je uzrokovalo opšti pad privrednih aktivnosti, koji je kao logičnu posljedicu imao pad BDP-a, budžetski deficit i povećanje javnog duga. Ekonomski oporavak su sve ove zemlje počele da bilježe u godini, ali je to bio umjereni rast. Oporavak je bio evidentan i u prvoj polovini godine, ali je ekonomska aktivnost oslabila u drugoj polovini godine, kao i u narednoj godini. Kratkoročna prognoza ekonomskog rasta regiona pokazuje skroman rast, ukazujući na efekte krize u Eurozoni. Osjetljivost finansijskog sektora je poseban problem s obzirom na to da je najveći dio bankarskog sektora u inostranom vlasništvu, a većina investicija se finansira iz inostranih izvora, često pod veoma nepovoljnim uslovima. Ostaju izraženi problemi i javnog duga, smanjenog priliva stranih direktnih investicija, te deficita tekućeg računa platnog bilansa. Javni dug, što je posebna opasnost kreće se u svim zemljama izuzev Kosova u rasponu od 40 do 60%. Ekonomska kriza je uticala na smanjenje ukupne robne razmjene, ali i veoma visokog deficita u svim ovim zemljama. Deficit robne razmjene ostaje i dalje ključna slabost privreda zemalja regiona, jer je nakon pada u godini ponovo zabilježio rast u većini zemalja što ilustruje veoma nisku konkurentnost privrede. Kada govorim o ukupnom dugu, želim da istaknem da kao posljedica ovakvog stanja imamo izuzetno visok spoljni dug u svakoj od zemalja, koji je u pretkriznom periodu bilježio kontinuiran rast usljed visokog deficita platnog bilansa i visokog zaduživanja privatnog sektora u periodu kreditne ekspanzije. Uporedo sa tim, inostrani dug je nastavio da raste u svim zemljama regiona, ali sada više kao rezultat zaduživanja javnog sektora sa ciljem fiskalne stabilizacije, jačanja deviznih rezervi, a na žalost rijetko finansiranja kapitalnih investicija. Neću saopštiti ništa novo kada kažem da je povoljan poslovni ambijent jedan od najvažnijih preduslova privrednog oporavka i rasta u zemljama regiona. Mnogi elementi povoljnog poslovnog okruženja kao što su efikasne i predvidljive mjere od strane države, kvalitetna radna snaga, kvalitetna saobraćajna infrastruktura, a posebno pristup finansijama, gdje imamo izuzetno skup kapital i gdje se prosječna kamatna stopa kreće iznad nivoa profitne stope imaju direktan uticaj na ekonomski rast. Konkurentnost zemalja regiona znatno zaostaje za konkurentnošću EU-10 zemalja. Nedovoljna razvijenost institucionalne i fizičke infrastrukture, skup kapital, veoma niska efikasnost i fleksibilnost radne snage, te ograničen potencijal za inovacije, predstavljaju ozbiljna ograničenja konkurentnosti regiona. Međunarodne institucije koje se bave rangiranjem kvaliteta poslovnog i investicionog ambijenta svrstavaju naše zemlje ne baš na zavidne pozicije, od kojih su Makedonija i Crna Gora najbolje rangirane u regionu, na 25-oj i 44-oj poziciji, dok je Kosovo na 86-oj, Srbija na 93-oj, a Bosna i Hercegovina na 131-oj poziciji. Sve su ovo otvorena pitanja, na kojima moramo aktivno raditi. Privredna komora Crne Gore ove godine predsjedava Asocijacijom komora Balkana i na nedavno održnoj Skupštini ove asocijacije na dnevnom redu smo imali i Strategiju za Jugoistočnu Evropu do kraja 2020, a koja je usvojena od strane svih Vlada, kao i prije sedam dana na zajedničkoj ministarskoj konferenciji. Strategija za JIE do kraja odražava odlučnost svih vlada u Jugoistočnoj Evropi da prihvate pristupe koji podrazumijevaju hrabre politike potrebne za dostizanje takvih nivoa društveno- -ekonomskog razvoja koji su neophodni za poboljšanje prosperiteta, jer se ovaj region još uvijek suočava sa nekim teškim izazovima. Strategija za JIE do kraja pokazuje jasnu namjeru vlada u regionu da tijesnom saradnjom u odabranim oblastima mogu savladati neke od ovih izazova i ubrzati ostvarenje svojih ciljeva u ključnim sektorima. Ciljevi strategije su da se na ekonomskom planu poboljša saradnja svih zemalja u regiji, kako bi se povećao bruto društveni proizvod, porasla vrijednost trgovine i smanjio trgovinski deficit. Potrebno je da se do godine radi na povećanju regionalnog bruto društvenog proizvoda sa 38 na 46% prosjeka Evropske unije, što znači da ekonomije zemalja našeg Regiona moraju značajno brže rasti od zemalja EU. Strategija predviđa i angažovanje na porastu ukupne vrijednosti regionalne trgovine od 130%, zatim smanjenju trgovinskog deficita sa 14,1 na 11,6% prosječnog regionalnog BDP-a. Sve ove zemlje moraju pronaći nove lance vrijednosti da strani investitor može da vidi da ono što se proizvede u regionu može biti konkurentno na svjetskom tržištu. Pitanja niskog stepena razvijenosti infrastrukture sigurno su manje-više najznačajniji neriješeni problema svake države regiona. To je razlog da istrajemo u tendenciji da Briselu saopštimo da regionalna saobraćajna i energetska infrastruktura mora biti u fokusu evropske politike proširenja. Od Evrope upravo treba očekivati da sredstva fondova usmjerava u većim iznosima i sa većim stepenom ka konkretnim investicijama u infrastrukturu koja će logično region bolje povezati i međusobno, ali i sa drugim tržištima. Strategijom je definisano i povećanje broja visoko kvalifi-

13 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro much our region lags behind the EU and our need to have a strong international support to mitigate the obvious differences. Naturally, we must not base our development plans exclusively on international assistance. We have to have a clear economic development strategy and more intensive business networking inside the region, since we are small economies that are compatible and thereby, through cooperation, we have better chances to be competitive within the global market. The Western Balkan achieved an intensive economic growth during the pre-crisis period. The growth was based on the inflow of foreign direct investments, while particularly in the real estates purchase and sale, finance, telecommunication and similar areas, and it induced employment and national demand increase. The crisis - entailing foreign direct investments drop, which, in turn, induced economic activities downsize involving GDP reduction as logical consequence, as well as budget deficit and public debt increase - blocked the growth. The economy recovery started in these countries in 2010, but it was a moderate growth. The recovery was obvious also in the first half of 2011, with the economic activity becoming weaker in the second half of the year and in the following year as well. Short-term projection of economic growth in the region appeared to be modest, indicating the crisis effects in the Euro zone. Delicacy of the financial sector is a specific challenge, taking into account that the major portion of banking sector is in the foreign ownership and that the majority of investments is funded through foreign sources and under unfavorable conditions frequently. Public debt, lessening in foreign direct investments inflow, and the current account and balance of payments deficits have remained pronounced challenges. The public debt, as a specific danger, ranges in all countries between 40.00% and 60.00%, with the exception of Kosovo. Economic crisis induced reduction in the overall trade exchange, but also a very high deficit in all these countries. The trade deficit has yet remained the key weakness of economy, since, after its decrease in 2011, it has recorded an increase again in majority of the countries which is illustrated by very high competitiveness of economy. When talking about the total debt, I wish to point out the fact that because of such a situation each of the countries faces extremely high foreign debt. It registered a continuous growth in the pre-crisis period, due to a high balance of payments deficit and high indebtedness of private sector during the credit expansion. At the same time, the foreign debt persisted in increasing in all the regional countries; however, it was a result of public sector indebtedness aimed at fiscal stabilization and strengthening foreign currency provisions, while, unfortunately, rarely at capital investment funding. I will not say anything new while referring to favorable business environment as to one of the most important preconditions for economy recovery and growth in the regional countries. Numerous elements of the favorable business environment such as effective and predictable measures by the State; highly skilled labor force; highstandard transport infrastructure; while particularly the access to funds, where we face extremely expensive capital with average interest rate going beyond the profit rate impact directly the growth of economy. Regional countries competitiveness lags significantly behind the competitiveness of the EU 10 countries. Insufficient institutional and physical infrastructure, expensive capital, very low efficiency and flexibility of labor force, as well as limited innovation potential pose serious restrictions to the regional competitiveness. International institutions dealing with ranking the quality of business environment and investment climate place our countries at not enviable positions at all, with Macedonia and Montenegro ranked the best in the region, i.e. at 25 th and 44 th positions respectively, and Kosovo at 86 th, Serbia at 93 rd, and Bosnia and Herzegovina at 131 st positions respectively. Chamber of Economy of Montenegro is holding this year the Presidency to the Association of Balkan Chambers. The agenda of recently held General Assembly of the said Association addressed also the South East Europe 2020 Strategy. The Strategy was approved by all the Governments, at the Ministerial Conference of the South East Europe Investment Committee seven days ago. The SEE 2020 Strategy shows a clear intention of the regional Governments to have close cooperation in selected areas in order to be capable of overcoming some of the said challenges and to accelerate achieving their goals in key sectors. The goals of the Strategy are to improve cooperation of all the countries in the region so as to rise the region s GDP, to increase the trade turnover, to decrease trade deficit. A requirement to be met by 2020 is to increase the regional GDP from 38.00% to 46.00% of the European Union average, which means that economies of our regions must grow significantly faster than the EU states. The Strategy also provides for making efforts in trade turnover increase to %, and trade deficit reduction from 14.1% to 11.6% of the regional average GDP. All the countries have to find new chains of value in order to make it possible for investors to realize that what is produced in the region can be competitive within the global market. Issues of low infrastructure development level are more or less the major unsolved ones faced by each country. That is a reason to be persistent in our striving to communicate to Brussels that regional road and energy infrastructure must be in the focus of the European enlargement policy. Europe should actually be expected to allocate larger amounts, accompanied by a higher level of control, to particular investments in infrastructure that will in turn ensure better connection of the region both internally and with the other markets. The Strategy has also provided for an increase in the number of skilled labor force and in public administration that is more efficient, with all the Governments hav-

14 14 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE kovane radne snage, efikasnija javna uprava, a sve vlade moraće uložiti više truda ka ispunjenju toga cilja. Poslovna zajednica ima značajnu ulogu i zadatke u sprovođenju ove Strategije, a preko nacionalnih Komora u zemljama na koje se Strategija odnosi, biće dobar partner svojim Vladama na zahtjevnom poslu ispunjenja zacrtanog. Dame i gospodo, nakon dvije godine umjerenog rasta, crnogorska ekonomija je ušla u recesiju godine. Realni BDP je smanjen za 2,5%. Prema predviđanjima, rast realnog BDP-a u godini je 1,1% u prvom kvartalu i 3,4% u drugom kvartalu, što bi značilo da možemo govoriti o izlasku iz recesije. Zbog činjenice da smo mala ekonomija, moramo uzeti u obzir da statistički podaci često mogu dati nedovoljno jasnu sliku. Sagledavanje tekućih privrednih kretanja, ograničenja poslovanju, kao i preporuke mjera za njegovo unapređivanje su kontinuirana aktivnost Privredne komore Crne Gore. Cilj toga jeste doprinos definisanju rješenja za prevazilaženje aktuelnih problema u poslovanju i kreiranje povoljnog ambijenta. Sagledavajući stanje u godini koja je na izmaku, želim da istaknem da se: o Prije svega mora donijeti jasna Strategija privrednog razvoja zemlje, na čijoj realizaciji treba istrajavati. To je preduslov obezbjeđivanju povoljnije privredne strukture koja je garant privrednog rasta, samim tim i rasta zaposlenosti, kao i ravnomjernijeg regionalnog razvoja. Dugoročni razvoj zahtijeva značajna ulaganja u infrastrukturu, proizvodni sektor i prerađivačke kapacitete obzirom da je dosadašnji privredni rast bio uglavnom zasnovan na rastu uslužnog sektora. o Prilagođavanje javnih rashoda realnim mogućnostima, kako bi učešće budžetskog deficita u BDP-u bilo niže od stope rasta BDP-a, čime bi se obezbijedio održivi nivo javnog duga, su očekivane mjere Vlade. Put ka postizanju održivog privrednog rasta i napredak u procesu pridruživanja Evropskoj Uniji praćen je brojnim izazovima koji se odnose na povećanje konkurentnosti, podršku održivom turizmu, infrastrukturnim projektima i zaštiti životne sredine, promovisanju energetske efikasnosti i slično. Sve ovo logično mora pratiti kvalitetno obrazovanje i stvaranje kadrova adekvatno potrebama privrednog razvoja, za što je neophodna bolja saradnja između obrazovnih ustanova i privatnog sektora, koja za sada nije na zadovoljavajućem nivou. Veliki problem privrednici prepoznaju u nedovoljno dobrom pravnom okviru radnih odnosa, koji ne obezbjeđuje adekvatnu fleksibilnost tržišta rada. Komplikovane procedure i administriranje koje nameće Zakon o radu, predstvaljaju značajnu barijeru za poslovanje svake kompanije u Crnoj Gori, zbog čega u narednom periodu treba pristupiti sveukupnoj reformi radnog zakonodavstva i liberalizaciji tržišta rada. Ne rjeđe pominjan problem od strane privrednika je i nedovoljno razvijen ekonomsko-socijalni dijalog, koji se u najskorije vrijeme mora kvalitativno i zakonski unaprijediti. Naravno, materijal koji predstavlja objedinjenu analizu poslovanja crnogorske privrede u godini do detalja razrađuje prijedloge i mjere za poboljšavanje aktuelnog stanja i biće polovinom narednog mjeseca biti predočen Vladi na sastanku u Privrednoj komori Crne Gore. Dozvolite da na kraju izrazim zahvalnost kompanijama, našim članicama, koje su prepoznajući značaj i kvalitet ovog skupa pomogle njegovu realizaciju. Na kraju želim da vas još jedanput srdačno pozdravim i zaželim uspješan rad. Hvala vam na pažnji.

15 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro ing an obligation to make more efforts to achieve the said goal. The business community has a significant role and tasks in implementing this Strategy, while, through national Chambers in countries to which the Strategy refers to, the business community will be a reliable partner to their Governments in dealing with demanding efforts to reach the stated goals. Ladies and gentlemen, after two years of moderate growth, Montenegro s economy has entered the recession in The real GDP has decreased by 2.5%. According to projections, the growth of real GDP in 2013 is 1.1% in the first quarter and 3.4% in the second quarter, which would mean that we could speak about going out of the crisis. Due to the fact we are a small economy, we have to take into account that statistical data can frequently give an insufficiently clear image. Consideration given to the current trends in economy, the barriers to doing business and recommended measures for its progress stands as a continuous activity of the Chamber of Economy of Montenegro. The goal of that activity is to give a contribution to identifying arrangements for overcoming the current challenges in business operations and for creating a favorable business environment. If the status in the year that is approaching its end taken into consideration, I would like to point out to the following: o it is required primarily to adopt a clear strategy of country s economy development, while we have to endure in the process of its implementation. That is the precondition of ensuring the favorable economic structure that guarantees economic growth and, thereby, an increase in employment, as well as balanced regional development. Long-term development requires substantial investments in infrastructure, manufacturing sector and processing capacities, considering the fact that the former economic development was mainly based on the services sector growth. o The adjustment of public expenditures to real opportunities so that the budget deficit as a share of GDP is lower than the GDP growth rate, which would provide a sustainable level of public debt, are the expected measures to be undertaken by the Government. The way to achieving sustainable economic growth and progress in the process of accession to the European Union has been followed by a number of challenges related to boosting competitiveness to grow; supporting sustainable tourism, infrastructure projects and environmental protection; promoting energy efficiency; and the like. All this must be logically followed by a quality education and building of the capacity to meet the needs of economic development, which requires better cooperation between educational institutions and the private sector, which so far is not satisfactory. The businesspersons see a great problem in the inadequate labor relations legislative framework, which does not provide adequate flexibility of the labor market. Complex procedures and paperwork imposed by the Labor Law represent a significant barrier to the operations of each company in Montenegro - which is a reason that in the future we should launch both the comprehensive reform of the labor legislation and the labor market liberalization. A challenge not often mentioned by businesspersons is also that of insufficiently developed social dialogue, which must be taken to the higher qualitative and legislative level as soon as possible. Of course, the document, which presents a consolidated analysis of the operation of the Montenegrin economy in the year 2013, elaborates in details the proposals and measures for improving the current situation and it will be tabled to the Government in the middle of the next month at the meeting to be held in the Chamber of Commerce of Montenegro. Let me finally express my gratitude to our member companies that, by recognizing the importance and standard of this event, have given their contributions to its realization. Finally, I would like to once again warmly welcome you and wish you a productive work. Thank you for your attention.

16 16 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Milo Đukanović Predsjednik Vlade Crne Gore Dame i gospodo, Želim da vas pozdravim u ime Vlade Crne Gore i u svoje ime. Želim posebno da pozdravim goste koji su došli izvan Crne Gore, i koji su na taj način uvažili i našu državu i Privrednu komoru Crne Gore. Htio bih da izrazim posebno poštovanje prema Privrednoj komori koja, rekao bih, u seriji pokreće inicijative poput ove, koje animiraju sve veći broj poslovnih ljudi iz regiona i šire, i koje animiraju donosioce političkih odluka i aktere državnih politika u regionu u kojem živimo. U tom smislu, želim da na počeku kažem da je i tema današnje konferencije veoma podsticajna za razmišljanje, istovremeno i veoma životna. Dozvolite, da odatle krenem i da podijelim nekoliko misli sa vama. Zašto mislim da je tema veoma životna. Rekao bih da saradnja, generalno, nije nešto što bismo mogli da smatramo usvojenom ni životnom, ni poslovnom filozofijom u regionu u kojem živimo. To je nešto što nije karakteristika razmišljanja i rada unutar regiona kojem pripadamo, pa mogu slobodno kazati i u unutar svake države pojedinačno. Rekao bih da je umjesto toga i dalje dominantno međusobno nepovjerenje, podozrenje, pa ako hoćete, čak i nedovoljno poznavanje. To je nešto što definitivno ekonomiju svake od država regiona čini drugorazrednom u kontekstu evropske razvijenosti, a samim tim i naš region čini onim dijelom Evrope kojem se još uvijek propisuju posebni uslovi, da bi smo mogli da sjednemo za sto za kojim se razgovara o budućnosti zajedničke nam Evropske kuće. Zato mislim da su ovakve teme podsticajne, ne bismo li u što kraćem roku prihvatili da je zapravo put do uspostavljanja razvijenih ekonomija koje će i naše države učiniti u punoj mjeri konkurentnim, a naše građane ravnopravnim državljanima Evrope 21. vijeka, da shvatimo da se do istinski vrijednih tezultata jedino može doći kroz saradnju, kroz timski nastup i kroz uspješno upravljanje velikim projektima. Sve ostalo se svodi na dosta nevješte i nejake pokušaje da se sa bilo kog meridijana, a posebno iz ovog konteksta balkanske nerazvijenosti, proizvedu rezultati koji bi mogli biti iole konkurentni na globalnoj sceni. Ova teza nas, rekao bih, polako uvodi i do druge teze, a to je odsustvo saradnje, podozrivost, nepovjerenje, pa i nepoznavanje nas dovodi do onoga što je ključni problem regiona u kojem živimo, a to je nedovoljna stabilnost. Na žalost umjesto da ideal društava u kojim živimo u 21. vijeku bude bruto društveni proizvod po glavi stanovnika od eura, naš ideal je i dalje uspostaviti pouzdanu stabilnost. To nije samo imperativ naših razvijenih evropskih i evro-atlantskih partnera, vjerujem da je to prioritet svih nacionalnih politika, uključujući i ono što bi mogli smatrati strategijom regiona Zapadnog Balkana za budućnost. Zato, dozvolite, da sa vama podijelim i sledeću formulaciju. Ja mislim da je integracija Zapadnog Balkana drugo ime za stabilnost našeg regiona. Na žalost, imamo veoma puno dokaza i u daljoj i u novijoj istoriji da su naši regulatorni mehanizmi stabilnosti u regionu nedovoljno pouzdani, i da ubrzanje u sticanju pouzdanije stabilnosti vodi kroz evropsku i evro-atlantsku integraciju. Vjerujem da danas nema mislećeg bića bilo gdje na evropskom kontinentu, uključujući države našeg regiona, koje nije zabrinuto za ono što se danas događa u zajedničkoj evropskoj kući. Kriza koja je krenula kao finansijska, nastavljena kao ekonomska, iskazala se kao institucionalna zaključno sa političkom. U osnovi, kriza vizije buduće Evrope je nešto što, rekao bih, jednako pogađa svakog stanovnika Evrope. Ali, rekao bih, jednako tako, ta kriza ne smije proizvesti niti višak skepske unutar Evropske unije prema potrebi nastavka realizacije strategije punog ujedinjenja Evrope u interesu njene globalne konkurentnosti, a još manje kod nas država Zapadnog Balkana smije proizvesti zastoj u pogledu što bržeg dosezanja pune integracije unutar Evrope i evro-atlantskih struktura, jer kao što sam kazao to je put u pojačanje naše stabilnosti, što je pretpostavka ekonomskog i demokratskog razvoja. U daljoj razradi ove teze želio bih da kažem da veoma razumijem kada se iz važnih evropskih adresa danas potencira da je vladavina prava prvi prioritet za unapređenje ambijenta na prostoru Zapadnog Balkana i preduslov za dobru dinamiku naše integracije. Ali, ono što je nužno dodati toj tezi je, to je važan uslov, ali nedovoljan. Mogli bi naravno ovdje otvoriti teorijsku diskusiju na, rekao bih, već poznatu temu, šta je starije kokoška ili jaje. Da li je vladavina prava, što i sam mislim, uslov za veće povjerenje ljudi iz biznisa, prije svega investitora da ulože svoj novac, da realizujemo strateške projekte razvoja i otvorimo radna mjesta i damo dobar impuls ekonomskom i društvenom razvoju svih zemalja Zapadnog Balkana, ili je nedovoljna ekonomska stabilnost, ekonomska zaostalost i iz nje genirisani nizak nivo demokratske kulture, netolerancije, zapravo razlog one podozrivosti, međusobnog nepoznavanja, koje nas svako malo vodi u sukobe, što dodatno ugrožava vladavinu pra-

17 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Milo Đukanović Prime Minister of Montenegro Ladies and Gentlemen, I wish to welcome you on behalf of the Government of Montenegro and on my personal behalf. I wish to greet the guests coming from outside Montenegro, who have expressed thereby their appreciation to both our country and the Chamber of Economy of Montenegro. I would like to express my special recognition to the Chamber of Economy of Montenegro that, I would say, launches in a sequence initiatives such as this one and that attracts an increasing number of both businessmen from the region and broader area and regional decision makers and actors involved in implementing the public policy. In terms of that, I want to say first that the topic of today s Conference is consideration-stimulating and lifefocusing indeed. Let me start from there and share with you several thoughts of mine. Why do I deem this topic so life focusing? I would say that cooperation in general is not something we could deem either as adopted life philosophy or as adopted business philosophy in the region in which we live. That is something that is not a characteristic of deliberation and work within the region we belong to and, I am free to say, also within any state individually. I would say that, instead of that, there is still a prevailing mutual distrust, suspicion and like it or not insufficient acquaintance. That is something that definitively makes the economy of any of the regional countries be of a second rank in terms of European development level and that makes thereby our region be that part of Europe to which specific requirements are still being prescribed in order to make it possible for us to sit at the table at which the future of our common European home discussing is taking place. Therefore I consider that such topics are indeed stimulating, in order to make us accept as soon as possible that actual road leading to establishing developed economies - which are going to help our countries be fully competitive and our citizens be equal to the EU citizens of the 21 st century - is to understand that it is possible to come to true valuable outcomes only through cooperation, team work and successful management of large projects. All the rest are just reduced to quite naïve and weak attempts - from any meridian, while and particularly from this context of undeveloped Balkans - to generate the results that could have at all been competitive on global scene. This thesis - I would say - is introducing us gradually to another one, which is the absence of cooperation, the existence of suspicion, distrust and even ignorance and which is guiding us to what is the key challenge of the region in which we live. To be precise, it is guiding us to an insufficient stability. Unfortunately, instead of choosing the ideal of the society in which we live in the 21 st century be the Gross Domestic Product amounting to 25,000 per capita, putting in place reliable stability is still our ideal. That is not only an imperative asserted by our developed European and Euro-Atlantic partners, but I believe that it is a priority in all national policies including also what we could consider the strategy for the development of Western Balkans region. Therefore, let me share with you also the following words. I think that the integration of the Western Balkans is the second name of our regional stability. Unfortunately, we have numerous proofs - both from our distant and from our recent history - that our regional stability mechanisms are insufficiently reliable and that an acceleration in attaining better founded stability leads through European and Euro-Atlantic integrations. I believe that not a single intelligent being from the European Continent - referring here also to regional countries - can stop worrying about what it is nowadays going on in our European home. The crisis, which had started as financial and continued as economic, has appeared to be institutional and political eventually. In essence, the crisis of the vision of the future Europe is something, I would say, affecting each inhabitant of Europe equally. However, I would say that, likewise, that crisis must not generate an excessive skeptic within the European Union to the need to have the implementation of the strategy for the full Europe integration to continue in the interest of its global competitiveness. Even less it may generate, here in our countries of the Western Balkans, a delay in as fast attaining the full membership of European and Euro-Atlantic structures as possible - in view of the fact, as I have already said, that it is the road to strengthening our stability that is in turn a precondition for economic and democratic development. In further reasoning of this thesis, I would like to say that I understand very much when, from important European addresses, the rule of law is insisted on as both the first priority for improving the ambience within the Western Balkans region and a precondition for a good dynamic of our integrations. Yet, what is required to add to this thesis is that it is

18 18 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE va i pouzdanu stabilnost našeg regiona. Dakle, ne bih želio da o tome razgovaramo, šta je starije od to dvoje, jer mislim da je pametnije da zaključimo: vladavina prava jeste važan preduslov ekonomskog i demokratskog razvoja, evropske i evro-atlantske integracije svake od država Zapadnog Balkana. Vladavina prava je prije svega jedan od najvažnih aspekata kvaliteta života ljudi koji žive u ovom regionu. Prema tome, ne nametnuta, nego naša interna potreba, ali uz vladavinu prava mora da ide snažnija podrška prevazilaženju istorijski naslijeđene ekonomske nerazvijenosti zemalja ovog regiona. Ja mislim da je to nešto što još uvijek nije u potrebnoj mjeri prepoznato od strane Evropske unije, i zbog čega Evropska unija još uvijek nije ponudila dobru formulu terapije toga problema. Ni jedna od država na Zapadnom Balkanu nije u stanju da riješi taj problem sama. Bez rješavanja tog problema, ovaj region će ostati da jako dugo kaska za onim što su tendencije ekonomske i društvene razvijenosti Evrope kojoj pripadamo. Zato mislim da se kao imperativ zapravo nameće da, uz naš vrijedni napor na daljim reformama počev od vladavine prava, i Evropska unija kreira jedan novi finansijki okvir- okvir finansijske podrške Zapadnom Balkanu, kako bi se brže prevazilazili oni problemi koje ni jedna od država Zapadnog Balkana ne može uraditi sama. Prije svega u oblast putne i željezničke infrastrukture i energetike. Čak ni naša unutrašnja nesnalaženja u regionu Zapadnog Balkana ne smiju poslužiti kao alibi da se dalje odlaže tretman toga pitanja, i tu su nam potrebni i eksperti Evropske unije, tu su nam potrebni eksperti Evropske banke za obnovu i razvoj i Evropske investicione banke, koji bi nam pomogli da na pravi način selektiramo prioritete koji će ovaj region na najkvalitetniji način uvezati sa onim što su evropski saobraćajni i drugi koridori. Drago mi je da na takav način počinjemo sve više da razmišljamo na mjestima gdje se donose odluke unutar našeg regiona. Imao sam zadovoljstvo da prije neki dan razgovaram sa premijerom Srbije i Mađarske o tome kako željeznički koridor od Budimpešte do Beograda produžiti prema Baru, i u tom kontekstu tretirati snažnije proširenje Luke Bar. Razgovarao sam sa premijerima Albanije, Hrvatske i Bosne kako realizovati Jadranski gasovod i na taj način doprinijeti da naše zemlje budu zahvaćene takođe jednim poželjnim procesom gasifikacije koji treba da uveliko pomogne i nama i Evropi u prevazilaženju, rekao bih, globalne nekonkurentnosti kada je u pitanju energetski input industrijskom razvoju. Razgovarao sam sa predsjednikom Vlade Albanije takođe, kako da podstaknemo naše susjede da preciznije artikulišemo našu ideju oko Jadransko-Jonskog auto puta, koji bi trebao da predstavlja dobru, najkraću i kvalitetnu vezu između Srednje i Zapadne Evrope i Jugoistoka. Sve je to jako dobro. Veoma je dobro i da kroz proces globalne saradnje se pojavljuju partneri mnogo udaljeniji, van evropskog kontinenta, koji nam nude ruku saradnje u realizaciji takvih projekata. Ni jednu od tih ruku nećemo odbiti. Naprotiv, veoma smo zahvalni i vema smo spremni da kroz saradnju i sa Kinom i sa Azerbejžanom i sa svim drugim državama radimo na realizaciji tih projekata, ali ono što moram da primijetim, da bi na tim projektima prioritetno trebali prepoznati i Evropsku uniju kao partnera. Treće, što bih želio da podijelim sa vama jeste potreba da nastavimo sa intenzivnim reformama u državama na Zapadnom Balkanu. Problemi koji su pogodili Evropsku uniju tokom poslednjih nekoliko godina, posebno problemi koji su pogodili Euro zonu su imali snažne negativne reflekse na ekonomije našeg regiona. Dakle, prosto manjak tražnje iz zemalja Evropske unije za proizvodima i uslugama u našem regionu, zatim veliko opterećenje našeg bankarskog sistema lošim plasmanima iz perioda kreditne ekspanzije, takođe problemi nezaposlenosti, posebno problemi mlade generacije, su nešto što danas karakteriše ekonomski ambijent regiona u kojem živimo. Izlaz iz toga mora biti veoma promišljen i veoma hrabar. Ja mislim da su nam prije svega potrebne duboke strukturne reforme. Mi moramo nastaviti da reformišemo i naš sistem socijalnog osiguranja. Mislim da su postojeća rješenja u penzionim sistemima svuda u regionu pokazali ozbiljne slabosti. Želim da kažem da je u Crnoj Gori stepen održivosti našeg penzionog sistema tek nešto iznad 50%. Sve ostalo su transferisani prihodi iz budžeta. To, dakle, upućuje na alarmantnost problema u tom sistemu i to traži rješenje bez odlaganja. Takođe, mislim da zajedno sa Evropskom unijom mi imamo ozbiljne probleme u obrazovnom sistemu, jer obrazovni sistem pokazuje dosta visok stepen nefleksibilnosti u odnosu na ono što je tržište rada, i mi na žalost još uvijek kao finalni proizvod obrazovnog sistema imamo solidno opšte obrazovanje, ali imamo ljude koji nemaju potrebne vještine da bi mogli odgovoriti onome što su izazovi razvoja ove faze. Takođe mislim da moramo ozbiljno nastaviti sa reformom tržišta rada koji i dalje u sebi zadržava nepodnošljivu dozu regulacije, i moramo takođe u punoj mjeri biti posvećeni daljoj reformi zdravstvenog osiguranja, sa ciljem da učinimo kvalitet zdravstvene zaštite dostupniji našim građanima, ali da istovremeno kroz snažnije otvaranje tog sistema prema privatnom sektoru obezbijedimo veću konkurentnost i veći kvalitet. Dakle, ovo što danas manje - više znači monopol državnog sistema, niti obezbjeđuje dovoljnu dostupnost, niti obezbjeđuje dovoljan kvalitet, niti eleminiše korupciju iz nekog od vitalnih podsistema

19 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro an important but insufficient requirement. Naturally, we could open here a theoretical discussion, I would say, on already well-known topic, i.e. the chicken and the egg causality dilemma. Whether the rule of law is - and I deem it is - a precondition for business people s higher confidence, while primarily for investors trust in the security of their investing aimed at making it possible for us to implement strategic development projects and create new jobs and give a good impulse to economic and social development of all countries of the Western Balkans, or inadequate stability, economic underdevelopment and by it generated low level of democratic culture, and intolerance, is the reason of the mentioned suspicion, insufficient mutual familiarity that every now and then lead us to conflicts that additionally endanger the rule of law and reliable stability of our region. Therefore, I do not want to discuss on what came first out of the two, since I consider that it is wiser to conclude the following: the rule of law is an important precondition for economic and democratic development and European and Euro-Atlantic integrations in each of the Western Balkans countries. The rule of law is primarily one of the most significant aspects of the quality of the life of peoples living in this region. Therefore, it is not an imposed but it is our internal need; however, besides the rule of law, there must be a stronger support to overcoming historically inherited economic underdevelopment of this region countries. It is my opinion that it is something that the European Union has not yet realized sufficiently and because of what the European Union has not yet offered a good treatment of that problem. Not a single Western Balkans country is capable of solving that challenge without any help. Without solving that challenge, this region will continue lagging for quite a while behind what the tendencies of economic and social development are in Europe to which we belong. Therefore, my opinion is that an imperative is coming out that along with our hard efforts to keep on with reforms, starting from the rule of law the European Union also is to create a new financial framework, i.e. the one of financial support to the Western Balkans, to ensure faster overcoming those challenges that not a single Western Balkans country is capable of solving without any assistance. This refers primarily to the road and railroad infrastructure and energy areas respectively. Even our internal being out of our depth in the region of the Western Balkans must not serve as alibi for further delaying the issue treatment. And that is where we need also experts from the European Union; that is where we need experts from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, who would assist us in selecting appropriately the priorities that will link in the best possible manner this region with what European transport and other corridors are. It is my pleasure that thinking gradually in that way has started at decision-making places within our region. A couple of days ago, I had pleasure to talk to the Prime Ministers of Serbia and Hungary respectively, discussing how to extend the Budapest - Belgrade railroad corridor also toward Bar and, in terms of that, how to approach to have an intensified expansion of the Port of Bar. I talked to Albania, Croatia and Bosnia Prime Ministers respectively about how to have the Adriatic Gas Pipeline implemented and to contribute thereby to our countries be included in a desirable gasification process that should help us and Europe to a large extent in overcoming, I would say, global noncomeptitivness when it comes to energy input to industry development. I talked to Albanian Prime Minister as well, discussing how to encourage our cooperation in order to specify our idea for Adriatic-Ionian Motorway that should be a proper, shortest and high quality link between the Middle and the Western Europe and Southeast. All that is very good. It is very good also that, through the process of global cooperation, partners come along from very distant places outside European continent and offer us cooperation in implementing such projects. Not a single such offered cooperation we will reject. On the contrary, we are very grateful and very ready to have cooperation with China, Azerbaijan and all other countries, in implementing those projects. What I have to notice is that we should primarily identify the European Union as a partner in implementing those projects as well. The third consideration I would like to share with you is our need to continue with intensive reforms in the Western Balkans countries. Adversities that have affected the European Union for a few years so far, with damaging effects on the Eurozone particularly, have entailed negative responses within the economies of our region as well. Simply said, less demand from the European Union countries for our regional products and services, then large burden shouldered by our banking sector due to non-performing investments originating from the period of credit expansion, and also unemployment challenges - while particularly the youth unemployment rate are something that is a characteristic of the today s economic ambience of the region we live in. The way out from that situation must be highly prudent and brave. My opinion is that we primarily need structural reforms. We have to continue reforming also our social security system. I think hat the existing solutions to pension systems have shown serious weaknesses throughout our region. I wish to say that, in Montenegro, the sustainability rate of our pension system is slightly above 50.00%. All the rest are the revenues transferred from the Budget. That, therefore, both signals alarming adversities in the mentioned system and requires a solution to be found immediately. Besides, my opinion is that we and the European Union face serious problems in the system of education, since the system of education has shown rather high level of inflexibility in relation to what the labor market is. Unfortunately, we still face our education system to have the outcome in the form of substantial generalized knowledge, with students lacking necessary skills to be

20 20 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE društava u kojima živimo. Takođe mislim da u regionu generalno moramo nastaviti da radimo na unapređenju poslovnog ambijenta, bez obzira što smo napredovali na tom planu. Ja želim da vam kažem da je Crna Gora napredovala i na rang listama Svjetskog ekonomskog foruma, sa 72 na 67 mjesto, da je kod Svjetske banke došla do 44 mjesta, unapređujući svoju poziciju za 7 mjesta u odnosu na prethodnu godinu. Ali, to nas ne smije zavaravati, niti u Crnoj Gori, niti u drugim državama regiona. Evidentno je da još uvijek imamo ozbiljne probleme u nekim djelovima poslovnog ambijenta. Dakle, počev od izdavanja građevinskih dozvola, do registracije i zaštite imovinskih prava, izvršavanja ugovora, pa u određenim zemljama i do obezbjeđenja uslova za početak i za lak izlazak iz biznisa. Dakle, mislim da nam na tom planu strukturnih reformi, unapređenja poslovnog ambijenta, sleduje ozbiljan napor i da moramo nastaviti da vodimo ekonomske i socijalne politike koje će odgovarati onome što su prioriteti država našeg regiona. Jednom riječju, moramo odustati od ideje da slijedimo državne politike blagostanja, kakve su karakterisale zemlje Evropske unije u poslednje vrijeme i što je dovelo do potrebe i u njima samim da prave ozbiljnu reviziju svojih ekonomskih i socijalnih politika, ali sa jednom ozbiljnom razlikom. One su prije svega u dugom periodu, koji je prethodio, mnogo racionalnije iskoristile svoje resurse, razvile nivo društvenog bogatstva da bi mogle da dođu u situaciju da razmišljaju o takvim ekonomskim i socijalnim politikama. Sve to je bitno različito od onoga što karakteriše region u kojem mi živimo. I zaključujem. Želim da kažem da Crna Gora svoj prioritet u vladinoj i državnoj politici u narednom peridu vidi kroz pitanje ekonomskog rasta. Mislim da smo tokom poslednje godine napravili dosta važne iskorake na obnovi makro-ekonomske stabilnosti. Mislim da smo posebno ozbiljan prodor napravili na planu zavođenja finansijske discipline i naplate javnih prihoda. Mislim takođe, da smo uspjeli da u značajnoj mjeri očuvamo performanse ekonomskog sistema koje su Crnu Goru, u godinama nakon nezavisnosti, činile jednom od najprivlačnijih investicionih destinacija za strana ulaganja. Time smo naravno veoma zadovoljni, ali to ne iscrpljuje naše ambicije. Makro-ekonomska stabilnost nije naš cilj. Makro-ekonomska stabilnost je pretpostavka onoga što je naš cilj, a to je dinamičan ekonomski i društveni rast i razvoj. Da li imamo realne resurse za to. Da. Ubijeđen sam da imamo sve pretpostavke da Crna Gora u bliskoj budućnosti, počev od godine, bude jedna od najbrže rastućih investicionih destinacija u ovom regionu. Šta me upućuje na takav optimizam. Prije svega svijest o neiskorišćenim resursima u oblasti izgradnje infrastrukture, u oblasti energetike, turizma i proizvodnje hrane. Jednako tako, upućuje me prisustvo renomiranih investitora u Crnoj Gori, već zaključeni ugovori i već započeti projekti koji se realizuju. Dakle, ako kažem da mi danas u Crnoj Gori imamo već definisane ugovore, obezbijeđene investitore i započetu realizaciju projekata u vrijednosti od oko 3 milijarde eura samo na crnogorskoj obali, projekata koji treba da generišu oko novih radnih mjesta, ne govorim o nečemu što će se događati za tri ili pet godina, govorim o onome što je počelo u Ili počinje u godini. Jasno je da je to pouzdano uporište optimizma koje sam malo prije emitovao. Pri tome, još uvijek ne govorimo o valorizaciji najizdašnijeg razvojnog resursa na obali kakav je Ulcinj, i pri tome ne govorim o valorizaciji onoga što su planinski potencijali, ili potencijali razvoja planinskog turizma u Crnoj Gori. Kada govorimo o energetici, u toku je realizacija dva projekta vrijednih milijardu eura. Dakle, podmorskog kabla između Crne Gore i Italije vrijednog 800 miliona i realizacija drugog bloka Termoelektrane u Pljevljima, što u ni u kom slučaju ne može biti ispod 250 do 300 miliona. Pri tome, opet da kažem, ne govorim o realizaciji projekta istraživanja nafte i gasa, gdje je tender u toku, koji se završava krajem februara iduće godine, i gdje smo već uspjeli da animiramo interesovanje 20 najrenomiranijih kompanija iz te oblasti. I ne govorimo o realizaciji projekta gasifikacije, koji će početi kroz realizaciju Trans-Jadranskog gasovoda od Albanije do Hrvatske. Takođe, kada govorimo o infrastrukturi, želim da kažem da smo u završnoj fazi ugovaranja početka realizacije auto-puta, nakon što smo potpisali međudržavne sporazume, nakon što smo definisali okvirni ugovor, sada smo u fazi pisanja konkretno komercijalnog ugovora i ugovora o finansiranju projekta koji je težak preko 3 milijarde, koji samo u prvoj fazi koja će početi iduće godine generiše vrijednost od 800 miliona eura, na dionici Podgorica-Kolašin. A ponavljam opet, pri tome ne govorim o gradnji Jadransko-Jonskog autoputa i ne govorim o realizaciji željezničkog koridora od Beograda do Bara. Dodamo li tome projekte u oblasti proizvodnje hrane, realizaciju određenih projekata industrijskog razvoja, vjerujem da to ubjedljivo svjedoči da optimizam o kojem sa malo čas govorio nije bez utemeljenja. Dakle, nije politička propaganda, nego predstavlja jednu realnost koju je u veoma doglednoj budućnosti moguće dosegnuti, ukoliko nastavimo da predano radimo na pametnom i održivom korišćenju resursa kojima raspolažemo. Završna poruka, ovog dužeg izlaganja nego što sam na početku zamislio je zapravo, skup ovaj kakav je današnji, je uvijek odlična prilika da razmijenimo međusobne informacije, da ukažemo na prednosti saradnje i zajedničke valorizacije resursa.

21 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro capable of responding to what the development challenges of this stage are. Furthermore, my opinion is that we must keep on reforming the labor market that has retained unbearable dosage of regulation. We must also be - to the fullest - dedicated to reforming further the health insurance, with the aim of both making the health care standard more accessible to our citizens and providing through more decisive opening that sector to the private one - higher levels of competitiveness and quality. So, this that today represents more or less a monopoly of the government system is ensuring neither sufficient availability nor adequate quality, and it is not eliminating corruption from any of the vital subsystems of society we live in. Besides, my opinion is that within the region, in general, we have to keep on improving business environment, regardless of our progress in the area. I wish to tell you that Montenegro has moved on the World Economic Forum ranking lists from the 72 nd to 67 th place and to the 47 th place on the World Bank list, i.e. by 7 positions as compared with the last year. Nevertheless, that should not mislead us, either in Montenegro or in other regional countries. It is obvious that we still face serious challenges in some segments of business environment, i.e. starting form issuing building permits and coming to the registration and protection of property rights, contracts performance and, in certain countries, to ensuring conditions for business starting up and easy dissolution thereof. Now, my opinion is that serious efforts are needed in the given area of structural reforms and business environment improvement, and we must keep on pursuing economic and social policies that will match with what the priorities of our regional countries are. In a word, we must abandon the idea of pursuing government s welfare policies that characterized the European Union countries over the past period, which in turn has given rise inside them to serious reviews of their respective economic and social policies - whereas with one substantial difference. Over a longer preceding period, they used to take advantage of their respective resources rationally for the most part and they advanced the social prosperity, and they have made it possible for them to be in a situation to reconsider such economic and social policies. All that is different substantially from what the characteristic of the region in which we live is. Now, my conclusion. I want to tell that Montenegro finds their priority in the Government and public policies designed for the upcoming period through economic growth task. My opinion is that, over several years so far, we have made considerable steps forward in resuming macroeconomic stability. My opinion is that particularly serious advancement we have made in bringing financial discipline and in the collection of public revenues. My opinion is also that we have managed to maintain to a large extent economic system performances that, over the years after regaining the independence, made Montenegro one of the most attractive investment destinations for foreign investments. Naturally, we are very pleased with that, but it is not the end of our ambition. Macroeconomic stability is not our goal. Macroeconomic stability is a precondition for what our goal is, i.e. for dynamic economic and social growth and development. Do we have reliable resources for the purpose? Yes. I am convinced that we have all settings to make Montenegro in near future, i.e. starting as of 2014, one of the fastest growing investment destinations in this region. What induces me to such an optimism? Primarily the awareness of the unused resources in the area of infrastructure development, in energy sector, tourism and food production. Equally, I am persuaded by the presence of credible investors in Montenegro, contracts already entered into, and projects already underway. Therefore, if I say that we in Montenegro today hold contracts already defined, investors found, and projects worth some EUR 3 million underway only on the Montenegrin seashore, i.e. the projects expected to generate some new jobs, I am not talking about something that is going to take place in three or five years but I am talking about what has already commenced in 2013 or will commence in It is clear that that is a reliable stronghold for the optimism I emitted a short before. At the same time, I am not still talking about the valorization of the most abundant development resource on the seashore such as Ulcinj is - and I am not concurrently talking about the valorization of what mountain potentials are or potentials to serve mountain tourism development in Montenegro. When it comes to energy, to refer to two projects underway and worth one billion Euros namely, EUR 800 million worth submarine cable installation between Montenegro, and Italy and the construction of the second block at the Thermal Power Plant in Pljevlja, which in no way can be less than EUR 250 or EUR 300 million. Again, I am not talking about oil and gas explorations for which bidding process is underway - with the late February of the next year as the deadline for submission of bids - to which we have already attracted the attention of 20 most credible companies with competences for the purpose. Moreover, I am not talking about gasification project that will commence through the implementation of Trans Adriatic Gas Pipeline installation from Albania to Croatia. Besides, when we are talking about infrastructure, I wish to say that we have reached the final stage of contracting the commencement of motorway construction. After entering into Intergovernmental Agreements and after defining the Framework Contract, we are now in the stage of developing the Commercial Contract and the Project Funding Contract, with the Project value exceeding EUR 3 billion and the Project itself to commence in the next year and to generate, only in its first stage and for the stretch between Podgorica and Kolasin, the value of EUR 800 million. I am reiterating that I am not at the same time talking about the construction of the Ariatic-Ionian Motorway and I am not talking about the realization of

22 22 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Gospodin Mijušković je govorio o performansama tržišta Zapadnog Balkana. Bez obzira što priča od 20 miliona konzumenata na Zapadnom Balkanu djeluje dovoljno impresivno, moramo znati takođe da to nije nešto što je najimpresivnija ponuda za najrenomiranije svjetske investitore, a posebno nije dovoljno inspirativna ukoliko nastupamo sa svojim ponudama odvojeni jedni od drugih, zatvoreni jedni za druge. Zato mislim da su konferencije poput današnje izuzetna prilika da razmijenimo informacije, da dogovorimo mogući obim saradnje i da na taj način pojačamo šanse za intenzivniji ekonomski rast, ekonomski i društveni razvoj regiona u kojem živimo, time i za dogledniju evropsku perspektivu razvoja koja treba da obezbijedi viši kvalitet života ljudi, čije interese kao donosioci odluka zastupamo. Zahvaljujem na pažnji!

23 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro the railway corridor from Belgrade to Bar. If we add to food production projects and the implementation of certain industry development projects, I am quite sure that that is what convincingly witnesses that the optimism I emitted a while ago is not groundless. Therefore, that is not a political propaganda but a reality that is attainable in the very near future if we keep on working devotedly with smart and sustainable use of resources that are available to us. The final message of this speech - which has been longer than I originally intended - is actually : a gathering like this today s one is always an excellent opportunity to exchange pieces of information, to point out to the advantages of cooperation and joint valorization of resources. Mr. Mijskovic discussed today on the Western Balkans market performances. Regardless of the fact the story about 20 million consumers within the Western Balkans sounds impressive enough, we must be aware also of the fact that is not what represents the most impressive offer to most credible world investors and, particularly, that is not what is inspiring enough if we appear with our respective offers and closed for each other. Therefore, my opinion is the conferences similar to this today s one are excellent opportunities for information exchange, for agreeing on possible scopes of cooperation and for strengthening thereby chances to have an intensified economic growth and economic and social development in the region in which we live, and for soon European development prospective that is expected to ensure higher standard of living of people the interests of whom we decision makers represent. Thank you for your attention!

24 24 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE PROGRAM KONFERENCIJE EU KAO ODREDIŠTE ZEMALJA BALKANA Panel I: Pogled na EU iznutra Janez Prašnikar Anja Quiring Otto Oberparleiter Ljubo Jurčić Panel II: Pogled na EU sa Balkana Gordana Đurović Aleksandar Vlahović Svetlana Cenić Predrag Ivanović Panel III: Mladi kao budućnost zemalja Balkana Saša Popović Mirjana Radović Marković Guoda Lommanaite Mladen Grgić Martin Ćalasan Ivan Vukčević Specijalni gost Stjepan Mesić EKONOMIJA ZEMALJA REGIONA Panel IV: Kako osnažiti postojeće veze zemalja Balkana - Dalje integracije balkanskih zemalja (G6) Igor Lukšić - Konkurentske sposobnosti i međunarodna trgovina Stanko Zloković - Poreski sistem i uticaj na ekonomije Regiona Milan Lakićević Ivan Simič - Stabilnost bankarskog i finansijskog sistema Radoje Žugić Panel V: Kako staviti u funkciju prirodne resurse - Pregled prirodnih resursa Balkana i njihovo korišćenje Goran Barović Aleksandar Joksimović - Kvalitet investicionog i poslovnog ambijenta Michael Malvebo - Efikasnost i racionalnost državne administracije James Wilson Vladimir Čvorović

25 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro CONFERENCE PROGRAMME THE EU AS A DESTINATION OF THE BALKAN COUNTRIES Panel I: An inside view of the EU Janez Prašnikar Anja Quiring Otto Oberparleiter Ljubo Jurčić Panel II: A view at the EU from the Balkans Gordana Đurović Aleksandar Vlahović Svetlana Cenić Predrag Ivanović Panel III: The young as the future of the Balkan countries Saša Popović Mirjana Radović Marković Guoda Lommanaite Mladen Grgić Martin Ćalasan Ivan Vukčević Special guest Stjepan Mesić REGIONAL ECONOMY Panel IV: How to strengthen the existing ties of the Balkan countries - Further integration of the Balkan countries (G6) Igor Lukšić - Competitive capacities and international trade Stanko Zloković - Tax system and influence on the economy Milan Lakićević Ivan Simič - Stability of the banking and financial system Radoje Žugić Panel V: How to put into function natural resources - Review of the Balkans natural resources and their exploitation Goran Barović Aleksandar Joksimović - The quality of the investment and business ambient Michael Malvebo - The efficiency of the state administration James Wilson Vladimir Čvorović

26 26 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Kada sa aurom velike ideje i privlačnošću otmene dame, Evropska unija, ostane sama sa sobom, stane pred ogledalo licem u lice i pogleda se; da li je zadovoljna svojim odrazom u njemu? Da li sebe vidi kao super državu ili joj realnost sui generis cjeline rastrzane pojedinačnim interesima članica, zamagljuje sliku i zahtijeva, veoma često, više šminke nego što je to uobičajeno potrebno? Da li je stvorila ljudima prostor slobode, sigurnosti i pravde bez unutrašnjih granica? Da li je omogućila održivi razvoj Evrope utemeljen na uravnoteženom ekonomskom rastu i stabilnosti cijena, visoko konkurentnoj društvenoj tržišnoj ekonomiji, s ciljem najviše stope zaposlenosti i društvenog napretka, s visokim nivoom zaštite životne sredine? Koliko je uspjela u borbi protiv socijalne isključenosti i diskriminacije te proklamovanju društvene pravde i zaštite? Da li je stvorila ekonomsku, društvenu i teritorijalnu koheziju, i solidarnost među državama članicama? Da li će ostati vjerna ekonomskoj i monetarnoj uniji s eurom kao svojom valutom? Da li, proklamujući svoje vrijednosti širom svijeta, uspijeva pridonositi svjetskom miru, bezbjednosti, održivom razvoju planete Zemlje, solidarnosti i poštovanju među narodima, slobodnoj i pravednoj trgovini i iskorjenjivanju siromaštva? Koliko doprinosi zaštiti ljudskih prava, posebno prava djece, kao i strogom sprovođenju i razvoju međunarodnog prava, uključujući poštovanje principa Povelje Ujedinjenih nacija? Suština bi čini se trebala biti u tome da Evropska unija postane dom različitih naroda i kultura kojima su razumijevanje, tolerancija i poštovanje zajedničke vrijednosti. When with an aura of a great idea and the attractiveness of a classy lady, the European Union, is left alone with itself, it stands before the mirror face to face and takes a look of itself, whether it is satisfied with its reflection? Whether it sees itself as a super state or the reality of a sui generis entity, torn apart by the individual interests of its members, blurs its image and requires very often, more makeup than it is usually needed? Whether it provided people with the space of freedom, security and justice without internal borders? Whether it ensured the sustainable development of Europe based on the balanced economic growth and price stability, highly competitive social market economy, aiming at the highest employment rates and social progress, with a high level of environmental protection? How much did it manage to combat social exclusion and discrimination and proclaim social justice and protection? Whether it created economic, social and territorial cohesion, and solidarity among Member States? Will it remain faithful to the economic and monetary union with the EURO as its currency? By proclaiming its values worldwide, does it manage to contribute to the world peace, security, sustainable development of the Earth, solidarity and respect among peoples, free and fair trade and the eradication of poverty? How much does it contribute to the protection of human rights, especially the rights of children, as well as the strict implementation and development of international law, including respect for the principles of the Charter of the United Nations? It seems that the essence should be for the European Union to become home to various peoples and cultures who share understanding, tolerance and respect as common values.

27 EU KAO ODREDIŠTE ZEMALJA BALKANA THE EU AS THE DESTINATION OF THE BALKAN COUNTRIES Panel I Pogled na EU iznutra An inside view of the EU Janez Prašnikar Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Ljubljani Professor at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Ljubljana Anja Quiring Regionalni direktor za Jugoistočnu Evropu Udruženja njemačke privrede za saradnju sa zemljama JIE Regional Director South East Europe of Committee on Eastern European Economic Relations, Germany Ljubo Jurčić Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Professor at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Zagreb Otto Oberparleiter Direktor regionalnog klastera Siemens Austrija Head Of Regional Cluster Management Siemens Austria

28 28 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Prof.dr.sc. Ljubo Jurčić Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu RAZDVAJANJE ILI JAČANJE EUROPSKE UNIJE REZIME Europska unija predstavlja najznačajniju europsku integraciju današnjice. Hrvatska je postala njezina punopravna članica ove godine. Za procjenu efekata članstva potrebno je poznavati ciljeve, procese i prepreke koje prati integriranje Europe. Od pojave prve ideje o ujedinjenju Europe, pa do prvih koraka u realizaciji prošlo je mnogo vremena. Ideja o ujedinjenju u svojim različitim oblicima javlja se po prvi puta u XVII. stoljeću, a po mnogim, čak i mnogo ranije. Ipak, proces integriranja Europe kao do tad nepoznat oblik suradnje europskih država, započinje tek nakon II. svjetskog rata. Iako proces traje već više od pola stoljeća, još je za mnoge europske zemlje težak. Rođena iz Europske zajednice za ugljen i čelik koja je okupljala svega 6 zemalja članica, Europska unija prošla je burnu evoluciju, i izrasla u zajednicu 28 europskih zemalja. Prva supranacionalna zajednica pod političkim i gospodarskim utjecajima postupno se razvijala, i paralelno sa svojim razvojem širila. Projekt ujedinjenja europskih zemalja u Europsku uniju je najveći ljudski projekt u povijesti. Po mnogima, neizostavan smjer u kojemu bi se EU trebala kretati, nakon svog najvećeg postignuća, monetarne unije je stvaranje fiskalne unije. Fiskalna unija ujedno se smatra najaktualnijim rješenjem za krizom izmorenu i trenutno poljuljanu Europsku uniju. Fiskalna unija znači i manji nacionalni suverenitet a veća uloga EU administracije. Za sada ne postoje znakovi spremnosti kod država članica za takav potez. Ključne riječi: Europska unija, monetarna unija, fiskalna unija. 1. UVOD Nakon dva velika rata u prošlom stoljeću bilo je jasno da nešto nije u redu s upravljanjem Europom. Deseci milijuna poginulih i ranjenih. Stotinu milijuna preživjelih i gladnih bez kuće i zaposlenja. Danas je to teško zamisliti generacijama koje žive u miru i u zemljama s pristojnim standardom. Možda bi se za najbližu usporedbu s toliko brojnim žrtvama i razaranjem mogao iskoristiti uragan Katarina. Drugi svjetski rat prema veličini razaranja i ljudskim žrtvama mogao bi se izjednačiti s uraganom Katarina koji bi se događao pet puta tjedno, svaki tjedan od do godine. Još gore, drugi svjetski rat dogodio se samo dvije decenije nakon prvog svjetskog rata u kojima su kao protivnici glavne uloge igrali Njemačka i Francuska. Ta stradanja stvorila su uvjete za radikalnu promjenu mišljenja prema suživotu u Europi i upravljanju njome. Osnovno pitanje krajem 1940-tih je bilo, kako Europa može izbjeći slijedeći rat? Jedno od rješenja je bilo čvršće povezivanje europskih naroda, s nadnacionalnim tijelima upravljanja, u okviru Ujedinjenih država Europe (United States of Europe), kako je to nazvao Churchill. Stvaranjem socijalističkog bloka na čelu sa Sovjetskim savezom i početak hladnog rata ubrzali su integraciju Europe. Konfrontacija Saveznici nasuprot Sila osovine, zamijenjena je konfrontacijom Istok- Zapad. Stari prijatelji postali su neprijatelji, a stari neprijatelji postali su prijatelji. U svibnju godine u Den Haagu pobornici ideje o europskom ujedinjavanju organizirali su nevladin Europski kongres na kojem je 700 delegata iz 16 država raspravljalo o: europskoj zajednici kao supranacionalnoj tvorevini, njenim institucijama, ljudskim pravima i međunarodnom sudu za ljudska prava, zajedničkom tržištu i monetarnoj uniji. Na tom kongresu po prvi puta otvorena su vrata ideji europskih integracija kao realističnom pravcu moguće buduće zajedničke politike. Kako je to bio nevladin kongres, predstavljao je za zemlje samo apel i nije nosio nikakve obvezujuće zaključke. Godinu dana kasnije, u svibnju godine, mogu se prepoznati prvi rezultati kongresa. Osnovana je prva poslijeratna međunarodna vladina organizacija - Vijeće Europe. Vijeće je osnovano sa zadatkom da promovira ljudska prava i zajedništvo europskih zemalja. Postojala je tendencija da Vijeće Europe bude organizirano kao prva supranacionalna institucija, no to ipak nije ostvareno. Vijeće Europe ostaje međudržavna organizacija koja nema supranacionalnih elemenata. Upravo zbog te karakteristike Vijeće nikad nije odigralo značajniju ulogu u procesu europskog integriranja. To razdoblje obilježilo je i osnivanje prvog stalnog međunarodnog suda, Europskog suda za ljudska prava. Razočaran ograničenim dometom Vijeća Europe, Jean Monnet razradio je početkom 50-ih godina ideju o osni-

29 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Professor Ljubo Jurčić, PhD Professor at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Zagreb BREAKUP OR STRENGTHENING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION RESUME Nowadays, the European Union represents the strongest form of European integration. Croatia has become its full member this year. In order to assess the effects of the EU membership, it is necessary to know the goals, processes and obstacles that accompany Europe s integration. A lot of time passed between the occurrence of the first idea of Europe uniting and the first steps in realization of that idea. The idea of integration, in its various forms, appeared for the first time in 17th century, although there are many who believe that it actually had emerged even earlier than that. Nevertheless, the actual process of Europe integration as previously unknown form of cooperation between European states started only after the World War II. Although this process has been lasting for over half a century already, it is proven as very difficult for many European countries. Born out of the European Coal and Steel Community, gathering only six Member States at the time, the European Union has both gone through turbulent evolution and developed into a community of 28 European states. The first supranational community has been gradually developing under political and economic influences, as well as expanding simultaneously. The project of unification of European states into the European Union is the largest project in the history of mankind. According to the many, after reaching the most important goal, i.e. the Monetary Union, unavoidable direction to which the EU should head in the future is the creation of a fiscal union. The Fiscal Union is at the same time considered the most actual arrangement available to the by the crisis exhausted and currently undermined European Union. Fiscal union also means less national sovereignty and more extensive role of EU administration. As of now, there are no signs that Member States are prepared to make such a move. Key words: European Union, Monetary Union, Fiscal Union. 1. INTRODUCTION After two great wars during the past century, it was clear that something was wrong in the governance of Europe. Tens of millions of people were killed and injured. Hundreds of millions survived, but jobless and homeless. Nowadays, this is something that generations living in peace and in countries with decent standard of living can find hard to imagine. Perhaps the closest comparison to the number of victims and level of devastation in recent history would be the Hurricane Katrina. When taking into account the level of destruction and the number of human casualties, the World War II could be compared to Hurricane Katrina occurring five times a week, each week, from 1938 to To make the matters worse, the World War II broke out just two decades after the World War I, in which main adversaries were Germany and France. All the suffering from that era created a fertile ground for a radical change in opinion on coexistence in and governance of Europe. The principal question in the late 1940s was how Europe could avoid another war. One of the solutions was to make stronger relations between European nations and supranational governing bodies within the United States of Europe, as Churchill christened them. The creation of the Eastern Block, headed by the Soviet Union, and the beginning of the Cold War accelerated the integration of Europe. Confrontation between the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers had gone and was replaced with the confrontation between the East and the West. Old friends became enemies and old enemies became friends. In The Hague, in May 1948, the advocates of the united Europe idea organized the non-governmental European Congress in which 700 delegates from 16 states discussed the ideas of European community as a supranational entity, and of the institutions, human rights and international court of human rights, common market and monetary union for the purpose. It was during this Congress that the door was opened for the first time to the idea of European integrations as a realistic direction of possible future common policy. Since this was a non-governmental congress, it presented only an appeal to the countries of Europe and as such did not entail any binding conclusions. A year later, in May 1949, the first results of that congress were visible. The first post-war international governmental organization was founded, namely the Council of Europe. The Council was founded with the goal of promoting human rights and unity of European countries. There had been a tendency to set up the Council as the first supranational institution, but that was not

30 30 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE vanju tri supranacionalne institucije za tri različita sektora: ekonomski, vojni i politički, kao osnovu za utemeljenje Sjedinjenih Država Europe. Zbog političkih okolnosti zaživjela je samo prva, ekonomska Europska zajednica za ugljen i čelik (EZUČ). Nastala je godine Ugovorom iz Pariza. Bila je to prva supranacionalna institucija, osnovana između šest država: Francuske, Njemačke, Italije, Belgije, Nizozemske i Luksemburga. Zadatak joj je bio osigurati slobodnu trgovinu ugljena i čelika, zajedničkom upravom i propisima zaštititi proizvodnju, te regulirati konkurenciju, a u slučajevima ozbiljne krize omogućiti kontrolu cijena i proizvodnje. Mnogi autori navode kako je EZUČ bila velik korak u zbližavanju Njemačke i Francuske. To je bio po mnogima početak dublje suradnje dugogodišnjih ratnih neprijatelja bez koje daljnji napredak u integriranju Europe nikako ne bi bio moguć. Pristupanje (Zapadne) Njemačke NATO-u godine koje je Sovjetski savez shvatio kao dodatnu prijetnju, ubrzalo je integriranje Njemačke, Francuske, Italije i zemalja Beneluxa. Teško bi se zemlje koje su bile žrtve nacističke agresije integrirale s Njemačkom da nije bilo Sovjetske prijetnje i američke garancije o nadzoru nad Njemačkom. Također, teško bi se prihvatilo da Njemačka industrijski, vojno i politički ojača bez njenog integriranja u nadnacionalnu europsku integraciju, čiji je konačni cilj političko integriranje. 2. EUROPSKA EKONOMSKA ZAJEDNICA Godine u Messini je održana povijesna konferencija. Na toj su konferenciji sudjelovali ministri vanjskih poslova šest zemalja članica Europske zajednice za ugljen i čelik i, među ostalim, raspravljali su i o stvaranju Europske ekonomske unije koja bi se mogla ostvariti kreiranjem jedinstvenog tržišta i uvođenjem četiriju sloboda. Pregovori su trajali do veljače 1957., a 25. ožujka iste godine u Rimu su potpisana dva ugovora: Ugovor Europske ekonomske zajednice i Europske zajednice za atomsku energiju, poznatiji pod nazivom Rimski ugovori. Cilj njihova osnivanja bio je stvaranje jedinstvenog tržišta i približavanje ekonomskih politika država članica kako bi se postigao jedinstveni razvoj ekonomija, kontinuirani ekonomski razvoj i povećao standard života stanovnicima država članica. Zajednicama pristupa šest država članica Europske zajednice za ugljen i čelik. Stvaranjem Europske ekonomske zajednice težilo se ostvarivanju dvaju bitnih ciljeva u integraciji Europe: kreiranju carinske unije i zajedničkog tržišta. Prema čl. 2. Ugovora, zadatak EEZ-a je bio... da osnivanjem zajedničkog tržišta i postupnim usklađivanjem ekonomskih politika država članica unutar čitave Zajednice unaprijedi ravnomjeran razvoj gospodarskih djelatnosti, stalan i uravnotežen prirodni razvoj, veću stabilnost, brži porast životnog standarda i bliskije odnose među državama Zajednice. Prvi veliki zahtjev koji je bio postavljen pred EEZ, a kojem je Zajednica uspješno udovoljila, bio je stvaranje carinske unije među državama članicama. Danas se carinska unija temelji se na odredbama Ugovora o funkcioniranju Europske unije, Glave I - Sloboda kretanja robe (čl ) i Glave X - Suradnja u području carina (čl. 135). Čl. 23 utvrđeno je da će carinska unija obuhvaćati ukupnu trgovinu robom, što prvenstveno uključuje zabranu carina i pristojbi s istovrsnim učinkom na uvoz i izvoz robe među državama članicama Unije, kao i primjenu zajedničke carinske tarife na njihove trgovinske odnose s trećim državama. Pojam carinska unija podrazumijeva prostor na kojem ne postoje unutarnje prepreke kretanju robe, a na robu koja ulazi izvana primjenjuju se zajednička pravila, carine i kvote. Valja istaknuti da je, sukladno odredbama GATT-a i WTO- -a, ta vrsta regionalnog trgovinskog sporazuma izuzeta od primjene načela najpovlaštenije nacije na nečlanice carinske unije. Odredbe carinske unije osiguravaju zaštitu okoliša te zdravlja i sigurnosti građana, a preduvjet tome je kontrola i otkrivanje zaraženih prehrambenih proizvoda i njihovo vraćanje u matične zemlje. Propisana je i zaštita ugroženih vrsta biljaka i životinja, kulturnih dobara otkrivanjem kretanja ukradenih umjetnina, ali kontrola uključuje i ograničavanje uvoza tehnologija koje bi se mogle koristiti u svrhu stvaranja nuklearnog ili kemijskog oružja. Nakon Rimskog ugovora vladao je entuzijazam da će se zajedničko tržište formirati za godina, tj. do početka 80-ih. Zbog euroskleroze u 70-ima ubrzo se uvidjelo da će taj proces trajati mnogo duže. Protekcionistička i intervencionistička gospodarska politika koju su europske države vodile nakon rata uvelike je doprinijela odgodi razvoja zajedničkog tržišta. Takva politika suprotna je ideji o stvaranju zajedničkog tržišta koja podrazumijeva ukidanje svih zapreka slobodnom kretanju roba, usluga, ljudi i kapitala. Proces postupnog i mukotrpnog otklanjanja zapreka trajao je gotovo trideset i pet godina. Do važnog preokreta dolazi godine. kada je objavljeno izvješće Program mjera za ostvarenje zajedničkog tržišta, poznatije pod nazivom Bijela knjiga. Iznosi se detaljan i sveobuhvatan pregled nacionalnih zapreka stvaranju zajedničkog tržišta, grupiranih u tri skupine: fizičke, tehničke i fiskalne. U Milanu je iste godine sazvana međuvladina konferencija gdje je zaključeno da treba žurno prilagoditi institucionalni i pravni okvir EZ kako bi se predložene mjere što lakše i uspješnije provele. To je i učinjeno kada je donesen Jedinstveni europski zakon. Ovaj ugovor država članica EZ donosi niz novina i predstavlja prvu veću reviziju Rimskih ugovora. Njime se uvodi pojam unutarnjeg tržišta, uz znan nam pojam zajedničkog tržišta, kako bi se psihološki motiviralo na otklanjanje prepreka i težnje zajedničkom tržištu. Ovaj dokument od iznimne je važnosti jer predstavlja prvo postavljanje temelja za kasniju uspostavu Europske ekonomsko monetarne unije. Iako se uzima da je zajedničko tržište uspostavljeno do godine, ipak su i nakon toga ostale poteškoće u njegovom punom i nesmetanom radu. Nakon 1970ih i faze euroskepticizma i državnih intervencija, postalo je jasno da je nužna hitna akcija koja će

31 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro accomplished. The Council of Europe has remained an intergovernmental organization that has no supranational element. Precisely because of that characteristic, the Council never played any significant role in the process of European integrations. That era was also marked by the founding of the first permanent international court, the European Court of Human Rights. Disappointed at the limited reach of the Council of Europe, Jean Monnet worked out, in the early 1950s, the idea of founding three supranational institutions for three different sectors, i.e. economic, military and political, as the foundation for setting up the United States of Europe. Due to political circumstances, only the first one, i.e. economic, came to life as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). It was formally established, in 1951, by the Treaty of Paris. It was the first supranational institution founded by six states, i.e. Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Its task was to ensure free trade of coal and steel; protect production through joint governance and regulations; regulate competition; and, in case of a serious crisis, to ensure price and production controls. Many authors state that the establishment of ECSC was a major step in bringing Germany and France closer together. Many believe that this was a start of deeper cooperation between long-time war adversaries and that any further progress in the integration of Europe would be made impossible without it. Accession of (West) Germany to NATO in 1955, which was seen by USSR as an additional threat, accelerated the integration of Germany, France, Italy and Benelux countries. It would have been highly unlikely to have the countries, i.e. the victims of Nazi s aggression integrated with Germany if there had not been the Soviet threat and USA s guarantees for keeping Germany under control. In addition, it would have been difficult to allow industrial, military and political strengthening of Germany if there had not been Germany s integration into supranational European integration, with the final goal of political integration. 2. EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY As historical event, a conference was held in Messina in The Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the six European Coal and Steel Community Member States took part in the conference where, among other things, they discussed possible establishment of the European Economic Community through the creation of a common market and the introduction of Four Freedoms. Negotiations lasted until February 1957 and, in March of the same year, two treaties were signed in Rome, i.e. the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC) and the Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, better known as the Treaty of Rome. The goal of their establishment was to create a common market and the harmonization of the Member States economic policies aimed to achieving a uniform development of their economies, continuous economic development and improved standard of living for the Member States citizens. Six Member States of the European Coal and Steel Community joined these two communities. The establishment of the European Economic Community was aimed at accomplishing two major goals relevant to the integration of Europe, namely setting up a customs union and a common market respectively. According to Article 2 of the Treaty, EEC s goal was by establishing a Common Market and progressively approximating the economic policies of Member States, to promote throughout the Community a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion, an increased stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between its Member States The first major requirement that had been posed to the EEC, and the Community fulfiled it, successfully, had been to establish a customs union for its Member States. Today, the Customs Union is based on the provisions of Title I - Free Movement of Goods (Articles 23-27) and Title X - Customs Cooperation (Article 135) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 23 states that the Union shall comprise a customs union which shall cover all trade in goods and which shall involve the prohibition between Member States of customs duties on imports and exports and of all charges having equivalent effect, and the adoption of a common customs tariff in their relations with third countries. The notion of customs union refers to an area where there are no internal barriers to the movement of goods, while the goods coming from outside the EU are subject to joint rules, custom duties and quotas. It should be highlighted that, in accordance with GATT and WTO s provisions, such regional trade agreements are exempt from the application of the principle of most favored nation to the countries that are not members of the Customs Union. Regulations of the Customs Union ensure protection of environment, as well as health and safety of citizens, and a prerequisite for all of that is the control and detection of infected food products and their return to their countries of origin. The protection of endangered species and animals, the protection of cultural goods through detection of stolen works of arts have also been laid down. Furthermore, control also includes limiting the import of technologies that can be used to fabricate nuclear or chemical weapons. After the Treaty of Rome there was considerable enthusiasm that a common market would be created within 10 to 15 years, i.e. by the early 1980s. Due to eurosclerosis in the 1970s, it became clear that this process would last for much longer. Protectionism and interventionism pursued by the European states after the war greatly contributed to the delay in the development of the Common Market. Such policy was in direct opposition with the creation of a common market idea, which implied the abolition of all barriers to the free movement of goods, services, people and capital. The process of gradual and painstaking overcoming those obstacles lasted for almost thirty-five years. A major turnaround occurred in 1985, in the year of the publication of the report titled Completing the Internal Market, better known as the White Paper. It sets forth a detailed and comprehensive overview of national-level obstacles to the creation of such internal market, grouped into three categories: physical, technical and fiscal. In Milan in the same year, an intergovernmental conference was convened and it was concluded

32 32 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE dovesti do zaokreta europskog gospodarstva, koje nije pružalo adekvatan odgovor jakoj inozemnoj konkurenciji. Trebalo je potaknuti programe jedinstvenog tržišta. Kako bi gospodarstva postala efikasnija i konkurentnija 1980ih godina napori su se usmjeravali na poticanje zajedničkih istraživanja, promoviranje trans-europskih korporativnih spajanja, i uklanjanje barijera trans-europskom poduzetništvu. Godine Francuska i Njemačka odlučile su ubrzati smanjenje kontrole na granicama i u lipnju priključile su se zemljama Beneluxa potpisivanjem Schengenskog Sporazuma kojim su uklonjene kontrole na granicama. Taj je sporazum stupio na snagu u siječnju Sporazumom iz Amsterdama godine i druge zemlje potpisnice (Italija, grčka, Portugal i Španjolska) uklonile su sve kontrole carina i putovnica. Unutar Schengenskog područja time je omogućena slobodna cirkulacija ljudi. Sredinom 80ih Komisija je vjerovala u pro-liberalizacijsko ponašanje i poduzela put k ostvarenju Jedinstvenog europskog zakona (SEA) iz Naglašavajući slobodno kretanje kapitala jednako kao i roba i usluga, SEA je vodio do usvajanja direktive iz 1988., koja je imala za cilj uspostaviti potpuno liberalizirano financijsko tržište do godine. Prihvaćanje SEA drži se najznačajnijim i najuspješnijim korakom u procesu europske integracije nakon Rimskih ugovora. To je imalo dalekosežne posljedice: stvorilo se jedinstveno, najveće svjetsko tržište i trgovinsko središte. Mnoge interne kontrole dokumenata ili carina bile su ili ukinute ili svedene na minimum; banke i poduzeća dobivale su ovlast da posluju na cijelom području Unije; gotovo ništa ne priječi rezidenta EU da živi, radi, otvara bankovni račun ili dobiva svoju mirovinu u bilo kojem dijelu Zajednice; protekcionizam između tih zemalja postao je ilegalan; razbijeni su monopoli SEA je konačno formulirala da su ekonomska i monetarna unija ciljevi EU, koji promoviraju koheziju članica, što je kolokvijalni termin u EU za smanjivanje jaza između bogatih i siromašnih dijelova EU Zajednička poljoprivredna politika Poljoprivredna je politika s transportnom politikom jedina zajednička sektorska politika predviđena još u tekstu Rimskoga sporazuma. Ciljevi su agrarne politike predviđeni tim Sporazumom višestruki, a najvažniji je smanjenje uvoza i zadovoljavanje potreba stanovništva. Članak 33 definirao je pet ciljeva u jednom kontekstu, gdje je racionalizacija poljoprivrede nakon rata i ovisnost o prehrani bila posebno izražena. Sporazum daje široku definiciju poljoprivrednih proizvoda koja sadrži proizvode iz zemlje, uzgoja i ribarstva i proizvode prve transformacije koji su u direktnom odnosu s tim proizvodima. Zbog ekonomske i socijalne specifičnosti toga sektora integracija preko tržišta provedena je uvođenjem zajedničke politike. Poljoprivredni su se proizvodi do tada kretali slobodnom igrom ponude i potražnje u zemljama članicama. Prijelazom od intervencije nacionalnih politika u Zajedničku agrarnu politiku (CAP) osigurana je dugotrajnost toga sustava, poljoprivrednicima su zbog različitih proširenja sve šire i šire otvorena tržišta, omogućena je unifikacija prehrambenih troškova i ista razina života u Uniji. Ribarstvo je povijesno vrlo dugo prisutno na prostoru zemalja EU i važno je za razvoj i gospodarstvo mnogih malih sredina. Temelj za upravljanje ribarstvom u EU postavljen je Zajedničkom ribarskom politikom (Common Fisheries Policy - CFP). Zajednička ribarska politika izvorno je bila dio Zajedničke poljoprivredne politike (Common Agricultural Policy - CAP), a izdvajanju u zasebnu politiku pridonio je ulazak u Uniju zemalja sa znatnim ribarskim flotama i morskim resursima te potreba rješavanja novih specifičnih problema, poput očuvanja zaliha ribe i reguliranja međunarodnih odnosa nakon uvođenja gospodarskih pojaseva. Tokom 1966.g. Europska Komisija je poduzela prve korake ka stvaranju ZRP( zajedničke ribarske politike). Ti koraci se uglavnom mogu objasniti tadašnjom situacijom-konkurencijom na međunarodnoj razini koja je uspostavljena GATT sporazumima, te nedovoljnoj konkurentnosti flote zemalja EZ-a na tadašnjem stupnju razvoja. Nakon prvih prijedloga Komisije, Vijeće europske unije je usvojilo dva dokumenta koja se danas smatraju temeljnima u okvirima ZRP: 1) Uredba Vijeća 2141/70 donesena 20. rujna 1970.g. koja uspostavlja zajedničku strukturnu politiku za ribarsku industriju; 2) Uredba Vijeća 2142/70 donesena 20. rujna 1970.g. koja uspostavlja organizaciju tržišta ribarskih proizvoda Navedene uredbe su uvele neke poznate principe u ZRP. Prije svega to je princip jednakih uvjeta pristupa ribljim resursima (eng. Equal access principle); druga važna novost jest legislativni okvir za Vijeće koje će kasnije usvojiti potrebne konzervacijske mjere za sprečavanje pretjeranog izlova ribljih stokova; te konačno treća važna odredba ticala se financijskog mehanizma koji će potpomoći razvoj ribarskog sektora kroz implementaciju uredbi za razvoj strukturnih i tržišnih sektora ribarske industrije Zajednička transportna politika Uspostava zajedničke prometne politike predviđena je još Rimskim ugovorom, kada je ujedno definiran cilj prometne politike. Kao cilj navodi se nediskriminatorna politika cijena prijevoza putnika i robe s obzirom na podrijetlo ili odredište, razvoj i financiranje infrastrukture te formuliranje zajedničke transportne politike. Sloboda pružanja usluga i promet definirani su člankom 51. Rimskog ugovora, koji određuje da je sloboda pružanja usluga u području prometa uređena odredbama Sporazuma koje se odnose na promet.

33 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro there that EC s institutional and legal framework should be swiftly adapted in order to implement the proposed measures as easily and efficiently as possible. That was done in 1986, when the Single European Act was adopted. This treaty between the EC Member States brought many novelties and was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome. It introduced the notion of the single market, besides the already known notion of a common market, in order to provide a psychological motivation for overcoming the obstacles and aspiring to a common market. This document is of utmost importance, because it represents the first step in setting the foundations for the establishment of the European Economic and Monetary Union. Although it is assumed that the common market had been established by 1992, even after that year there were still some difficulties in its full and smooth operation. After the 1970s and euroscepticism phase and state interventions, it became clear that a swift action was necessary to lead to the turn-around in the European economy, which had not been providing an adequate response to strong foreign competition. It was necessary to encourage programs for the single market. In order to have a more efficient and competitive economy, during the 1980s the efforts were focusing on encouraging common research, promoting trans-european corporate mergers and eliminating the obstacles to trans-european entrepreneurship. In 1984, France and Germany decided to accelerate the process of reducing border controls. In June 1985, they joined the Benelux countries by signing the Schengen Agreement, which resulted in the abolition of border controls. This agreement entered into force in January By signing the Amsterdam Agreement in 1995, other Signatory Countries (Italy, Greece, Portugal and Spain) also abolished all customs and passport checks, enabling thereby the free movement of people within the Schengen zone. During the mid 80s, the Commission believed in proliberal behavior and took the road to enforcing the Single European Act (SEA) from By stressing the free movement of capital as important as the free movement of goods and services, SEA led to the adoption of the directive of 1988 that had the goal to establish a completely liberalized financial market by Adoption of SEA is considered to be the most important and the most successful step in the process of the European integrations after the Treaty of Rome. This had far-reaching consequences, namely it created the world s largest single market and trade centre. Many internal documents or customs controls were either abolished or minimized; banks and enterprises were allowed to do business anywhere within the EU; there were almost no obstacles for EU residents to live, work, open bank accounts or obtain a pension anywhere within the Union; protectionism between countries became illegal; monopolies were broken up The SEA finally formulated that the EU s goals were to establish economic and monetary unions respectively, which promoted Member States cohesion, with the notion of cohesion being a colloquial term in the EU for decreasing any gap between rich and poor regions of the EU The Common Agricultural Policy The Common Agricultural Policy together with the Transport Policy is the only common sectoral policy envisaged even in the Treaty of Rome. The goals of agricultural policy envisaged by the Treaty are multiple, but the most important ones are decreasing imports and fulfilling the needs of population. Article 33 defined five goals in one context, among which rationalization of agriculture after the war and reliance on food were especially relevant. The Treaty provided a broad definition of agricultural products as those comprising the products of the soil, of stock-farming and of fisheries and products of firststage processing directly related to these products. Due to economic and social specificities of that sector, the integration of the market was implemented through introduction a common policy. Up until then, agricultural products were being sold based solely on the principle of supply and demand within the Member States. With the transition from interventions of national policies to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the sustainability of the system was ensured, farmers were given ever-wider access to markets due to different enlargements and it also enabled the unification of food prices and the same level of cost of living throughout the Union. Fishery has historically been present for a long time in the EU Member States and it has been very important for development and economy of many smaller environments as well. Foundations for fishery management in the EU were set up by the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). Common Fisheries Policy was originally linked to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), but over time it has become independent policy due to the accession to the EU of countries with significant fishing fleets and marine resources, as well as the need to solve new specific problems, like preserving fish stocks and regulating international relations after the introduction of economic zones. During 1966, the European Commission took first steps in establishing CFP (Common Fisheries Policy). These steps can mostly be explained by the situation at the time, i.e. by international-level competition established by GATT agreements, as well as by the lack of competitiveness of EC countries fishing fleet at their current level of development. After the first proposals of the Commission, the EU Council adopted two documents that are considered today as fundamental within the CFP s framework, namely 1) Council Regulation No. 2141/70 of 20 September 1970, laying down a common structural policy for the fishing industry; 2) Council Regulation No. 2142/70 of 20 September 1970, laying down the common organization of the market in fishery products. These Regulations introduced some well-known principles into CFP. First of all, the Equal Access Principle to

34 34 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Sposobnost da se ljudi i roba kreću brzo, učinkovito i jeftino, bila je neophodna u ostvarivanju dinamičkog i kohezijskog društva kakvom je težila EEZ. Temeljna načela zajedničke prometne politike utvrđena su Glavom V, člancima Ugovora o EZ. Ciljevi su zajedničke prometne politike su: 1) utvrditi zajednička pravila koja se primjenjuju na međunarodni prijevoz na teritorij ili s teritorija država članica, odnosno na prijevoz preko područja jedne ili više njih; 2) utvrditi uvjete pod kojima prijevoznici koji nemaju sjedište ili prebivalište na području neke države članice mogu unutar te države članice obavljati usluge prijevoza; 3) usvajati mjere za poboljšanje sigurnosti prijevoza, i sve druge odgovarajuće propise. Znatniji napredak postignut je tek godine, kada je objavljena Bijela knjiga o dovršetku unutarnjeg tržišta. Zahvaljujući ukidanju granica te većoj liberalizaciji i usklađivanju propisa, stvaranje jedinstvenog tržišta označilo je prekretnicu u razvoju zajedničke prometne politike. 3. EUROPSKA UNIJA Još je u preambuli Rimskog ugovora sadržana odredba da su tim sporazumom države članice:...odlučne postaviti temelje ujedninjenja naroda Europe.... U kojoj mjeri su države članice odlučne i spremne na ujedinjenje i danas je upitno. Odlučnost, koju je tada zahtijevao začetak političke unije u Europi, rođena je krajem osamdesetih i početkom devedesetih, u razdoblju kada se Europa našla na velikoj političkoj prekretnici. Na prijelazu iz osamdesetih u devedesete došlo je do sloma komunizma, okončanja politike hladnog rata i ujedinjenja Njemačke. Europska zajednica u tom je razdoblju, zahvaljujući donošenju Jedinstvenog europskog akta, bila zaokupljena dovršetkom izgradnje jedinstvenog tržišta te daljnjim procesom integriranja. Splet političkih događaja zajedno s integracijskim zamahom unutar EZ-a, dovodi do sazrijevanja ideje o stvaranju čvršće političke unije. Temelj te unije godine postavlja Delors izvješćem za Europsku komisiju o izgradnji Ekonomsko-monetarne unije. U izvješću se ističe kako države članice EZ-a moraju unijeti određene promjene u osnivačkom ugovoru, koje su neophodne za izgradnju Ekonomsko-monetarne unije. Sve države članice, osim Velike Britanije, usuglasile su interese, prihvatile ovaj program i složile se kako je neophodno sazivanje međuvladine konferencije na tu temu. U prosincu godine održane su dvije paralelne međuvladine konferencije, jedna na temu monetarne, a druga političke unije. Između zemalja sudionica konferencije postojale su mnogobrojne i duboke razlike u pogledu na određena rješenja predloženog dogovora. Ova činjenica jasno je potkrijepljena u postupku ratifikacije. Pregovori između članica trajali su do prosinca godine kada je konačno donesen Ugovor o osnutku Europske unije. Ugovor je naišao na probleme u ratifikaciji. Velika Britanija i Danska ratificirale su ga uz određene iznimke. Zbog navedenih okolnosti, Ugovor o Europskoj uniji potpisan je 7. veljače godine, a stupa na snagu tek 1. studenog Tek tada je formalno uspostavljena Europska unija (EU). Iako naziv unija baš ne odražava ostvareni stupanj jedinstva, bio je to početak procesa stvaranja političke i produbljivanja gospodarske unije u Europi Europska monetarna unija Najveće postignuće Europske unije u procesu integriranja Europe zasigurno je uspostava monetarne unije i kreiranje zajedničke valute eura. Kao jedan od ciljeva europskog integriranja monetarna unija prvi put se spominje godine u Barreovom planu. Konkretnijoj razradi ideje prionuo je Pierre Werner nakon raspada Bretton- -Woodskog sustava i neuspješnih pokušaja država EZ-a da ograniče opasna fluktuiranja svih europskih valuta. Na temelju Wernerova izvješća, godine uspostavljen je Europski monetarni sustav. Sustav se sastojao od vezanja valuta članica EZ-a posebno dizajniranim mehanizmom posebnih prava vučenja (Exchange Rate Mechanism - ERM) kako bi se valute članica stabilizirale. Zahvaljujući ovom sustavu ostvareni su pozitivni stabilizirajući rezultati u osamdesetim godinama. Ipak, pokazalo se kako sustav dugoročno ne može otkloniti valutne i monetarne probleme s kojima su se zemlje susretale, pa se stoga pamti samo kao prvi korak na putu prema monetarnoj uniji, kojoj se ozbiljnije pristupa tek početkom devedesetih. Uspostavljanjem jedinstvenog tržišta naglo je poraslo uvjerenje da se potencijal jedinstvenog tržišta zemalja članica može u potpunosti iskoristiti isključivo s uvođenjem zajedničke valute, jer bi ona osigurala transparentnost cijena, smanjila transakcijske troškove i eliminirala tečajne rizike među članicama zajedničkog tržišta. Iskorištavanje punog potencijala jedinstvenog tržišta, kao i daljnji poticaj političkoj integraciji može se okarakterizirati kao unutrašnji (primarni) razlog za kreiranje ekonomske i monetarne unije. Vanjski razlog (sekundarni) bio je stvaranje velikog valutnog područja i konkurencija američkom dolaru za položaj svjetskog novca. Motiviran spomenutim uvjerenjima i težnjama Jacques Delors, tadašnji predsjednik Europske komisije, sastavlja izvješće u kojemu su predložene tri faze stvaranja ekonomske i monetarne unije. Delorsovo izvješće objavljeno je u travnju, a usvojeno u lipnju godine. U prvoj fazi cilj je bio dovršiti izgradnju unutarnjeg tržišta, liberalizirati kapitalne tokove, ukloniti sve prepreke financijskoj integraciji i intenzivirati monetarnu suradnju. U drugoj se fazi predviđala izgradnja organizacijske strukture EMU-a, te produbljenje ekonomske konvergencije među članicama. I u posljednjoj trećoj fazi predviđalo se fiksiranje tečajeva valuta, uvođenje jedinstvene zajedničke valute i dodjela pune monetarne i ekonomske odgovornosti raznim institucijama i tijelima EU.

35 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro fishery resources. The other important novelty was the legislative framework as the basis for the Council to adopt later the required conservation measures for preventing overfishing. Finally, the third important regulation dealt with financial mechanisms that would aid the development of fishery sector through the implementation of regulations for the development of structural and market sectors of fishery industry Common Transport Policy Establishment of a common transport policy was envisaged already by the Treaty of Rome, which defined also the goal of such transport policy. It was stated that the goal was to establish a non-discriminatory pricing policy for transport of passengers and goods in respect to their place of origin or destination, to develop and fund infrastructure and to formulate the common transport policy. The freedom to provide services and transport was defined in Article 51 of the Treaty of Rome, which stated that the freedom to provide services in the field of transport should be governed by the provisions of the Agreements relating to transport. The opportunity for people and goods to move swiftly, efficiently and affordably was required for achieving a dynamic and cohesive society that the EEC was striving for. The fundamental principles of common transport policy were stated in Chapter V, Articles of the EC Agreement. Goals of the common transport policy are: 1) determine common rules applicable to international transport to the territory or from the territory of a Member State or passing accross the territory of one or more Member States; 2) determine the conditions under which non-based and non-resident carriers may operate transport services within a Member State; 3) adopt measures to improve transport safety, and all other appropriate provisions. Significant progress was not achieved until 1985, when the White Paper on Completing the Internal Market was published. Thanks to the abolition of borders, as well as further liberalization, and the harmonization of regulations, establishment of the common market marked a milestone in the common transport policy development. 3. EUROPEAN UNION Even in the Preamble to the Treaty of Rome there was a provision which stated that, based on the Treaty, Member States are ( )to lay the foundations of an evercloser union among the peoples of Europe ( ). To what extent are Member States determined and prepared for the union is questionable even today. The determination required, at the time, by the initiation of political union in Europe, was born in the late 80s and the early 90s, at the time when Europe found itself at a major turning point. At the turn of the eighties to the nineties, there was the collapse of communism, the end of the politics of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany. Thanks to the adoption of The Single European Act, the European Community was preoccupied during that period with completing the establishment of the single market and furthering the integration processes. A series of interconnected political events, together with the integration enthusiasm within the EC, led to the maturing of the idea of creating a stronger political union. Delors set foundations of that union in 1988, in his Report presented to European Commission on Economic and Monetary Union. The Report stated that the EC Member States should approach to a Treaty change that was required for the realization of the Economic and Monetary Union. All Member States, except Great Britain, agreed upon their respective interests, adopted this program and consented that it was necessary to convene an intergovernmental conference on the subject. In December 1990, two simultaneous intergovernmental conferences were held, one on the subject of the Monetary Union and the other on the subject of a political union. There were numerous and extensive differences among the countries participating at the conference, concerning certain solutions provided in the proposed treaty. This fact was clearly visible during the ratification procedure. Negotiations between Member States lasted until December 1991, when the Treaty on European Union was finally drafted. The Treaty faced some obstacles during ratification. Great Britain and Denmark ratified it, with certain exceptions. Due to these circumstances, the Treaty on European Union was signed on 7 February 1992, with its entering into force no earlier than on 1 November Only upon its entering into force, the European Union (EU) was formally established. Although the term union did not reflect the actually achieved level of integration, it was still a beginning of the process of establishing political and deepening of economic union in Europe European Monetary Union Most certainly, the European Union s greatest achievement in the process of Europe integration was the establishment of monetary union and the creation of a European single currency, namely the Euro currency. Monetary union was mentioned as one of the goals of European integrations for the first time in Barre s Plan, in The concrete development of that idea was handled by Pierre Werner, after the Bretton-Woods system had fallen apart and after unsuccessful attempts of the EC Member States to limit dangerous fluctuations in all the European currencies. European monetary system was established in 1979, based on Werner s report. The system was based on linking the EC Member States currencies through a specially designed Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), in order to stabilize the Member States currencies. Thanks to this system, positive stabilization results were achieved during the 80s. Nevertheless, it was proven that, in the long run, such a system cannot overcome currency and monetary issues that Member States were facing at the time. Therefore, this mechanism is remembered only as the initial step on the road towards monetary union, an issue that was tackled more seriously only when 1990s started. By establishing the Single Market, there was a sudden stronger belief that the potential of the Single Market for Member States could be fully taken advantage of only by introducing a common currency since it would ensure

36 36 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Provedba Delorsova plana započinje u srpnju godine potpunom liberalizacijom kapitalnih tokova među zemljama članicama i jačanjem koordinacije ekonomskih politika. 1. siječnja godine osnivanjem Europskog monetarnog instituta obilježen je početak druge faze. Treća ujedno i posljednja faza započela je 1. siječnja godine. Na taj dan su fiksirani tečajevi nacionalnih valuta. Ujedno je uveden euro kao knjižni novac. Zajedno s uvođenjem eura, Europska središnja banka preuzela je vođenje monetarne politike europodručja. 1. ožujka godine euro je postao jedino službeno sredstvo plaćanja u zemljama europodručja, i time je okončana realizacija Delorsovog plana. Ekonomska i monetarna unija iznimno je kompleksan i napredan oblik ekonomske integracije. Stvaranjem ovakve unije zemlje članice učinile su korak više i našle se na putu k potpunoj ekonomskoj integraciji, ma koliko teško bila ostvariva. Razmišljajući u tom smjeru, pored jedinstvenog tržišta, zajedničke monetarne politike i zajedničke valute teži se harmonizaciji ostalih ekonomskih politika, od kojih se najveći dio pažnje usmjerava na fiskalnu politiku. Mjera u kojoj će monetarna politika unije odgovarati njenim pojedinim članicama uvelike je određena međusobnom usklađenošću poslovnih ciklusa. Središnja banka prilagođava monetarnu politiku vođena stanjem ekonomskog ciklusa za čitavo valutno područje i ne može voditi računa o ciklusima pojedinih članica. Stoga, monetarna politika koja se provodi odgovarati će zemljama članicama čiji su poslovni ciklusi usklađeni s čitavim monetarnim područjem. U slučaju visokog stupnja usklađenosti poslovnih ciklusa zemalja članica, monetarna politika koja se provodi odgovarati će svim članicama i intenzitet makroekonomskih fluktuacija u njima biti će razmjerno blag. U suprotnoj situaciji, vođena monetarna politika određenim članicama neće odgovarati i dovesti će do pojačanja njihove cikličke oscilacije gospodarske aktivnosti, nezaposlenosti i inflacije Fiskalna politika europske unije Fiskalna politika Europske unije svodi se na proračun EU kao jedini instrument provođenja fiskalne politike sa središnje, supranacionalne razine EU. Ostatak fiskalnog sustava promatramo kao skup pravila i dogovora preko kojih zemlje članice harmoniziraju i koordiniraju ostale segmente fiskalne politike. To se prvenstveno odnosi na harmonizaciju oporezivanja te na koordinaciju stabilizacijskih fiskalnih politika kroz Pakt o stabilnosti i rastu te Maastrichtske kriterije konvergencije. (Šimović, 2006.) Proračun EU relativno je malen i preko njega se alocira ograničen iznos sredstava u odnosu na područje koje pokriva. Uvelike se razlikuje od nacionalnih proračuna. Ukupni prihodi i rashodi proračuna čine nešto preko 1 % BDP-a EU. Osnovna funkcija proračuna je financiranje zajedničkih funkcija i politika EU. Harmonizaciju poreznih sustava promatramo kao drugi segment fiskalnog sustava EU. Nametanje poreza isključivo je zadaća vlada zemalja članica EU, a porezni propisi pripadaju poreznom sustavu određene zemlje članice. Ipak, u nastojanju da ojača zajedničko unutarnje tržište, EU je raznim smjernicama i drugim pravnim propisima utjecala na formiranje poreznih sustava zemalja članica EU i na taj način fiskalnu harmonizaciju iskoristila kao alternativni pristup fiskalnom federalizmu. Treći segment fiskalnog sustava EU ogleda se u koordinaciji stabilizacijskih i proračunskih politika zemalja članica putem fiskalnih pravila EU. Fiskalna pravila se odnose na Pakt o stabilnosti i rastu i Maastrichtske kriterije konvergencije. Cilj ovih pravila je očuvanje fiskalne discipline unutar monetarne unije Fiskalna unija za europsku uniju Eurozona je jedinstven oblik monetarne unije - bez povijesnog presedana. Otkako su pokrenuti planovi za stvaranje jedinstvene valute, institucionalni sustav za oblikovanje fiskalne politike i očuvanje fiskalne održivosti monetarne unije predmet je oštrih rasprava, kako među ekonomistima, tako i među političarima. Nedavna globalna financijska kriza i Europska dužnička kriza bile su dodatan impuls na pokrenutu raspravu. Postoji nekoliko pogleda. Prema jednima, monetarna unija, da bi bila održiva, treba biti nadopunjena produženom nadnacionalnom fiskalnom unijom. Neki stručnjaci, poput De Grauwe (2006), idu dalje i inzistiranju i na dubljoj političkoj uniji kako bi se osigurao uspjeh eura. S druge strane, postavlja se pitanje hoće li takav produžetak fiskalnih ovlasti Bruxellesa, biti politički prihvaćen od strane EU građana. Neki od stručnjaka argumentiraju kako monetarna unija nema potrebu za bilo kakvom središnjom fiskalnom koordinacijom država članica (Mckay, 2005). Za njih okvir fiskalne politike treba biti isključivo posao zemalja članica. Postoje prijedlozi prema kojima su nužna poboljšanja u kvaliteti fiskalne politike. Poboljšanja bi trebala obuhvatiti i fiskalne institucije diljem EU. To bi bio obećavajući pristup koji bi doveo do poboljšanja u fiskalnom upravljanju na razini EU. Do sada rasprava nije pokazala nikakve znakove o nastajanju sporazuma. Eurozona predstavlja prvu monetarnu uniju gdje je monetarna politika postavljana na centralnoj, europskoj razini, dok se fiskalna politika provodi ispod-centralnim, nacionalnim razinama. Dakle, ekonomskoj struci nedostaju povijesni slučajevi koji bi se koristili kao smjernice za teorijski i empirijski rad. (Bordo et al., 2011) Pojam fiskalne unije podrazumjeva fiskalni federalizam među svojim članicama, koji bi mogao biti u obliku subnacionalne ili regionalne političke jedinice, ili na nacionalnoj

37 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro transparency of prices, decrease transaction costs and eliminate currency fluctuation risks among the Common Market Member States. Benefiting from the full potential of the Single Market, as well as a further encouragement to political integrations can be characterized as internal (primary) reason for creating the Economic and Monetary Union. External (secondary) reason was the creation of a large currency area and competition to the US dollar for the position of global currency. Motivated by these beliefs and aspirations, Jacques Delors, the then President of the European Commission, drafted a report in which three phases in creation of an economic and monetary union were proposed. Delors s report was published in April, and was adopted in June During the first phase, the goal was to complete the founding of the Internal Market, liberalize capital flows, remove all the obstacles to financial integration, and intensify monetary cooperation. Second phase envisaged the development of EMU s organizational structure and strengthening the economic convergence among Member States. The final, third phase envisaged fixing the exchange rate of Member States currencies, introducing the unique common currency and handing the full monetary and economic responsibility to different EU institutions and bodies. The enforcement of Delors plan started in July 1990 with complete liberalization of capital flows between Member States and strengthening the coordination of economic policies. Founding of the European Monetary Institute on 1 January 1994 marked the start of the second phase. Third and final phase started on 1 January On that date, the exchange rate of Member States national currencies was fixed. At the same time, The Euro was introduced as the accounting currency. Simultaneously with the introduction of the Euro, the European Central Bank took over the governance of monetary policy in the Euro zone. On 1 March 2002, the Euro became the only legal tender in the Euro zone countries and, thereby, the implementation of Delors plan was completed. The Economic and Monetary union is an extremely complex and advanced form of economic integration. By creating such a union, Member States had made another step forward and found themselves on the path of complete economic integration, no matter how difficult it would be to achieve it. Having such mindset, in addition to the Single Market, the Common Monetary Policy and the common currency, there have been tendencies to continue working on harmonizing other economic policies, of which the largest share of attention is focused on fiscal policy. The extent to which the Monetary Policy will suit its individual Member States is largely determined by mutual coordination of business cycles. The Central Bank adjusts monetary policy of the whole Eurozone, guided by the condition of the economic cycle, and cannot take into account the cycles of individual Member States. Therefore, the Monetary Policy that is being implemented will be suitable for those Member States whose business cycles are adjusted to that of the whole Eurozone. In case of a high degree of harmonization of Member States business cycles, the Monetary Policy that is being implemented will suit all the Member States and the intensity of macroeconomic fluctuations within them respectively will be proportionally mild. Otherwise, the Monetary Policy that is being implemented will not be appropriate to all Member States, which will lead to an increase in the cyclic oscillations of their respective economic activities, as well as to unemployment rate and inflation increase Fiscal policy of the European Union Fiscal policy of the European Union is reduced to the EU budget as the only instrument for the implementation of fiscal policy from the central, supranational EU level. The remainder of the fiscal system is seen as a set of rules and agreements through which Member States are harmonizing and coordinating their other fiscal policy segments. First of all, it refers to the harmonizing the taxation and coordinating the stabilization fiscal policies through the Stability and Growth Pact and Maastricht Convergence Criteria. (Šimović, 2006) The EU budget is relatively small and certain amounts from it are allocated to the areas it covers. It is significantly different from national budgets. Total revenues and expenditures of the budget make slightly more than 1% of the EU s GDP. The Budget principal function is to fund the EU s common functions and policies. The harmonization of tax systems is seen as the second segment of the EU s fiscal system. Imposing taxes is the exclusive task of the governments of the EU Member States, and tax regulations fall under the tax system of a certain Member State. Nevertheless, while trying to strengthen the common internal market, through different guidelines and other legal regulations the EU influenced the formation of the EU Member States tax systems and, thus, took advantage of the fiscal harmonization as an alternative approach to the fiscal federalism. Third segment of the EU s fiscal system is reflected in the coordination of stabilization and budgetary policies of Member States through the EU s fiscal rules. The fiscal rules refer to the Stability and Growth Pact and Maastricht Convergence Criteria. The goal of these rules is to preserve the fiscal discipline within the Monetary Union Fiscal Union for the European Union Eurozone is a unique form of monetary union without any historic precedent. Since the initiation of plans for establishing a single currency, the institutional system for governing fiscal policies and maintaining fiscal sustainability of the Monetary Union has been a topic of heated debates among both the economists and politicians. The recent financial crisis and European debt crisis provided an additional impulse to ongoing discussions. There are several different points of view. According to some, for a monetary union to be sustainable, it should be supplemented with extended supranational fiscal union. Some experts, like De Grauwe (2006), go even further and insist on a deeper political union too, in order to ensure the Euro s success. On the other hand, the question aris-

38 38 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE razini. Ne postoji jedinstvena definicija fiskalnog federalizma. Sorens (2008) na primjer definira idealni tip fiskalnog federalizma kao onaj koji se sastoji od sljedeća četiri elementa: 1) pod središnji politički subjekti uživaju neovisnost/samostalnost u odlučivanju o porezima i rashodima 2) ove vlade suočene su sa poprilično teškim proračunskim ograničenjima; klauzula o nespašavanju se podrazumijeva u idealnom tipu fiskalnog federalizma 3) postoji zajedničko tržište koje se temelji na slobodnoj trgovini i mobilnosti unutar fiskalne unije čime je otvoren prostor za natjecanje između pod-središnjih vlada i 4) sustav fiskalnog federalizma institucionaliziran je skupom pravila. Skupina autora dodaje peti element na ovom popisu: 5) zajedničko tržište temelji se na zajedničkoj valuti, koja je, pod-središnja baš kao što su središnje fiskalne vlasti članovi iste monetarne unije. Bez obzira na potencijalne prednosti i mane fiskalnog federalizma u Europskoj uniji, struka sa sigurnošću tvrdi kako, oblik fiskalnog federalizma koji predstavljaju Buiter i Rahbari (2011), nije moguć u skorije vrijeme. Kao glavni razlog navodi se duboko zadiranje u suverenitet zemalja članica, što ovakav oblik fiskalne unije čini neprihvatljivim rješenjem. Fiskalni federalizam kao sredstvo nametanja fiskalne discipline Europskoj uniji i zemljama članicama Eurozone, zbog niza političkih razloga ostaje samo ideja ili prijedlog bez šanse da bude prihvaćen ili uspješan. Kao glavne, ističu se proceduralne poteškoće. Prijelaz na fiskalni federalizam zahtijevao bi preradu Ugovora, koji bi zatim trebali biti ratificirani od strane država, uključujući moguće referendume u Irskoj, Danskoj, Velikoj Britaniji te eventualno još nekim zemljama. (Buiter i Rahbari, 2011) U periodu nakon proživljene krize, potpora daljnjoj integraciji Europe, posebice na ovako intenzivan način, postaje upitna, kako među perifernim zemljama Europske unije, tako i među europskom elitom. Do sličnog zaključka u konačnici se dolazi i u razmatranju transferne fiskalne unije. Prema Buiteru i Rahbariu (2011) otvoreni i nepokriveni transferi od jezgre k periferiji Eurozone, u kombinaciji s ustupanjem kontrole nad javnom potrošnjom, porezima i privatizacijom od strane zemalja dužnika zemljama donorima, teško da će ikad biti realizirani. Zemlje jezgre Eurozone koje bi u ovakvom odnosu bile neto platiše, teško da bi na ovakav odnos bile motivirane predajom fiskalnog suvereniteta od strane zemalja dužnika. Već danas u Europi možemo nabrojiti mnoge primjere sličnih odnosa unutar nacionalnih država koji su na rubu trpeljivosti. Bogata Katalonija buni se protiv transfera siromašnim regijama Španjolske, Flandrija protiv transfera Valonskoj regiji, a Sjeverna Italija ima separatistički pokret koji nastoji stati na kraj velikodušnim transferima u Mezzogiorno. 4. ZAKLJUČAK Od samih početaka neki od koraka u izgradnji EU usmjereni su krivo. Uočene su manjkavosti zbog kojih se danas nakon krizom potresenog sustava, često bez ustručavanja donosi jasan zaključak, kako je monetarna unija bila trijumf politike nad ekonomijom. Pozivajući fiskalnu uniju kao rješenje trenutnog stanja suočavamo se s pitanjem kako je uopće započela gradnja EU. Europa je uvođenjem zajedničke valute EU započela graditi bez temelja, koji su doduše postojali, ali samo u političkom smislu. Temelji koji nedostaju mogu se definirati kao sređivanje gospodarstava zemalja, strukturno usklađivanje različitih gospodarstava, usklađivanje fiskalne politike i usklađivanje regulacije banaka. Često se tvrdi posebice, ali ne samo od strane američkih ekonomista da euro pokazuje da je nemoguće imati monetarnu uniju u nedostatku političke unije te da se Europa mora odvažiti na određene eksperimente u području federalizma, po uzoru na američki stil. Thomas Sargent iskoristio je svoj govor na dodjeli Nobelove nagrade kako bi potakao Europljane da slijede model Alexandera Hamiltona (2011). Isto tako, Paul de Grauwe nedavno je izjavio: Euro je valuta bez zemlje. Da bi bio održiv, potrebno je izgraditi Europsku zemlju. Fiskalna unija definirana je fiskalnim suverenitetom, koji je uz monetarni, jedan od najvažnijih stupova nacionalne države. Fiskalni suverenitet možemo definirati kao utvrđivanje poreza, zaduživanja i javne potrošnje. Preko te politike svaka vlada vodi svoju državu. Baš svaka europska vlada danas, na spomenuti prijedlog Paula de Grauwea, odgovorila bi da je to ekstremno radikalan savjet. Gotovo svaki političar opovrgava da postoji realna mogućnost stvaranja europske države. Europske države, odnosno njihovi političari nisu spremni na daljnje prepuštanje suvereniteta supranacionalnoj zajednici. Fiskalni federalizam ili transferna fiskalna unija neće biti prihvaćena u cijelosti kao oblik fiskalne unije za EU: 1) zemlje članice nisu spremne prepustiti svoje suverenitete supranacionalnoj razini; 2) biračko tijelo zemalja jezgre protivi se bilo kakvim oblicima financiranja neodgovornog ponašanja zemalja periferije ; 3) Europska unija skeptična je prema svim modelima koji omogućavaju trenutno rješavanje nesolventnosti zemalja, ali ne pružaju rješenje problema - postizanja dugoročne fiskalne discipline nesolventnih. U konačnici možemo zaključiti, kako se modeli fiskalne unije, u većoj ili manjoj mjeri, ne prihvaćaju iz političkih razloga. Struka sugerira EU i zemljama članicama kako je rješenje problema u dubljem integriranju Europe, međutim neizbježan je dojam kako nitko u Europi na to nije spreman. Fiskalni federalizam u svom punom obliku nikad neće zaživjeti u EU. Fiskalno zajedništvo u EU stvara se procesima harmonizacije, odnosno usklađivanja i koordinacije pojedinih dijelova fiskalnih sustava i fiskalnih politika zemalja članica. Dakle, EU i zemlje članice postigle su određena kompromisna rješenja koja su bila neophodna za rješava-

39 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro es whether such an extension of Brussels fiscal powers is going to be politically accepted by the EU citizens. Some experts argue that a monetary union does not require any central fiscal coordination of Member States (McKay, 2005). According to them, Member States should exclusively tackle financial policy framework. There are proposals according to which improvements in the quality of fiscal policy are necessary. Improvements are said to be due in fiscal institutions throughout the EU as well. That would be a promising approach, which would lead to improvements in fiscal management at the EU level. Up until now, the discussions have not shown any signs that an agreement is close. Eurozone represents the first monetary union in which the Monetary Policy is being set at a central, European level, while the Fiscal Policy is being managed on sub-central, national levels. Well, economic profession lacks case studies to be used as guidance for theoretical and empirical work (Bordo et al., 2011). The notion of fiscal union implies its member countries fiscal federalism that may be the form of a subnationalor regional- or national-level political entity. There is no unified definition of fiscal federalism. For example, Sorens (2008) defines the ideal type of fiscal federalism as the one comprising the following four elements: 1) sub-central political entities are given independence in making decisions on taxes and expenditures; 2) these governments are facing quite severe budget restrictions; no-bailout clause is implied in the ideal type of fiscal federalism; 3) there is a common market founded on free trade and mobility within the fiscal union, which opens the space for competition between sub-central governments; and 4) fiscal federalism system is institutionalized by a set of rules. One group of authors adds a fifth element to this list: 5) the Common Market is based on the common currency that is sub-central just like the central fiscal authorities are members of the same monetary union. Notwithstanding the potential advantages and disadvantages of the fiscal federalism in the European Union, experts in the field are certain that the form of fiscal federalism presented by Buiter and Rahbari (2011) is not possible any time soon. The main reason here is that fiscal union is affecting seriously the sovereignty of Member States, which makes this form of union an unacceptable solution. Because of numerous political reasons, fiscal federalism as an instrument of imposing fiscal discipline on the European Union and Eurozone Member States remains just an idea or a proposal without any chance to be adopted or successful. As the main difficulties, the procedural ones are referred to. Transition to fiscal federalism would require a revision of the Treaty, which should then be ratified by Member States, including possible referendums in Ireland, Denmark, Great Britain and possibly in some other countries as well. (Buiter and Rahbari, 2011). In the period after the experienced crisis, the support to a further integration of Europe, especially in such an intensive manner, is becoming questionable, between both the peripheral countries of the European Union and the European elite. In the end, a similar conclusion can be made when deliberating on fiscal transfer union. According to Buiter and Rahbari (2011), open transfers and transfers without available balance from the core to the periphery of Eurozone, in combination with assigning the control over public consumption, taxes and privatization from debtor countries to donor countries will hardly ever be realized. The core Eurozone countries, which would be net payers according to this scenario, would be hardly motivated to enter into such an arrangement if debtor countries assigned them the fiscal sovereignty. Even today, in Europe, we can list many examples of similar relationships within the nation states that are on the brink of tolerance. Rich Catalonia rebels against transfers to poor regions of Spain, Flanders and against transfers to Walloon region, while Northern Italy has a separatist movement that seeks to put an end to generous transfers to the Mezzogiorno. 4. CONCLUSION Since the very beginning some of the steps in establishing the EU went wrong way. Some drawbacks have been observed. Because of them, nowadays, after the system was hit by the crisis, a clear conclusion that the monetary union was a triumph of politics over economy is frequently made without a hesitation. By referring to the fiscal union as to a solution to the current situation, we are being faced with the question about how the establishment of the EU actually started. Through the introduction of a common currency in the EU, Europe started construction works without having proper foundations first. The foundations actually did exist, but only in the political sense. The missing foundations can be defined as regulating states economies, structural harmonization of different economies, coordination of fiscal policies and aligning the regulation of banks. It is often claimed especially, but not exclusively by the American economists that the Euro has demonstrated that it is impossible to have a monetary union without a political union and that Europe should dare to try out specific experiments in the field of federalism, modeled on the American style. Thomas Sargent used his speech at the Nobel Price award ceremony to encourage Europeans to follow the model of Alexander Hamilton (2011). Furthermore, Paul de Grauwe recently stated: Euro is a currency without a country. In order for it to be sustainable, it is necessary to establish Europe as a state. The Fiscal Union is defined by fiscal sovereignty, which is, together with the monetary sovereignty, one of the most important pillars of a nation state. Fiscal sovereignty can be defined as levying taxes, borrowing and public consumption. Each administration is governing their state through that policy. Nowadays, each and every government in Europe would characterize the aforementioned Paul de Grauwe s proposal as an extremely radical piece of advice. Almost all politicians deny that there is a realistic possibility of establishing Europe as a state. European states, i.e. their politicians are not prepared for any further transfer of their sovereignty to a supranational community. Fiscal federalism or fiscal transfer union shall not be adopted wholly as a form of the fiscal union for the

40 40 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE nje nastale situacije. Ova rješenja možemo prihvatiti kao kratkoročna. Ostaje pitanje u kom će se smjeru EU kretati u budućnosti i koja će se dugoročna rješenja razviti za predstavljene probleme? Što će se dogoditi sa Europskom unijom u budućnosti teško je sa sigurnošću reći. Stručnjaci smatraju da joj preostaju dva izbora razdvajanje ili jačanje supranacionalne zajednice. U posljednjim godinama, obilježenim krizom, europski lideri nisu željeli odabrati neku od spomenutih alternativa, već su naprosto pobjegli od te odgovornosti. Pronaći dugoročno rješenje svojevrsno je iskušenje i test za europsku integraciju iza koje stoji 60 godina dugotrajne povijesti i suradnje. U svakom slučaju, odluka o budućnosti Europe biti će donesena u Njemačkoj. Razlog tomu je činjenica da novac kojim se financira probleme perifernih zemalja dolazi iz njemačkog gospodarstva. Njemačka s druge strane 60 % svoga izvoza plasira upravo u zemlje EU. Njemačka će financirati neodgovorno ponašanje zemalja u problemima sve dok ostvaruje neto profit od postojanja EU kao integracije. Njemačka će održavati postojanje EU sve dok troškovi održavanja unije, ne premaše profite koje ona ostvaruje u EU. Postupak je kompliciran i nosi velike uloge. Na vladama europskih zemalja sada stoji da pokažu svoja umijeća i sposobnosti. LITERATURA 1. Bordo, M. D., Markiewicz, A. i Jonung L. (2011) A fiscal union for the euro: some lessons from history. NBER Working paper Boyd, E. i Fauntroy, K. M. (1997), American federalism :significant events. CRS Report RL Calleo, D. P. (2003), Rethinking Europe s future. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 4. Chari, V. i Kehoe, P. J. (2004), On the desirability of fiscal constraints in a monetary union. NBER Working paper No. W De Grauwe, P. (2011), Why the ECB refuse to be a lender of last resort. (online) Dostupno na: voxeu.org/article/why-ecb-refuses-be-lender-last-resort ( ) 6. De Nardis, S., De Santis R. i Vicarelli C. (2008), The single currency s effects on eurozone sectorial trade: winners and losers?. (online) Dostupno na: ( ) 7. DeGrauwe, P. (2006), On monetary and political union. University of Leuven 8. Dewatripont, M., Giavazzi, F., von Hagen, J., Harden, I., Persson, T., Roland, G., Rosenthal, H., Sapir, A. i Tabellini, G. (1996), Flexibile Integration: towards a more Effective and Democratic Europe. Monitoring European Integration 6, London: CEPR 9. Dixit, A. i Lambertini L. (2001), Monetary-fiscal policy interactions and commitment versus discretion in a monetary union. European Economic Review, vol. 45Dostupno na: ( ) 10. Eichengreen, B. (1991), Is Europe an optimum currency area?. NBER Working paper no Frankel, J. (2012), Could Eurobonds be the answer to the Eurozone crisis? (online) 12. Friedrich, C.J. (1968), Trends od federalism in theory and practice. New York:Praeger 13. Inman, R. i Rubinfeld, D.L. (1998), Subsisiarity and European Union. NBER Working Paper, WP/ James, H. (2013), Making the European Monetary Union. (online) Dostupno na: article/making-european-monetary-union ( ) 15. Jurčić, Lj. (2010), Financijska kriza i fiskalna politika. (online) Dostupno na: php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=85872 ( ) 16. Korkman, Sixten (2005), Economic policy in the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 17. McKay, D. (2005), Economic logic or political logic? Economic theory, federal theory and EMU. Journal of European Public policy, vol McKinnon, R. (1963), Optimum currency areas, American Economic Review, vol Musgrave, R. A. (1973), Teorija javnih financija. Beograd: Naučna knjiga 20. Oates, W. (1999) An Essay of Fiscal federalism. American Economic Association 21. Persson,T., Roland, G. i Tabellini G. (1996), The Theory of Fiscal Federalism: What Does it Mean for Europe? Unpublished manuscrip, prepared for the conference Quo Vadis Europe?. Kiel, Šimović, H. (2005), Fiskalna politika u Europskoj uniji i Pakt o stabilnosti i rastu. (online) Dostupno na: hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_ jezik=41471 ( ) 23. Šimović, H. (2006), Fiskalni sustav i fiskalna politika Europske unije. Zagreb: Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu

41 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro EU since: 1) Member States are not prepared to assign their sovereignty to a supranational level; 2) the constituency of core states opposes to any form of funding for irresponsible behavior of peripheral states; 3) the European Union is skeptical about all the models providing a temporary solution to states insolvency, but do not provide a solution to the problem, i.e. achieving a longterm fiscal discipline in insolvent states. In the end, we can conclude that the fiscal union models, to a greater or lesser extent, have not been adopted because of political reasons. Experts in the field suggest to the EU and its Member States that the solution to the problem is more comprehensive integration of Europe; however, there is an unavoidable impression that no one in Europe is ready for that. Fiscal federalism in its full form shall never come to be in the EU. Fiscal union in the EU is created through processes of harmonization, i.e. alignment and coordination of the respective parts of fiscal systems and fiscal policies of Member States. Therefore, the EU and Member States have succeeded in making certain compromise solutions as essential for resolving the situation. We should regard these solutions as temporary ones. There remains a question about the direction toward which the EU will move ahead in the future and what long-term solutions are going to be developed for the problems presented? It is hard to say what will happen with the European Union in the future. Experts believe that it has two choices remaining, namely breakup or strengthening of the supranational community. In the last few years that were marked by the crisis, European leaders did not want to choose any of these two alternatives, but they have decided simply to run away from taking the responsibility. Finding a long-term solution is a kind of temptation and a test for European integration, backed by 60 years of history and long-lasting cooperation. In any case, the decision on Europe s future shall be made in Germany. The reason for that is that the money used to fund problemsolving in peripheral countries comes from the German economy. On the other hand, Germany is placing 60% of its exports in the EU countries. Germany shall continue to fund irresponsible behavior of struggling countries as long as it keeps making a net profit because of the existence of the EU as integration. Germany shall maintain the existence of the EU up till the maintenance expenses become higher than the profits that Germany is making in the EU. This process is very complex and carries high stakes. It is now up to the governments of the European states to show their skills and abilities. REFERENCES 1. Bordo, M. D., Markiewicz, A. i Jonung L. (2011) A fiscal union for the euro: some lessons from history. NBER Working paper Boyd, E. i Fauntroy, K. M. (1997), American federalism : Significant events. CRS Report RL Calleo, D. P. (2003), Rethinking Europe s future. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 4. Chari, V. i Kehoe, P. J. (2004), On the desirability of fiscal constraints in a monetary union. NBER Working paper No. W De Grauwe, P. (2011), Why the ECB refuse to be a lender of last resort. (online) Dostupno na: voxeu.org/article/why-ecb-refuses-be-lender-last-resort ( ) 6. De Nardis, S., De Santis R. i Vicarelli C. (2008), The single currency s effects on eurozone sectorial trade: winners and losers?. (online) Available at: ( ) 7. DeGrauwe, P. (2006), On monetary and political union. University of Leuven 8. Dewatripont, M., Giavazzi, F., von Hagen, J., Harden, I., Persson, T., Roland, G., Rosenthal, H., Sapir, A. i Tabellini, G. (1996), Flexibile Integration: towards a more Effective and Democratic Europe. Monitoring European Integration 6, London: CEPR 9. Dixit, A. i Lambertini L. (2001), Monetary-fiscal policy interactions and commitment versus discretion in a monetary union. European Economic Review, vol. 45. Available at: ( ) 10. Eichengreen, B. (1991), Is Europe an optimum currency area?. NBER Working paper no Frankel, J. (2012), Could Eurobonds be the answer to the Eurozone crisis? (online) 12. Friedrich, C.J. (1968), Trends od federalism in theory and practice. New York:Praeger 13. Inman, R. i Rubinfeld, D.L. (1998), Subsisiarity and European Union. NBER Working Paper, WP/ James, H. (2013), Making the European Monetary Union. (online) Available at: article/making-european-monetary-union ( ) 15. Jurčić, Lj. (2010), Financijska kriza i fiskalna politika. (online) Dostupno na: php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=85872 ( ) 16. Korkman, Sixten (2005), Economic policy in the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 17. McKay, D. (2005), Economic logic or political logic? Economic theory, federal theory and EMU. Journal of European Public policy, vol McKinnon, R. (1963), Optimum currency areas, American Economic Review, vol Musgrave, R. A. (1973), Teorija javnih financija. Beograd: Naučna knjiga 20. Oates, W. (1999) An Essay of Fiscal federalism. American Economic Association 21. Persson,T., Roland, G. i Tabellini G. (1996), The Theory of Fiscal Federalism: What Does it Mean for Europe? Unpublished manuscrip, prepared for the conference Quo Vadis Europe?. Kiel, Šimović, H. (2005), Fiskalna politika u Europskoj uniji i Pakt o stabilnosti i rastu. (online) Available at: hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_ jezik=41471 ( ) 23. Šimović, H. (2006), Fiskalni sustav i fiskalna politika Europske unije. Zagreb: Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu

42 42 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Otto Oberparleiter Direktor regionalnog klastera Siemens Austrija OSVRT NA EVROPSKU UNIJU IZNUTRA IZ MEĐUNARODNE KOMPANIJE REZIME Crna Gora je načinila postojan napredak u glavnim reformamam usmjerenim prema ujedinjavanju sa Evropskom unijom. Nastojanja u pravcu usklađivanja sa EU-om ostaju glavna sidrišta sveobuhvatnih reformi, i napredak na ovom polju treba da održava ekonomski rast u srednjeročnom smislu. Imajući na umu postojeći status Crne Gore u procesu integracije sa Evropskom unijom i raspoloživost sredstava iz komponenti IPA-a, izgleda interesantno podijeliti ukratko naše iskustvo o četiri tematska cilja buduće Kohezione politike Evropske unije. Namjera je ovog izlaganja da se uputi jedna preporuka o tome u kojim oblastima je potrebno obaviti pripremu da bi se potigla najbolja moguća apsorpcija novčanih sredstava Evropske unije, onda kada ta sredstva budu na raspolaganju za vašu državu. Siemens je međunarodna kompanija koja je aktivna u oko 190 zemalja. Siemens Austrija je odgovorna za 19 dodijeljenih zemalja, sa strogim usredsređenjem na zemlje Jugo- -istočne Evrope. U principu, Siemens vjeruje da jedan integrisani pristup jeste najprikladniji način postizanja sveprisutnih ciljeva Evropske unije do 2020., kao i usklađene i održive Kohezione politike. 1. UVOD Jedna po jedna, zemlje Jugoistočne Evrope postaju članice Evropske unije, što ih čini podobnim za podršku i finansiranje iz Evropske unije kada je u pitanju izgradnja saobraćajne infrastrukture, zdravstvena zaštita i sistemi javne uprave sve oblasti u kojima Siemens može ponuditi interesantna rješenja. Crna Gora je stekla zvanični status države kandidata za članstvo u Evropskoj uniji i otvorila pregove o pristupanju EU-i u junu godine. Jedan od praktičnih dubljih smislova za postojeći status Crne Gore kao zemlje kandidata za članstvo u EU-i je mogući pristup svim (5) komponentama IPA-a (Intsrumenta predpristupne pomoći). U ovom trenutku projekti pomoći iz Evropske unije podržavaju reformska nastojanja Crne Gore na njenom putu prema Eu-i. Finansijska sredstva podržavaju predmete / teme kao što su borba protiv organizovanog kriminala i korupcije, reforma pravosuđa, izgradnja zaobilaznice u Podgorici, projekti u sektoru energije, zaštite životne sredine i poljoprivrede i usklađivanja crnogorskog zakonodavstva sa propisima Evropske unije. Skorašnji projekti obezbjeđuju ključno važnu podršku u oblastima politike, ekonomije i prava, što će osnažiti crnogorski kapacitet da preuzme obaveze koje se odnose na proces integracije u Evropsku uniju. Povdje je uključena i podrška reformi zaštite životne sredine, malim i srednjim prduzećima, unutrašnjem tržištu, zaštiti ličnih podataka, policiji, pravosuđu i civilnom sektoru. Prioriteti za finansijsku pomoć iz Evropske unije u nacionalnim programima su, između ostalog, da pripreme Crnu Goru za upravljanje Strukturnim fondovima za buduću Kohezionu politiku Evropske unije, naime Evropskog fonda za regionalni razvoj i Kohezionog fonda u pogledu sektora zaštite životne sredine i saobraćaja i Evropskog socijalnog fonda kroz komponentu izgradnje kapaciteta. 2. KOHEZIONA POLITIKA EVROPSKE UNIJE Koheziona politika je glavna invesiona politika Evropske unije, koja je namijenjena otvaranju radnih mjesta i rastu, koja predstavlja otprilike jednu trećinu budžeta Evropske unije. Primjera radi, kada Evropski parlament i države-članice odobre budžet Evropske unije za period od do godine, onda će Koheziona politika da uloži 325 milijardi eura u evropske regione i gradove da bi postigla ciljeve Eu-e u pogledu otvaranja radnih mjesta i rasta, kao i odlučnih nastojanja u bavljenju pitanjima klimatskih promjena i energetske zavisnosti. Uzimajući u obzir nacionalni doprinos država-članica, i dejstvo finansijske poluge finansijskih instrumenata, sveukupan uticaj će vjerovatno biti više od 500 milijardi eura. Reforma Kohezione politike obezbijediće maksimalan uticaj na ulaganja, prilagođena pojedinačnim potrebama regiona i gradova. Tematski ciljevi Kohezione politike su sljedeći: osnaženje istraživanja, tehnološkog napretka i inovacija; proširenje pristupačnosti, korišćenja i kvaliteta informacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija; povećanje konkurentnosti malih i srednjih predu-

43 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Otto Oberparleiter Head Of Regional Cluster Management Siemens Austria AN INSIDE VIEW OF THE EU FROM AN INTERNATIONAL COMPANY RESUME Montenegro has made steady progress on key reforms geared towards integration into the European Union. Efforts towards EU approximation remain the main external anchor for comprehensive reforms and progress on this front should buoy economic growth prospects in the medium term. Having in mind the existing status of Montenegro in the EU integration process and the availability of IPA components it seems interesting to share briefly our experience on four thematic objectives of the future EU Cohesion Policy. The intention hereby is to give a recommendation where the appropriate preparation should be done to achieve the highest possible absorption of EU funds, once these funds will be available for your country. Siemens as an international company is active in around 190 countries. Siemens Austria has the responsibility for 19 assigned countries, the strong focus is on CEE countries. In general Siemens believes that an integrated approach is the most appropriate way in order to achieve the overarching targets of the European Union s 2020 goals as well as a coherent and sustainable Cohesion Policy. 1. INTRODUCTION One by one, the CEE countries are becoming members of the European Union, which makes them eligible for EU support and funding when it comes to building up transportation infrastructure, healthcare and public administration systems - all areas where Siemens can offer interesting solutions. Montenegro obtained formal status of an EU candidate country and opened EU accession negotiations in June One of the practical implications for current EUcandidate status of Montenegro is the possible access to all five components of IPA (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance). At the moment the EU assistance projects support Montenegro s reform efforts on its path to the EU. The funds support subjects/themes such as the fight against organized crime and corruption, judicial reform, the construction of Podgorica by-pass, projects in the area of energy, environment and agriculture and the harmonization of the Montenegrin legislation with EU laws. Recent projects also provide key support in the political, economic and legal fields, which will enforce the Montenegrin capacity to assume obligations related to the EU integration process. Support for environmental reform, SMEs, the internal market, personal data protection, police, justice and civil society are all included. The priorities for EU financial assistance in the national program are, among all, to prepare Montenegro for the management of Structural Funds for the future EU cohesion policy, namely the European Regional Fund and Cohesion Fund regarding the environmental and transport sectors and the European Social Fund through the institution building component. 2. EU COHESION POLICY The Cohesion Policy is the main EU investment policy for jobs and growth representing approximately one third of the EU budget e.g. once the EU s budget is confirmed by the European Parliament and the EU member states, Cohesion Policy will invest 325 billion Euros in Europe s regions and cities to deliver the EUwide goals of growth and jobs, as well as tackling climate change and energy dependence. Taking into account the national contribution of member states, and the leverage effect of financial instruments, the overall impact is likely to be more than 500 billion Euros. The reform of the Cohesion Policy will ensure maximum impact for the investments, adapted to individual needs of regions and cities. The thematic objectives of the Cohesion Policy are the following: Strengthening research, technological development and innovation; Enhancing access to, and use and quality of, information and communication technologies; Enhancing the competitiveness of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SME); Supporting the shift towards a low-carbon econo-

44 44 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE zeća (SME); podrška prelasku na niskougljeničku privredu u svim sektorima; unapređivanje prilagođavanja klimatskim promjenama, sprječavanja rizika, i rukovođenja; očuvanje, zaštita životne sredine, unaprijeđivanje efikasnosti resursa; unaprijeđivanje održivog saobraćaja i uklanjanje uskih grla u ključno važnim mrežnim infrastrukturama; unaprijeđivanje održivog, kvalitetnog zapošljavanja, podrška mobilnosti radne snage; unaprijeđivanje socijalnog uključivanja, suzbijanje siromaštva i svake vrste diskriminacije; ulaganje u obrazovanje, kvalifikacije i cjeloživotno učenje; proširivanje institucionalnih kapaciteta javnih organa i zainteresovanih strana, efikasan javna uprava. Evropska komisija je usvojila svoje zakonodavne prijedloge za postavljanje okvira Kohezionoj politici za period od do godine, na dan 06. oktobra godine. Od kako je Evropska unija definisala dugoročne ciljeve za rast i otvaranje radnih mjesta (»Strategija Evropa «), postoji potreba boljeg usklađivanja politike sa ovim ciljevima za postizanje dogovorenih svrha u kontekstu zapošljavanja, obrazovanja, siromaštva, inovacija, istraživanja i razvoja (R&D) i klime (obnovljiva energija, energetska efikasnost i emisije stakleničkih gasova). Ovaj proces je u toku. On će biti glavni investicioni instrument Evropske unije za ispunjenje ciljeva Strategije Evropa godine, a to su ostvarivanje rasta i otvaranje radnih mjesta, odlučno bavljenje klimatskim promjenama i energetskom zavisnošću, i smanjenje siromaštva i socijalne isključenosti. 3. POGLED NA SIEMENS - GLOBALNO I LOKALNO Prije predstavljanja priprema Siemens-a za predmete i pitanja koja je pokrenula Evropska komisija, želio bih da ukratko predstavim našu kompaniju, pri čemu ću pokušati da ne zadržim vašu pažnju previše na činjenicama i ciframa. Siemens je svjetski centar u oblasti elektronike i elektoinženjeringa, koji posluje u oblastima industrije, energije i zdravstvene zaštite i takođe obezbjeđuje rješenje za infrastrukturu, prvenstveno za gradska i velegradska područja. Tokom preko 165 godina, Siemens predstavlja tehnološku izvrsnost, inovaciju, kvalitet, pouzdanost i međunarodnu prisutnost. Ova kompanija je jedna od najvećih svjetskih snabdjevača tehnologija za zaštitu životne sredine. Tokom fiskalne godine, koja se završila 30. septembra 2013., prihod kompanije iz tekućih poslovanja je iznosio 75,9 milijardi ukupno, sa 4,2 milijarde eura neto prihoda (dobiti). Na kraju septembra godine, Siemens je imao oko zaposlenih širom svijeta po osnovu tekućeg poslovanja, od kojih više od zaposlenih u 28 država članica Evropske unije. Siemens sprovodi projekte u Crnoj Gori već decenijama. Otvaranjem Predstavničke kancelarije godine, kompanija je potvrdila važnost ovog dinamičnog tržišta. Danas Siemens Crna Gora ima status regionalne kompanije. Najvažniji projekti koje je Siemens sproveo u Crnoj Gori u proteklih nekoliko godina su modernizacija kontrolne opreme u termo-elektrani Pljevlja, izgradnja visokovoltažne trafostanice od 110/10 kv, Podgorica 5, i trafostanice od 400/110/35 kv, Ribarevina. Siemens je takođe isporučio i instalirao zaštitnu opremu u elektroenergetskom sistemu Crne Gore, uključujući prekidačku opremu. U toku je projekat izgradnje trafostanice u Kotoru, sa prvim gasom izolovanim sistemom u Crnoj Gori, snage od 110 kv. Cjelovita rješenja za hotele visoke klase i poslovne prostore ima raspon od isporuke trafostanica do najmodernijih sigurnosnih i komunikacionih sistema, što su izvrsne reference za učešće ove kompanije u projektima velikog obima u Crnoj Gori. Siemens je bio jedini dobavljač opreme za hotel Splendin, jer je imao traženo stručno znanje za potrebe ispunjavanja krajnjih rokova i obezjeđivanja nivoa integracije za poslovanje bez teškoća. Instalirali smo cijeli sistem za upravljanje hotelom, uključujući automatizaciju hotelskih soba za krajnji klimatizacioni komfor, sisteme za kontrolu pristupa i sisteme upravljanja uslugama i recepcijom. Nakon sprovođenja složenog projekta koji je za sobom donio instaliranje Siemens One Solution, kompanija se sprema da završi posao u Atlas Capital Centru, najluksuznijem poslovnom, trgovačkom i stambenom objektu u Crnoj Gori. U oblasti zdravstvene zaštite, Siemens Crna Gora sprovodi prjekte velikog obima u Crnoj Gori od godine. Sproveli smo još dva velika projekta: godine instaliranje opreme za onkologiju u Klinici za onkologiju u radioterapiju, i, godine, dijagnostičku opremu za zdravstvene ustanove. Nakon ovoga, Siemens je postao strateški partner zdravstvenog sistema Crne Gore. Vrijedno je pomenuti da je kompanija koja stvara budućnost svojom inovativnom tehnologijom i rješenjima, kao što Siemens radi posljednjih 165 godina, u obavezi da doprinese zajedničkom dobru drušvta čiji je sastavni dio. 4. SIEMENS-ov POGLED NA NAČIN POSTIZANJA CILJE- VA STRATEGIJE EVROPA GODINA U principu, Siemens vjeruje da jedan integrisani pristup jeste najprikladniji način postizanja sveukupnih ciljeva strategije Evopske unije do godine, kao i usklađene i

45 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro my in all sectors; Promoting climate change adaptation, risk prevention and management; Preserving, protecting the environment, promoting resource efficiency; Promoting sustainable transport and removing bottlenecks in key network infrastructures; Promoting sustainable, quality employment, supporting labor mobility; Promoting social inclusion, combating poverty and any discrimination; Investing in education, skills and lifelong learning; Enhancing institutional capacity of public authorities and stakeholders, efficient public administration. The European Commission adopted its legislative proposals to frame Cohesion Policy for on 6 October Since the EU has defined new long-term objectives for growth and jobs ( Europe 2020 strategy ), there is a need to align the policy better to these goals for achieving the agreed targets on employment, education, poverty, innovation, research & development (R&D) and climate (renewable energy, energy-efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions). This process is ongoing. It will be the EU s principle investment tool for delivering the Europe 2020 goals: creating growth and jobs, tackling climate change and energy dependence, and reducing poverty and social exclusion. 3. SIEMENS AT A GLANCE - GLOBALY AND LOCALLY Before presenting the Siemens preparation for the issues and questions raised by the European Commission, I would like to briefly present our company trying not to keep your attention too long on the facts and figures. Siemens is a global powerhouse in electronics and electrical engineering, operating in the fields of industry, energy and healthcare as well as providing infrastructure solutions, primarily for cities and metropolitan areas. For over 165 years, Siemens has stood for technological excellence, innovation, quality, reliability and internationality. The company is one of the world s largest provider of environmental technologies. Around 40 % of its total revenue stems from green products and solutions. In Fiscal Year 2013, which ended on September 30, 2013, revenue from continuing operations totaled 75.9 billion Euros and income from continuing operations 4.2 billion Euros. At the end of September 2013, Siemens had around 362,000 employees worldwide on the basis of continuing operations, of which more than 180,000 employees within the 28 member-states of the European Union. Siemens has been implementing projects in Montenegro for decades. By opening a Representative Office in 2000, the company has validated the importance of this dynamic market. Today Siemens Montenegro has the status of a Regional Company. The most important projects that Siemens implemented in Montenegro in the past few years are modernizing the control equipment in the Pljevlja thermal power plant, constructing a high voltage 110/10 kv substation, Podgorica 5, and the Ribarevine 400/110/35 kv substation. Siemens also delivered and installed protection equipment in the Montenegrin power system, including the switching equipment. The ongoing project is construction of a substation in Kotor, with the first 110 kilovolt kv gas insulated system in Montenegro. Comprehensive solutions for luxury hotels and business premises range from delivering a substation to the latest security and communications systems which are excellent references for the company s participation in large-scale projects in Montenegro. Siemens was the only supplier of equipment to the Splendid Hotel, which had the required expertise to meet the set deadlines and ensure a level of integration that would facilitate smooth operations. We installed a complete hotel management system, including a roomautomation system for ultimate climate comfort, access control systems, and service and reception management systems. Following the implementation of a complex project which entailed installing the Siemens One Solution, the company is about to complete work on the Atlas Capital Centre, the most luxurious business, commercial and residential facility in Montenegro. In Healthcare, Siemens Montenegro has been realizing large-scale healthcare projects in Montenegro since We implemented two more major projects the installation of oncology equipment in the Oncology and Radio-Therapy Clinic in 2008 and health diagnostic equipment in Following this, Siemens has become a strategic partner to the Montenegrin healthcare system. It is worth mentioning that a company which has been creating future with its innovative technology and solutions, as Siemens has been doing for the past 165 years, is obliged to contribute towards the common good of the society of which it is an integral part. 4. SIEMENS VIEW HOW TO ACHIEVE THE EU 2020 GOALS In general Siemens believes that an integrated approach is the most appropriate way in order to achieve the overarching targets of the European Union s 2020 goals as well as a coherent and sustainable Cohesion Policy. Siemens opinion on issues and questions raised by the European Commission based on the objectives of the Cohesion Policy will be focused on the following 4 issues: Smart Cities Clean Electrification of Society together with Smart Grid Mobility

46 46 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE održive Kohezione politike. Mišljenje Siemens-a o predmetima i pitanjima koja je pokrenula Evropska komisija na osnovu ciljeva Kohezione politike biće usredsređeno na sljedeća 4 pitanja: pametni gradovi čista elektrifikacija društva, zajedno sa pametnim gradovima mobilnost zdravstvena zaštita Mora se reći da neke od projektnih oblasti nijesu prmjenjive u Crnoj Gori u bliskoj budućnosti, ali izgledaju interesantne u širem kontekstu itegracije u Evropsku uniju. 4.1 Pametni gradovi Gradski centri iznose 75% svjetske potrošnje energije i 80% emisija stakleničkih gasova proizvedenih ljudskom aktivnošću. Nivo urbanizacije u Evropi se povećava, i trenutnih 72% stanovništava su naseljeni u gradovima. Pametne zgrade: Zgrade su odgovorne za 40% potrošnje energije i 36% emisija ugljen-dioksida u Evropskoj uniji, pri čemu zgrade izgrađene prije godine iznose ako 80% ovih potrošnji. Značajne uštede energije (>20%) moguće je postići automatizacijom zgrada, što znači korišćenjem umrežene automatizacije objekta (prvenstveno grijanja, hlađenja, ventilacije i osvjetljenja), a posebno u zgradama sa velikom fluktuacijom u kapacitetu korišćenja (kao što su zgrade administracije ili idustrijskih poslovanja). Kroz automatizaciju pametnih zgrada, one postaju aktivan dio pametne mreže. Potpuna mobilnost: Potpuna mobilnost znači inteligentno umrežavanje šinskih, drumskih i vazdušnih saobraćajnih tokova; integrisano planiranje i inicijativa za mreže mobilnosti u gradovima su od presudnog značaja. Da bi se stanovnici podstakli da pređu na korišćenje javnog prevoza, od suštinske je važnosti obezbijediti im potrebne informacije u pogledu promjene oblika prevoznih sredstava. Ciljni programi za vozače automobila da pređu na korišćenje javnog prevoza. Integrisani projekti pametnih gradova. Širom Evrope postoje primjeri urbanih inicijativa za povećanja energetske efikasnosti i ograničavanja uticaja potrošnje energije. Glavni problem za proizvođače i distributere struje je kako integrisati veliki broj malih, lokalnih izvora energije u postojeću mrežu elektrsnabdijevanja. Konkretno u vrijeme kada se proizvodi više struje nego što je potrebno, skladištenje energije je glavna briga. Siemens-ov projekat Volt- -Air je primjer projekta u Belgiji, koji ilustruje intergisanu nisko-ugljeničku mobilnost na električni pogon (e-mobility) i energetsko rješenje. Ono obezbjeđuje zelenu energiju preko fotonaponske elektrane i kombinovane proizvodnje toplote i energije koji daju 485 MWh i postižu smanjenje emisije ugljen-dioksida od oko 143 tone godišnje. Električni automobil: Električni automobil skladišti lokalno proizvedenu zelenu energiju, koju je moguće koristiti za dnevne vožnje, bez emisija ugljen-dioksida ili buke. Parkirani električni automobili uključuju se na pametnu mrežu elektrosnabdijevanja preko stubova za napajenje sturjom (punjenje, p.p.), koji će u budućnosti biti zaštita koja se koristi za izjednačavanje strujnog prenapona i podnapona koji se dešavaju tokom proizvdnje energije. Programi finansijske podrške širom Evrope za povećanje broja održivih, rentabilnih i integrisanih projekata koji mogu podstaći tržište za zelenu energiju i rješenja u saobraćaju. 4.2 Čista elektrifikacija društva i pametne mreže elektrosnabdijevanja Elektrane sa kombinovanim ciklusima: U vrijeme sve veće zabrinutosti u pogledu održivog i pouzdanog snabdijevanja električnom energijom, najsavremenije elektrane sa kombinovanim ciklusom (CCPP) predstavljaju pouzdano rješenje. Sa emisijom ugljen-dioksida od oko 330 g po kilovatsatu (kwh), savremene elektrane sa kombinovanim ciklusom su među onim svjetskim elektranama na fosilno gorivo koje su najviše po mjeri zaštite životne sredine i klime. U prosjeku, elektrane širom svijeta emituju ugrubo 578 grama ugljen-dioksida po kilovatsatu. U energetskim sistemima sa rastućim količinama energije iz promjenjivih obnovljivih resursa, elektrane sa kombinovanim ciklusom, zbog svoje radne spremnosti i fleksibilnosti, mogu pouzdano nadoknaditi ova kolebanja. Ostaje važno da se obezbijedi finansiranje za izgradnju elektrana sa kombinovanim ciklusom, posebno u Jugo-istočnoj Evropi. Usredrediti finansiranje na zamjenu ili prepravku postojećih elektrana na ugalj koje proizvode relativno visok nivo zagađenja (ugljen-dioksida po kwh) da bi se izgradile savremene elektrane sa kombinovanim ciklusom. Vjetar kao pokretač rasta za obnovljive energije: Sve veće korišćenje snage vjetra smanjuje emisije ugljen-diokasida u Evropi, pomažući time postizanje srednje-ročnog cilja dobijanja 20% energije u Evropi iz onbovljivih izvora energije i pobojšavajući sigurnost snabdijevanja energijom. U današnje vrijeme, priobalne vjetroelektrane imaju kapacitet od do 1GW postižući iste nivoe kao i veliki broj konvencionalnih električnih centrala. Najbolji način za postizanje cilja bio bi usklađene i tržišno zasnovane tarife za plaćanje domaćinstvima ili poslovanjima u Evropi - koji proizvode sopstvenu struju korišćenjem metoda koje ne doprinose

47 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Healthcare It has to be said that some of the project areas are not applicable for Montenegro in the very near future, but seem interesting in the wider context of EU integration Smart Cities Urban centers account for 75 % of the global energy consumption and 80 % of the greenhouse gas emissions generated by human activity. The level of urbanization in Europe is increasing and currently 72 % of the populations are city-dwellers. Smart Buildings: Buildings are responsible for 40% of the energy consumption and 36% of the EU s CO 2 emissions, where as buildings built before 1980 account for about 80% of these consumptions. Substantial energy savings (> 20%) can be achieved by building automation, which means using networked building automation (primarily heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting), particularly in buildings with large fluctuations in capacity utilization (such as administrative buildings and industrial operations). Through smart building automation, buildings become an active part in the smart grid. Complete Mobility: Complete mobility means the intelligent networking of traffic flows on rail, road and in the air; an integrated planning of and incentive for mobility-networks in cities are crucial. To encourage residents to switch to public transportation, it is essential to provide them with the necessary information regarding the change between modes of transportation. Targeted programs to get car drivers to switch to public transport. Integrated smart-cities projects : All over Europe there are examples of urban initiatives to increase energy efficiency and to limit the impacts of energy consumption. The major challenge for electricity producers and distributors is how to integrate the large amount of small, local energy sources into the existing electricity grid. Particularly in times of energy surplus the storage of energy is a major concern. Siemens Volt-Air project is a show case project in Belgium to demonstrate an integrated low-carbon e-mobility and energy solution. It provides green electricity through a photovoltaic park and combined heat and power generation which produce 485 MWh and leads to a CO 2 reduction of around 143 tons per year. The electric car: The electric car stores the locally generated green energy, which can be used for the daily car trips without CO 2 emissions or noise. Parked electric cars are plugged into the smart grid via charging poles, which in future form a buffer that is used to smooth out peaks and dips in energy production. Supportive funding schemes across the EU to multiply sustainable, profitable and integrated projects which can foster the market for green energy and transport solutions Clean Electrification of Society & Smart Grid Combined-cycle Power Plants: In times of growing concerns regarding sustainable and reliable power supply, state-of-the-art combined-cycle power plants (CCPP) represent a reliable solution. With CO 2 emissions of around 330 grams per kilowatt-hour (kwh), modern combined-cycle power plants are among the most environment- and climate-friendly fossil-fuelled plants in the world. On average, power plants worldwide emit roughly 578 grams of CO 2 per kwh. In energy systems with increasing amounts of power from fluctuating renewable resources, CCPPs can reliably compensate these fluctuations due to their high operational readiness and flexibility. It remains important to secure funding for the construction of combined-cycle power plants, particularly in Southern and Eastern Europe. Focus funding on replacing or retrofitting existing coalfired power plants which produce a relatively high level of pollutants (CO 2 per kwh) to construct modern combined-cycle power plants. Wind as growth driver for renewable energies: The growing use of wind power reduces Europe s CO 2 emissions, helping to achieve the medium-term target of getting 20% of Europe s energy from renewable sources and improving the security of energy supplies. Nowadays offshore wind farms can have a capacity of up to 1 GW reaching the same levels as many conventional power stations. The best way to achieve the target would be coherent and market based feed-in tariffs in Europe which are predictable over the long term. Moreover the implementation and modernization of networks to integrate renewable energy sources and to bring power from the most distant generating plants to the population centers in Europe. Onshore wind farms should primarily receive support in regions that can demonstrate appropriately high and sustained wind activity. Talking about wind park projects, it is worth mentioning actual project Wind Park Krnovo which is of similar nature. Push innovative technologies, such as battery storage systems through investment incentives supporting the efficient use of renewable energy. Currently the barriers for investments for such technologies are too high due to the fact that the costs for these innovative technologies cannot be allocated to the network charges. Electricity is the only form of energy which makes renewable energy usable without any transformation losses. An alternative use for renewable energy should be taken into account: surplus renewable energy could be used to support heating in times of energy exceeds on the demand side. HVDC-connections: The power transmission market is facing three major challenges:

48 48 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE osiromašenju prirodnih resursa i proporcionalno količini struje koju proizvedu - a koje je moguće predvidjetu tokom dugoročnog perioda. Osim toga, i uvođenje i modernizacija mreža da bi se integrisali obnovljivi izvori energije i dovela električna struja od najudaljenijih proizvodnih postrojenja do centara stanovanja u Evropi. Kopnene vjetroelektrane treba prvenstveno da imaju podršku u regionima koji su u mogućnosti da dokažu da postoji prikladno visoka i održiva aktivnost vjetra. Kada se govori o projektima vjetroelektrana, vrijedno je napomenuti aktuelni projekat vjetroelektrane na Krnovu koji je slične prirode. Podstaći korišćenje inovativnih tehnologija, kao što su baterijski sistemi za skladištenje energije, putem investicionih inicijativa koje podržavaju efikasno korišćenje obnovljive energije. Trenutno su prepreke ulaganjima za potrebe ovakvih tehnologija prevelike zbog činjenice da troškove ovih inovativnih tehnologija nije moguće rasporediti po mrežnim troškovima. Struja je jedini oblik energije koji omogućava korišćenje obnovljive energije bez ikakvih transformacionih gubitaka. Alternativno korišćenje obnovljive energije treba uzeti u obzri, t.j. višak obnovljive energije mogao bi se koristiti kao pomoć za grijanje, tokom perioda kada prevagne potražnja za energijom. HVDC priključci: Tržište prenosa struje suočava se sa tri glavna izazova: izgradnjom novih mreža za snabdijevanje, da bi se zadovoljila rastuća potražnja za strujom modernizovanjem sve starijih mreža elektorsnabdijevanja efikasnim integrisanjem energije koja se proizvodi iz obnovljivih izvora energije. Prenos visoko-voltažne direktne struje (HVDC) omogućava prenos velikih količina struje sa 30 do 40% manje gubitaka tokom prenosa nego uporedivi trofazni sistem prenosa naizmjenične struje na udaljenostima višim od kilometara. Podržati međunarodne HVDC priključke da bi se povećala sigurnost napajanja energijom širom Evrope. Projekat sličnog tipa je HVDC između Crne Gore i Italije. Distribucija hidroelektrične energije ili vjetroenergije (putem podmorskih kablova). Da bi se povećala energetska efikasnost i na minimum sveli gubici unutar distributivne mreže, potrebno je povećati voltažu. Ova povećanja su tehnički i u praksi izvodljiva u velikom broju postojećih distributivnih mreža. Pametne mreže: Glavni pokretač ove vrste inteligentne energije je stalno rastuća potražnja za strujom, u kombinaciji sa ograničenjima današnjih već prerasporostranjenih mreža elektrosnabdijevanja. Presudno važne koristi pametnih mreža obuhvataju sposobnost proširenja energetske efikasnosti unutar mreže i poboljšanje pouzdanosti i sigurnosti lanca snabdijevanja energijom preko sljedećih komponenti: infrastruktura inteligentne energije i prateći sistemi kontrole (inteligencija mreže) iteligentno obračunavanje potrošnje energije (pametno mjerenje) inteligentno upravljanje podacima (IT-a usluga), i proizvodnja i čuvanje distiribuirane energije. 4.3 Mobilnost Potpuna mobilnost : gradska: Na osnovu onog što smo saznali tokom proteklih nekoliko dekada, sve veće proširivanje prisustva kombinovanih rješenja za mobilnost u gradovima zasnovanih na privlačnom šinskom saobraćaju je najodrživiji oblik gradskog prevoza od koga sve zaintereseovane strane imaju koristi. Hibridni i elektro-autobusi: Potreba za mobilnošću u gradskim područjima vodi do značajnog povećanja saobraćaja u glavnim gradovima Evrope. Da bi se pozabavili izazovima koji se na to odnose, gradovi doživljavaju povećanu potražnju za inovativnim alternativama. Brzi : međugradski: Stalno proširivanje mreža brzih pruga potrebno je slijediti kako je planirano, da bi se ponudila visokokvalitetna, održiva alternativa vazdušom putovanju. Ovim se, takođe, unapređuju gradovi i regioni uz željezničke pruge. Ovo se posebno primjenjuje na povezivanje perifernih gradova srednje veličine (u radijusu od 500 km) sa glavnim, odnosno gradovima srednje veličine u nekoj drugoj zemlji. 4.4 Zdravstvena zaštita Očekuje se da će ljudi u Evropi živjeti duže. U vezi sa ovim produženjem životnog vijeka, broj slučajeva oboljenja koja su povezana sa starošću, poput demencije, moždanog udara i drugih, nastaviće da raste i dovesti do viših rashoda za zdravstvenu zaštitu. Uporedo, potražnja za visoko-kvalitetnim zdravstvenim uslugama postaće izvjesnija. Koheziona politika je instrument za podizanje životnog standarda za sve građane Evrope. Pacijenti u Evropi sreću se sa značajno velikim razlikama u korišćenju zdravstvenih usluga, a široku pristupačnost moguće je obezbijediti ako je nacionalna infrastruktura zdravstvene zaštite solidna. Štaviše, u vremenima u kojima su kvlaitet medicinskog liječenja i istraživačke institucije još uvijek različiti širom Evrope, od interesa je dalje ispitivati patološki mehanizam nekih od najčešćih oboljenja kao što su, primjera radi, neurološki poremećaji. Aktivno smo angažovani u borbi protiv najopasnijih oboljenja, kroz poboljšanje produktivnosti i kvaliteta u zdravstvenoj zaštiti kao i kroz proširenje pristupa zdravstvenim uslugama. Borba protiv najopasnijih bolesti i promovisanje socijalnog uključivanja preko održivih proizvoda zdravstvene

49 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Developing new grids to meet the rising demand for electricity Modernizing aging power grids Efficiently integrating power generated by renewable energy sources. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission enables large quantities of electricity to be transmitted with 30 to 40 % less transmission loss than a comparable threephase AC transmission connection over great distances of more than 1,000 kilometers. Support international HVDC-connections to increase energy-security throughout the EU. The project of the similar type is HVDC cable Montenegro-Italy. Distribution of hydroelectric power or wind energy (via submarine cables). To increase energy efficiency and minimize losses within the distribution grid, the voltage level would have to be raised. These elevations are technically feasible and practicable for large parts of the existing distribution grid. Smart Grid: Main driver for this type of intelligent power grid is the constantly growing demand for electricity combined with the limitations of today s already overstretched power grids. The critical benefits of a Smart Grid include the ability to enhance energy efficiency within the network, and improve the reliability and security of the power supply chain via the following components: Intelligent power grid infrastructure and the associated control systems (Grid Intelligence), Intelligent billing of power consumption (Smart Metering), Intelligent data management (Utility IT), and Distributed power generation and storage 4.3. Mobility Complete mobility : Intra-city: Based on what we have learned over the past few decades, expanding intermodal mobility solutions in the cities based on attractive rail traffic is the most sustainable form of urban transport that benefits all stakeholders. Hybrid & Electro Buses: The need for mobility in urban areas is leading to a significant increase of traffic in Europe s major cities. To tackle the related challenges, cities are experiencing an increasing demand for innovative alternatives. High-speed : Inter-city: The continuous expansion of high-speed rail networks should be pursued as planned to offer a high-quality, sustainable alternative to air travel. This will also upgrade the cities and regions along the rail lines. This applies particularly to connecting medium-sized peripheral cities (in a 500-km radius) with the capital and/or medium-sized cities in another country Healthcare People in Europe are expected to live longer in the future. Linked to this increase in life-expectancy, the incidence of age related diseases like dementia, stroke and others will continue to increase, leading to higher healthcare expenditures. In parallel, the demand for high-quality health services will become more imminent. Cohesion Policy is instrumental in raising living standards for all European citizens. There is a considerable disparity for patients in Europe to profit from health services and a broad access can only be ensured if the national healthcare infrastructure is solid. Moreover, in times, where quality of medical treatment and research institutions are still very variable throughout Europe, it is of interest to further study in detail pathomechanism of some of the most important diseases, e.g. neurological disorders. We are actively involved in fighting the most threatening diseases, improving productivity and quality in healthcare as well as enhancing the access to health services. Fighting the most threatening diseases and promoting social inclusion through sustainable healthcare products: Significant reductions in healthcare budgets due to austerity measures risk creating new inefficiencies, undermining access to and the quality of care, decreasing health outcomes and ultimately jeopardizing the sustainability of the health system and patients rights. Nevertheless, not all Europeans have the choice to get state of the art diagnosis and treatment, when they enter hospitals in EU Member States. Provide funding for innovative cost-efficient technologies which enable tailored diagnostics and treatment of the most threatening diseases at a high quality level. This will lead to a reduction of healthcare inequalities by reducing the healthcare spending used for acquisition of healthcare technology as well as in reducing the socioeconomic burden of the disease caused from disease related disability. Further invest in infrastructure that fosters a transformational change in the health system. Major research efforts are required in order to reduce the socioeconomic burden of age related diseases like dementias. Innovative treatment concepts and accessible healthcare by infrastructure and ehealth concepts: Access to high quality of care is important in several life-threatening diseases but is often reduced in remote areas leading to increased disease related mortality or disability. 5. CONCLUSION Montenegro has undertaken a series of reforms to strengthen the business environment in recent years. However, there are still environmental and infrastructure needs, energy security and efficiency measures to be performed, to promote sustainable development and

50 50 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE zaštite: Značajno smanjenje budžeta za zdravstvenu zaštitu zbog teških uslova izazvanih državnim mjerama za smanjenje javnih rashoda rizikuju stvaranje dodatne neefikasnosti, podrivajući pristup ovoj zaštiti i kvalitet iste, umanjujući dobre zdravstvene izglede i, konačno, ugrožavajući održivost zdravstvenog sistema i prava pacijenata. Pri svemu tome, nemaju svi Evropljani taj izbor da dobiju najsavremeniju dijagnostiku i liječenje u bolnicama u državama članicama Evropske unije. Obezbijediti novčana sredstva za inovativne ekonomične tehnologije, koje omogućavaju da dijagnostika i liječenje po mjeri za najopsanija oboljenja budu visokokvalitetni. Ovo dovodi do smanjenja nejednakosti u zdravstvenoj zaštiti, smanjenjem izdataka za zdravstvenu zaštitu za potrebe nabavke tehnologije za zdravstvenu zaštitu, kao i do smanjenja socioekonomskog opterećenja koje nastaje iz invalidnosti izazavanih oboljenjima. Dalje ulagati u infrastrukturu koja podstiče transformativne promjene u sistemu zdravstva. Velika istraživačka nastojanja su neophodna da bi se smanjilo socioekonomsko opterećenje nastalo po osnovu staračkih oboljenja kakva je demencija. Koncepti inovativnog liječenja i pristupačna zdravstvena zaštita putem infrastrukture i koncepata elektronskog zdravstva (ehealth): Pristup visokokvalitetnoj zaštiti je važan kod nekoliko oboljenja koja su opasna po život, ali je često smanjen u udaljenim područjima, što vodi do povećane stope mortaliteta zbog oboljenja ili do onvalidnosti. 5. ZAKLJUČAK Crna Gora je skorijih godina preduzela jednu seriju reformi da bi osnažila poslovno okruženje. Međutim, još uvijek postoje potrebe u kontekstu zaštite životne sredine i infrastrukture i mjere sigurnosti snabdijevanja energijom i energetske efikasnosti, koje je potrebno sprovesti, da bi se unaprijedili razvoj i rast države. Iz grafikona u daljem tekstu, koji prikazuje važnost koju fondovi Evropske unije daju javnim ulaganjima, a posebno onima u Jugo-istočnoj Evropi za period od do godine, moguće je vidjeti da učešće Kohezione politike Evropske unije i iznos domaćeg sufinansiranja u iznosu do 90,00% ukupnih javnih ulaganja (države sa najvećim učešćem su Slovačka, Mađarska i Bugarska). Primjera radi, Slovenija je koristila fondove Evropske unije u iznosu od nekih 40,00% od javnog ulaganja, a Hrvatska, kao nova članica, još uvijek nije prikazana. Dakle, jasno je vidljivo koliko su važna ova sredstva za sveukupni razvoj država. Međutim, koji su to izazovi za jednu kompaniju koja pokušava da pristupi fondovima Evropske unije: razumijevanje procesa postojanje inovativnih / interesantnih ideja za projekte pronalaženje partnera - istomišljenika Osim koncepata i rješenja koji su ovdje prikazani, Siemens je voljan, ako je potrebno, da podijeli iskustva u vezi posebnih projekata koji su prikladni za finansiranje iz Evropske unije. LITERATURA 1. The future programming period , (Buduće programiranje, za period ) programming html 2. Press Release: EU enlargement: priorities for 2014, (Saopštenje za štampu: Proširenje Evropske unije: prioriteti za 2014.) navigate.php?id= Europe 2020, Europe s growth strategy, (Evropa Strategija rasta Evrope) explained.pdf 4. A reformed Cohesion Policy for Europe, (Reformisana Koheziona politika za Evropu) data/graphics/cohesionpolicy _full_highres. png 5. Montenegro, financial assistance, (Crna Gora, finansijska pomoć) -by-country/montenegro/index_en.htm 6. Siemens internal documents (Interna dokumenta kompanije Siemens)

51 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro growth of the country. From the table showing EU funds importance for public investments, particularly for Eastern & Southern Europe for the period , it is visible that the participation of EU Cohesion Policy and national cofinancing amount up to 90% of total public investment (the countries with highest portion are Slovakia, Hungary and Bulgaria). Slovenia, for example used EU funds for around 40% of public investment. Croatia, as a newcomer is not presented yet. So, it is clearly visible how important these funds are for the overall development of the countries. But, what are the challenges for a company trying to approach the EU funds: understanding of the process having innovative/interesting ideas for programs finding like minded partners Besides concepts and solutions presented here, Siemens is willing, if needed, to share experiences about specific projects convenient for EU financing. REFERENCES 1. The future programming period , programming html 2. Press Release: EU enlargement: priorities for 2014, php?id= Europe 2020, Europe s growth strategy, explained.pdf 4. A reformed Cohesion Policy for Europe, data/graphics/cohesionpolicy _full_highres. png 5. Montenegro, financial assistance, 6. Siemens internal documents

52 52 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Ruined in their entire contents, material and spiritual, economic and cultural, most of the Balkan countries, especially Urušene u svom cjelokupnom sadržaju, materijalnom i countries from the ex-yugoslavia, have entered the XXI century. duhovnom, ekonomskom i kulturnom, većina država Balkana, Incapable of understanding the symbolism and significance of a posebno države sa ex YU prostora, ušle su u XXI vijek. Nesposobne da shvate simboliku i značaj pada Berlinskog zida, bez the fall of the Berlin Wall, with no minimum realization that the existing social model depleted, with no new ideas, and the minimuma spoznaje da je postojeći društveni model potrošen, required capacities of political elites, pressed by huge problems, although pretty untimely, they still initiated changes af- bez novih ideja i potrebnog kapaciteta političkih elita, pritisnute ogromnim problemima, iako uglavnom neblagovremeno, firming the new policies, democratization of society, economic započele su promjene afirmišući nove politike, demokratizaciju reforms and the policy of cooperation and coexistence. društva, ekonomske reforme i politiku saradnje i suživota. Realizing the full squandering of society and its core values, Uvidjevši potpunu rastočenost društva i njegovih temeljnih driven by enthusiasm and a desire to develop and progress, the vrijednosti, podstaknute entuzijazmom i željom za razvojem European Union was recognized as a great idea, which at the i napretkom, Evropsku uniju su prepoznale kao veliku ideju, same time offers an alternative, exit, a new hope and a chance koja istovremeno nudi alternativu, izlaz, novu nadu i šansu da to start over. The desire of all the Balkan countries to join the krenu iz početka. Želja svih zemalja Balkana da postanu članice European Union was brought to life on the big international Evropske unije oživotvorena je na velikoj međunarodnoj sceni kada je postala obostrana, kada je Evropska unija poslala stage when it became mutual, when the European Union sent messages of support and encouragement, and thus gave to poruke podrške i podsticaja, i time procesima na Balkanu i the processes in the Balkans and Europe a whole new value samoj Evropi dala sasvim novu vrijednosnu dimenziju. dimension. Formalno pravno posmatrano, proširenje je birokratski proces From a formal-legal point of view, the enlargement is the bureaucratic process of adopting new and harmonization of the donošenja novih i usaglašavanja sa evropskim zakonodavstvom postojećih sopstvenih propisa, dok suštinski ono predstavlja cjelovitu sadržajnu promjenu društva u svim njegovim seg- existing regulations with the European legislation, while essentially it represents a complete meaningful change of the mentima, kao i činjenicu da je to put stabilnosti i prosperiteta society in all its segments, and the fact that this is the path to regiona Balkana u cjelini. stability and prosperity in the Balkan region as a whole. Perspektiva je, dakle, pred svima onima koji vjeruju u ideju Evropske unije i sebe. Od sposobnosti adekvatnog suočavanja sa The perspective is, therefore, in front of all those who believe in the idea of the European Union and themselves. The future samim sobom i spremnosti na rješavanje sopstvenih slabosti progress and the speed of convergence with the European i unutrašnjih problema, te ispunjavanja postavljenih uslova Union of each Balkan country respectively will depend on the zavisiće dalji napredak i brzina približavanja Evropskoj uniji, ability to adequately cope with oneself and the readiness to resolve ones own weaknesses and internal problems and to ful- svake zemlje Balkana pojedinačno. Očekivanja su velika, a put koji predstoji dug i težak. fil the set conditions. The expectations are high, and the road ahead is long and difficult.

53 EU KAO ODREDIŠTE ZEMALJA BALKANA THE EU AS THE DESTINATION OF THE BALKAN COUNTRIES Panel II Pogled na EU sa balkana A view at the EU from the balkans Aleksandar Vlahović Predsjednik Saveza ekonomista Srbije President of the Serbian Association of Economists Svetlana Cenić Ekonomista iz Bosne i Hercegovine Economist from Bosnia and Herzegovina Gordana Đurović Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore Professor at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Montenegro Predrag Ivanović Predsjednik Odbora direktora Luke Bar President of the Board of Directors of the Port of Bar

54 54 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Prof. dr Gordana Đurović Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore Pogled na EU sa Balkana: izazovi pristupanja REZIME Politika proširenja je jedna od najintenzivinijih i za mnoge jedna od najuspješnijih politika Unije koja je do danas izgradila razvijen nadnacionalni sistem evropskih država koji obuhvata gotovo cijeli kontinent, bilo direktno kroz integraciju, bilo u veoma bliskim trgovinskim, ekonomskim i bezbjednosnim aspektima saradnje evropskih država. Za zemlje našeg regiona, evropska integracija je ključno spoljnopolitičko opredjeljenje, kompatibilno sa ostalim. Evropska politika proširenja za region simbolizuje politiku reformi kroz pristupanje Uniji, ona je više od prostog kumuliranja ispunjenosti pojedinih uslova. Fokus politike proširenja u ovoj dekadi svakako će biti na zemljama kadidatima i potencijalnim kandidatima za članstvo u Uniji, koje se nalaze u tzv. balkanskom prstenu, okružene državama članicama. Polazeći od navedenog, u ovom radu daje se sažet prikaz ekonomske atraktivnosti integracija regiona, osnovna ekonomska slika zemalja regiona na putu ka EU, kao i ključni politički, institucionalni i ekonomski izazovi koji očekuju zemlje Zapadnog Balkana u narednom periodu. Na bazi sprovedenog istraživanja, možemo zaključiti da magnetna privlačnost integracija ostaje, iako je zlatno dobra proširenja zamijenjeno umjerenim evrorealizmom, a evrointegracije postale ključna agenda demokratskih i ekonomskih reformi, koje smanjuju diskreciona prava izvršne vlasti. Politika evropskih integracija za naš region ostaje strateško spoljnopolitičko opredjeljenje koje će obilježiti drugu dekadu ovoga vijeka, kao trasa koja nema realnu alteranativu. Ne zato što je to najbolji put, već zato što, trenutno, nema boljeg. A na taj put treba se dobro pripremiti za pregovore i ući spreman. Brzina pristupa je bitna, ali nivo spremnosti je još bitniji. A spremnost u ovom slučaju je dvodimenzionalna kategorija: za integraciju treba biti spremna i zemlja pristupnica i sama EU. Ključne riječi: Zapadni Balkan, EU, politički i ekonomski izazovi, evropske ekonomske integracije. 1. PROCES EVROPSKIH INTEGRACIJA: VIŠE OD POLITIKE PROŠIRENJA EU Evropska integracija predstavlja mnogostruko isprepleten i međuzavisan proces povezivanja evropskih zemalja u čijem fokusu su ekonomski, politički i bezbjednosni motivi integracija, a čiju okosnicu predstavlja Evropska unija i njena politika proširenja. Svu složenost odnosa između evropskih država danas, kao i njihovo dalje pozicioniranje u odnosu na ključne partnere, može se grafički predstaviti na sljedećem prikazu. Grafik 1. Proces evropskih integracija Najčvršći oblik integracija, Evropska monetarna unija, danas predstavlja 17 EU država članica, a od januara pridružuje se i Latvia (Letonija). Ekonomske integracije sežu i preko granica EU, kroz Evropski ekonomski prostor, te posebno bliske odnose sa Švajcarskom i Norveškom, koje su pristupile Šengenskom sporazumu, gdje su i Island i Lihtenštajn (de facto u Šengenu su i ostale tzv. mikro države unutar EU, koje nemaju posebne granice, ali zato imaju pravo koristiti valutu eurozone i proizvoditi kovanice eura, baš kao i članice Eurozone). Carinsku uniju simbolizuje blisko ekonomsko partnerstvo sa Turskom, kao i više navedenih mikro država. Najšira ravan evropske integracije je Savjet Evrope u čijem članstvu nisu Kosovo i Bjelorusija (koja jeste članica UN). Važna ekonomska integracija je i naš sporazum o slobodnoj trgovini u regionu CEFTA, koja predstavlja svojevrsnu pripremu zemalja regiona za buduću konkurenciju na zajedničkom tržištu EU poslije ostvarivanja punopravnog članstva. Navedeno je, ukratko, slika evropske integracije danas, ali se tu

55 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Professor Gordana Đurović, Dr.sc.oec. Professor at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Montenegro View of the EU from the Balkans: Accession Challenges RESUME The enlargement is one of the most intensive and, for the many, one of the most successful policies of the Union, which has, so far, built a developed supranational system of the European countries covering almost the entire continent, either directly through the integration or through a very close trade, economic and security aspects of cooperation between European countries. For the countries of our region, European integration is a key foreign policy priority, compatible with the other. The EU enlargement policy for the Region symbolizes policy of reforms through the EU accession; it is more than a simple aggregation of the fulfillment of certain conditions. The focus of the enlargement policy in this decade will certainly be on the countries that are the candidates and potential candidates for EU membership located in the so-called Balkans ring, surrounded by the Member States. Following the above mentioned, this paper presents concise review of the economic attractiveness of the Region s European integration, the basic economics picture of the Western Balkans countries on path towards the EU, as well as a key political, institutional and economic challenges that await the Western Balkans countries in the future. On the basis of the conducted research, we can conclude that the magnetic attraction of integration remains, although the golden era of enlargement is replaced with moderate eurorealism, and the European integration is essentially become a key agenda of democratic and economic reforms, which reduce the discretionary powers of the executive. Politics of the European Integration in our Region remains a key foreign policy priority that would mark the second decade of this century, as the route that has no real alternative. Not because it s the best way, but because, for now, there is no better. On that way we should be well prepared for the accession negotiations and enter into ready. The access speed is important, but the level of preparedness is still more important. Willingness in this case is two-dimensional category: for the integration should be prepared both the acceding country and the EU. Key words: Western Balkans, EU, political and economic challenges, European economic integration. 1. THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: MORE THAN THE EU ENLARGEMENT POLICY European integration stand for multiple intertwined and mutually dependant processes of linking European countries focused on economic and security integration motives, the backbone of which is represented by the European Union and the EU Enlargement Policy. All the complexity of the relations between today s European countries and of their further positioning to key partners can be presented graphically in the following graph. Graph #1: European integration process The most solid form of integrations, namely the European Monetary Union, represents 17 EU member states today, with Latvia that will be admitted in January. Economic integrations go beyond the EU borders, i.e. through European Economic Area as well as through particularly close relations with Switzerland and Norway, which acceded to the Schengen Area where Island and Lichtenstein are as well (and also other European so called microstates that do not have particular borders but have the right - as same as the Eurozone members do - to use the Eurozone currency and mint Euro coins are de facto in the Schengen Area). The Customs Union symbolizes close economic partnership with Turkey and

56 56 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE proces ne zaustavlja - politika proširenja ostaje konstanta zajedničkih evropskih politika i ključna osovina evropske integracije i u narednoj deceniji. 2. POLITIKA PROŠIRENJA: FOKUS NA ZAPADNI BALKAN Jedna od najintenzivinijih i za mnoge jedna od najuspješnijih politika Unije je politika proširenja, koja je danas izgradila razvijeni nadnacionalni sistem evropskih država koji obuhvata gotovo cijeli kontinent, bilo direktno kroz integraciju, bilo u veoma bliskim trgovinskim, ekonomskim i bezbjednosnim aspektima saradnje evropskih država. Proces proširenja, na bazi naučenih lekcija, i svoje nesporne atraktivnosti za one zemlje koje nisu u klubu, svakako će biti prepun izazova i u narednom periodu. U fokusu naše analize je geografski zaokružena grupa zemalja jednog dijela Balkanskog poluostrva zapadno od Grčke, južno od Slovenije, za koju se, postepeno, sa šireg konteksta zemalja Centralne i Istočne Evrope došlo do pojma Zapadni Balkan (Western Balkans). Pojam Jugoistočna Evropa je neutralniji odnosno manje političan (i naravno širi, jer pored ex-yu zemalja bez Slovenije, obuhvata i Rumuniju, Bugarsku, Moldaviju, kao i Grčku i Tursku), ali se izraz Zapadni Balkan postepeno prihvatao u terminologiji integracija. Sam pojam kreiran je u drugoj polovini 90-ih godina prošlog vijeka, a postepeno je uveden i u zvanične dokumente Unije. Podsjetimo se da se i odrednica Balkan (etimološki, stara planina), kroz vjekove, često koristila u kontekstu koji je prevazilazio geografsko određivanje. Drugim riječima, često se, u evropskom kontekstu, izraz Balkan koristio u pežorativnom značenju, u smislu nasilja, etničkih i vjerskih sukoba (region je uvijek simbolizovao bezbjednosno trusno tle, a u novijoj istoriji, ta simbolika je potvrđena kroz raspad zemlje i građanski rat na prostorima bivše SFRJ). I ranije, međutim, izraz Balkan se koristio sa primjesama emocija, koje variraju od proneutralne do uvredljive. Izraz balkanizacija često se koristio u kontekstu predstavljanja teritorije koju karakterišu konflikti i podjele [Todorova, 2009]. Zaustavljanjem ratnih sukoba i postepenim procesom obnove i rekonstrukcije regiona, nastao je novi izraz Zapadni Balkan. Invencija imena Zapadni Balkan bila je, međutim, praćena prethodno objašnjenim imidžom Balkana, pa je novi izraz bio svojevrstan post-balkanski fenomen (sa jedne strane snovi, opsesije, mitovi i fantazije Balkana, a sa druge strane definisana teritorija, nove države i prema njima postavljeni jasni politički zahtjevi). Zapadni Balkan postaje geopolitički regon i u dokumentima Unije još godine na Samitu u Beču, kao novi region, koji, kao takav, nije egzistirao ranije, tako da je to svojevrstan čin invencije Unije. Teritorija okružena zemljama EU koja predstavlja novi tip polarizacije [Topuzovski, 2009]. Na svim sljedećim sastancima EU, u različitim formatima, kada su se definisali zaključci za zemlje regiona, korišćen je ovaj termin, koji je godine od regionalnog pristupa postao poseban model integracije proces stabilizacije i pridruživanja. Termin se postepeno raširio u svakodnevnoj upotrebi, a zvanično je dobio status na samitu u Solunu, godine, kada su se kroz Solunsku agendu, definisale smjernice za novi talas proširenja, za zemlje ovog regiona ( Budućnost Zapadnog Balkana je u Evropskoj uniji, naravno onda kada konkretna zemlja ispuni standarde). Grafik 2. Novembar 2013: preostali balkanski pristen ili politika zaokruživanja Unije na Balkanu Zapadni Balkan postao je odrednica za grupu zemalja našeg regiona koje nijesu članice, ali su izrazile spremnost i ušle u proces pridruživanja, odnosno pristupanja Uniji. Geografski, ovaj region obuhvata zemlje zapadno od Grčke, južno od Slovenije, dok ga na istoku graniče nove (balkanske) članice EU, Rumunija i Bugarska. Pošto je u stvari sa svih strana okružen Unijom, možemo ga zvati i balkanski prsten, pa je sasvim logično i prirodno da su se zemlje regiona okrenule evropskoj integraciji kao svom ključnom spoljnopolitičkom prioritetu, koji simbolizuje mir, bezbjednost, ekonomski prosperitet i demokratske vrijednosti [Đurović, 2012]. Danas je ovaj prsten znatno smanjen, što se može prikazati i grafički. Navedenih godina, SSP je stupio na snagu u Albaniji, Crnoj Gori, Makedoniji i Srbiji, u BiH je potpisan, a na Kosovu su počeli pregovori o istom. I pored dva ozbiljna udara u godini (odluke Islanda da zamrzne pregovore u junu, i iznenadne i neočekivane odluke Ukrajine da otkaže svečano potpisivanje sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini sa EU sredinom novembra ove godine i najavi okretanje Carinskoj uniji sa Rusijom, koja ima ambicije da kreira Evroazijsku uniju u drugoj polovini ove dekade), politika proširenja ima svoju dinamiku i ciljeve, a to je puna integracija regiona Zapadnog Balkana. Simbolično, politika proširenja postaje za naš region politika zaokruživanja jednog dijela Evrope,

57 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro with several mentioned microstates. The broadest forum of the European integration is the Council of Europe the membership of which does not comprise Kosovo and Belarus (that are members of the UN). A important economic integration is our Free Trade Agreement, i.e. CEFTA relating to the region, with the integration that stands for a specific preparation of the regional countries for the future competitiveness in the EU Common Market - after gaining full membership status. The portrait of the European integration today has been already described briefly, but the process does not stop there, i.e. the Enlargement Policy remains constant common European policy and the key axis of the European integration in the approaching decade. 2. ENLARGEMENT POLICY: FOCUS ON THE WESTERN BALKANS The enlargement is one of the most intensive and for the many one of the most successful policies of the Union, which has, so far, built a developed supranational system of the European countries covering almost the entire continent, either directly through the integration or through a very close trade, economic and security aspects of cooperation between European countries. Enlargement process based on the lessons learned and its undisputable attractiveness to those countries that are not in the club will by all means be more than full of challenges in the upcoming period. The focus of our analysis is the geographically encircled group of countries on one part of the Balkan Peninsula, i.e. west of Greece, south of Slovenia, for which the notion of the Western Balkans was arrived to gradually and from a broader context of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The notion of Southeast Europe is more neutral, i.e. it is less political (and broader, naturally, because - in addition to ex YU countries excluding Slovenia - it comprises also Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Greece and Turkey as well), but the notion of the Western Balkans has been gradually adopted by integration terminology. The very notion was created in the second half of the 90s of the last century, and it has been gradually introduced into the official documents of the European Union. Let us remind ourselves that the determiner Balkan {etymology: The Balkan Mountains / The Balkan mountain range (Bulgarian and Montenegrin: Stara Planina, T.N.)}, throughout centuries, was frequently used to refer to the context beyond the geographic determination. In other words, in the European context, the name Balkan was frequently used with pejorative meaning, i.e. in terms of violence, ethnic and religious conflicts (the region had always been a symbol of a shaking security zone, and, in more recent history, that representation was reasserted by the collapse of and the civil war within the ex Yugoslavia regions). Even earlier, however, the notion of Blakan had been used combined with emotions ranging from proneutral to offensive. The term balkanization frequently referred to representing the territories characterized by conflicts and separations [Todorova, 2009]. Upon bringing the wars to the end and through gradual process of the region renewal and reconstruction, a new name emerged, namely the Western Balkans. However, the invention of the name Western Balkans was followed by previously explained image of Balkan, so the new name was post-balkan phenomenon in itself (Balkan s dreams, obsessions, myths and fantasies on the one hand and, on the other hand, the demarcated territory, new countries and to them posed clear political requirements). The Western Balkans became a geopolitical region in the Union s documents already in 1998, in the Vienna Summit, as a new region that, as such, had not existed earlier, so that it was the act of the Union s invention of its own kind. It became by the EU countries surrounded territory that represented a new type of polarization [Topuzovski, 2009]. In all the following meetings of the EU, during defining conclusions for the regional countries, the said name was used in different formats, and, as of 2000, it has developed from the regional approach to a special integration model, i.e. stabilization and accession process. The notion had gradually been spreading into everyday use, while officially it got its status in the Thessaloniki Summit in 2003 during defining - through the Thessaloniki Agenda - the guidelines for the new enlargement cycle designed for the countries of this region (The Future of the Balkans is in the European Union; however, as soon as a country concerned has met the standards). Graph # 2: November 2013: The remaining Balkans Ring or The EU Political Encircling within the Balkans The Western Balkans has developed into the attribute given to the group of our regional countries that are not the EU members, but expressed their readiness and has entered into the EU accession, i.e. integration process. In geographical terms, this region comprises the countries west of Greece and south of Slovenia, while new members (from the Balkans) such as Romania and Bulgaria border it in the east. Since it is actually surrounded by the EU on all sides, we can call it also the Balkans Ring, so it is entirely rational and natural that the regional countries are dedicated to the European integration as to their key foreign policy priority that symbolizes peace, security, economic prosperity and democratic values [Đurović, 2012]. Nowadays, this Ring is significantly smaller, and

58 58 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE koji prirodno pripada velikoj evropskoj porodici naroda. Konačno, važno je napomenuti u kontekstu ove analize, da je Zapadni Balkan do 1. jula godine obuhvatao Albaniju, Bosnu i Hercegovinu, Hrvatsku, Makedoniju (FYRoM), Crnu Goru, Srbiju i Kosovo. U drugoj polovini Zapadni Balkan se značajno smanjuje, jer Hrvatska postaje punopravna članica Unije. 3. ZAPADNI BALKAN I UNIJA: INTEGRACIONA ATRAK- TIVNOST REGIONA Zapadni Balkan nije samo geografska odrednica, već ima i svoj geopolitički, bezbjednosni, ali i ekonomski aspekt, koji su veoma važni za dalji proces širenja Unije na Balkan. Regionalna slika Zapadnog Balkana predstavlja mozaik onih koji proizvode probleme i relativno dosadnih zemalja, gdje se, međutim, uloge često smjenjuju. Danas, regionalna evropska integracija ima promjenljivu dinamiku, proces se odvija znantno sporije od očekivanja sa početka ovog milenijuma, bremenit je mnogim ograničenjima koja su kompleksne političke i ekonomske prirode, sa skromnim pozitivnim efektom prelivanja (tzv. negativni spillover još uvijek suvereno vlada u regionu, pogoršanje situacije u jednoj zemlji automatski se preliva i na sve druge zemlje, bilo da je riječ o bezbjednosnim, širim političkim ili ekonomskim izazovima sa kojima se suočavaju svaka od zemalja pojedinačno). Drugim riječima, konkurencija u integracionoj brzini nije kreirala regionalnu sinergiju kojom možemo biti zadovoljni. Stvarno unapređenje dobrosusjedskih odnosa i otvorena i efikasna regionalna saradnja još uvijek nije na željenom nivou. Kao što se iz navedenog pregleda može vidjeti, ekonomska atraktivnost regiona je znatno manja, nego što je to bio slučaj sa zemljama petog proširenja Unije. Po podacima godine, 12 novih država članica donosilo je Uniji više od četvrtine stanovništva i petine teritorije, iako svega 5,4% BDP-a proširene zajednice. Danas, 10 godina kasnije, 7 zemalja našeg regiona, hipotetički, donijeli bi Uniji svega 4,5% stanovništva, 6,4% teritorije i manje od 1% BDP-a (svega 0,9%, jer se radi o budućim neto primaocima pomoći iz budžeta EU, sa BDP/pc u paritetu kupovne moći ispod 75%). Ekonomska atraktivnost WB 6 (bez Hrvatske) svodi se na svega 0,5% dodatog BDP-a iz godine, dok je kupovna moć ovih zemalja ispod 50% EU prosjeka (izražena u BDP/pc u paritetu kupovne moći). Možemo zaključiti da se u isticanju značaja evrointegracija regiona za Uniju, više u vidu imaju širi, politički i bezbjednosni interesi, nego konkretne ekonomske koristi. U prilog ovom zaključku je i činjenica da su tržišta zemalja regiona već značajno liberaizovana kroz Sporazume o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju, te je tržište regiona za kompanije iz Unije gotovo u potpunosti otvoreno. Tabela 2. Dinamika otvaranja tržišta zemalja Zapadnog Balkana i integracioni gep (na sljedećoj strani) Tabela prikazuje tzv. integracioni gep i on postoji ako postoji vremenska razlika između godine pune primjene SSP-a i godine potpisivanja pristupnog ugovora o članstvu u EU. Tabela prikazuje da se, jedino u slučaju Hrvatske, planirana dinamika otvaranja tržišta, koja je navedena u Sporazumu o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju sa EU (odnosno rok/godina do koga je procjenjuje da je moguće u potpunosti sprovesti sve odredbe Sporazuma) poklapa sa godinom u kojoj je potpisan Ugovor o pristupanju Uniji. Naime SSP je potpisan godine, a stupio je na snagu godine. U samom Sporazumu navedeno je da je period pune implementacije SSP šest godina od dana stupanja na snagu, a to je godina. Te godine je i potpisan Ugovor o pristupanju, pa su se očekivanja o internoj spremnosti za članstvo u Uniji poklopila sa godinom okončanja pregovora. Za Makedoniju, ta godina je trebala biti 2014., jer je stavljen duži rok primjene SSP- -a u dijelu otvaranja tržišta i ispunjenja političkih kriterijuma pristupanja, a znamo da pregovori nisu ni počeli, pa je ovaj gep neminovan. Albanija u svom SSP-u takođe ima duže rokove otvaranja za jedan mali dio tržišta, pa integracioni gep, u ovom kontekstu, počinje tek od godine. Pošto u BiH još i nije stupio na snagu SSP, ovaj rok nije ni definisan, te nije ni počeo. U Srbiji, zbog problema sa stupanjem na snagu SSP-a (proces ratifikacije, Litvanija), koji je stupio na snagu tek septembra godine, integracioni gep počinje od godine. U Crnoj Gori, integracioni gep počinje u drugoj polovini godine. 4. ZAPADNI BALKAN: IZABRANI EKONOMSKI INDIKATO- RI Ekonomska slika zemalja Regiona u uslovima sporog ekonomskog opravka, ukazuje na brojna razvojna ograničenja, koja ne zaobilaze ni državu koja je ostvarila punopravno članstvo u Uniji. Pristupanje Hrvatske pratile su (i prate) intenzivne demokratske i ekonomske reforme, ali direktni ekonomski benefiti ne mogu se osjetiti preko noći, s obzirom da je recesija prisutna od 2009 do 2013,

59 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro can be represented also graphically. In the foregoing year, the Stabilization and Accession Agreement entered into force in Albania, Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia; it was executed in Bosnia; its negotiations commenced in Kosovo. Regardless of two serious attacks in 2013 (Island s decision to freeze negotiations in June, and sudden and unexpected Ukraine s decision to cancel the solemn signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the EU in the mid November of the current year and to announce their turning to the Customs Union with Russia that has ambitions to create the Euro-Asian Union in the second half of the current decade), the Enlargement Policy has stuck to the dynamic and goals that are the full integration of the Western Balkans region. Metaphorically said, the Enlargement Policy has been developing, for our region, into the Policy of Encircling one part of the Europe, with that part belonging, by the nature of things, to the family of European people. Finally, it is important to note, in terms of the present analysis, that the Western Balkans, as of July 1 st 2013, has encompassed Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia (i.e. FYRoM), Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo. In the second half of 2013, the Western Balkans has been reduced considerably, since Croatia became a full member of the EU. 3. THE WESTERN BALKANS AND THE UNION: INTEGRA- TION ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE REGION The Western Balkans is not a geographical attribute only, but it has also its geopolitical, security and economic aspects that are very important for a further Union s enlargement process within the Balkans. Regional image of the Western Balkans represents the mosaic of those awkward and rather bothersome countries where, however, the roles are frequently rotated. Nowadays, the regional European integration has a variable dynamic. Its process is taking place considerably slower than it was expected originally at the beginning of the millennium. It is encumbered by numerous restrictions that are of complex political and economic characters, and it involves a modest effect of spilling over (socalled negative spillover is still the supreme ruler of the region; any aggravation of situation in one country spills automatically over into all other countries, whether it is about security, broader political or economical challenges which each country faces individually). In other words, competition in the integration run has not created a synergy that can please us. Real improvement in good neighborly relations and transparent and efficient regional cooperation are not yet at desirable level. As it is obvious from the foregoing review, the region s economic attractiveness is significantly lower than it was in case of the countries of the Union s fifth enlargement. According to the data from 2004, 12 new member states contributed to the Union more than one forth of the population and one fifth of the territory, despite only 5.4 % GDP of the enlarged Community. Today, 10 years later, 7 countries of our region, hypothetically, would contribute to the Union only 4.5% of population, 6.4% of the territory and less than 1.00% BDP (only 0.9%, since it is about the future net recipients of assistance from the EU Budget, with the GDP percentage at purchasing power parity below 75%). Economic attractiveness of the Western Balkans 6 (without Croatia) has been reduced to only 0.5% added GDP from 2012, with the purchasing power of these countries below 50% of the EU average (expressed in GDP percentage at purchasing power parity). We can conclude that in emphasizing the importance of the European integration to the Union, more consideration is dedicated to broader political and security interests than to particular economic benefits. In favor of this conclusion, there is the fact that the regional countries respective markets have already been liberalized through Stabilization and Accession Agreements, so the regional market has been almost open to the EU companies. The Table on the next page displays so-called integration gap and it exists if there is a time difference between the year of full enforcement of the SAA and the year of signing the Agreement on the Accession to the EU Membership. The Table shows that only in the case of Croatia the planned market opening schedule stated under the Stabilization and Accession Agreement entered into with the EU (actually the deadline / year which was projected as possible for the full enforcement of the Agreement provisions) matches with the year in which the Agreement on the Accession to the EU Membership was signed. Namely, the SAA had been signed in 2001 and it entered into force in The very Agreement states that the period of the full implementation of the SAA was to be six years as of the day of entering into force, i.e In that year the Agreement on the Accession was signed, so the expectations concerning the full internal readiness for the EU membership matched with the year of negotiation completion. For Macedonia, 2014 was projected to be that year, due to the extended deadline for the implementation of the SAA relating to the market opening and political criteria fulfilling, and we know that negotiations have not commenced yet so this gap is inevitable. In their SAA, Albania was also given extended deadlines for opening of a small portion of the market, so the integration gap, in these terms, is to start no earlier than in Since in Bosnia and Herzegovina the SAA has not entered into force yet, this

60 60 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE koju obilježava pad potrošnje domaćinstava, kao i smanjenje FDI i izvoza. Problemi u oblasti nekonkurentnih industrija, nefleksibilnog tržišta rada i velikog, ali nedovoljno efikasnog javnog sektora su i dalje značajni. Međutim, EU člnastvo će omogućiti državi benefite od slobodnog pristupa zajedničkom tržištu i značajnim sredstvima evropskih fondova, što treba da dovede do pozitivnog rasta ekonomije u godini [EBRD, 2013]. Po ocjeni EBRD, ekonomije našeg regiona još uvijek stagniraju ili bilježe manji rast. Domaća tražnja je niska i investicioni tokovi su još uvijek znatno ispod onih prije krize. 60% izvoza ide na EU tržište, koje je (još uvijek) najveći investitor u regionu. Finansijski sektor je umiren, ali nivo loših kredita u mnogim zemljama i dalje raste i blizu je, ili prelazi, 20% ukupnih kredita. Mnoge zemlje u regionu suočavaju se sa ozbiljnim fiskalnim izazovima, gdje smanjeni prihodi uslovljavaju oštre rezove u javnom sektoru. Pozitivnu stranu predstavlja postepeni oporavak izvoza, podstaknut blagim popravljanjem ekonomskih performansi Eurozone i rastućim pristupom tržištima van EU. Inflacija je, generalno, pod kontrolom, kao ključni cilj centralnih banaka. Konačno, progres u dubljim strukturnim reformama još uvijek nije značajan, iako se zemlje suočavaju sa ograničenjima postojećeg ekonomskog ambijenta za oporavak i rast [EBRD, 2013]. Albanija je veoma upućena na tržište Eurozone, te i zavisna od razvojnih performansi ključnih trgovinskih partnera kao što su Italija i Grčka. Posebno brine visok nivo loših kredita (25%), javni dug koji je prešao 60%, kao i izazovi fiskalne konsolidacije. U septembru Godine BiH je dogovorila Stand-by aranžmen sa IMF-om i već je sprovedeno nekoliko misija. Međutim, kompleksna politička situacija i slab biznis ambijent i dalje destimulativno djeluju na razvojnu perspektivu. Makedonija pokazuje neke indikatore oporavka u godini, gdje je rast BDP-a ostvaren prvenstveno rastom investicija i djelimično rastom izvoza. Značajni napori učinjeni su na unapređenju biznis ambijenta i privlačenju SDI, pa se ove godine Makedonija pozicionirala na Doing bussines listi lakoće poslovanja na zavidnom 35 mjestu (CG-44, KS-86, HR-89, AL-90, RS-93, BA-131) [World Bank, 2013]. Ekonomija Kosova ostvarila je najveći rast u regionu u godini, ali ostaje najmanje razvijena zemlja regiona, sa rastućom nezaposlenošću i siromaštvom. Makroekonomski ambijent je stabilan, praćen Stand-by aranžmanom IMF-a. U Crnoj Gori postepeno se podiže nivo ekonomske aktivnosti u godini, posebno oporavkom izvoza, ali ne metalnog sektora, već proizvodnje i izvoza električne energije, rastom sektora turizma i umjerenim oporavkom prometa u maloprodaji. Ipak, spoljnotrgovinski

61 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro deadline was neither set nor started. In Serbia, due to difficulties with the SAA entering into force (due to the ratification process, Lithuania) that was taken place no sooner than in September 2013, the integration gap is to start in In Montenegro, the integration gap is to start in the second half of WESTERN BALKANS: SELECTED ECONOMIC INDICATORS The economic portrait of the regional countries - under the circumstances of slow economic recovery points out to numerous development restrictions that do not pass by even a country that has attained the full membership of the EU. Accession of Croatia was followed (and has been followed) by intensive democratic and economic reforms, but direct economic benefits cannot be felt overnight taking into account that the recession was present from 2009 to 2013 and that it was marked by both a drop in household consumption and a shrink in FDI and exports. Noncompetitive industries, inflexible labor markets and large but inefficient public sector are still facing considerable challenges. However, the EU membership will ensure the state with benefits from the free access to the Common Market and with considerable resources from the EU funds, which all should lead to positive growth of economy in 2014 [EBRD, 2013]. According to EBRD assessment, economies of our region are still significantly stagnant or they record slight growth. National demand is low and investment flows are still below the ones prior to the crisis. Sixty percent (60.00%) of exports go to the EU market that is (still) the biggest investor in the region. Financial sector has been calmed down, but the level of bad loans in many countries has been constantly going up and it is near or exceeds 20.00% of the total loans. Many regional countries face serious fiscal challenges, with reduced revenues that induce sharp cuts in public sector. Positive side is represented by export recovery encouraged by a mild improvements in economic performances in the Eurozone and by increasing access to the markets outside the EU. Inflation is, in general, under control as it is a key goal of central banks. Finally, progress in deeper structural reforms is still not so significant, despite countries face the existing economic ambience with barriers for recovery and growth [EBRD, 2013]. Albania is very oriented toward the Eurozone market and dependant on the development performances of key trade partners such as Italy and Greece. Of particular concern is a high level of non-performing loans (25.00%), public debt exceeding 60.00%, and challenges in fiscal consolidation. In September 2012, Bosnia and Herzegovina agreed the Stand By Arrangement with MFI, and several missions have already followed so far. However, complex political situation and poor business environment are still acting in a discouraging manner upon the development prospective. Macedonia has shown some indicators of recovery in 2013, with GDP

62 62 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE deficit je i dalje veoma visok (18,7%), najveći u regionu, a fiskalna pozicija je oslabljena plaćanjem aktiviranih garancija KAP-a, što je značajno uticalo na rast nivoa zaduženosti poslednjih godina. Krediti blago rastu, a u njihovoj strukturi 17,45 je NPL. Konačno, projektovani snažan rast investicione aktivnosti u narednom srednjem roku, mogao bi djelovati kao stimulativni faktor rasta. Srbija se fokusira na oporavak rastom izvoza, što pozitivno utiče na realnu stopu rasta ukupne ekonomske aktivnosti. Izvoz se snažno opravlja, posebno oporavkom automobilske industrije, ali i dobrim uslovima za poljoprivredu. Međutim, Srbija se i dalje suočava sa ozbiljnim izazovima fiskalne konsolidacije (IMF je projektovao budžetski deficit između 7 do 8% BDP-a u godini i nivo javnog duga koji prelazi 60% i nastavlja da raste). NPL krediti su oko 20%, te predstavljaju značajan element ranjivosti za ekonomiju zemlje [ EBRD, 2013]. 5. UMJESTO ZAKLJUČKA: KLJUČNI IZAZOVI INTEGRACIJA ZAPADNOG BALKANA U Strategiji proširenja [EC, Enlargement strategy and main challenges, 2013] Komisija navodi da su ključni izazovi za Zapadni Balkan: ekonomsko upravljanje i konkurentnost, vladavina prava, funkcionisanje institucija koje garantuju demokratiju i prevazilaženje nasljeđa prošlosti (dalje jačanje dobrosusjedstva, sporazumi o granicama, ekonomska saradnja i zajednički projekti). Politički i institucionalni kriterijumi mogu se dalje specificirati za zemlje regiona, ali ekonomski, veoma su slični, što se može vidjeti i na pregledu na sljedećoj strani. za projekte energetike sa utvrđivanjem liste projekata od interesa za Energetsku zajednicu, itd.). Magnetna privlačnost integracija ostaje, iako je zlatno dobra proširenja zamijenjeno umjerenim (pragmatičnim) evrorealizmom, Politika evropskih integracija za naš region, ostaje strateško spoljnopolitičko opredjeljenje koje će obilježiti drugu dekadu ovoga vijeka, kao trasa koja nema realnu alteranativu. Ne zato što je to najbolji put, već zato što, trenutno, nema boljeg. A na taj put treba se dobro pripremiti za pregovore i ući spreman. Brzina pristupa je bitna, ali nivo spremnosti je još bitniji. A spremnost u ovom slučaju je dvodimenzionalna kategorija i zemlja regiona treba biti spremna za obaveze iz članstva, nadnacionalno makroekonomsko upravljanje, smanjenje diskrecionih nadležnosti vlade, podršku EU fondova, jačanje vladavine prava i konsolidaciju institucija, dok, sa druge strane, i Unija treba da bude spremna za nove države članice konsolidovana, jasnih pravila i političkog i ekonomskog konsenzusa o jos jednoj (ili više) država članica. Komisija će zemljama regiona pružati značajnu tehničku podršku za uvođenje modela ekonomskog upravljanja već u ovoj fazi integracija država kandidata za članstvo, a podržavaće i sve regionalne incijative (RCC za ekonomske i političke inicijative, WBIF za pripremu velikih infrastrukturnih, bankabilnih projekata, TEN-T za transport, TEN-E

63 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro growth reached primarily through investments increase and, partially, through export growth. Significant efforts have been made in improving the business environment and attracting FDIs. Consequently, Macedonia s this year rank on the Ease of Doing Business List is the enviable 35 th place (with Montenegro ranking as 44 th, Kosovo as 86 th, Croatia as 89 th, Albania as 90 th, Republic of Serbia as 93 rd, Bosnia as 131 st ) [World Bank, 2013]. Kosovo economy attained the highest growth in the region in 2012, but has remained the least developed regional country with increasing unemployment and poverty. Macroeconomic environment is stable, followed by the Stand-By Arrangement with IMF. In Montenegro, there has been gradual increase in economic stability in 2013 particularly through the recovery of exports - not of metal sector, but of energy generation and export, the growth in tourism sector and a moderate recovery in retail sales. Nevertheless, foreign trade deficit is still very high (18.7%), actually the highest in the region, with fiscal position undermined due to Aluminum Plant s debt as activated guarantee payments that considerably induced the increase in indebtedness in the previous years. Credits have been going slightly up and their structure comprises 17.45% attributed to nonperforming loans (NLPs). Finally, the projected strong growth in investment activity in the coming middle-term could act as a stimulating factor of growth. Serbia is focused on the recovery through export expansion, which has had positive effect on real growth rate of the overall economic activity. Export has been recovering strongly, particularly through recovery of car industry and through favorable conditions for agriculture. However, Serbia has still been facing serious challenges in fiscal consolidation (IMF projected the Budget deficit to range between 7.00 and 8.00% of the GDP in 2013 and the level of public debt exceeding 60.00% with increasing tendency). Nonperforming loans are around 20.00% and they present a significant element of vulnerability of the country s economy [EBRD, 2013]. 5. INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION: KEY CHALLENGES FACED BY THE WESTERN BALKANS INTEGRATIONS In the Enlargement Strategy [EC, Enlargement strategy and main challenges, 2013], the Commission states that the key challenges faced by the Western Balkans countries are economic governance, rule of law, functioning of democratic institutions and overcoming legacy of the past (further strengthening of good neighborly relations, agreements concerning borders, economic cooperation, and projects of joint interests). Political and institutional criteria can be further specified for the regional countries, and economic as well, since they are quite similar as can be seen in the review below. Accession speed is very important, but the readiness level is even more substantial. The readiness, in this case, is two-dimensional category and any regional country should be prepared for undertaking the membershiprelated obligations, supranational macroeconomic governance, reduction in government s discretionary competences, support from the EU funds, strengthening the rule of law, and consolidation of institutions, whereas, on the other hand, also the Union should be ready to new states, while being consolidated, with clear rules and political and economic consensus concerning one (or more) additional member states. The Commission will provide the regional countries with significant technical assistance for introducing the model for economic governance already during this stage of candidate countries integration and they will support all regional initiatives {Regional Cooperation Council for Economic and Political Initiatives (RCC), Western Balkans Investment Framework (WBIF) for developing large infrastructure bankable projects, TEN-T for transport, TEN-E for energy projects, with establishing a list of projects of the interest to Energy Community, etc.}. Magnetic attractiveness of integrations remains, despite the golden era of enlargement has been replaced by a moderate (pragmatic) Eurorealism. The European Integrations Policy for our region has remained a strategic foreign policy commitment to mark the second decade of the current century as the route without an alternative - not because it is the best route, but because currently no better one exists. To go along the route, good preparations for negotiations should be undertaken and be ready to get on it.

64 64 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE LITERATURA: 1. DG ECOFIN (2013), Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs Candidate Countries Economic Quarterly, Q3, November 2013: 4-7. ( eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/cpaceq/documents/cceq_2013_q3_en.pdf) 2. Đurović Gordana, Evropska unija i Crna Gora: politika proširenja, Ekonomski fakultet, Podgorica, 2012: EBRD, Regional Economic Prospects in EBRD Countries of Operations, November 2013: European Commission (2013), Enlargement strategy and main challenges , COM (2013)700 final: Eurostat, 2013, selected indicators ( 6. Todorova Maria, Imagining the Balkans, Oxford University Press, New York, 2009: 3 i Topuzovski Tihomir, From the imagining of the Balkans to the invention of the Western Balkans, Reartikulacija, No. 6, Ljubljana, 2009; ( org/?p=67) 8. Word Bank, IFC, (2013) Doing bussines report 2014; ( doing-business-2014)

65 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro REFERENCES: 1. DG ECOFIN (2013), Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs Candidate Countries Economic Quarterly, Q3, November 2013: 4-7. ( ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/cpaceq/ documents/cceq_2013_q3_en.pdf) 2. Đurović Gordana, European Union and Montenegro: the Enlargement Policy, Faculty of Economics, Podgorica, 2012: EBRD, Regional Economic Prospects in EBRD Countries of Operations, November 2013: European Commission (2013), Enlargement strategy and main challenges , COM (2013)700 final: Eurostat, 2013, selected indicators ( eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/ home). 6. Todorova Maria, Imagining the Balkans, Oxford University Press, New York, 2009: 3 i Topuzovski Tihomir, From the imagining of the Balkans to the invention of the Western Balkans, Reartikulacija, No. 6, Ljubljana, 2009; ( org/?p=67) 8. World Bank, IFC, (2013) Doing business report 2014; ( doing-business-2014)

66 66 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Prof. dr Predrag Ivanović Predsjednik Odbora direktora Luke Bar PRILOG EVROPSKOJ RUCI U RAZVOJU REGIONA REZIME Posmatrajući razvoj kvaliteta poslovnog okruženja u regionu, kroz opšte dimenzije modernizma (shvaćenog kao proces temeljne reforme političkog, pravnog i ukupnog socio-ekonomskog sistema) i modernizacije (u smislu rasta i razvoja nacionalnih ekonomija) i njihove interakcije, kroz»deduktivni lijevak», fokusira se važnost razvoja saobraćajne infrastrukture regiona, jedne od bazičnih potreba biznisa i dimenzije kokurentnosti regiona. Razvoj transportne infrastrukture, kao determinante razvojnog ambijenta, zahtijeva angažovanje «više ruku»: javnog sektora, privatnog sektora, inostranih investitora i sistema evropskih finansijskih institucija. S obzirom na «produženu» ekonomsku recesiju u regionu, budžetske deficite i relativno visoku zaduženost, te potrebu intenzivne reindustrijalizacije regiona, veoma je bitan i pristup evropskim finansijskim institucijama. Koliko će biti snažno prisustvo «evropske ruke» zavisi od «statusa» regionalnih saobraćajnica u razvojnim strategijama Evrope. Sljedstveno interesima regiona, ukazuje se na potrebu supstitucije postojećeg koncepta «koridora» u evropskom pristupu, širim i fleksibilnijim konceptom «transportnih aksi». Koncept «transportnih osovina» obezbjedjuje ravnopravniji i konkurentniji «status» nekih transportnih pravaca za koje su zainteresovane zemlje regiona. Kao primjer, navodi se transportni pravac od Bara prema Beogradu i dalje. Na kraju, pristup «deduktivnog lijevka» pokazuje stratešku važnost ovog pitanja i za razvoj Luke Bar, kao «pomorske kapije» regiona i značajnog potencijala ekonomskog rasta i razvoja Crne Gore. UVOD U uslovima intenzivnih procesa globalizacije, presudnu ulogu u socio-ekonomskom razvoju države, organizacija i pojedinaca imaju konkurentske sposobnosti. Konkurentsku sposobnost organizacije determinišu funkcionalne sposobnosti, odnosno kvalitet ulazne logistike, transformacionog procesa i izlazne logistike, kao i upravljačke sposobnosti koje su opredijeljene organizacionom kulturom, te kvalitetom strategije, strukture i sistema. Sve te komponente se reflektuju na kvalitet ponude i stepen njene uskladjenosti sa očekivanjima i zahtjevima tržišta. Medjutim, kako je organizacija, kao složen sistem, dio još većeg i složenijeg sistema, na konkurentsku sposobnost utiče i interakcija kompanije sa činiocima tog šireg okruženja. Na ovoj pretpostavci, Porter (1) je razvio poznati model konkurentskih prednosti naroda (model počiva na interakciji organizacije sa: uslovima tražnje, uslovima faktora poslovanja, razvijenosti povezanih djelatnosti, prikladnosti politike vlada i same slučajnosti). Prema tome, konkurentnost organizacije zavisi i od konkurentnosti nacionalnog, odnosno regionalnog razvojnog ambijenta. Osnovu nacionalnog razvojnog ambijenta čini: kvalitet ekonomije, stepen njene internacionalizacije i stabilnosti finansijskog sistema; razvijenost infrastrukture, osobito saobraćajne; razvijenost nauke i tehnologije; kvalitet ljudskog resursa i menadžmenta u organizacijama; te kapacitet i efikasnost državne administracije. Premda se posljednjih godina u Crnoj Gori (i čitavom regionu) poboljšava opšta konkurentnost, ona je i dalje ključan limit razvoja osobito kada se, usljed nestašice domicilne akumulacije i dugog trajanja recesije, razvoj temelji na prilivu stranih direktnih investicija. Sljedstveno tome, u domenu unapredjenja kvaliteta poslovnog okruženja postoje brojni zadaci, koje na opštem nivou, možemo posmatrati kao dimenziju modernizma i modernizacije. 1. MODERNIZAM I MODERNIZACIJA - DIMENZIJE PRO- SPERITETNOG RAZVOJNOG AMBIJENTA Proces temeljne reforme političkog, pravnog i ukupnog socio-ekonomskog sistema Crne Gore i zemalja regiona, možemo posmatrati kao dimenziju modernizma. Kroz proces pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji intenzivno se dogradjuje implementiraje kopenhaških kriterijuma u domenu: stabilnosti demokratskih institucija, vladavine prava, poštovanja ljudskih prava, sposobnosti preuzimanja obaveza, te uskladjivanja administrativnih, upravnih i pravosudnih struktura društva, kao i institucionalno uredjenje funkcionalne tržišne privrede. U ovoj dimenziji / dimenziji modernizma dominantna je odgovornost javnog sektora. Posmatrajući tako shvaćeni modernizam kao dimenziju ra-

67 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Professor Predrag Ivanović, PhD President of the Board of Directors at Port of Bar CONTRIBUTION TO THE»EUROPEAN HAND«IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION RESUME Looking at the quality of business environment in the region through general aspects of modernism (seen as a process of thorough reform of political, legal and the whole socio-economic system) and modernisation (in the sense of growth and development of national companies) and their interaction, it is through the deductive funnel that the importance of the development of the regional traffic infrastructure - as one of the basic requirements for and an indicator of the regional business and competitiveness respectively - is focused on. Being the determining factor in the development environment, transport infrastructure development demands the involvement of many hands, such as public sector, private sector, foreign investors and the system of European financial institutions. Taking into account the prolonged economic recession in the region, budget deficits and relatively high levels of indebtedness, as well as the need for intensive reindustrialisation of the region, access to European financial institutions is very important as well. How strong the presence of the European hand is going to be depends on the status of the regional roads in the development strategies of Europe. In accordance with the interests of the region, the Europe s approach has highlighted the need for substitution of the existing concept of corridors and its replacement with a broader and more flexible concept of transport axes. The concept of transport axes ensures more equal and more competitive status of some transport routes in which the countries from the region are interested. Transport route from Bar to Belgrade and further on shall be used as an example. Eventually, the deductive funnel approach shows the strategic importance of this issue for the development of the Port of Bar as well, as a naval gateway of the region and an important potential for economic growth and development of Montenegro. INTRODUCTION In the environment of the intensive globalisation processes, competitive skills have a principal role in the socio-economic development of the state, organisations and individuals. Competitive skills of an organisation are determined by functional abilities, i.e. the quality of input logistics, transformative processes and output logistics, as well as management capabilities that are a result of organisational culture and quality of the strategy, structure and system. All of these components are reflected in the quality of what is being offered and in the degree of offer s conformity with the expectations and demands of the market. Nevertheless, since an organisation, it being a complex system, is an integral part of a larger and even more complex system, competitive ability is also influenced by company s interaction with entities of that broader environment. Based on this presumption, Porter (1) developed his well-known model of competitive advantages of nations (this model relies on interaction of an organisation with: conditions of demand, conditions of business factors, development level of interconnected activities, adequacy of government policies and pure chance). According to that, competitiveness of an organisation depends also on competitiveness of national, as well as regional development environment. The foundations of the national development environment are made of: quality of the economy, degree of its internationalisation and stability of the financial system; development of infrastructure, especially transport infrastructure; development of science and technology; quality of human resources and management in organisations and; capacities and efficiency of state administration. Although in Montenegro (and the region as a whole) general competitiveness has been improving in the last few years, it is still one of principal limitations for development, especially when, due to the lack of domicile accumulations and a prolonged recession, development is primarily founded on the influx of direct foreign investments. Based on the aforementioned, there are numerous tasks in the domain of improvement of quality of business environment, which we can observe on a general level as an aspect of modernism and modernisation. 1. MODERNISM AND MODERNISATION ASPECTS OF A PROSPEROUS DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT

68 68 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE zvojnog ambijenta, javni sektor mora intenzivno unapredjivati kvalitet u domenu: kvaliteta upotrebe javnih sredstava, poštovanja ugovora i dostupnosti imovine, dokidanja monopolskih i oligopolskih pozicija u nekim sektorima, povećanja fleksibilnosti tržišta rada, dokidanja sive ekonomije i pojava korupcije i sl. Posebno je bitna brzina odlučivanja državne administracije i kvalitet rada pravosudnih organa u smislu nepristrasnosti, brzine donošenja rješenja i efikasnosti izvršnog postupka. Nadalje, modernizam pretpostavlja i razvoj savremenog sistema obrazovanja usmjerenog ka razvoju funkcionalnih znanja, koja povećavaju fleksibilnost ljudskog resursa. Svakako, modernizam pretpostavlja i razvoj nauke i tehnologije, transfer naprednih tehnologija iz inostranstva i stvaranja kulture inovacija i preduzetničkog ponašanja. U dimenziji modernizma i privredni subjekti, dakako, moraju preuzeti svoj dio odgovornosti. Primjerom navodimo: odgovornost privrednih subjekata u domenu usvajanja medjunarodnih standarda svojstvenih pojedinim djelatnostima, razvoj sposobnosti medjusobne koperacije, jasno profilisanje poslovnih strategija, razvoj organizacionih kultura i organizacionih struktura, kao i razvoj inovativnosti i unapredjivanja tehnološke osnove poslovanja. Ispunjavanje zahtjeva završne etape pridruživanja Evropskog uniji, kroz proces pregovaranja, intenzivira dogradnju dimenzije modernizma, kroz sistem razudjenih serija instrukcija Evropske unije i «domaćih zadataka» javnog sektora i ostalih subjekata društva. No, održivost modernizma pretpostavlja i dinamičan ekonomski razvoj. Ekonomski razvoj i njegove socijalne benefite možemo posmatrati kao dimenziju modernizacije. Modernizacija, svaćena u smislu rasta i razvoja nacionalnih ekonomija i stepena njene internacionalizacije, te razvijenost infrastrukture, u smislu kvaliteta servisa bazičnih potreba biznisa, je bitna odrednica razvojnog ambijenta. U dimenziji modernizacije potrebno je «više ruku». Te «ruke» su javni sektor, osobito privatni sektor i inostrane kompanije, te njihova medjusobna kooperativnost. Naime, javni sektor svojim aktivnostima kreira «brend» nacionalnog razvojnog ambijenta, dok mu privatni sektor i inostrani investitori daju realan ekonomski sadržaj. S obzirom na oskudnog domicilne akumulacije u regionu, ključan je ambijent privlačnosti za inostrane investitore. Svakako, simbioza javnog i privatnog sektora i inostranih investitora pretpostavlja uvažavanje i kompromis različitih interesa. Modernizam i modernizaciju možemo posmatratei kao «dvije strane iste medalje», odnosno kao komplementarne procese koji se samopodstiču. Dakle, modernizma, odnosno održivog razvoja demokratskih institucija i demokratskog socijalnog odnosa nema bez modernizacije, tj. ekonomskog razvoja i njegovih benefita. Modernizacija, odnosno ekonomski razvoj predstavlja ključni instrument mijenjanja tradicionalnih kulturnih matrica, tj «načina razmišljanja». U sadržaju kulturne matrice posebno su bitne bazične pretpostavke i sistem vrijednosti, koje se teško mijenjaju, a na njima se temelje norme ponašanja. Kulturna matrica je determinanta modernizma. Radi ilustracije kompatibilnosti modernizma i modernizacije navodimo interesantne nalaze statističke studije Prževorskog i Limongija koji su obuhvatili sve zemlje (135 država) u periodu godina i izračunali (USD iz 2000.god.): a) da je demokratski režim u zemljama sa USD po stanovniku imao prosječan vijek trajanja samo osam godina; b) sa dohodkom izmedju i USD, demokratija «živi» prosječno osamnaest godina; c) sa dohodkom preko USD, demokratija je veoma izdržljiva. Naime, vjerovatnoća propasti demokratije na ovom nivou dostignutog ekonomskog razvoja je 1:500. Dakle, istraživanje pokazuje se da će tranzicija ka demokratiji, sa nivom GDP-a po stanovniku od USD, biti vjerovatno uspješna (2). Važno je naglasiti da je riječ samo o GDP-u koji nije rezultat prodaje izdašnih prirodnih resursa, nego je rezultat realnog ekonomskog razvoja. Prema tome, diskrepanca modernizma i modernizacije stvara «zamrznuti konflikt», koji će se daljom dinamikom društvenog sistema «otvoriti» i riješiti ili unapredjivanjem demokratskog sistema ili njegovim dokidanjem. Možemo dodati, da ishod «zamrznutog konflikta» ili brzina uspješne tranzicije zavisi od stadijuma u razvoju savremene kulturne matrice jednog društva. Naime, i paradigma «dijalektičkog materijalizma» je prepoznala važnost interakcije modernizma («produkcionog odnosa») i modernizacije («proizvodnih snaga»), ali je ugradila i pogrešnu premisu socijalnog determinizma, tj. stav da je novo stanje društvenog sistema uvijek progresivnije od starog stanja i time neopravdano isključila uticaj kulturne matrice. Interakciju dimenzija modernizma, modernizacije i dostignutog stadijuma u razvoju kulturne matrice, možemo vidjeti u aktulnim dešavanjima u zemaljama arapskog svijeta. 1 ). Aktuelan «odmznuti koflikt», na primjer, u Egiptu, pokazuje potrebu snažne podrške vanjskog faktora u interakciji dimenzija: modernizma, modernizacije i potrebe rasta kvaliteta «prosjeka» kulturne matrice, kako bi se stvorile osnove razvoja demokratskog društva. Razvijeni svijet tu podršku mora tumačiti kao «investiciju», a ne kao nametnuti «trošak», jer je i sama globalizacija «sistemski» pristup stvarnosti i budućnosti. Kratkoročni interesni pristup, prirodno zasnovan na svojinskom odnosu, može rezultirati strategijskom miopijom 2 ). 1 Previranja u nekim arapskim zemljama, upravo, pokazuju nesklad razvoja modernizacije i nedostatnosti modernizma. Taj «zamrznuti koflikt» se odmrzava «arapskim proljećem». Medjutim, na ishod utiče i kulturna matrica, jer demokratski sistem kreira raspored moću u društvu saklasno kvalitetu «prosjeka» kulturne matrice. Očegledno u nekim zemlja «prosjek» kulturne matrice predstavlja problem, odnosno kritični faktor demokratske tranzicije. Zato je potrebna «ruke sa strane», posebno u dimenziji modernizacije kao faktora promjena kulturne matrice. Zapadni Balkan se dramatično suočio devedesetih godina sa neskladom ove tri dimenzije socio-ekonomskog progresa. 2 Iskustvo globalne recesije razotkriva mogućnost nastanka «strate-

69 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro The process of thorough reform of political, legal and the whole socio-economic system of Montenegro and other countries of the region can be observed as an aspect of modernism. Through the process of accession to the European Union, implementation of the Copenhagen Criteria has been intensively enhanced in the domain of: stability of democratic institutions, rule of law, respect of human rights, ability to assume responsibilities and harmonisation of administrative, managing and judicial structures of the society, as well as institutional arrangement of functional market economy. Responsibility of the public sector is dominant in this aspect aspect of modernism. By observing modernism interpreted in that manner, as an aspect of development environment, the public sector has to improve intensively the quality in the domain of: quality of utilisation of public funds, respect for contracts and the availability of property, the abolition of monopoly and oligopoly positions in some sectors, increasing the flexibility of labour markets, bringing an end to the grey economy and the appearance of corruption, etc. Particularly important is the speed of decision-making of the state administration and the quality of work of judicial bodies in terms of impartiality, swift decision making and efficiency of the enforcement proceedings. Furthermore, modernism also entails the development of contemporary system of education that is focused on the development of functional knowledge and skills, which increase the flexibility of human resources. Surely, modernism also entails the development of science and technology, transfer of advanced technologies from abroad and creation of culture of innovations and entrepreneurial behaviour. In the realm of modernism economic entities, of course, must take their share of responsibility. Here are some examples: responsibility of economic entities in the domain of adoption of international standards relevant to individual businesses, development of the ability for mutual cooperation, clear profiling of business strategies, development of organisational cultures and organisational structures, as well as the development of innovativeness and enhancement of technological foundations of business. Fulfilment of the requirements of the final phase of EU accession, through the negotiation process, intensifies the enhancement of the aspect of modernism, through the system of diffused sets of European Union s instructions and home works for the public sector and other entities of the society. Nevertheless, sustainability of modernism also entails dynamic economic development. Economic development and its social benefits can be observed as an aspect of modernisation. Modernisation, in the sense of growth and development of national economies and degree of its internationalisation, as well as the development level of infrastructure, in the sense of quality of services for businesses basic needs, is an important determinant for the development environment. Several hands are needed in the aspect of modernisation. These hands are the public sector, then especially the private sector and foreign companies, and their mutual cooperation. Namely, public sector with its activities creates a brand for national development environment, whole private sector and foreign investors provide a real economic content to it. Having in mind the scarcity of domicile accumulations in the region, the key is in creating an attractive environment for foreign investors. Of course, symbiosis of public and private sector and foreign investors entails respect and compromise on diverse interests. Modernism and modernisation can be observed as two sides of the same coin, i.e. as complementary processes that are stimulating each other. Hence, there is no modernism or sustainable development of democratic institutions and democratic social relationships without modernisation, i.e. without economic development and benefits it brings. Modernisation and economic development represent key instruments for changing traditional cultural matrices, i.e. the way of thinking. Within the context of cultural matrix, basic presumptions and system of values are especially relevant, since they are hard to change and actually are the foundations for the norms of behaviour. Cultural matrix is a determinant of modernism. In order to illustrate compatibilities in modernism and modernisation, we shall list some interesting findings of a statistical study made by A. Przeworski and F. Limongi, which included all the states existing at the time (135 of them) over the period and calculated (using the value of the US dollar in the year 2000) that: 1) democratic regime in countries with 1500 USD per capita had an average life span of only eight years; b) in those with an average income between 1500 and 3000 USD, democracy lived on average eighteen years; c) in those with average income over 6000 USD democracy proved to be very resilient. Namely, the odds for failure of democracy at this level of achieved economic development was 1:500. Therefore, this study shows that the transition to democracy, with a per capita GDP between 3000 and 6000 USD, shall probably be successful (2). It is important to highlight that they have taken into account only the GDP which was not a result of sale of extensive natural resources, but a result of real economic development. Therefore, the discrepancy of modernism and modernisation creates a frozen conflict, which can open up and be solved through further dynamic of social system or through enhancement of the system of democracy or its abatement. We may add that the outcome of the frozen conflict or the speed of successful transition depend on the stadium of development of contemporary cultural matrix of a society. Namely, the paradigm of dialectic materialism has also recognised the importance of interaction of modernism ( production relationship ) and modernisation ( production forces ), but it also incorporated a wrong premise of social determinism, i.e. the view that the new state of the social system is always more progressive than the old state and thus unduly excluded the impact of the cultural matrix.

70 70 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Shodno rečenom, jasno je da održiv razvoj modernizma, shvaćen kao «mreža domaćih zadataka» zasnovana na instrukcijama Evropske unije u domenu razvoja demokratskih institucija i demokratskog socijalnog odnosa, pretpostavlja dinamičanu modernizaciju, tj. ekonomski razvoj, koji će generisati i realnu modernizaciju kulturne matrice, kao «vezivnog tkiva» demokratskog društva. Dakle, i u dimenziji ekonomskog razvoja našeg regiona Evropska unija je jedna od potrebnih «ruku». Naravno, Unija ima i nudi čitavi niz instrumenata podrške ekonomskom razvoju zemalja regiona. Medjutim, aktuelno stanje produžene recesije, izraženih budžetskih deficita, visoke realne zaduženosti, nestašice domicilne akumulacije, devastirane industrije i sl., što su atributi regiona, otvara pitanje i dovoljnosti snage «evropske ruke». Svakako, treba razumjeti da i Unija ima čitavi niz svojih ograničenja. Snažnija «evropska ruka» potrebna je regionu, prvenstveno, u domenu razvoja saobraćajne infrastrukture, kao jedne od bazičnih odrednica razvojnog ambijenta. Ova odrednica razvojnog miljea regiona, upravo zahtijeva «više ruku» (javnog sektora, privatnog sektora, medjunarodnih investitora i sistema evropskih finansijskih organizacija). Koliko će biti snažno prisustvo «evropske ruke» u razvoju mreže regionalnih saobraćajnica zavisi od njihovog «statusa» u razvojnim strategijama Evrope. Upravo, u domenu «statusa» transportnih pravaca postoji prostor ravnopravnijeg tretmana nekih prostora regiona. 3 ) Riječju, u domenu statusa saobraćajnica potreban je širi i fleksibilniji, tj konkurentniji (čitaj pravedniji), pristup Evropske unije. Sljedstveno tome, u «pogledu regiona prema Evropskoj uniji», fokusirajmo pitanje tzv. koridora «4B», kao primjer potrebe angažovanja «više ruku» u razvoju realnog sadržaja procesa modernizacije našeg regiona. 2. «STATUS» REGIONALNE TRANSPORTNE MREŽE FAK- TOR IMPERATIVNE MODERNIZACIJE Kao što je poznato, na panevropskim konferencimama o saobraćaju definisano je deset saobraćajnih koridora koji povezuju zemlje centralne, istočne i jugoistočne Evrope, sa svrhom integrisanja sa Transevropskom transportnom mrežom (TEN-T) Evropske unije. Sljedstveno tome, status «panevropskog koridora» obezbjedjuje prioritet i olakšano finansiranja saobraćajnica u dugom roku. Dakle, «status» je veoma bitan da bi se dao realan sadržaj i izvršila modernizacija transportne mreže. ške miopije», uzrokovane interesnim spontanitetom. Naime, globalnoj recesiji prethodila je serija ograničenih i regionalnih kriza (na primjer, štedno-kreditna kriza god.; kriza u istočnoj Aziji godine). 3 U istorijskom nasledju Crne Gore, možemo vidjeti primjer važnosti «statusa». Naime, bokeljska obalna naselja su prije nekoliko vijekova od Venecije tražila status «pomorske opštine». Taj status, kao pravo na prekomorsku trgovinu, bio je ključni faktor razvoja baroknih gadova i gradića, čijoj se ljepoti i raskošu i danas divimo. Mapa trasa panevropskih koridora jasno pokazuje «nepokrivenost» prostora Crne Gore i nekih drugih djelova regiona, te Luka Bar i kapitalne saobraćajne trase nemaju željeni status. Sljedstveno tome, sredinom godine pokrenuta je inicijativa za definisanje i uključivanje u panevropsku mrežu transportnog koridora 4B (Bukurešt-Beograd-Bar-Bari), kao jedanaestog koridora panevropske mreže ili, pak, kao kraka postojećih koridora. To je interes ne samo Crne Gore, nego i Srbije, Rumunije i Italije, s obzirom da u zapadnom dijelu Rumunije ekzistira oko preduzeća iz Italije. Takav interes su predstavnici vlada navedenih država artikulisali i na Medjunarodnoj konferenciji u Baru godine (3). Sa aspakta interesa Crne Gore, ovaj koridor bi obezbijedio znatno povoljnije uslove za finansiranje izgradnje dionica auto-puta Bar Beograd, te posebno povoljnije uslove za imperativnu rekonstrukciju pruge Bar Beograd. Predmetne saobraćajnice su ključne determinante ekonomske valorizacije potencijala Luke Bar i razvoja tzv. kratkih pomorskih veza sa Italijom, južnim i istočnim Mediteranom, kao i ekonomskog razvoja gravitacionog prostora. Poznato je da su ekonomska aktivnost i robni tokovi u direktnoj zavisnosti sa stepenom razvijenosti transportne infrastrukture i logističkih sistemima. Dakle, razvoj transportnog koridora pretpostavlja prisustvo odredjenih gravitirajućih robnih tokova i ekonomske aktivnosti, ali i transportni koridor ne može privući robne tokove, ako nije modernizovana saobraćajna infrasturktura i razvijeni moderni logistički sistemi. Prema podacima pomorskih istraživačkih centara (na primjer «Ocean Shipping Consultans»), kontejnerski prevoz ima veoma dinamične stope rasta. U dugom roku, godina, trgovina robom u kontejnerima rasla je po stopi od 8,5% godišnje. Medjutim, luke koje gravitiraju koridoru «4B» ostvarile su svega 0,5% (oko 2,5 mil. TEU) učešća u ukupnom kontejnerskom pretovaru u godini, što «zorno» ilustruje njihovu nedovoljnu iskorišćenost. Bez obzira što je globalna recesija imala negativne implikacije na transport i dalje se očekuju visoke stope rasta kontejnerskog transporta na globalnom nivou. Intenzivni procesi kontejnerizacije transporta afirmisali su i značaj mediteranskih luka, s obzirom na pojavu efekta zakrčenja u sjevernoevropskim lukama. Shodno tome, na Mediteranu su se intenzivno razvijali hab-centri (poput: Djoja Tauro, Malta, Taranto, Pirej, Port Said, Haifa) i luke «kapije» za prekrcaj uvozno-izvoznih kontejnera. Praksa pokazuje, da se negativni efekti zakrčenja luka počinju javljati na 70% stepena iskoriščenosti, te se realno očekuje rast značaja jadranskih luka. Stepen iskorišćenosti tri najveće sjevernojadranske luke (Kopar, Trst, Rijeka) prije globalne recesije procijenjen je na oko 60%, dok su se očekivane stope rasta do godine procijenjivane na preko 15%. Sljedstveno tome, tržišno

71 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Interaction of aspects of modernism, modernisation and achieved stadium in the development of cultural matrix can be seen in current events occurring in the countries of the Arab world 1 ). The current unfrozen conflict, for example in Egypt, shows the need for strong support of external factors in interaction of aspects: modernism, modernisation and the need for increase of quality of the average in the cultural matrix, in order to create the foundations for the development of a democratic society. Developed world must see this support as an investment, not as an imposed expense, because globalisation itself is a systemic approach to reality and the future. Short-term interest-based approach, naturally founded on property relations, can result in a strategic short-sightedness 2 ). According to that, it is clear that a sustainable development of modernism, in the sense of a network of home works based on European Union s instructions in the domain of development of democratic institutions and democratic social relations, presupposes dynamic modernisation, as well as economic development, which shall also generate a real modernisation of the cultural matrix, like connective tissue of a democratic society. Therefore, even from the point of view of economic development of our region, the European Union is one of the required hands. Of course, the Union has and does offer a whole set of instruments for support to economic development of the countries from this region. Nevertheless, current situation with prolonged recession, pronounced budget deficits, high levels of real indebtedness, scarce domicile accumulation, devastated industry and so on, which are characteristics for the whole region, raises the question of adequacy of strength of the European hand. Most definitely it should be taken into account that even the Union has a whole set of limitations of its own. A stronger European hand is needed in the region, first of all in the domain of development of transport structure, it being one of the essential parameters of development environment. This parameter of development environment in the region actually requires several hands (public sector, private sector, international investors and the system of European financial organisations). How strong the presence of the European hand is going to be in the development of the network of regional traffic arteries depends on their status in European development strategies. Actually, it is in the domain of status of transport routes where there is a space for a more equal 1 Turmoil in certain Arab countries actually shows the discrepancy between the development of modernisation and insufficiencies of modernism. This frozen conflict got unfrozen by the Arab Spring. Nevertheless, outcome was also influenced by the cultural matrix, because democratic system creates a division of power in a society in accordance with the quality of the average in the cultural matrix. Obviously, in some countries the average in the cultural matrix presents a problem, or actually a critical factor in a democratic transition. This is why a helping hand is required, especially from the aspect of modernisation as a factor of change of cultural matrix. During the 1990s, Western Balkans were dramatically faced with the disaccord of these three aspects of socio-economic progress. 2 The experience of global recession has revealed the possibility of occurrence of strategic short-sightedness, caused by interest-based spontaneity. Namely, the global recession was preceded by a series of limited and regional crisis (for example, the savings and loan crisis in 1989, crisis in East Asia in 1997, etc.) treatment of certain areas in the region. 3 ) In a word, in the domain of traffic arteries status, a broader and more flexible, i.e. more competitive (meaning fairer) approach of the European Union is required. According to the aforementioned, in view of region and the European Union, we shall focus on the issue of the socalled corridor 4B, as an example of the need to involve more hands in the development of real content for the process of modernisation of our region. 2. STATUS OF THE REGIONAL TRANSPORT NETWORK A FACTOR IN THE IMPERATIVE MODERNISATION As it is well known, 10 traffic corridors were defined at the Pan-European conferences on transport, connecting the countries of central, eastern and southeast Europe, with the purpose of integration with the European Union s Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T). In accordance with that, the status of the Pan-European Corridor ensures the priority and facilitates financing of traffic arteries in the long term. Therefore, the status is very important in order to provide real content and perform the modernisation of the transport network. Map of routes of Pan-European corridors clearly shows lack of coverage on the Montenegrin territory and in some other parts of the region, thus the Port of Bar and the capital traffic routes do not have the required status. Based on that, an initiative was launched in mid to define and include the transport corridor 4B in the Pan-European network (Bucharest Belgrade- Bar Bari), as the eleventh corridor of the Pan-European network or as a branch of one of the existing corridors. That was of interest not only to Montenegro, but also Serbia, Romania and Italy, having in mind that there are about enterprises from Italy operating in the western part of Romania. Government representatives of the aforementioned countries have also confirmed their interest at the international conference held in 2010 in Bar (3). From the point of view of Montenegro s interest, this corridor would ensure significantly better conditions for financing the construction of the Bar Belgrade highway, and significantly better conditions for the imperative reconstruction of Bar Belgrade railway. These traffic routes are key determinants of economic valorisation of Port of Bar s potential and the development of the so-called shortsea connections with Italy, southern and eastern Mediterranean, as well as the economic development of the gravitational area. It is known that economic activities and commodity flows are directly dependent on the degree of development of transport infrastructure and logistics systems. Therefore, the development of transport corridor entails the 3 We can see an example for the importance of the status in the historic heritage of Montenegro. Namely, the coastal settlements in the Kotor Bay area requested from Venice several centuries ago for the status of maritime municipalities. This status, giving its holder the right to organise maritime trade, was the key development factor for baroque towns and villages, the beauty and splendour of which we admire even today.

72 72 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE učešće južnojadranskih luka (Bar, Ploče, Drač) procijenjeno je na 30% ukupnog jadranskog pretovara kontejnera - oko TEU godišnje (4). Prema tome, iako su izražene negativne posljedice globalne recesije i recesije regiona jugoistoka Evrope sa «produženim trajanjem», jasno je da južnojadranske luke imaju značajan potencijal rasta u kontejnerskom pretovaru. Nadalje, strategijski pravac ekonomskog razvoja regiona jugoistoka Evrope je, svakako, dinamična reindustrijalizacija, s obzirom da su dramatični politički procesi na zapadnom Balkanu i procesi «puzajuće» ekonomske tranzicije devastirali industrijsku osnovu. Reidustrijalizacija će se pozitivno odraziti, ne samo na kontejnerski transport, nego i na pretovar rasutih tereta i tečnih energenata, posebno preko južnojadranskih luka (Ploče i Bar). Kao primjer, navodimo uvozno-izvozni pretovar ruda preko Bara za potrebe fabrika Kosova i Srbije. Posebno naglašavamo da Luka-Bar, po svojim prirodnim karakteristikama kao što su geo-prometni položaj i dubina gaza, ima izražen potencijal i za razvoj pretovara i lagera tečnih energenata. Izrazit potencijal je dinamičan rast ro-ro transporta preko jadranskih luka. Inače, trgovina «od vrata do vrata» u Mediteranu ima snažan ro-ro elemenat, usljed kratkih relacija mnogih ruta i potrebe prevoza automobila, prikolica i putnika. Na Jadranu su osobito značajni terminali za pretovar automobila u Kopru i od godine u Molfakoneu, koji su povezani sa evropskom logističkom mrežom. Od godine, sa proizvodnjom fabrike automobila u Kragujevcu (FIAT-SRBIJA) intenzivno se razvija (nakon trideset godina) i terminal za pretovar automobila u Baru. Primjerom navodimo da je za nešto više od godinu dana pretovareno automobila u Baru, što jasno ukazuje na pozitivne efekte procesa reindustrijalizacije regiona. Možemo zaključiti da trendovi razvoja transporta u prostoru Mediterana i Jadrana, postojeći robni potencijali, te posebno imperativni procesi reidustrijalizacije regiona jugoistoka Evrope, zahtijevaju znatno kvalitetniju regionalnu «savladanost prostora» i modernizaciju transporta (za Crnu Goru posebno interesantne transportne osovine «4B» i jadransko-jonske osovine), u smislu brzine i sigurnosti, tj. kvaliteta usluge i adekvatnog uticaja na prirodnu i kulturnu okolinu. Riječju, predmetnu transportnu osovinu «4B» treba modernizovati u skladu sa dramatičnim tehničko-tehnološkim i informatičkim promjenama transportne mreže Evrope. Zemlje regiona su, razumljivo, prepoznale važnost ove transportne osovine, kroz svoje strategije razvoja saobraćaja, kao komponente razvojnog ambijenta nacionalnih ekonomija i integralno ekonomije regiona. Posljednih godina imamo najavljene snažne napore javnog sektora u konkretnim aktivnostima na modernizaciji ovog transportnog pravca. No, ponavljamo da djejstvo faktora globalne i regionalne recesije, budžetski deficiti i stepeni zaduženosti nacionalnih ekonomija, objektivno ograničivaju mogućnosti javnog sektora, naglašavaju potrebu privatni investitori, posebno inostrani, kroz modele javno-privatnog partnerstva, odnosno Evropske unije i njenih finansijskih organizacija. 3. NOVI KONCEPT «EVROPSKE RUKE» U RAZVOJU SAO- BRAĆAJNE INFRASTRUKTURE KAO FAKTOR RAZVOJA REGIONA Artikulisani zahtjevi «zainteresovanih strana» nijesu rezultirali zvaničnim tretmanom pravca «4B» kao jedanaestog koridora pan-evropske mreže koridora, jer postoje inicijative da se kreirana nova orijentacija Evrope. Naime, koncept koridora je uzak i nefleksibilan koncept, koji daje stanovitu prednost već «ozvaničenim» saobraćajnicama, u odnosu na druge saobraćajnice u kontaktnom prostoru. Korisno je napomenuti da ovakav uzak koncept može biti i osnov stvaranja neprincipijelnih koalicija investitora, izvodjača radova i ostalih «zaiteresovanih strana», što «raubuje» načela konkurentnosti (princip modernizma). Shodno tome, artikulisan je interes i potreba da se koncept «pan-evropskih saobraćajnih koridora», substituiše konceptom»transportnih osovina». Koncept «transportnih osovina» prostora susjedstva Evropske unije, kompatibilan sa «aksama» zemalja EU, znači da «osovina» zahvata širi prostor, pa sve gravitacione saobraćajnice dobijaju ravnopravan status. Koncept «transportnih osovina» otvara mogućnost za snažnije i konkurentnije prisustvo potrebne «evropske ruke» u modernizaciji regionalne saobraćajne mreže kao faktora razvojnog ambijenta. Primjerom navodimo da se sada luke Ploče i Drač nalaze na mreži pan-evropskih koridora, ali ne i Luka Bar i čitav prostor Crne Gore. Koncept transportnih osovina, kao širi prostorni zahvat, «prekriva» i Luka Bar i Crnu Goru. Kroz ovaj koncept mogu se zadovoljiti već artikulisani interese i ostalih zaintersovanih država na ranije predloženom koridoru «4B». Medjutim, koliko nam je poznatio, supstitucija «koridora» sa «transportnim osama» još uvijek nije ozvaničena i nema «institucionalizovanu snagu». Snaga institucionalizovanog «statusa» i njegova ekonomska vrijednost, obavezuje javni sektor da u partnerskom odnosu sa Evropskom unijom, u izgradivanju kompatibilnih dimenzija modernizma i modernizacije regiona, obezbijedi usvajanje koncepta «transportnih osovina». To je obaveza javnog sektora, jer kao što je rečeno, javni sektor «širi razvojni ambijent». U komponenti infrastrukture, kao bazične potrebe biznisa, javni sektor kroz partnerstvo sa privatnim i stranim investitorima, stvara i realan sadržaj razvojnog ambijenta. Značajan doprinos realnom sadržaju razvojnog ambijenta, Evropska unija daje kroz vrijednost «statusa». Ako fokus pristupa razvoja regiona «izoštrimo» do mikro nivoa, možemo vidjeti stratešku važnost ovog pitanja za razvoj, na primjer, luke u Baru, kao jedne od «kapija» regiona. Luka u Baru je značajan resurs ekonomskog razvoja, posebno Crne Gore, ali i čitavog gravitacionog prostora, jer je po-

73 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro presence of certain gravitating commodity flows and economic activities, but a transport corridor cannot attract commodity flows if the traffic infrastructure is not modernised and modern logistics systems are not developed. According to the data of naval research centres (for example Ocean Shipping Consultants ), container transport has highly dynamic growth rates. Over a long period of time, between 1980 and 2008, our trade in container goods has been growing at an average annual rate of 8.5%. Still, the ports that gravitate to corridor 4B have only about 0.5% share (around 2.5 million TEU) in the total container transshipment of containers in 2008, which markedly illustrates their lack of utilisation. Notwithstanding that the global recession had negative implications on transport, high growth rates of container transport are still expected at the global level. Intensive processes of containerisation of transport have affirmed the importance of Mediterranean ports, having in mind the effect of congestion in the North European ports. Based on that, several hub-centres (like Gioia Tauro, Malta, Taranto, Piraeus, Port Said, and Haifa) were being intensely developed, as well as gateway ports for the handling of import-export containers. The practice shows that negative effects of port congestion start appearing at 70% of their utilisation, so the increase in importance of Adriatic coasts can be realistically expected. Degree of utilisation of the three largest North Adriatic ports (Kopar, Trieste and Rijeka) before the global recession was estimated at 60%, while expected growth rates until 2015 were estimated at 15% annually. Based on that, the market share of South Adriatic ports (Bar, Ploče and Durres) was estimated at 30% of the total transshipment of containers in the Adriatic approximately TEUs annually (4). Thus, although there are clear and visible negative consequences of the global recession and the recession with the prolonged duration of the Southeast Europe region, it is clear that South Adriatic ports have a significant potential for growth when container transshipment is in question. Moreover, strategic direction of economic development of the Southeast Europe region is most certainly a dynamic reindustrialisation, due to the fact that dramatic political processes in the Western Balkans and processes of a crawling economic transition devastated its industrial foundations. Reindustrialisation shall reflect positively not only on the container transport, but on transshipment of bulk cargoes and liquid fuels as well, especially through South Adriatic ports (Ploče and Bar). As an example, we can provide the export-import transshipment of ore through Bar, for factories in Kosovo and Serbia. We would like to especially highlight the fact that the Port of Bar, according to its natural characteristics, like geo-traffic position and wading depth, has an obvious potential for the development of both transshipment and stocking of liquid fuels. An exceptional potential is also the dynamic growth of ro-ro (Roll-on/roll-off) transport through Adriatic ports. Also, door to door trading in the Mediterranean has a strong ro-ro element, due to short distances of many routes and the need for transportation of cars, trailers and passengers. On the Adriatic coast are particularly important transshipment terminals for cars in Koper and, since 2000, in Molfacone, which are associated with European logistics network. Since 2012, simultaneously with increase of production of cars in the car factory in Kragujevac (FIAT SERBIA), the terminal for transshipment of cars in Bar is being intensively developed (after thirty years). For example, during a little bit over a year 100,000 cars were transshipped in Bar, which clearly shows the positive effects of the process of reindustrialisation of the region. We can conclude that the trends of growth of transport in the Mediterranean and Adriatic region, existing commodity capcities and especially imperative processes of reindustrialisation of the region of Southeast Europe require a much better regional spatial management and modernisation of transport (transport axis 4B and Adriatic-Ionic axis are especially interesting for Montenegro), primarily in the sense of speed and security, as well as quality of service and adequate influence on the environment and cultural surroundings. In a nutshell, the aforementioned transport axis 4B should be modernised in accordance with the dramatic technical, technological and information technology changes in the Europe s transport network. Countries of the region understandably recognised the importance of this transport axis, through their traffic development strategies, as components of development environment of their national economies and integrally the economy of the region as a whole. In the last few years we have had announcements of public sector s strong efforts concerning concrete activities on modernisation of this traffic route. Still, we must reiterate that the effects of global and regional recession factors, budget deficits and levels of indebtedness of national economies objectively limit the possibilities of the public sector, highlighting the need for private investors, especially foreign ones, through models of public-private partnerships, as well as for the European Union and its financial organisations. 3. THE NEW CONCEPT OF EUROPEAN HAND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC INFRASTRUCTURE AS A FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION Articulated demands of the interested parties did not result in an official treatment of the route 4B as the eleventh corridor of the Pan-European network of corridors, because there are initiatives to create a new orientation of Europe. Specifically, the concept of a corridor itself is a narrow and rigid concept, which provides significant advantage to the routes that were already made official compared to other routes in the contact area. It is useful to mention that such a narrow concept can become the basis for creation of unprincipled coalitions of investors, contractors and other interested parties, thus abusing the principles of competitiveness (the principle of modernism).

74 74 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE znato da luke imaju visok multiplikativan efekat na gravitirajući prostor. To je prepoznala i Evropska unija, te je preko ranije Agencije za rekonstrukciju, pružila «ruku» podrške u ekspertskom definisanju strategije transformacije i razvoja Luke-Bar, po tzv. lend-lord modelu (5). Sama tranzicija, kao dramatična faza svake transformacije, izvedena je godine i imala je vidljive pozitivne efekte kod novodefinisanih operatera luke u Baru, u smislu razvoja novih poslova, poboljšavanja kvaliteta interne ekonomije i privatizacije dijela operatera. Naravno, predstoje i dalji zadaci u optimizaciji operaterskih organizacija i unapredjivanja strateškog i operativnog lučkog menadžmenta ove luke. Medjutim, kritičan faktor ekonomske valorizacije Luke i razvoja njenih multiplikativnih efekata je, upravo, kvalitet saobraćajne infrastrukture i tehničko-tehnološka modernizacija transportne mreže sa gravitacionom prostorom. Postojeći kvalitet trasportne veze Luke i gravitacionog prostora je presudan limit rasta i razvoja. U tom smislu, posebno treba fokusirati željeznički transport. Na primjer, željeznička pruga Bar Beograd, ima dominantno «lučki» atribut. U njoj su «zamrznute» velike ekonomske vrijednosti nekadašnjih investicionih napora, uz sadašnji nizak nivo funkcionalnosti. Shodno tome, njena rekonstrukcija i modernizacija je imperativ racionalnog pristupa. ZAKLJUČAK Inicirana substitucija koncepta «transportnih koridora», fleksibilnijim konceptom «transportnih osovina», obezbjedjuje ravnopravan i povoljniji «status» izgradnje i rekonstrukcije saobraćajne infrastrukture regiona. To je posebno važno za prostor Crne Gore i za ekonomsku valorizaciju potencijala Luke-Bar. Povoljniji i ravnopravan tretman saobraćajnih pravaca regiona u evropskim strategijama, stvara uslove izdašnijeg prisustva evropskih finansijskih institucija u realiziji izgradnje i rekonstrukcije kapitalnih saobraćajnica, koje su snažne deteminate modernizacije regiona, a bez modernizacije, shvaćene kao determinante razvojnog ambijenta, nema ni željenog tempa napretka u modernizmu, koji se kroz proces pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji stimuliše i razvija. Modernizam i modernizacija su kompatibilne dimenzije, odnosno dimenzije u medjusobnoj interakciji. IZVORI: 1. Porter M.: The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan Press, 1990; 2. A. Przeworski, F. Limongi: «Modernization: Theories and Facts», World Politics, Volume 49, No (navedeno prema: F. Zakarija: Budućnost slobode, str.64-65, Dan-Graf, Beograd, 2004.); 3. Medjunarodna konferencija: «Strateški razvoj saobraćajnog koridora: Bukurešt-Beograd-Bar-Bari», Zbornik radova, Bar, 2010.; 4. Indecon consulting: Port of Bar - Development Strategy, Indecon consulting: Port of Bar Program of the Reconstruction, 2007.

75 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Consequently, there is an articulated interest and a need that the concept of Pan-European traffic corridors should be replaced with the concept of transport axes. The concept of transport axes used in the European Union s neighbouring countries is compatible with the EU countries axes, meaning that axes encompasses a larger area, so all gravitational routes get equal status. The concept of transport axes opens up the possibility for a stronger and more competitive presence of the required European hand in the modernisation of the regional traffic network as a factor relevant for development environment. We can use the Ports of Ploče and Durres as an example, since they are now part of the network of Pan-European corridors, but the Port of Bar and the whole territory of Montenegro is not. The concept of transport axes, as a broader spatial intervention, is covering both the Port of Bar and the whole of Montenegro. Through this concept the already articulated interests of other interested countries relevant to the previously proposed corridor 4B could also be fulfilled. Still, as far as we are aware, the replacement of corridors with transport axes has not yet been made official and does not possess the institutional strength yet. The power of institutionalised status and its economic value obliges the public sector that, in partnership with the European Union and by working on constructing compatible aspects of modernism and modernisation of the region, it ensures the adoption of the concept of transport axes. This is an obligation of the public sector, because, as was previously stated, public sector should expand the development environment. In the infrastructure component, it being the basic need of businesses, public sector also creates real content for development environment through partnerships with private and foreign investors. European Union is providing an important contribution to real content of development environment through the value of the status. If we sharpen up the focus of the approach to the development of the region to a micro level, we might see the strategic relevance of this issue for the development of, for example, the Port of Bar, as one of the gateways of the region. The Port of Bar is a significant resource of economic development, especially of Montenegro, but also of the whole gravitational area, because it is well known that ports have a high multiplying effect on the gravitating areas. This has been recognised by the European Union as well, so through the Agency for Reconstruction it previously provided a helping hand to support the expert definition of the strategy for the transformation and development of the Port of Bar, according to the socalled land-lord model (5). The transition itself, as the most dramatic phase of any transformation, was performed in 2009 and it had visible positive effects among newly-defined operators in the Port of Bar, in the sense of development of new activities, improvement of quality of internal economy and privatisation of some operators. Naturally, there are still some tasks ahead when speaking about optimisation of operator organisation and improvement of strategic and operative port management of this port. Still, a critical factor of the economic valorisation of the Port and of development of its multiplicative effect is actually the quality of traffic infrastructure and technical and technological modernisation of the transport network with the gravitational area. The existing level of quality of transport links between the Port and the gravitational area is the principal limiting factor of growth and development. In that sense, a special focus on railway transport is required. For example, the railway Bar Belgrade has a dominantly port-like character. In it are frozen huge economic values of previous investment efforts, if you have in mind the current low level of functionality. Accordingly, its reconstruction and modernisation is an imperative of a rational approach. CONCLUSION The initiated replacement of the concept of transport corridors with a more flexible concept of transport axes ensures an equal and more favourable status for construction and reconstruction of the traffic infrastructure of the region. This is of particular importance to the territory of Montenegro and to the economic valorisation of Port of Bar s capacities. A more favourable and more equal treatment of traffic routes of the region in the European strategies create the conditions for more extensive presence of European financial institutions in accomplishing the construction and reconstruction of capital transport facilities, which are powerful determinants of modernisation of the region; and without modernisation, interpreted as a determinant of the development environment, it will not be possible to achieve the desired pace of progress in modernism that is being stimulated and developed through the process of accession to the European Union. Modernism and modernisation are compatible aspects, i.e. aspects in mutual interaction. RESOURCES: 1. Porter M.: The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan Press, 1990; 2. A. Przeworski, F. Limongi: «Modernization: Theories and Facts», World Politics, Volume 49, No [Quoted from: F. Zakarija: The Future of Freedom, pp.64-65, Dan-Graf, Belgrade, 2004] 3. International Conference: Strategic Development of Transport Corridor Bucharest-Belgrade-Bar-Bari, Conference proceedings, Bar, Indecon consulting: Port of Bar - Development Strategy, Indecon consulting: Port of Bar Program of the Reconstruction, 2007.

76 76 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Kada započnete svoje obrazovanje, kažu vam, znanje je moć; Kada se upišete u školu koju volite i želite, kažu vam, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; Kada se ne možete upisati u školu koju želite, kažu vam, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; Kada uopšte nema škole koju želite pohađati, kažu vam, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; Kada briljantno završite školu koju ste pohađali, kažu vam, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; Kada briljantno (summa cum laude) magistrirate i doktorirate na prestižnim školama u zemlji ili inostranstvu, kažu vam, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; Kada sa diplomom u ruci, sjajnim znanjima i vještinama obijate pragove raznih kompanija i državnih ustanova, ili šaljete svoj CV po stotinu puta na stotine adresa, tražeći bezuspješno posao godinama, kažu vam, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; Kada tražite par eura od roditelja da izađete sa društvom na piće, odete u bioskop, pozorište ili kupite knjigu, kažu vam, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; Kada konačno iscpljeni i nemoćni da bilo što učinite za sebe, napustite svoj dom, porodicu i svoju zemlju, kažu vam, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; Kada, naravno, prepušteni sami sebi, naoružani entuzijazmom, ambicijama, znanjem i snažnom voljom da uspijete, u toj nekoj stranoj zemlji, u nemilosrdnoj ogromnoj konkurenciji dođete na vrh, do vas u početku polako, a onda svom silinom, kažu vam, pa to je naš momak/djevojka, sjećam ga/je se još kao malog/e i uvijek se nekako odvajao/la, znao sam da će postići nešto veliko u životu, no nije dobro što nije ovdje ostao/la, govorio sam ja, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; A sve i ne mora da bude baš ovako, jer, tamo gdje je znanje istinska moć i vrijednost, i gdje postoji svijest o tome, mladi su budućnost svoje zemlje. When you begin your studies, they say, knowledge is power; When you enroll in a school that you prefer, they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; When you are unable to enroll in a school you prefer, they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; When there is no school you want to attend at all, they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; When you achieve a brilliant success in a school you attended, they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; When brilliantly/summa cum laude/ you defend your Masters degree and a PhD in prestigious schools in the country or abroad, they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; When with a university degree in your hands, great knowledge and skills you start camping on doorsteps of various companies and government agencies, or you send your CV for hundred times to hundred addresses, looking for a job unsuccessfully for years, they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; When you ask for a couple of Euros from your parents to go out with friends for a drink, go to the cinema, theatre or buy a book, they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; When finally exhausted and unable to do anything for yourself, you leave your home, family and country, they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; When, of course, you are left to yourself, armed with enthusiasm, ambition, knowledge and a strong will to succeed, in some foreign country, and in a relentless huge competition you reach the top, first slowly, then with a full force, they tell you, that s our boy/girl, I remember him/ her as a child and he/she has somehow always differed, I knew he/she would achieve something great in life, but it is not a good thing that they did not stay here, I told you, the young people are the future of any country; But it does not have to be like this, because, where knowledge is a true power and value, and where there is awareness, the young people are the future of their own country.

77 Panel III MLADI KAO BUDUĆNOST ZEMALJA BALKANA THE YOUNG AS THE FUTURE OF the balkan countries Saša Popović Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore Professor at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Montenegro Ivan Vukčević Student Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore Student at the Law Faculty at the University of Montenegro Mirjana Radović Marković Profesor na Institutu ekonomskih nauka i Fakultetu za PEP u Beogradu Professor at the Institute of Economic Sciences and BEE Faculty in Belgrade Mladen Grgić Saradnik na Evropskom institutu za azijske studije u Briselu Associate at the European Institute for Asian Studies in Brussels Guoda Lomanaite Potpredsjednik Foruma mladih Evrope Vice President of the European Youth Forum Martin Ćalasan Saradnik na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu Univerziteta Crne Gore Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Montenegro

78 78 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Prof. dr Mirjana Radović-Marković Profesor na Institutu ekonomskih nauka i Fakultetu za PEP u Beogradu UTICAJ PREDUZETNIČKOG OBRAZOVANJA NA POVEĆANJE KOMPETENCIJA I SMANJENJA NEZAPOSLENOSTI MLADE RADNE SNAGE U ZEMLJAMA ZAPADNOG BALKANA REZIME Cilj ovog rada je da se ukaže na kauzalitet izmedju obrazovanja,zaposlenosti i preduzetničkih inicijativa mladih. Koliko je ovo trojstvo od značaja kao i uspostavljanje njihove dobre koordinacije i usaglašenosti,govori i činjenica da nedavno objavljena Strategija razvoja EU do za prioritetne ciljeve stavlja reformu obrazovnog sistema i insistira na novim znanjima za nova zanimanja,unapredjenju privatnog preduzetništva i rešavanju visoke nezaposlenosti,koja pogadja veliki broj zemalja u okviru Evropske unije i šire. Shodno tome,autorka objašnjava da u najrazvijenijim zemljama u kojima postoji niža stopa nezaposlenosti mladih,postoji tesnija povezanost izmedju obrazovnih institucija sa poslovnim okruženjem. Tome je u najvećoj meri doprinelo tradicionalno dobro strukovno obrazovanje,koje je pomoglo da se i u uslovima ekonomske krize i umerenog privrednog rasta smanji stopa nezaposlenosti mladih,kao i svih ostalih kategorija nezaposlenih lica.za razliku od ovih zemalja,zemlje zapadnog Balkana karakteriše visoka stopa nezaposlenosti mladih kao rezultanta,pre svega,nedovoljne povezanosti obrazovnih i naučnih institucija sa zahtevima privrede.po mišljenju autorke ovoga rada,preduzetničko obrazovanje mora da bude važna komponenta ekonomske strategije, koja je usmerena na podsticanje otvaranja novih radnih mesta i smanjenja visoke stope nezaposlenosti. U daljoj analizi problema nezaposlenosti mladih, izdvaja se nepovoljno okruženje za razvoj privatnog sektora i samozapošljavanja mlade radne snage.autorka izdvaja i veliku ekonomsku i finansijsku krizu,ali je stavlja na prvo mesto po uticajnosti na visoku stopu nezaposlenosti mladih u regionu.manji značaj joj daje zbog činjenice da se zemlje zapadnog Balkana već više decenija teško nose sa visokom stopom nezaposlenosti mladih,tj. i pre početka ekonomske krize krajem U skladu sa svojim razmatranjima,autorka zaključuje da zemlje zapadnog Balkana treba da se usredsrede na reformu obrazovne politike i da poboljšaju poslovni ambijent koji bi olakšao ulaganja u državama regije, kako bi one mogle sa većim uspehom da rešavaju problem dugotrajne nezaposlenosti i socijalne isključenosti mlade radne snage. Ključne reči: preduzetničko obrazovanje, mladi, nezaposlenost, zemlje zapadnog Balkana. 1. UVOD Zapošljavanje,preduzetništvo i obrazovanje predstavljaju važno trojstvo.izmedju njih postoji kauzalitet,koji se ogleda u činjenici da je privatno preduzetništvo generator kreiranja novih poslova i zapošljavanja,dok kroz preduzetničko obrazovanje se razvijaju preduzetničke kompetencije koje treba da biznis ideje pretvore u realnost i preduzetničke aktivnosti učine uspešnijim.medjutim, pokazalo se da u mnogim zemljama ne postoji dobra usaglašenost izmedju kompetencija mlade radne snage i potreba na tržištu rada, što je jedan od uzroka njihove velike stope nezaposlenosti. Pored toga,postoje i drugi uzroci visoke nezaposlenosti mladih,kao što su: nedostatak informacija u vezi mogućnosti sticanja odgovarajućih veština, nedostatak radnog iskustva i ograničene mogućnosti za dobijanje posla u skladu sa planiranom karijerom. U skladu s tim, Međunarodna organizacija rada je upozorila da je prošle godine globalna situacija u vezi visoke nezaposlenosti mladih bila alarmantna, sa malom verovatnoćom da će se uskoro poboljšati [1]. Ova tvrdnja može se potkrepiti činjenicom da je stopa nezaposlenosti u celoj eurozoni dostigla 11,7% i 10,7% u EU-27 u 2012 [2]. Podaci EU govore da oko 7,5 milona Evropljana, uzrasta od godine nisu u radnom odnosu, niti su uključeni u proces obrazovanja. Nezaposlenost mladih u Evropskoj uniji iznosio je 23,6 posto u januaru 2013., što je dvostruko više nego kod odraslih osoba [25]. Drugim rečima, jedan od pet mladih Evropljana na tržištu rada ne mogu da nadjui posao [26]. U Grčkoj i Španiji je taj odnos još mnogo gori,tj. jedan od dvoje mladih ljudi u ove dve zemlje je bez posla. U poslednje četiri godine, ukupna stopa zaposlenosti mladih pala je tri puta, isto koliko i za odrasle. U tom kontekstu, neke procene pokazuju da će stopa nezaposlenosti u eurozoni i dalje rasti sa 11,7 posto (prema najnovijim raspoloživim podacima)

79 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Mirjana Radović-Marković, Dr. sc. oec. Professor at the Institute of Economic Sciences and BEE Faculty in Belgrade EFFECTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON COMPETITIVENESS IMPROVEMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES RESUME The aim of the present paper is to highlight the causal links between education, employment and youth entrepreneurial initiatives. The extent to which this trinity and establishing good coordination and conformity between them are of importance is demonstrated also by the fact that the Europe 2020, i.e. the EU s Growth Strategy was published recently. The said Europe 2020 Europe s Growth Strategy puts forward education system reform as priority goal and insists on acquiring new knowledge in new vocations, enhancing private entrepreneurship and solving high unemployment rates that affects a large number of states within the European Union and broader. Consequently, the author is explaining that in highly developed countries with lower youth unemployment rates closer link between educational institutions and business environment exists. That was largely contributed by traditionally good vocational education that has assisted - in circumstances of economic collapse and moderate economic growth - the youth unemployment and all the other categories of unemployment rates be reduced. Unlike those countries, the Western Balkan countries are characterized by high youth unemployment rate as a consequence, primarily, of inadequate correlation between education and scientific institutions and the economy s demands / needs. In the opinion of the author of this paper, entrepreneurship education must be an important component of economy strategy dedicated to encouraging new job creations and high unemployment rate reducing. In a further analysis of the youth unemployment challenge, unfavorable environment for private sector development and the youth labor force self-employment are sorted out. The author is sorting out also the severe economic and financial crisis, putting it as the first ranked factor inducing high youth unemployment rate in the region. The author attributes it less importance due to the fact that the Western Balkan countries have already been endeavoring for several decades to solve high youth unemployment rates, i.e. they did that even prior to the economic collapse of the late According to her considerations, the author concludes that the Western Balkan countries should focus on education policy reform and on improving business environment to facilitate investments in the regional countries in order to make it possible for them to have more success in solving the problem of long-lasting unemployment and social exclusion of the youth labor force. Key words: entrepreneurship education, the youth, unemployment, the Western Balkan countries 1. INTRODUCTION Employment, entrepreneurship and education stand as important trinity. There are causal links between them, such causality being mirrored in the fact that private entrepreneurship is the generator of new jobs creation, whereas entrepreneurship education offers the forum for improving entrepreneurial competences that should make business ideas true and entrepreneurial activities more successful. However, it has appeared that in numerous countries there is no good conformity of youth labor force s competences with labor market demands, which is one of the causes of the considerable youth unemployment rate. Besides, there are other causes of high youth unemployment rates, such as lack of pieces of information relating to acquiring appropriate skills; lack of working experience; and limited opportunities to get employment according to career plan. Accordingly, the International Labor Organization has warned that last year the global situation in relation to youth unemployment was alarming, with little likelihood of getting the situation better soon [1]. The said assertion can be supported by the fact that the unemployment rate reached 11.7% and 10.7% in the whole Eurozone and in the EU-27 respectively in 2012 [2]. The data from the EU say that some 7.5 million Europeans aged 15 to 24 were neither been in employment nor in education. Youth unemployment rate in the European Union was 23.6 percent in January 2013, which was twice as high as the adult one [25]. In other words, one out of five young Europeans on the labor market cannot

80 80 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE na 12,5 posto do početka 2014 [3]. Prema istom izvoru, najniže stope nezaposlenosti bile su zabeležene u Austriji (4,3%), Nemačkoj i Luksemburgu (obe 5,3%) i Holandiji (5,8%), a najviša u Grčkoj (26,8% u 2012) i Španiji (26,1%). Prosek nezaposlenosti na nivou zemalja zapadnog Balkana iznosio je oko 22,8 procenata u četvrtom kvartalu 2012., što je dvostruko više od proseka od 11,2 procenta za zemlje EU11 [4].Naime,iako je na Zapadnom Balkanu došlo do izvesnog oporavka i privrednog rasta u prvih šest meseci 2013., to se još nije odrazilo na smanjenje visoke stope nezaposlenosti. To potvrdjuje da su uslovi na tržištu rada i dalje teški na Zapadnom Balkanu [5].Medjutim,kriza visoke nezaposlenosti mladih nije samo zahvatila većinu zemalja Evrope i zemlje zapadnog Balkana,već se ovaj problem širi i u mnoge druge regije sveta na šta ukazuju podaci da je oko 35 % ili 75 miliona mladih nezaposleno u svetu [1].Osim toga,prema procenama Medjunarodne organizacije rada, nezaposleni mladi čine oko 40 odsto ukupne globalne nezaposlenosti. Shodno ovim pokazateljima, nezaposlenost treba smatrati ne samo nacionalnim i regionalnim,već i globalnim problemom.imajući u vidu ovu činjenicu,kao i da se BRJ Makedonija,Srbija,Bosna i Hercegovina i Albanija nalaze medju deset zemalja u svetu sa najvećom stopom nezaposlenih mladih lica [27],cilj ovog rada je da ispita karakteristike i uzroke ovako visoke nezaposlenosti u zemljama zapadnog Balkana, kao i da analizira mogućnosti implementacije dobre prakse zemalja koje su rešile ovaj problem.pri tome,imali smo u vidu da zbog specifičnosti regiona,ne mogu se direktno iskoristiti sve mere koje su koristile Austrija,Nemačka ili Finska koje imaju punu zaposlenost, ali zato one mogu da pomognu da se bolje odrede smernice efikasnije politike zapošljavanja u regionu.pored pozitivnih praktičnih iskustava,u radu je korišćena i najnovija literatura,koja je problemu zapošljavanja pristupala sa različitih aspekata i kao takva može u velikoj meri da bude dobra platforma za nalaženje novih rešenja u ovom domenu.takodje, poslužila su nam i istraživanja za davanje preporuka,koja su uradjena ciljano za potrebe ovoga rada. 2. PREGLED LITERATURE Ranija istraživanja pokazuju da identifikovanje i negovanje preduzetničkih kompetencija kroz proces obrazovanja može u velikoj meri da doprinese dugoročnim ekonomskim benefitima [6],[7],[8].Pre svega,podrška preduzetničkim aktivnostima preko preduzetničkog obrazovanja može da doprinese povećanju broja novih firmi i smanjenju nivoa nezaposlenosti,ali i smanjivanju grešaka u poslovanju firmi koje već egzistiraju. Preduzetničko obrazovanje može takodje da bude važna komponenta ekonomske strategije,koja je usmerena na podsticanje otvaranja novih radnih mesta [9].Takodje,ono ima poseban značaj u pripremi mladih da budu odgovorni i preduzimljivi pojedinci koji će postati preduzetnici ili će se baviti istraživanjima u ovoj oblasti i tako doprineti održivom ekonomskom razvoju.inače, obrazovanje u domenu preduzetništva se generalno odnosi na programe koji promovišu preduzetništvo kao opciju u izboru karijere i vrše edukaciju za sticanje veština i znanja za osnivanje i razvoj biznisa [10],[12].Osim toga,mnoga istraživanja su pokazala da studenti koji su izučavali preduzetništvo tokom studija kao glavni predmet,u velikoj meri su birali zanimanje preduzetnika i pokretali su vlastite biznise. To su činili mnogo češće nego oni studenti,koji nisu bili posebno usmereni na studiranje preduzetništva.medjutim,sve se češće može naiči u literaturi na mišljenja da preduzetništvo ne treba izučavati samo u okviru visokoškolskog obrazovanja,već da ono mora biti zastupljeno na svim nivoima procesa edukacije [13].Ukazujući na visoki značaj preduzetništva u sastavu obrazovanja,.zioło [14] je istaknuo da je za oblikovanje preduzetničkih stavova potrebno pored izučavanja preduzetništva na svim nivoima institucionalnog obrazovanja i, nakon toga,nastaviti sa usavršavanjem u ovoj oblasti u procesu stručnog i profesionalnog osposobljavanja tokom čitavog razdoblja čovekovog delovanja na tržištu rada. Potreba za uvodjenjem preduzetničkog obrazovanja je od posebnog značaja za mlade, koji tek ulaze na tržište rada. Ona je pored istraživanja Ziola,bila predmet analize i velikog broja drugih autora [15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21].Po preporuci Evropske komisije,neophodno je preduzetničke programe uključiti ne samo u ekonomske škole i fakultete,već i na one tehničkog profila kao važan sastavni deo njihovih kurikuluma.oni treba da omoguće razvoj preduzetničkih kompetencija,koje moraju da se prilagodjavaju modernim privredama baziranim na znanju i novim izazovima na tržištu rada.tu se spontano postavlja jedno od važnih pitanja,tj.koja su to znaja i veštine koje treba obezbediti studentima tokom procesa formalne i neformalne edukacije? U ovom pogledu u literaturi se može naiči na veliki broj različitih mišljenja. Jedno od takvih mišljenja, koje su prezentovali naučnici McMullan i Long [9],zalaže se da se u obrazovne preduzetničke programe uvrste metode za podsticanje kreativnog mišljenja, sposobnosti pregovaranja, razvoj novih proizvoda i liderstvo.preduzetnički programi takodje treba da ponude znanja za detektovanje i ispitivanje poslovnih mogućnosti,kao i njihovo inkorporiranje u dugoročne biznis planove [10],[11]. Osim toga, programi treba da imaju multidisciplinarni i procesno orijentisani pristup,tj.novi obrazovni programi za preduzetnike moraju se bazirati na razmeni dobre prakse preko studija i umrežavanja strateških partnera (istrazivača, preduzetnika, finansijera, kreatora politike,i drugih) [24].Sva ova objedinjena mišljenja impliciraju potrebu za reformom obrazovnog sistema i stvaranje nove kreativne obrazovne strategije,koja će podsticati individualnost pojedinca,omogućiti mu slobodu mišljenja i razvoj kreativnosti i staviti je u funkciju poslovnog okruženja i njegovih zahteva [38].

81 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro find a job. In Greece and Spain, that ration is even worse, i.e. one out of two young persons in these two countries is without a job. Over the preceding four years, the total youth employment rate has dropped four times, as same as the adult one. In terms of that, some estimations have shown that unemployment rate in the Eurozone will continue to go up, from 11.7 percent (according to the most recent available data) to 12.5 percent as of the early [3]. According to the same source, the lowest unemployment rates were recorded in Austria (4.3%), then in Germany and Luxembourg (5.3% respectively) and in the Netherlands (5.8%), with the highest unemployment rate in Greece (26.8% in 2012) and Spain (26.1%). The average unemployment rate at the level of the Western Balkan countries was around 22.8 percent in the fourth quarter of 2012, which was double as compared with the average equaling to 11.2 percent in the countries of the EU 11 [4]. Namely, although the Western Balkans experienced certain recovery and economic growth during the first six months in 2013, it has not yet mirrored in a reduction of the high unemployment rate. That confirms the conditions prevailing within the Western Balkans labor market are still bad. [5] However, high youth unemployment crisis has not embraced only the majority of the European and the Western Balkans countries, but this problem is spreading over numerous other world regions this being indicated by the data that some 35.00% or 75 million young persons in the world are unemployed [1]. Besides, according to the estimations of the International labor Organization, unemployed young persons make some 40 percent of the total global unemployment. According to the said parameters, unemployment should be deemed not only as national and regional, but also as global challenge. Having in mind this fact and that Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina are among ten world countries with the highest youth unemployment rate [27], the aim of the present paper is to study features and causes of such high unemployment in the Western Balkan countries and to analyze possibilities of introducing the good practices from the countries that have overcome this problem. At the same time, we have had in mind that due to the regional specificities, not all the measures employed by Austria, Germany or Finland - which have full employment at stage - can be directly undertaken, but they can assist better deciding on the guidelines for attaining the regional employment policy effectiveness. Besides positive practical experience, this paper used also the most recent references that had approached to the unemployment issue from a variety of aspects and, as such, to a large extent it can be a good platform for finding new solutions to this issue. Furthermore, researches that had been undertaken as targeted ones for the purposes of this paper and design for giving recommendation, also served us for this paper. 2. REVIEW OF REFERENCES Earlier researches have shown that identifying and cherishing entrepreneurial competences through education process can largely contribute to long-term economic benefits [6], [7], [8]. First of all, support to entrepreneurial activities through entrepreneurship education can contribute to new companies number be larger and unemployment rate be lower, and mistakes in doing business by already existing companies be reduced as well. Entrepreneurship education can also be an important component of an economic strategy that is dedicated to encouraging new job creations [9]. Besides, it has specific significance in preparing the young to assume accountability and become venturous individuals who will either be entrepreneurs or engage themselves in researches in this domain and, thereby, contribute to sustainable economic growth. Anyway, entrepreneurship education refers generally to the programs promoting entrepreneurship to be opted for in choosing the career development and higher education for acquiring skills and knowledge to serve a business setting up and development [10], [12]. Additionally, numerous researches have shown that students that had majored in entrepreneurship during their studies opted for entrepreneurial occupations and set up their own businesses thereafter [13]. Drawing attention to a high importance of entrepreneurship within education system, Zioło [14] emphasized that forming entrepreneurial attitudes requires in addition to entrepreneurship studying at all levels of institutional education - also to keep on developing through the processes of vocational and professional training over the entire on-the-labor market acting. A need to introduce entrepreneurship education is of particular importance to the young that are to enter the labor market. In addition to researches undertaken by Ziolo, it was the subject matter of analyses done also by a large number of other authors [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]. As the European Commission recommended, it is required to include entrepreneurship subjects in not only schools and faculties of economics, but also in those of technical profiles, as a significant component part of their respective curricula. They should ensure the development of entrepreneurial competences that, in turn, must adjust both to contemporary economies rooted in knowledge and to new challenges within the labor market. One out of important questions is spontaneously posed there, namely what knowledge and skills students should necessarily be provided with during formal and informal education processes? In terms of this question, references comprise a large number of different opinions. One out of such opinions was presented by scientists such as McMullan and Long [9] and it advocates for introducing into entrepreneurship education curricula the methods of encouraging creative thinking, negotiation skills, new products development and leadership. Entrepreneurship education curricula should also offer knowledge for detecting and testing business opportunities, as well as their incorporating in long-term business plans [10], [11]. Additionally, the curricula should comprise multidisciplinary and process oriented approach, i.e. new education program for entrepreneurs must be based on exchange of god practices through studying and networking strategic partners (researches, entrepreneurs, financiers, policy makers and alike) [24]. The foregoing consolidated opinions imply a need for education system reform and developing a new creative education strategy that will encourage the particularity of individual, provide him/her with the freedom of opinion, and creativity development to be put in operation for business environment and its requirements [38].

82 82 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE 3. KARAKTERISTIKE NEZAPOSLENOSTI MLADIH U ZE- MLJAMA ZAPADNOG BALKANA U prvoj polovini godine, bez posla je bilo 2,5 miliona ljudi na zapadnom Balkanu [22].U regiji, najvišu stopu nezaposlenosti mladih imala je Hrvatska (55,4%) u drugoj polovini 2013.Iza nje se sada nalaze Bosna i Hercegovina i BJR Makedonija sa stopom nezaposlenosti mladih od 53 odsto, zatim slede Srbija sa 51,2 odsto i Crna Gora sa 43,7 odsto [23] (Grafikon 1). Navešćemo najvažnije karakteristike i prioritete kod zapošljavanja u regionu [28]: Za mnoga nezaposlena lica u regionu je karakteristično da više žele da rade u neformalnom sektoru i da primaju pomoć za nezaposlene,nego da se zaposle u formalnom sektoru privredjivanja; Zaposleni preferiraju da rade u javnim preduzećima bez obzira što su tu zarade manje,s obzirom da imaju redovnost i sigurnost plata; Kod zapošljavanja,poslodavci preferiraju osobe s odgovarajućim radnim iskustvom i diskriminišu starije radnike,žene,mlade i osobe sa nižim kvalifikacijama;. Relativno visoki troškovi rada smanjili su potencijalnu potražnju za radnom snagom; Mala mobilnost radne snage ; Neadekvatne sankcije za poslodavce,koji zapošljavaju radnike na crno i ne plaćaju za njih doprinose1. Treba posebno naglasiti da se visoka nezaposlenost (pored mnogobrojnih uzroka),ne može dugovati na prvom mestu uticaju velike ekonomske krize,s obzirom da su se sve zemlje zapadnog Balkana suočavale sa velikom nezaposlenošću mnogo pre njenog izbijanja. Naime, ekonomska kriza je samo pogoršala ovaj problem. Taj trend se i dalje nastavlja, iako su mnoge zemlje iz regiona najavile skorašnji izlazak iz recesije.međutim, mišljenja smo da bez rasta stope zaposlenosti, ne može se smatrati izglednim izlazak iz recesije zemalja zapadnog Balkana. 1 Napomena autora: Rad na crno obuhvata zaposlene u neregistrovanoj firmi, zaposlene u registrovanoj firmi, ali bez formalnog ugovora o radu i bez socijalnog i penzionog osiguranja, i neplaćene pomažuće članove domaćinstva. 4. POLITIKA ZAPOŠLJAVANJA MLADIH: MOGUĆNOSTI IMPLEMENTACIJE DOBRE PRAKSE ZEMALJA EU NA ZE- MLJE ZAPADNOG BALKANA Postoji veliki jaz između zemalja s najvišom i najnižom stopom nezaposlenih mladih ljudi u okviru EU-28. Ta je razlika od gotovo 50 odsto među državama članicama s najnižom i najvišom stopom nezaposlenosti mladih Nemačke ( 7,7 % u septembru 2013 ) i Grčke (57,3 % u julu 2013).Grčku slede Španija ( 56,5 % ), Hrvatska ( 52,8 % ), Kipar( 43,9 % ), Italija ( 40,4 % ) i Portugal ( 36,9 % ) [29]. Na osnovu ovih podataka,postavlja se pitanje kako su pojedine zemlje uspešno zaposlile mladu radnu snagu, dok drugi to ne mogu? Objašnjenje se,pre svega,može nači u dualnom sistemu obuke.naime, studenti istovremeno obezbedjuju akademsko obrazovanje uz sticanje radnog iskustva, a ne pohađaju samo nastavu kao u mnogim drugim zemljama. Prednosti ovog sitema obrazovanja uključuju dovođenje kandidata bliže tržištu rada, čime se obezbedjuje da kvalifikacije budu u skladu sa postojećim poslovnim okruženjem. Dualni sistem obrazovanja takođe omogućuje poslodavcima da provedu više vremena s potencijalnim zaposlenima,kako bi se dobio uvid u njihove sposobnosti i znanja, što smanjuje rizik za poslodavce da donose loše kadrovske odluke. Evropa mora hitno da rešava nezaposlenost mladih, kako bi se spasle cele generacije mladih koje se boje da neće naći posao, izjasnili su se predstavnici francuske,italijanske i nemačke vlada sredinom ove godine [34].Tom prilikom su predložene mešovite mere, uključujući pružanje pomoći malim fabrikama i jačanju nauke i obrazovanja.u skladu s ovim opredelenjem, Evropska komisija je predložila program pod nazivom Ulaganje u mladost:omladinske garancije. Program Omladinske garancije ima za cilj da ponudi kvalitetan posao ili nastavak školovanja svim mladim do 25 godina starosti u okviru EU, u roku od četiri meseca posle završetka formalnog obrazovanja ili nakon gubitka posla [29]. Ovaj Program je usvojen aprila od strane Saveta ministara EU 22 na predlog Komisije EU.Njega moraju da uvedu sve zemlje članice EU u cilju rešavanja nezaposlenosti mladih. On podrazumeva brzu reformu obrazovnog sistema koji će biti više usmeren, nego do sada,na praktična znanja [26]. Program je zasnovan na iskustvima Austrije i Finske,koje su pokazale da je ulaganje u mlade ljude veoma isplatljivo.na primer,primena ovog Programa u Finskoj je znatno smanjila nezaposlenost medju mladima i u periodu od tri meseca zbrinula 83.5% lica tako što su dobila željeni posao,oslužila pripravnički staž ili su uključena u neki od programa obuke [26]. Za neke zemlje EU,sprovodjenje Programa iziskuje strukturne reforme.na primer,javne službe za zapošljavanje moraju da budu u stanju da daju mladim nezaposlenim licima odgovarajući savet za posao i usmere ih na obrazovne programe,koji su za njih najrelevantniji.u tom smislu neophodan je dija-

83 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES The first half of 2013 was marked by 2.5 million unemployed persons within the Western Balkans [22]. The highest (55.4 percent) youth unemployment rate in the region was faced by Croatia in the second half of Now, it is followed by Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia with youth unemployment rate equaling to 53 percent each, followed by Serbia with the rate equaling to 51.2 percent and Montenegro with the rate equaling to 43.7 percent [23] (Graph No. 1). Now, we will list the most significant characteristics of and priorities relating to employment in the region [28]: in the region, it is typical of many unemployed persons that they prefer working with informal sector and receiving doles than working with formal sector of economy; employed persons prefer working with public enterprises regardless of lower salaries there, taking into account the salaries are regular and guaranteed; in recruiting, employers prefer persons with an adequate working experience, but discriminate older persons, women, the young and persons with lower qualifications;. rather high cost of labor; limited mobility of labor force; inadequate sanctions imposed to employers recruiting labor force for moonlighting and do not pay their mandatory contributions 1. Particular stress should be given to the fact that high unemployment (in addition to numerous causes) can not be due primarily to economic collapse, having in mind that all the Western Balkan countries used to face high unemployment rates even prior to the outbreak thereof. Namely, the economic collapse has just aggravated this problem. The trend has been ongoing, despite many regional countries announced their soon going out of the recession. However, our opinion is that without employment rate raise, likelihood for the Western Balkans countries to leave behind the recession is impossible. 1 Author s note: Moonlighting refers to the employees of an unregistered and registered company, without a formal employment contract and payment of mandatory social and pension insurance, as well as not paid supporting household members. 4. YOUTH EMPLOYMENT POLICY: POSSIBILITIES OF IM- PLEMENTING GOOD PRACTICES OF THE EU COUNTRIES IN THE Western Balkan countries There is a large gap between the countries with the highest and the ones with the lowest youth unemployment rates within the EU-28. The discrepancy is almost 50 percent between the member countries with the highest and the lowest youth unemployment rates respectively, specifically Germany (.7 % in September 2013 ) and Greece (57.3 % in July 2013). Greece is follow by Spain ( 56.5 % ), Croatia ( 52.8 % ), Cyprus ( 43.9 % ), Italy ( 40.4 % ) and Portugal ( 36.9 % ) [29]. Based on the foregoing data, a question is posed of how certain countries have succeeded to employ youth labor force, whereas other have not? An explanation can be found, primarily, in dual training system. Namely, students of the former countries go for academic education simultaneously to working, i.e. gaining working experience, meaning that they are not engaged only in attending lectures as students in the latter countries do. Advantages of such an education system involve bringing candidates closer to the labor market and, thereby, ensuring the qualifications are in conformity with the existing business environment. The dual education system makes it possible for employers to take more time with probable employees and get an insight in their capacities and knowledge, which all reduces the employer s risk to make poor human resources-related decisions. Europe must urgently tackle youth unemployment, urging action to rescue an entire generation who fear they will not find jobs the French, German and Italian Governments representatives made statement in the middle of the current year. [34]. On that occasion, suggested were heterogeneous measures, including also the ones to deliver assistance to small factories and to strengthen science and education. In line with the said commitment, the European Commission recommended the Program: Investing for Youth: The Youth Guarantee. The The Youth Guarantee Program is aimed at offering appropriate jobs or continuation of education to all the young up to the age of 25, within the EU, in four-month time as of the completion of their formal education or job loss [29]. The Youth Guarantee Recommendation was adopted in April 2013 by the Council of Ministers of the EU 22, upon the proposal by the EU Commission. It must be introduced by all member countries of the EU with the aim of solving youth unemployment. It connotes fast reform of education system to generate the system be more than it has used to be so far oriented to practical skills. [26]. The Program is based on the experience of Austria and Finland that have demonstrated that investing in young people is very profitable. For example, application of the Program in Finland resulted in considerable reduction in unemployment amongst young people, with 83.5% successfully allocated a job, traineeship or apprenticeship within three months of registering [26]. For many member countries of the EU, the implementation of the Program will require structural reforms. For example, public employment services must be able to ensure individual young people receive appropriate advice on job, education and training opportunities most relevant to their own situation. In terms of that, a dialogue between trade unions, unions of

84 84 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE log izmedju sindikata,udruženja poslodavaca,obrazovnih institucija i vlasti,kako bi se obezbedila struktura i vrsta edukacije od praktične koristi. Međunarodna organizacija rada procenjuje da će realizacija ovog Programa koštati zemlje članice oko 21 milijarde godišnje.značajnu finansijsku podršku Programu obezbedio je Evropski socijalni fond (ESF) [1]. U svom nedavnom izveštaju o globalnim trendovima zapošljavanja,medjunarodna organizacija rada [1], navodi pet ključnih područja delovanja politike zapošljavanja mladih: 1. Uticaj na povećanje agregatne potražnje i poboljšanja pristupa finansijama ; 2. Obuku za lakše premošćavanje prelaska iz procesa školovanja u proces rada, kako bi se smanjile neuskladjenosti na tržištu rada; 3. Delovanje u cilju zapošljavanja mladih, koji su u najnepovoljnijem položaju; 4. Pružanje pomoći mladima kod pokretanja preduzetničkih poslova i kod samozapošljavanja; 5. Zaštita prava radnika u skladu sa međunarodnim standardima rada,kako bi se osiguralo da mladi ljudi dobijaju jednak tretman u svim zemljama; 6. Usredsredjivanje na mala i srednja preduzeća, koja su ključna tačka za ulazak na tržište rada za većinu nezaposlenih lica. Države članice koje imaju najvišu stopu nezaposlenosti mladih moraće da krenu sa sprovodjenjem ovog Programa do kraja godine,a one druge najkasnije do proleća 2014 [35] Primeri dobre prakse: Austrija i Nemačka Austrija ima najnižu stopu nezaposlenosti u Evropi od 4 odsto i samo 2,5 % fakultetski obrazovanih su bez posla[32].nemačka je odmah iza Austrije po najnižoj stopi nezaposlenosti od 5,7%.Čak i u najgoroj godini recesije od u Nemačkoj i Austriji, bio je minimalni porast nezaposlenosti (0,3% i 1% respektivno) [32]. U austrijskom slučaju mlada nezaposlena lica koja su uključena u programe obuke,nisu ubrojena kao nezaposlena lica,što nije slučaj sa drugim zemljama.ako bi se i oni uzeli u obzir,stopa nezaposlenosti mladih bi bila nešto veća, tj.za uzrast bi porasla sa 7,3% (nacionalni slika) na 9,3% [33].Takodje,prema istraživanjima Schweighofera [33] oko 15,5% su nezaposlena lica izmedju 50 i 59 godina,što je duplo više od prosečne stope nezaposlenosti u Austriji. Nemačka ima izrazito regulisano tržište rada, što znači da fabrike nisu u mogućnosti da lako otpuste svoje zaposlene To takodje govori da je teže za mlade ljude da pronadju posao, s obzirom da su poslodavci manje spremni da reskiraju i da zaposle radnika koji nema radno iskustvo.inače, Nemačka je problem nezaposlenosti mladih uspela da reši usvajanjem sistema dualnog treninga. Bez dualnog sitema obrazovanja,stopa nezaposlenosti mladih bila bi slična u Nemačkoj kao i u Francuskoj ili Italiji.Iz tih razloga, u Nemačkoj regulisano tržište rada se nalazi u tesnoj simbiozi sa dualnim obrazovnim sistemom. Medjutim, postoji mišljenje da nije samo dualni sistem obuke doprineo rešavanju problema zapošljavanja u Nemačkoj.To se objašnjava i činjenicom da je radna snaga podcenjena za 10% u Nemačkoj, dok je u Grčkoj precenjena za više od 30% ( kada su zarade u pitanju)[32]. Iskustva Austrije i Nemačke su teško primenjiva na zemlje poput Grčke,Španije ili zemlje zapadnog Balkana, koje su u velikoj meri pogodjene ekonomskom krizom. Uprkos tome, mogu se izvuči neke pozitivne pouke iz njihovih rezultata.pre svega,treba uzeti u obzir da su u Austriji i Nemačkoj nastavni planovi i programi relevantni i uskladjeni sa potrebama tržišta rada.pore toga,obezbedjene su različite mere i usmerene na one grupe,koje su najviše ugrožene. Takodje, ključni faktori uspeha sistema obuke u ovim zemljama u potpunosti odgovaraju standardima,koje je postavila Medjunarodna organizacija rada.naime, prema Medjunarodnoj organizaciji rada [1],treba provesti 3-4 godine obuke na poslu,koristeći radno mesto kao ključni resurs za učenje 4 dana nedeljno u firmi i 1 dan nedeljno u strukovnoj školi.ova obuka je u funkciji potreba preduzeća.takodje, ona je uskladjena i prati nastavne planove i programe u strukovnim školama,koji vode do diplome.osim toga,treba spomenuti i nisku početnu platu od nekih 12-46% od prosečne plate kvalifikovanog osoblja u istoj struci.tako je pripravnička plata tokom prve godine treninga iznosila , dok je treće godine bila od 550 do Slične plate su i u Švajcarskoj i Nemačkoj za početnike [30][31] Politika zapošljavanja mladih u zemljama Zapadnog Balkana: mere i preporuke Uspešne mere ekonomske politike treba da kombinuju zahteve ponude i tražnje za radnom snagom i u skladu sa tim da motivišu i osposobljavaju za rad nezaposlene osobe.motivacione mere uključuju informacije, savetovanje i usmeravanje, edukacijske mere podrške za samozapošljavanje, i druge oblike aktivacionih mera na tržištu rada. Prava i odgovornosti lica koja traže posao jasno su definisani.njihovo nepridržavanje dovodi do smanjivanja novčane pomoći nezaposlenima i brisanja iz registra.takav sistem štapa i šargarepe,pokazao se uspešnim u mnogim zemljama EU.Medjutim,u zemljama zapadnog Balkana se bitno razlikuju uslovi na tržištu rada. Naime,zajednička karakteristika tržišta rada u zemljama zapadnog Balkana je visoka neformalna zaposlenost.stoga,mere na strani ponude i potražnje radne snage

85 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro employers, education instituion and the power is required so as to ensure structure and education of practical benefit. The International Labour Organisation has estimated the cost of setting up Youth Guarantees as 21 billion per year. Significant financial support to the Program has been provided by the European Social Fund (ESF) [1]. In their recent report on Global Employment Trends, the International Labor Organization [1] lists five key areas of youth employment policy acting, as follows: 1. stimulating aggregate demand increase and improving access to finance ; 2. training for building bridges between education and the world of work, in order to reduce inconsistencies within the labor market; 3. acting with the aim of providing jobs to young people in most unfavorable situation; 4. providing assistance to young people by supporting entrepreneurship and self-employment; 5. protecting the rights of laborers in line with the international labor standards, in order to ensure that young people in all countries receive equal treatment; 6. focusing on small- and medium-size enterprises that are the key point for majority of unemployed persons when entering the labor market. The member countries with the highest youth unemployment rates will have to start implementing the program by the late 2013, with the other ones will have to start it by the spring of 2014 [35] Examples of good practice: Austria and Germany Austria is with the lowest unemployment rate in Europe, amounting to 4 percent, and with only 2.5% of university graduates out of works [32]. Germany is immediately behind Austria, by the lowest unemployment rate that is 5.7%. Even during the worst recession year as of in Germany and Austria, unemployment increase has been the lowest (0.3% and 1% respectively) [32]. In case of Austria, young unemployed people involved in training programs have not been counted as unemployed persons, which was not the case in other countries. If they were taken into consideration as well, youth unemployment rate would be somewhat higher, i.e. for persons aged 15 to 24 it would increase from 7.3% (national observation) to 9.3% [33]. Besides, according to the researches done by Schweighofera [33], some 15.5% are unemployed persons aged 50 to 59, which is more than double than the average unemployment rate in Austria. Germany has the labor market distinctively regulated, meaning that factories are not in a position to dismiss their employees. That also speaks about more difficulties for the young people to find jobs, taking into account that employers are less ready to risk and to recruit a worker who is without working experience. Anyway, Germany succeeded to solve the problem of youth unemployment by adopting the system of dual training. Without a system of dual training, Germany s youth unemployment rate would be similar to the one of France or Italy. Due to those reasons, the regulated German labor market is in close couple with the system of dual education. However, there is an opinion that not only such system of dual training was what contributed to solving employment-related problems in Germany. That is explained by the fact that labor force in Germany is roughly 10% undervalued and Greeks and Italians are more than 30% overpaid ( when it comes to earnings) [32]. Experience of Austria and Germany are hardly applicable to those countries like Greece, Spain or the Western Balkan countries that have been affected to a large extent by the economic crisis. Nevertheless, some positive messages can be taken out from their outcomes. Primarily, Austrian and Germany curricula are relevant to and in conformity with the labor market demands. Beforehand, a variety of measure were provided for and dedicated to the most vulnerable groups. Besides, the key factors of the training system success in the two countries were entirely in conformity with the standards prescribed by the International Labor Organization. To be exact, according to the International Labor Organization [1], it is required to take 3 4 years of on-the-job training, taking advantage of the job as the key resource for in-company learning 4 days and 1-day learning in a vocational school in a week. This kind of training is in the function of enterprises. Besides, it has been in conformity with and follows the curricula of vocational schools, and leads to the secondary school graduation as well. Additionally, it is required to mention also the low starting salary amounting to some 12 46% of the average salary paid to qualified staff in the same vocation/profession. Thus, the trainee salary during the first year of training amounted to , whereas in the third year it was 550 1,600. Similar salaries are paid also in Switzerland and Germany to the beginners [30][31] Youth employment policy in the Western Balkan countries: measures and recommendations Successful economic policies should combine requirements posed by the labor force demand and supply, and, in line with that, motivate and train unemployed persons for work. Incentive measures include informing, advising and guiding, educational measures to support self-employment, and other forms of incentive measures available within the labor market. The rights and responsibilities required by job positions are clearly defined. Failure to abide by them leads to reducing money benefits paid to unemployed persons and to deregistering them from the registers. Such carrot and stick approach has appeared to be successful in many countries of the EU. However, in the Western Balkans countries, conditions within the labor market differ. To be precise here, the common characteristic of the labor markets in the Western Balkan countries is a high informal employment rate. Therefore, the measures on the labor force supply and demand side should be for increasing employment rate and salary assurance, which is of paramount importance not only for

86 86 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE,trebalo bi da povećaju stope zaposlenosti i sigurnost zarada,što je izuzetno važno ne samo za ekonomski razvoj regiona,već i za ostvarivanje ciljeva socijalne inkluzije nezaposlenih lica i onih koji rade u neformalnom sektoru privredjivanja. Faktori koji utiču na tražnju za radnom snagom i samim tim na efikasnost politike aktivacije nezaposlenih lica obuhvataju ukupnu cenu rada,pravne i administrativne procedure za zapošljavanje,moguće sankcije za neregularne prakse zapošljavanja i druge [28]. Osim toga, postoji potreba da se odredi profil ljudi koji su registrovani kao nezaposleni. Profiliranje strukture nezaposlenih lica pomaže kod dijagnostifikovanja pojedinačne nezaposlenosti i proceni rizik od dugoročne nezaposlenosti,i u skladu s tim ponudi pomoć [37]. Trenutno, samo Hrvatska i Crna Gora prave razliku između onih lica,koja imaju potrebne veštine i znanja kako bi se odmah mogla da uključe u potragu za poslom u skladu sa njihovim profesionalnim planom. S obzirom da iskustva razvijenih ekonomija ukazuju na značaj preduzetništva u procesu smanjivanja nezaposlenosti, uradili smo istraživanje s ciljem da utvrdimo koliko su mladi ljudi uopšte zainteresovani da osnivaju svoje firme i samozapošljavaju se. Istraživanje smo radili na uzorku od 150 mladih ljudi između 20 i 30 godina starosti, koji su u najvećem broju (80%) studenti završnih godina visokih poslovnih škola. Istraživanje u kome je učestvovao gotovo podjednak broj ispitanika muškog i ženskog pola (51% i 49% respektivno), rađeno je u Srbiji. Ispitanici su odgovarali na deset pitanja[13].pomenuto istraživanje je pokazalo da mladi ispoljavaju interesovanje za samozapošljavanje i uplovljavanje u preduzetničke vode ( 43 % ispitanika se izjasnilo da želi da pokrene vlastiti biznis). Naši ispitanici su na pitanje, Šta je od presudnog značaja za postizanje poslovnog uspeha preduzetnika u najvećem broju (47%) odgovorili da znanje ima najvažniju ulogu.takođe,čak 80% ispitanika ovo mišljenje potvrđuje odgovorom da je formalno preduzetničko obrazovanje neophodno za podsticanje preduzetničkih sposobnosti učenika i studenata,ali da nema adekvatnih takvih programa. To ide u prilog našem mišljenju da preduzetnički programi treba da se uvedu na svim nivoima edukacije učenika (od osnovnog do univerzitetskog obrazovanja). Pri tome treba imati u vidu da kreativne sposobnosti poseduje svaki pojedinac, ali u kom stepenu će se ovi potencijali razviti umnogome zavisi od stepena njihovog podsticanja. Naime, obrazovanje u ovom pogledu ima krucijalnu ulogu i od njega u mnogome zavisi da li će se školovati pasivni reproduktivci ili aktivni kreativci. Naime,pomenuto i slična istraživanja zaključuju da obuka u domenu preduzetništva i sticanje praktičnih znanja direktno imaju uticaj na preduzetničke kompetencije.shodno tome,ova saznanja mogu da budu veoma podsticajna za obrazovne institucije da investiraju u ove programe i vrše obuku na svim nivoima obrazovanja,počevši još od najranijeg uzrasta dece.na duži rok to može da ima vrlo pozitivne efekte na ekonomski razvoj,preko razvoja preduzetničke kulture medju mladima 5. ZAKLJUČAK Ogromne strukturne promene na tržištu rada u zemljama zapadnog Balkana, koje su nastale kao rezultat procesa tranzicije zajedno sa tromim i nereformisanim obrazovnim sistemom,uticali su na veliki raskorak izmedju ponude i tražnje za radnom snagom.da bi se smanjio ovaj jaz,neophodan je dobar obrazovni sistem i pružanje mogućnosti za celoživotno učenje.oni su od vitalnog značaja za dugoročni privredni razvoj, a time i za smanjenje nezaposlenosti. To podrazumeva reformisanje obrazovnog sistema uz korišćenje primera dobre prakse neke od zemalja,koje smo analizirali u ovom radu. Posebno je od važnosti kod rešavanja nezaposlenosti mladih da se preduzimaju stalno mere i paralelno vode na tri fronta : preko aktivnih programa za mlade sistema praktičnog rada kroz edukaciju na strukovnim školama i fakultetima i preko tercijarnog strukovnog obrazovanja (visokim i stručnim školama). Po mišljenju nekih naučnika,to su ujedno i ključni faktori uspeha u rešavanju problema nezaposlenosti mladih [36].Osim toga,neophodno je otkloniti i visok stepen korupcije u obrazovanju,koji karakteriše gotovo sve zemlje u regionu.stoga, države regiona moraju da se uključe u sistemsko razračunavanje sa problemom korupcije.diplome koje za pokriće nemaju znanje,one direktno mogu da doprinesu daljem rastu nezaposlenosti.uklanjanjem postojećih prepreka i poboljšanjem poslovnog ambijenta, značajno bi se doprinelo rastu zapošljavanja i otvaranju novih radnih mesta, što bi dalo šansu i mladim nezaposlenim osobama da se socijalno uključe.to sve iziskuje brze reforme,koje treba da prati politička volja i podrška civilnog društva.naime, reformama treba pristupiti bez odlaganja i uprkos krizi. Upravo, kriza najbolje može i da se pobedi novim inicijativama i aktivnom ekonomskom politikom zapošljavanja i tako amortizuju socijalne i ekonomske posledice po mlade, koji predstavljaju jednu od socijalno najugroženijih kategorija stanovništva. LITERATURA 1. ILO (2012), Global Employment Trends for Youth, Geneva.Na internetu: public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/ wcms 2. Eurostat (2013),Youth in EU, youth/policy/eu-youth-strategy_en.htm 3. Casert,R. and Melvin,D. (2013), Unemployment risks creating new divide in Europe,Associated Press, January 8, Na internetu: world/europe/2013/01/08/unemployment-risks-creating-new-divide-europe/nch79rpyulkmgxzrjqe7ln/ story.html 4. World Bank-Montenegro (2013), Izvještaj Svjetske banke za dugoročni ekonomski oporavak Crne

87 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro economic development but for attaining the goals of the social inclusion of unemployed persons and of those working with informal sector of economy as well. Factors that affect the labor force demand and, in so doing, efficient policy of activating unemployed persons include the overall wage rate, legal and administrative procedure costs incurred during recruitment process, possible fines imposed due to irregular employment practices and alike [28]. Besides, there is a need to determine the profile of persons registered as unemployed. Profiling the structure of unemployed persons helps diagnosing individual unemployed persons and assessing the risk of long-term unemployment, whereas, in line with all of that, also assistance offering [37]. Currently, only Croatia and Montenegro make difference between the persons that have the required skills and knowledge to be immediately involved in seeking a job that matches with their career plans. Taking into account that the experience of developed economies indicates the importance of entrepreneurship to the process of unemployment reduction, we did a research aimed at finding out to which extent the young people are interested in setting up their own companies and undertaking self-employment. The research was done on the sample of 150 young persons aged 20 to 30, who were mainly (80) students of the final years of higher business schools. The research, which was taken part by almost equal number of male and female respondents (51% and 49% respectively), was undertaken in Serbia. The respondents gave answers to ten questions [13]. The foregoing research has shown that the young people express their interests in self-employment and in sailing into entrepreneurial waters ( 43 % of the respondents stated that they would like to start up their own business). To he question: What is of crucial importance to attaining entrepreneurial business succeeds, the majority (47%) of our respondents answered that knowledge took the priority importance. In addition, even 80% of the respondents confirmed this opinion by the answer that formal entrepreneurship education was required to encourage entrepreneurial competences of pupils and students, but there were not appropriate curricula for the purpose. That is what is in favor of our opinion that entrepreneurship curriculum should be introduced at all levels of education - starting from the elementary and going to the university education. At the same time, it should be taken into account that creative capacities are in every individual, but the degree to which those potentials will be developed depends largely on how much they are encouraged. Namely, in this regard the crucial role is played by education and whether the outcomes will be passive reproducers or active creative personalities depends largely on it. Namely, the aforementioned and similar researches have concluded that the entrepreneurship training and acquiring practical know-how have direct effect on entrepreneurial competences. Accordingly, this awareness can indeed inspire educational institutions to invest in the said curricula and undertake training at all levels of education, starting from the earliest age of children. In the long-term sense, that can also make positive effects on economic development, via youth entrepreneurial culture development. 5. CONCLUSION Huge transition-induced changes within the Western Balkan countries labor markets hand in hand with inefficient and non-reformed education system have entailed a large discrepancy between labor force supply and demand. In order to reduce the said gap, it is necessary to have well designed education system and provided opportunities for lifelong learning. They are of crucial importance for long-term economic development and, thereby, for unemployment rate reduction. That implies education reforming with using lessons learned from the practice of one of the countries that we have analyzed under the present paper. Of particular importance to solving youth unemployment issue is to undertake ongoing measures at three levels in parallel, i.e. via active programs designed for the young - the system of practical work and via education in vocational schools and faculties and via tertiary vocational education (higher and vocational schools) too. As some authors believe, those are - at the same time - the key factors of success in solving youth unemployment issue [36]. Besides, it is required to eliminate also a high level of corruption in education, which is typical of almost all the regional countries. Therefore, the regional countries must engage themselves in systematic fight with problems posed by corruption. Diplomas not supported by knowledge are capable of directly contributing to furthering the unemployment. Elimination of the existing barriers and improving the business environment would considerably contribute to employment rise and new job positions creation, which would in turn give an opportunity also to young unemployed people to have their social inclusion. All that requires fast reforms that should be followed by political will and civil society support. Namely, reforms should be approached to without a delay and regardless of the crisis. To be exact, the crisis can be overcome by new initiatives and an active economic employment policy and thereby mitigate social and economic adversities to the young people that are one of the most vulnerable categories of population. REFERENCES 1. ILO (2012), Global Employment Trends for Youth, Geneva.Na internetu: public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/ wcms 2. Eurostat (2013),Youth in EU, youth/policy/eu-youth-strategy_en.htm 3. Casert,R. and Melvin,D. (2013), Unemployment risks creating new divide in Europe,Associated Press, January 8, Na internetu: world/europe/2013/01/08/unemployment-risks-creating-new-divide-europe/nch79rpyulkmgxzrjqe7ln/ story.html 4. World Bank-Montenegro (2013), Izvještaj Svjetske banke za dugoročni ekonomski oporavak Crne Gore,Podgorica 5. EurActiv,(2012). Balkan napredovao sa reformom sektora malih preduzeća.na internetu : 6. McClelland, D. C. & Winter, D.G. (1969), Motivating

88 88 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Gore,Podgorica 5. EurActiv,(2012). Balkan napredovao sa reformom sektora malih preduzeća.na internetu : 6. McClelland, D. C. & Winter, D.G. (1969), Motivating Economic Achievement. New York: the Free Press. 7. Hatten, T. & Ruhland (1995). Student attitudes toward entrepreneurship as affected by participation in an SBI program. Journal of Education for Business, 7(4), Hansemark, O. (1998). The effects of an entrepreneurship programme on need for achievement and locus of control of reinforcement. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Behaviour and Research,4(1), McMullan, W.E., Long, W.A., & Graham, J.B. (1986). Entrepreneurship education in the nineties.journal of Business Venturing, 2(3), Vesper, K.H., & McMullan, W.E. (1988), Entrepreneurship: Today courses, tomorrow degrees?,entrepreneurship Theory & Practice. 11. Plaschka, G.R. & Welsch, H.P. (1990). Emerging structures in entrepreneurship education:curricular designs and strategies, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(3), Bechard,.P. & Tolouse, J.M Validation of a didactic model for the analysis of training objectives in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing Radovic-Markovic, M. (2012) Corruption in Education: A Major Issue, Op-ed.Journal No. 2, the World Academy of Art and Science, July, 2012.). On the Internet: -education-major-issue 14. Zioło Z., Rola przedsiębiorczości w podnoszeniu konkurencyjności społeczeństwa i gospodarki. Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja, 2, Berger S., Canning R., Dolan M., Kurek S., Pilz M., Rachwał T., Curriculum-making in pre-vocational education in the lower secondary school: A regional comparative analysis within Europe, Journal of Curriculum Studies, 44 (5), Cieślik J, Kształcenie w zakresie przedsiębiorczości na poziomie akademickim, [in:] Kształtowanie postaw przedsiębiorczych a edukacja ekonomiczna, eds. P. Wachowiak, M. Dabrowski, B. Majewski, Fundacja Promocji i Akredytacji Kierunków Ekonomicznych, Warszawa, Jankowska B., Pietrzykowski M., Postawy proprzedsiębiorcze studentów a profil kształcenia - Polska na tle innych krajów, Przegląd Organizacji, 8, Jankowska B., Pietrzykowski M., 2013, Pro-entrepreneurial attitudes of students in relation to their educational profile: Poland against the background of other countries. Interdisciplinary Studies Journal, 2 (4), Juchnowicz M., Uwagi dotyczące realizacji przedmiotu podstawy przedsiębiorczości. Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja, 1, Juchnowicz M., Polityka edukacyjna wobec potrzeb rynku pracy [in:] Kształtowanie postaw przedsiębiorczych a edukacja ekonomiczna, eds. P. Wachowiak, M. Dabrowski, B. Majewski, Fundacja Promocji i Akredytacji Kierunków Ekonomicznych, Warszawa, Kuratko D. F., 2005, The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Education: Development, Trends, and Challenges Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (5), Bez posla 2,5 miliona ljudi na zapadnom Balkanu (2013),Centar za nove inicijative,sarajevo.na internetu -ljudi-na-zapadnom-balkanu/ 23. The International Monetary Fund (2013), No. 13/02, 11 January Radovic-Markovic, M. et. al. (2012), Nove obrazovne strategije nasuprot tradicionalnim metodama, International Review No.1-2,2012. Fakultet za poslovnu ekonomiju i preduzetništvo,beograd. 25. European Comission (2013), Youth employment. Na internetu : jsp?catid=1036&langid=en 26. European Commission (2013 a), EU measures to tackle youth unemployment, - MEMO/13/968 08/11/2013. Na internetu : MEMO _en.htm 27. IndexMundi,(2012), Unemployment, youth ages Na internetu: aspx?v= Crnkovic-Pozaic,S.and Feiler, L.(2011),Activating the unemployed optimising activation policiesin the Western Balkans and Turkey,ETF,Brisel 29. Eugene Eteris, Dealing with youth unemployment: EU measures, Copenhagen, Na internetu: Ryan, Paul, Wagner, Karin, Teuber, Silvia, Backes-Gellner, Uschi (2010), Trainee Pay in Britain, Germany and Switzerland: Markets and Institutions, in SKOPE Research Paper No 96, July Steedman, Hilary (2010), The State of Apprenticeship in 2010, A Report for the Apprenticeship Ambassadors Network, LSE. 32. Traynor,I. (2012), Spain looks to Vienna and Berlin for answers to jobs crisis,the Guardian.Na internetu : -jobs-crisis-spain-austria-germany 33. Schweighofer,J. (2013), Why Is Youth Unemployment So Low In Austria? A Critical Assessment,Social Europe Journal.Na internetu: eu/2013/04/why-is-youth-unemployment-so-low-in-austria-a-critical-assessment/ 34. European countries vow to tackle youth unemployment,reuters,pariz,30.maj hurriyetdailynews.com/european-countries-vow-to-tackle-youth-unemployment.aspx?pageid=238&nid=4782 5&NewsCatID= World Bank (2013),Live Q&A - Tackling Unemployment in South Eastern Europe, 25 juli,2013.na inter-

89 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Economic Achievement. New York: the Free Press. 7. Hatten, T. & Ruhland (1995). Student attitudes toward entrepreneurship as affected by participation in an SBI program. Journal of Education for Business, 7(4), Hansemark, O. (1998). The effects of an entrepreneurship programme on need for achievement and locus of control of reinforcement. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Behaviour and Research,4(1), McMullan, W.E., Long, W.A., & Graham, J.B. (1986). Entrepreneurship education in the nineties.journal of Business Venturing, 2(3), Vesper, K.H., & McMullan, W.E. (1988), Entrepreneurship: Today courses, tomorrow degrees? Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice. 11. Plaschka, G.R. & Welsch, H.P. (1990). Emerging structures in entrepreneurship education:curricular designs and strategies, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(3), Bechard,.P. & Tolouse, J.M Validation of a didactic model for the analysis of training objectives in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing Radovic-Markovic, M. (2012) Corruption in Education: A Major Issue, Op-ed.Journal No. 2, the World Academy of Art and Science, July, 2012.). On the Internet: -education-major-issue 14. Zioło Z., Rola przedsiębiorczości w podnoszeniu konkurencyjności społeczeństwa i gospodarki. Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja, 2, Berger S., Canning R., Dolan M., Kurek S., Pilz M., Rachwał T., Curriculum-making in pre-vocational education in the lower secondary school: A regional comparative analysis within Europe, Journal of Curriculum Studies, 44 (5), Cieślik J, Kształcenie w zakresie przedsiębiorczości na poziomie akademickim, [in:] Kształtowanie postaw przedsiębiorczych a edukacja ekonomiczna, eds. P. Wachowiak, M. Dabrowski, B. Majewski, Fundacja Promocji i Akredytacji Kierunków Ekonomicznych, Warszawa, Jankowska B., Pietrzykowski M., Postawy proprzedsiębiorcze studentów a profil kształcenia - Polska na tle innych krajów, Przegląd Organizacji, 8, Jankowska B., Pietrzykowski M., 2013, Pro-entrepreneurial attitudes of students in relation to their educational profile: Poland against the background of other countries. Interdisciplinary Studies Journal, 2 (4), Juchnowicz M., Uwagi dotyczące realizacji przedmiotu podstawy przedsiębiorczości. Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja, 1, Juchnowicz M., Polityka edukacyjna wobec potrzeb rynku pracy [in:] Kształtowanie postaw przedsiębiorczych a edukacja ekonomiczna, eds. P. Wachowiak, M. Dabrowski, B. Majewski, Fundacja Promocji i Akredytacji Kierunków Ekonomicznych, Warszawa, Kuratko D. F., 2005, The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Education: Development, Trends, and Challenges Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (5), Bez posla 2,5 miliona ljudi na zapadnom Balkanu (2013),Centar za nove inicijative,sarajevo.na internetu -ljudi-na-zapadnom-balkanu/ 23. The International Monetary Fund (2013), No. 13/02, 11 January Radovic-Markovic, M. et. al. (2012), Nove obrazovne strategije nasuprot tradicionalnim metodama, International Review No.1-2,2012. Fakultet za poslovnu ekonomiju i preduzetništvo,beograd. 25. European Comission (2013), Youth employment. Na internetu : jsp?catid=1036&langid=en 26. European Commission (2013 a), EU measures to tackle youth unemployment, - MEMO/13/968 08/11/2013. Na internetu : MEMO _en.htm 27. IndexMundi,(2012), Unemployment, youth ages Na internetu: aspx?v= Crnkovic-Pozaic,S.and Feiler, L.(2011),Activating the unemployed optimising activation policiesin the Western Balkans and Turkey,ETF,Brisel 29. Eugene Eteris, Dealing with youth unemployment: EU measures, Copenhagen, Na internetu: Ryan, Paul, Wagner, Karin, Teuber, Silvia, Backes-Gellner, Uschi (2010), Trainee Pay in Britain, Germany and Switzerland: Markets and Institutions, in SKOPE Research Paper No 96, July Steedman, Hilary (2010), The State of Apprenticeship in 2010, A Report for the Apprenticeship Ambassadors Network, LSE. 32. Traynor,I. (2012), Spain looks to Vienna and Berlin for answers to jobs crisis,the Guardian.Na internetu : -jobs-crisis-spain-austria-germany 33. Schweighofer,J. (2013), Why Is Youth Unemployment So Low In Austria? A Critical Assessment,Social Europe Journal.Na internetu: eu/2013/04/why-is-youth-unemployment-so-low-in-austria-a-critical-assessment/ 34. European countries vow to tackle youth unemployment,reuters,pariz,30.maj hurriyetdailynews.com/european-countries-vow-to-tackle-youth-unemployment.aspx?pageid=238&nid=4782 5&NewsCatID= World Bank (2013),Live Q&A - Tackling Unemployment in South Eastern Europe, 25 juli,2013.na internetu: Lassnigg, L. (2013), Austria s Success on the Youth Labour Market not Systemic but Voluntaristic, www. equi.at 37. Weber, T.(2011), Profiling systems for effective labour

90 90 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE netu: Lassnigg, L. (2013), Austria s Success on the Youth Labour Market not Systemic but Voluntaristic, www. equi.at 37. Weber, T.(2011), Profiling systems for effective labour market integration, Thematic synthesis paper for the European Commission Mutual Learning Programme of Public Employment Services,DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, May Na internetu : eu/social/main.jsp?langid=en&catid=105&newsid=1025 &furthernews=yes 38. Radovic Markovic,M.(2012), A New Model of Education : Development of Individuality through the Freedom of Learning. Eruditio, issue I, Part 3,World Academy of Arts and Science, United States

91 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro market integration, Thematic synthesis paper for the European Commission Mutual Learning Programme of Public Employment Services,DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, May Na internetu : eu/social/main.jsp?langid=en&catid=105&newsid=1025 &furthernews=yes 38. Radovic Markovic,M.(2012), A New Model of Education : Development of Individuality through the Freedom of Learning. Eruditio, issue I, Part 3,World Academy of Arts and Science, United States

92 92 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Mladen Grgić Saradnik na Evropskom institutu za azijske studije u Briselu Zapošljavanje u državnoj administraciji: lekcije iz istorije Kine Autor je osnovne studije završio na Fakultetu političkih nauka u Bariju. Kao stipendista italijanske vlade, upisuje specijalističke studije u Bolonji, nakon kojih završava master studije na Katoličkom univerzitetu Svetog srca u Milanu. Profesionalno iskustvo stiče u međunarodnim organizacijama (OEBS, UNHCR, Vijeće Evrope) i privatnim kompanijama. Doktorant je na Fakultetu političkih nauka u Podgorici, saradnik na Evropskom institutu za azijske studije u Briselu i direktor kompanije ITI Computers. Kao stipendista kineske vlade, proveo je godinu kao viši istraživač na univerzitetu Siamen u Kini. Učesnik je brojnih konferencija i autor više članaka iz oblasti međunarodnih odnosa, s fokusom na kinesku spoljnu politiku. UVOD Dok je Evropa duboko tonula u mračno doba, karakterisano potpunom ekonomskom i kulturološkom stagnacijom, čestim ratovima, širenjem kuge i velikog siromaštva, imperijalna Kina je pod dinastijamasui ( ) i Tang ( ) uvela sistem prijemnih ispita za rad u državnoj administraciji. Po mišljenju jednog od najuticajnijih aziologa,džona Kinga Ferbanka[1987, st. 27], ovaj izum vrijedan je koliko i uvođenje predstavničke vlade. Sistem koji je,uz manje prekide,u Kini trajao 1300 godina, imao je za cilj stvaranje efikasne administracije čiji će zaposleni biti samo oni koji su ispunili stroge kriterijume ispita.odabirani su, dakle, samo najsposobniji za odgovoran posao državne administracije. Takođe, kako je sistem bio zasnovan na principu meritokratije, prema kome je svakom kandidatu (u teoriji) 1 pružena jednaka šansa, trebalo je da prkosi monopolizaciji administracije od strane određenih elita. Poenta ovog teksta jeste predstavljanje ideje sistema prijemnih ispita kao efikasne metode za depolitizaciju ideklijentelizaciju administracije i stvaranje sistema koji se zasniva na meritokratiji i koji svim mladim ljudima treba da omogući jednake šanse za dobijanje državnog posla. Dobro je poznato da državna administracija igra ključnu ulogu u reformisanjujedne države i stvaranju ambijenta koji omogućava ekonomski razvoj i sveobuhvatni napredak društva. Takve je temelje posebno važno graditi u 1 Podaci pokazuju da su predstavnici nižih slojeva društva, i pored uvođenja sistema prijemnih ispita,veoma rijetko uspijevali da zauzmu mjesto u državnoj administraciji (Elman, 2009, st. 405) zemljama koje su u tranziciji i koje su imale turbulentan prelaz sa jednog u drugi sistem (odnosno, iz jednopartijske vladavine u parlamentarnu demokratiju i iz socijalističkog privređivanja u kapitalizam) i nisu uspijele u potpunosti da reformišu administraciju koja, kako se često čini, i dalje funkcioniše po starim principima i uz veliki uticaj politike. Sistem prijemnihispita,kao metod za biranje najboljeg kadra u državnoj upravi, nije karakterističan samo za kinesku administraciju u periodu od sedmog do početka 20. vijeka. Naprotiv, taj metod se koristio i koristiu mnogim drugim državama, pogotovo na Zapadu. Ovdje se kineski model navodi kao primijer jer se pretpostavlja da je to prvi takav sistem poznat svjetskoj istoriji. Teng [1943, str. 267] citira odlomak iz djela Sun Jat Sena,Ustav pet snaga,u kojem otac nacije navodi sljedeće: Danas,među zapadnim nacijama, prijemni ispiti za državnu administraciju uglavnom kopiraju engleski model. Međutim, ako odemo dublje u istoriju, uvidjećemo da je engleski sistem preuzet od Kine. Imamo dobre razloge da vjerujemo da je kineski sistem prijemnih ispita najstariji i najsofisticiraniji sistem u svijetu. 2 Sistem prijemnih ispita ostavio je snažan utisak na Sun Jat Sena, ali će biti ukinut godine. Nakontoga, uslijedio je odlazak posljednje dinastije i stvaranje kineske republike. Jat Sen, prvi kineski predsjednik, zalagaće se za ponovno uvođenje sistema prijemnih ispita, međutim, do potpunog povratka ovog izuma antičke Kine nikada neće doći. IDEJA SISTEMA PRIJEMNIH ISPITA Džastin Kroužer,u tekstu Unikatni eksperiment iz godine, pominje dio knjige SamersetaMoma[Maugham, 1925, str. 153]u kojem jedan kineski filozof (kako sam kaže posljednji predstavnik stare Kine ) sistem prijemnih ispitasmatraza eksperiment jedinstven u svjetskoj 2 U tekstu Chinese Influence on The Western Examination System: I Introduction, Ssu-yu Te ng istražuje eventualno postojanje sličnog sistema u Rimskoj republici, Mesopotamiji, drevnom Egiptu, antičkoj Grčkoj itd, i dolazi do zaključka da je kineski sistem prvi te vrste u istoriji. Kako sam autor zaključuje [Te ng, 1943, str. 270]: Izgleda, dakle, da nema dileme da kompetitivni sistem prijemnih ispita, oralnih i pisanih, korišten u školama i za zapošljavanje u državnoj administraciji, nije izmišljen na zapadu, već u Kini i najvjerovatnije je isključivo kineskog porijekla.

93 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Mladen Grgić Associate at the European Institute for Asian Studies in Brussels Employment with the state administration: Lessons from China The author completed his basic studies at the Faculty of Political Science in Bari, as a scholar of the Italian Government; enrolled at the specialist studies in Bologna; thereafter he earned his Master Degree at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan. He has gained his professional experience in international organizations (such as OSCE, UNHCR, and Council of Europe) and private companies. He earned his Doctoral Degree at the Faculty of Political Sciences in Podgorica; he is an associate to the European Institute of Asian Studies in Brussels and the CEO of ITI Computers. As a scholar of the Chinese Government, he has spent one year as a senior researcher at Xiamen University in China. He has participated in numerous conferences and is the author of a large number of articles concerning international relations with the focus on Chinese foreign policy. INTRODUCTION While Europe was sinking deeply down into the dark era characterized by the complete economic and cultural stagnation, frequent wars, plague spreads, and immense poverty, imperial China ruled by the Sui Dynasty ( ) and the Tang Dynasty ( ) introduced the system of entry-level examinations for the service with the state administration. According to an opinion of one of the most prominent historian of Asia, John King Fairbank [1987, p. 27], this invention is worth equally as introducing representative government. The system that lasted, with short interruptions, for 1,300 years in China had been aimed at creating efficient administration and employing only those individuals with the strict examination criteria met. Selected were, therefore, only the ones most competent to perform responsible duties with the state administration. Besides, since the system had been grounded in meritocracy philosophy - according to which each candidate (in theory) 1 was offered the same opportunity - it was required to resist the administration monopolization by certain elites. The point of this text is to introduce the idea of entrylevel examination system as an effective method of depoliticizing of and eliminating clientilism from the admin- 1 Data has shown that representatives of lower classes of the society, regardless of the introduction of entry-level examination system, had rarely managed to take a position with the state administration (Elman, 2009, p. 405) istration, as well as of creating the system rooted in meritocracy and offering the young people equal chances for attaining a job position with the state administration. It is well known that the state administration plays key role in reforming the state and creating an ambience that ensures economic development and comprehensive social prosperity. It is particularly important to create such foundations in the countries that are in transition and that have had turbulent transit from one to another system (i.e. from one-party rule to parliamentary democracy, or from socialistic economy to capitalism) and have not succeeded completely in reforming the administration that, as it is frequently the case, is still functioning on old principles and under great political influence. Over the period ranging from the 7 th to the early 20 th century, the entry-level examination system as a method of recruiting the best human resources for the state administration was not a characteristics of Chinese administration only. On the contrary. The method used to be employed by numerous other states, while particularly in the West. That is where the Chinese model was referred to as the model, since it was assumed that it had been the first system of that kind known to the world history. Teng [1043, p. 267] quotes the fragment from the Five- Power Constitution by Sun Yat-sen, in which The Father of the Nation said the following: Nowadays western nations copy the entry-level examination model - while mainly the English one - for the state administration service. However if we go further back to history, we will realize that the English system was taken over from China. We have good reasons to believe that the Chinese entry-level examination system is the oldest and most sophisticated one in the world. 2 Entry-level examination system had left a strong impression on Sun Yat-sen, but it was abandoned in Thereafter, the last Dynasty leaved and the Chinese Republic was established. Sun Yat-sen, the first Chinese President, advocated for the reintroduction of the entry- 2 In the text titles Chinese Influence on The Western Examination System: I Introduction, Ssu-yu Te ng had researched possible existence of similar system in the Roman Republic, Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, etc. and he came to a conclusion that the Chinese system had been the first of the sort in history. As the author himself concluded [Te ng, 1943, p. 270]: it seems, therefore, that there is no dilemma that the competitive entry-level examination system, both oral and written, used in schools and for the employment with the state administration had not been invented in the West but in China, and it is most likely it s exclusively of Chinese origin.

94 94 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE istoriji, čiji je cilj bio da velikom državom (Kinom) vlada mudrost (eng.: wisdom), umjesto sile. Upravo je to srž ideje koju bespogovorno možemo svrstati u red najvećih kineskih dostignuća, poput kompasa, papira, presa za štampanje i baruta. Izabrati najmudrije u društvu putem kompleksnog sistema ispitivanja najbolji je put do efikasne administracije, a predstavlja i najpravedniji način zapošljavanja. Samim tim, kroz jasan uređen sistem, mladima je obezbijeđena šansa, bez obzira na njihovu etničku, vjersku, političku ili društvenu određenost.haifeng piše [2006, st. 302]: bio je pravičan sistem jer su ispiti, za obične ljude, bili put do privilegovanog života. Svako je imao jednake šanse i sve je zavisilo od pojedinca. Naravno, ne treba misliti da u tom sistemu nije bilo problema, a ne može se tvrditi ni da su svi imali iste šanse za uspjeh (primjera radi, ženama nije bilo omogućeno da polažu ispit posljedica specifičnog društvenog uređenja toga doba. Sistem je doprinio snaženju ugleda administracije, koja je privlačila najveće talente u zemlji jer je radno mjesto u državnom aparatu predstavljalo potvrdu nečijeg uzvišenog položaja u društvu,a takav status bio je posljedica superiornog obrazovanja. Naravno, uvođenje sistema prijemnih ispita nije se desilo iznenada, niti na brzinu. Još tada je u Kini postojala duga birokratska tradicija, čiji je kontinuitet još tada brojao dva miliona godina. Kako podsjeća Ferbank [1987, str. 27], dok je Rim koristio privatne građaneza ubiranje poreza ili vođenje državnih poslova, dinastija Han je imala razvijenu državnu administraciju. Takođe, u istom razdoblju(za vrijeme dinastije Han) dolazi do uvođenja prvih oblika sistema prijemnih ispita, koji će biti kombinovani sa zapošljavanjem po preporuci i poslije utvrđivanja moralne izvrsnosti kandidata. Karl Fridrih August Guclaf [1838, str. 325] piše da je biranje državnih službenika putem javnih prijemnih ispita još jedna sjajna institucija dinastije Han.Ipak, pretpostavlja se da je prije sedmog vijeka i uvođenja pomenutog sistema, glavni način ulaska u političku i društvenu elitu bio preko mehanizma zvaničnih preporuka i rodbinskih veza [Elman, 1991, str. 9], što najbolje govori o tome koliko je sistem bio inovativan za to doba. Težnja da se državom vlada oslanjajući se na znanje, korijene nalazi u Konfučijevoj filozofiji koja naglašava potrebu učenja i moralnog uzdizanja, koji su praktično dio istog procesa[lai, 2008, str.5]. Učena osoba bi trebalo da ima i visoke morale standarde, pretpostavlja se, te je samim tim i spremna da vodi narod (odnosno, državu). Da bi se spremio za ispitivanje, kineski će dječak početi da uči sa sedam godina da bi poslije šest godina uspio da nauči Četiri knjige i Pet klasika 3, što je ukupno činilo znakova. Da bi razvio radni vokabular od, otprilike, 8000 do znakova, dnevno je morao da memoriše,u pros- 3 Četiri knjige su tekstovi koji predstavljaju suštinske vrijednosti kofučijanizma, a izbor je sačinio Džu Si za vrijeme dinastije Song. Pet klasikasu djelo nastalo prije vremena dinastije Čin i predstavljaju tradicionalni konfučianizam. jeku, 200 znakova. Pripremljen i u lijepom pisanju, odnosno kaligrafiji, mogao je da se prijavi za ispit u okrugu koji se održavao u dvije od tri godine. U pet dana dugom ispitivanju, bili bi eliminisani svi nesposobni da uče. Zatim bi se nastavilo sa tri dana dugim ispitom na nivou prefekture, koji ga dovodi do četvorodnevnog kvalifikacionog ispita. Sva ispitivanja su pratila stroga pravila: garanti i učitelji su morali biti prisutni da podrže svakog kandidata, njegov identitet je detaljno utvrđivan, bio je temeljno pretresan, njegovi testovi su bili označeni samo brojem njegovog sjedišta, svaki njegov pokret je bio praćen. Bilo mu je dozvoljeno da ode u toalet samo jednom dnevno... U međuvremenu, ispitivači su bili držani pod striktnom kontrolom danima, dok rezultati ne bi bili gotovi. Svečana paljba i povorke su označavale početak ceremonije, banketi su je završavali, dok su počasti čekale one uspješne. Nakon svega, dobili bi kvalifikaciju licensiranih i mogli su da konkurišu za pravi ispitni sistem. [Ferbank, 1987, st: 28] Prethodno navedeni redovi, koje je iznio Ferbank, najbolje opisuju i približavaju čitaocu ozbiljnost i pažnju koju je sistem prijemnih ispita zahtijevao u tadašnjoj Kini. Takođe, iz istih možemo shvatiti sam način ispitivanja i koliko je zaista kreator htio da sve protekne tako da se na kraju vrjednuju nečiji rezultati kao posljedica znanja (čista meritokratija), i kako bi se eventualne zloupotrebe svele na minimum. Ovakav model odabira kadrova, državnu administraciju učinio je profesionalnom i nezavisnom od toga ko vodi državu. Stoga, ne treba da čudi što su i vladari iz dinastije Čing iz Mančurije prepoznali imperijalni sistem prijemnih ispita kao najbolji način vladavine, koji im je omogućavao da mobilišu najspremnije među etničkim Kinezima da vode državu kojom je vladala dinastija koja nije pripadala tom podneblju. Sistem prijemnih ispita će kasnije početi da se uvodi i u Evropi. Prva primjena počinje u visokim školama (najvjerovatnije u Bolonji), a uglavnom se radi o usmenim testovima. Tek kasnije i u manjem obimu, u 18. vijeku, odnosno, konačno, u 19. vijeku sistem prijemnog ispitivanja počinje da se primjenjuje u Evropi i to u pismenom obliku. Kada je riječ o prijemnim ispitima za državnu administraciju, Francuska je uvodi godine (prva revolucija), Njemačka negdje oko godine, a Engleska u godini [Te ng, 1943]. Još od 16. vijeka, s povećanjem broja misionara koji putuju u Kinu i pišu tekstove u kojima pominju sistem prijemnih ispita, u Evropi se javnost i intelektualna elita upoznaje sa istim, a ne fali ni onih koji kroz razne radove pokušavaju da promovišu takav sistem i u Evropi [Te ng, 1943]. Gonzales de Mendoza oduševljen je kineskim sistemom, pa u svom radu po povratku iz Kine, sredinom 16. vijeka, piše [citiraote ng, 1943, str. 277]: ovim moćnim

95 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro level examination system; however, the full return of the Chinese ancient invention was never taken place. THE IDEA OF ENTRY-LEVEL EXAMINATIONS In his text titled The Unique Experiment from 2002, Justin Krauser mentioned a segment of the book by Somerset Maugham [1925, p. 153], in which a Chinese philosopher (as the author himself said the last representative of the Old China ) deemed entry-level examination system the experiment unique in the world history the aim of which was to have wisdom to rule the great state (China) instead of force. Exactly that is the core of the idea that we can classify without questioning into the group of the biggest Chinese achievements such as compass, paper, printing press and gunpowder. To select wisest ones in the society by complex examination system is the best way to effective administration, and it represents also the most equitable recruiting method. Thereby, through clearly regulated system, the young were ensured a chance regardless of their ethnic, religious, political or social affiliations. Haifeng wrote [2006, p.302]: the system was equitable since examinations, for ordinary people, were the road to a privileged life. Everybody had equal chances and everything depended on the individual. Naturally, it should not be taken that the system did not face challenges and neither it is possible to assert that everybody had the equal chances (for example, women were not provided with a chance of sitting for the examination it was due to a specific social system of that time). The system contributed to strengthening the reputation of the state administration that attracted the greatest talents from the country since a post in the state apparatus was the recognition of somebody s distinguished status in the society, with such status as the result of the superior education. Naturally, introducing entry-level examination system took place neither suddenly nor in a rush. Even at that time, China had had a long bureaucratic tradition of two million years standing even then. As reminded by Fairbank [1987, p. 27], while Rome had employed private citizens to collect taxes or to administer state duties, the Han Dynasty had had the state administration already developed. Besides, in the same period of time (in the Han Dynasty time), introduction of the first forms of entry-level examination systems had taken place, which was thereafter combined with recruitment on the recommendations despite of the established moral excellence of candidates. Karl Friedrich August Gu tzlaff (anglicized as Charles Gutzlaff) [1838, p. 325] wrote that selecting civil servants by means of public entry-level examinations had been an another great institution of the Han Dynasty. Nevertheless, it is assumed that prior to the 7 th century and introduction of the said system, the major method of entering a political and social elite had been through mechanism of official recommendations and family relations [Elman, 1991, p. 9], which all indicates how innovative the system was at that time. The aspiration to rule the state through relying on knowledge finds its roots in Confucius philosophy that stresses the need for learning and moral ascension that are both actually a part of the same process [Lai, 2008, p. 5]. A scholar should be of high moral standards - it is assumed - and therewith also ready to lead the nation (i.e. the state). With the aim of getting ready to sit for the exams, a Chinese boy would start learning at the age of seven in order to have, after six-year, the Four Books and Five Classics 3 and 431,000 total signs learned. In order to develop working vocabulary of approximately 8,000 to 12,000 signs, such boy had had to memorize 200 signs on average on daily basis. Prepared also in nice handwriting, namely in calligraphy, the boy was allowed to register for the county- level exam held every two or three years. During five-day long examination, all incapable learners were eliminated. Thereafter, prefecture-level three-day long examination would take place, leading to the qualification examination. All the examinations were subject to strict rules, namely guarantors and teachers had to be present to support each candidate; the candidates identities would be verified and they would be searched for hidden materials; their tests would be marked only by their respective seats numbers; each movement of the exam-takers would be monitored. Tthey were allowed to go to the toilet only once daily Meanwhile, examiners would be kept under strict control for days until evaluations were complete. Solemn salvos and processions used to mark the ceremony commencement, with banquets closing it and honors waiting for those successful ones. After that all, they would be awarded the qualification of certified ones and they could compete for the qualifying examination system. [Fairbank, 1987, p. 28] The foregoing lines written by Fairbank are the best description of and they are introducing readers to the seriousness and care that the entry-level examination system required in the then China. Besides, from the lines we can understand the very method of examining and how far the creator s intention went to make everything regular to have both evaluations be the factual result of somebody s knowledge (definite meritocracy) and possible malpractices be reduced to the minimum. Such a model of recruiting human resources made the state administration professional and independent from the country s ruler. Therefore, it is not a surprise that rulers from the Qing Dynasty in Manchuria acknowledged the entry-level examination system as the best method of ruling, the one that ensured recruiting most prepared from among ethnic Chinese to govern the country ruled by the Dynasty that did not belong to that region. Introducing entry-level examination system started also in Europe later on. The first forum for it was in schools of higher education (most probably in Bologna), and mainly it was about oral tests. Only later and to a less degree, in the 18 th century, i.e. in the 19 th century eventually, that the application of entry-level examining started in Europe, while in the written form. When it comes to entrylevel examinations designed for the state administration job positions, they were introduced in France in 1791 (the French Revolution), in Germany sometime around 1800 and in England in 1870 [Te ng, 1943]. Already as of the 16 th century, due to an increasing number of missioners traveling to China and writing texts 3 The Four Books are the texts illustrating the core values of Confucianism, selected by Zhu Xi in the time of Song Dynasty. The Five Classics are five pre-qin books that form part of the traditional Confucianism.

96 96 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE kraljevstvom je bolje upravljano i vladano nego ijednim do danas poznatim u svijetu. Njegove impresije izrečene su nakon detaljnog opisa sistema prijemnih ispita. Čak je i Monsteskjea i Voltera zaintrigiralo kinesko uređenje, pa posljednji piše naši misionari nam govore da ta velika imperija ima vladu vrijednu divljenja... [citiraote ng, 1943, str. 281], dok je Fransoa Kenepoželio da isti sistem sprovede i u Evropi. Su Ju Teng je u članku,objavljenom godine Kineski uticaj na zapadni sistem prijemnih ispita, pokušao da istraži uticaj kineskog imperijalnog sistema ispita na Evropu, odnosno, na kasniju pojavu sličnih sistema u evropskim državama. Nakon sveobuhvatne analize dostupne literature, autor zaključuje da postoji dovoljno dokaza da se može tvrditi da je sistem prijemnih ispita, primjenjivan u Engleskoj u 19. vijeku, izvorno kineski, odnosno,navodeći nesporne sličnosti između dva sistema,da su njegovi tvorci bili inspirisani kineskim imperijalnim sistemom prijemnih ispita. Zato ne čudi što je, nakon što su njegovo uvođenje predložili u Engleskoj, sistem često kritikovan kao nešto što je uvezeno iz Kine, paje samim tim i nepogodno za englesku realnost. U svakom slučaju, Engleska je u 19. vijeku uvela ovaj sistem, koji je još ranije korišten u čuvenoj engleskoj Istočno-indijskoj kompaniji. PROCES ZAPOŠLJAVANJA U CRNOJ GORI Sistem prijemnih ispita za rad u državnoj administraciji postoji i u Crnoj Gori - naravno, u drugačijem obliku. Jedan od uslova za rad u državnoj administraciji je i diploma o položenom tkz. državnom ispitukoji se sastoji od polaganja više predmeta koji se smatraju važni za rad u državnoj administraciji. Nekada je moguće ispit položiti i u roku od godinu dana od stupanja na poziciju, što ga ne čini klasičnim prijemnim ispitom. Takođe, ne radi se o komplikovanom testu tako da ne predstavlja problem kandidatima, već formalnost. Prijemno ispitivanje, usmeno i pismeno se sprovodi tokom procesa zapošljavanja i regulisano je zakonom (Zakon o državnim službenicima i namještenicima) koji propisuje način na koji se zapošljava kadar u državnoj službi. Sam proces polazi od objavljivanja javnog konkursa, zatim slijedi ispitivanje (usmeno ili pismeno, ili oba) kandidata, nakon čega svaki kandidat biva rangiran na osnovu bodova koje dobije tokom ispitivanja i na osnovu njegove biografije, da bi se na kraju starješina organa u kojem se zasniva radni odnos odlučio, u idealnom slučaju,za najboljeg. U svom zvaničnom saopštenju, Uprava za kadrove (18/02/2013) navodi da: ovako postavljen postupak provjere sposobnosti... predstavlja jasan pokazatelj da je cjelokupan postupak, od javnog oglašavanja pa do konačnog izbora, zasnovan na principima kojima se garantuje jednaka dostupnost, jednaki uslovi za sve kandidate, bez obzira na njihovu nacionalnu, vjersku, političku ili bilo koju drugu pripadnost. Provjera kandidata je utvrđena Pravilima za provjeru sposobnosti kandidata za rad u organima državne upravekoji ima za cilj obezbjeđivanje efikasnog, kvalitetnog, politički neutralnog i profesionalnog obavljanja poslova. Ipak, čini se da to nije slučaj. Naime, zakoni i pravilnici propisuju obaveznost ispitivanja kandidata, ali ostavljaju previše slobode u načinu odvijanja samog procesa. Tako se nudi mogućnost usmenog i pismenog ispitivanja (pismeno u slučaju više kandidata, iako se ne precizira koji je to broj, a postavlja se kao preduslov za usmeni dio ispitivanja) pred komisijom, u kojoj osim predstavnika Uprave za kadrove sjede i predstavnici, odnosno starješina organa u kojem se zasniva radni odnos. Dalje, pismeni dio testa sačinjava Uprava za kadrove uz posebni dio koji se sastoji od pitanja vezanih za poslove organa u kojem se zasniva radni odnos i koji sastavlja starješina tog organa. Inače, pisani testovi se mijenjaju od oglasa do oglasa, te kandidatima niko ne garantuje da će imati test iste težine ili pod istim uslovima. Takođe, čest je slučaj da isti kandidat, vremenom, napredujući u službi, polaže isti test za različito rangirane funkcije. Ono što ostavlja i najviše prostora za zapošljavanje onih koji su podobni, a ne najspremniji jeste činjenica da zadnju riječ ima upravo starješina određenog organa. Radi se, prije svega, o subjektivnoj odluci. To, naravno, nije tipično za Crnu Goru, već je slučaj i sa nekim drugim zemaljama koje karakteriše razvijeniiji demokratski sistem. Ipak, kod nas, u dominantno klijentelističkom i partitokratskom društvu,takav način predstavlja veliki problem. U privatnim intervjuima sa mladim ljudima zaposlenim u državnoj službi, autoru je potvrđeno da obrazovanje nije visoko kotirano prilikom zapošljavanja, a da je sam test tek formalnost u slučaju da je kandidat sebi obezbijedio vezu. Nacrtaj gladnom tortu, da mu zadovoljiš glad, glasi kineska poslovica koja najbolje opisuje propisane norme za zapošljavanje u crnogorskoj državnoj administraciji. Naime, čini se da procedure i pravila (često prateći neke evropske standarde) predstavljaju samo formu kako bi se zadovoljili kriterijumi, dok sistem sam po sebi nudi mnogo prostora za manipulaciju. U najavljenim reformama može se uočiti tendencija da se proces sve više prebacuje na Upravu za kadrove, kako bi se isključila politička manipulacija u procesu zapošljavanja. To može biti rješenje samo u slučaju u kojem bi i sama Uprava bila oslobođena političkog uticaja i dobila drugačije zakonsko uređenje, kao i sami proces zapošljavanja. Pravni okviri se mogu mijenjati i zakoni se mogu prila-

97 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro mentioning entry-level examination system, European public and intellectual elite got acquainted with it, while there was not a few number of those attempting to promote - via their respective papers - such system in Europe as well [Te ng, 1943]. Juan González de Mendoza was delighted at the Chinese system and, in his paper written after his return from China in the mid of the 16 th century, he wrote [quoted by Te ng, 1943, p. 277]: this powerful Kingdom has been governed and ruled so far better than any other known to the world. These his words were expressed after a detailed description of entry-level examination system. Even Montesquieu and Voltaire were intrigued by the Chinese system, so the latter wrote the following: our missioners talk us about the fact that such a great Empire has the government worth admiring [quoted by Te ng, 1943, p. 281], while François Quesnay wished to implement the same system in Europe. In his article written in 1943 and titled Chinese Influence on the Western Examination System, Su Yu Teng attempted to study the Chinese imperial examination system s effects on Europe, namely on the later appearance of similar systems in European countries. After a comprehensive analysis of the available references, the author concluded that there were sufficient evidence to make it possible for asserting the original Chinese entry-level examination system had been in application in England in the 19 th century, i.e. by referring to undisputable similarities between the two systems, the author stated that the creators thereof had been inspired by the Chinese imperial entrance-level examination system. Therefore it is not a wonder at all that, after the introduction thereof had been suggested to England, the system used to be frequently exposed to criticizing as something that had been imported from China and therefore not suitable for the England reality. Anyway, in the 19 th century, England introduced the system that had been used even earlier in a famous English Eastern Indian company. MONTENEGRIN EMPLOYMENT PROCESS Entry-level examination system for the state administration service exists also in Montenegro naturally, in a different format. One of the requirements to get into service with the state administration is to have certificate of the passed so-called state examination that comprises sitting for several examinations in the subjects considered relevant to the state administration service. Sometimes it is possible to sit for the exam within one-year time as of assuming a job position, which makes the exam not so standard entry-level examination. Besides, it is not about a complex test, so, to candidates, it is not a challenge but formality. Entry-level oral and written examining is held during recruiting process and it is regulated by the law (namely by The Law on Civil Servants and State Employees) prescribing the method followed in employing human resources with the state administration. The very process starts from announcing vacancies, followed by (oral or written or both) examining of candidates and, thereafter, each candidate is ranked based on the score attained during the examining and on his/her biography. In the end, the head of the authority with which employment is to commence decides on, ideally, the best candidate. In their official communication, Human Resources Administration (February 18 th 2013) stated that: such a set procedure of competences testing reflects a clear indication of the overall procedure - starting from the public announcing and reaching to the final selection - as grounded in principles guaranteeing the equal accessibility and requirements to all candidates, regardless of their national, religious or any other affiliation. Testing the candidates competences has been provided for under The Rules on Testing the Competences of Candidates for the State Administration Service, which is aimed at ensuring an efficient, high-quality, politically neutral and professional discharge of duties. Nevertheless, it seems that it is not the case. Namely, laws and rule books prescribes obligatoriness of candidates testing, but leave too much freedom as regards selecting the method fit for the very process. Thus, opting is offered for oral and written testing (with written testing where there is a larger number of candidates - despite no number is specified - and posing the requirement to sit for the oral part of examining) before a board that comprises, in addition to the representatives of The Human Resources Administration, also the representatives, i.e. the heads of authorities with which employments are to be. Furthermore, the written part of testing is developed by Human Resources Administration and is accompanied by a separate part that comprises questions relating to the operations and that is developed by the head of the authority with which an employment is to be. Anyway, the written tests varies from announcement to announcement, so candidate cannot be guaranteed they are going to sit for the same complexity tests or under the same conditions. Besides, it is frequent that one and the same candidate, as the time passes by and he/she has advanced in the profession, sits for the same examination for differently ranked functions. What leaves the largest space for employing the ones who are eligible and not most competent is the fact tat the final decision is exactly on the head of particular authority. It is primarily about a subjective decision. Naturally, that is not typical of Montenegro only, but is taking place also in some other countries characterized by more developed democracy systems. Nevertheless, here, in dominantly clientelistic and patriotic society, such occurrence posed a huge challenge. In private interviews with the young already employed with the state administration, the author was given the affirmation of knowledge being not highly valuated during employment process and that the test is just a pretend formality if a candidate has ensured a link. Draw a cake to satisfy one s hunger is a Chinese saying that gives the best description of the prescribed norms for employment in Montenegro state administration. Namely, it has appeared (based on frequent reading some European standards) that the procedures and rules represent just a pretend formality to satisfy criteria, while the system itself offers a large space for manipulations. It is possible to notice, in the announced reforms, the tendency of an increasing transferring the employment process to Human Resources Administration, so as to exclude political manipulations during it. That can be a so-

98 98 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE gođavati nekim boljim standardima, ili, kako je to slučaj sa svim sektorima,uvođenjemevropskih standarda.ono što je teže mijenjati, i što predstavlja veliki problem, jeste crnogorska kultura koja ne poznaje meritokratiju i u kojojpreovladavaju rodbinske veze i klijentelizam (pojava koja se često spočitava od strane međunarodnih institutcija). Naravno, savršen sistem ne postoji, ali sistem koji daje malo prostora manipulaciji utiče i na to da se vremenom promijene i navike i kulturološke devijacije. Država treba dati primjer, jer kako je i sam Konfučije smatrao za državu, da pruža dobar primjer, važnije je od bilo kojeg zakona. GLOMAZNA I NEEFIKASNA ADMINISTRACIJA Veliki broj zaposlenih, na mjestima za koje plate i doprinose plaća država,ozbiljan je problem mnogih zemalja u Evropi i šire. Na Balkanu, gdje se većina država još suočava sa dugom i teškom tranzicijom, nedovoljnim razvojem ekonomije, sporim ekonomskim rastom i lošem standardu građana, ovaj problem postaje još veći. Sa njim se suočava većina bivših jugoslovenskih država, koje ne samo da nisu smanjile obim javnog sektora, već su ga u poslednjoj deceniji još ipovećale. Jedan od najvećih razloga je svakako političke prirode težilo se zapošljavanju ljudi lojalnihpartiji koja je na vlasti, zapošljavanju uoči izbora, zapošljavanju koje je posljedica izbornih obećanja. Zapošljavanje u javnom sektoru zamaskiralo je neke realne ekonomske probleme, a prije svega pojavu visoke stope nezaposlenosti koja je bila neminovna u ekonomijama koje su prošle traumu prelaska sa socijalističkog načina privređivanja na liberal-kapitalizam, u kojem bi trebalo da dominiraju privatnekompanije kod kojih tržište i profit diktiraju volumen zapošljavanja. Države, da bi smanjile nekontrolisan porast nezaposlenosti, nekada su bile primorane da ljude raspoređuju po državnim i lokalnim službama ili, u krajnjem slučaju, u državnim firmama. Posljedice takvog djelovanja su danas katastrofalne. Za zarade i razne druge troškove koje uplaćuju zaposlenima u javnom sektoru, države troše veliki dio budžeta na uštrb strateških investiranja koja bi stvorila ambijent povoljan za razvoj privatnog sektora - koji bi, opet, mogao da absorbuje radnu snagu i utiče na smanjenje nezaposlenosti. A Crna Gora nije izuzetak, pokazuju podaci Monstata. UDržavnoj upravi i odbrani zaposleno je 19861, kojima treba dodati još na radu u obrazovanju, u Zdravstvenoj i socijalnoj zaštiti, itd. Ova radna mjesta karakteriše stabilnost (ugovor na neodređeno), prosječna ili nadprosječna primanja i ostale beneficije karakteristične za rad u javnom sektoru. Nije teško zaključiti da u zemljama sa nerazvijenim privatnim sektorom, stabilnost i redovna primanja imaju još veću vrijednost. Osim velikih izdataka države, problem glomazne administracije je i taj što istu ne prati kvalitet. Naime, zbog nedostatka jasnog i transparentnog procesa zapošljavanja, ili izbjegavanja istog, u državnoj administraciji posao nisu dobijali oni koji su svojim kvalitetom ispunjavali uslove, već oni koji su bili u prednosti iz nekih drugih razloga. Samim tim, i struktura kadra u državnoj administraciji se čini nespremnom da ispuni izazove sa kojima se suočava društvo u tranziciji. Tromost i neefikasnost su riječi kojima se najčešće opisuje državna administracija. Uz sve te probleme, treba dodati da zaposleni nisu ravnopravno raspoređeni, pa u nekim sektorima postoji manjak kadra, dok ga je u drugim previše. Potreba za efikasnijim i manjim državnim aparatom je prepoznata od strane većine subjekata u državi, pa i od same Vlade. To je potvrđeno i na okruglom stolu na kojem se raspravljalo o reformi javne uprave[mup, 27/11/2013]: Reforma državne uprave u Crnoj Gori je jedna od krucijalnih tema za dalji društveni razvoj Crne Gore, a u narednom periodu će se obezbijediti kontinuitet u reformskim nastojanjima da se sistem državne uprave učini efikasnim i profesionalnim Na istom skupu je, osim profesionalizacije, najavljeno i drastično smanjenje državne administracije u godinama pred nama. Interesantno je da sa jedne strane imamo Upravu za kadrove koja se bave zapošljavanjem u državnoj upravi, au kojoj tvrde da se sve odvija po pravilima koja obezbjeđuju kvalitetan kadar kroz jedan transparentan proces, dok sa druge strane Vlada naglašava potrebu za velikim promjenama, profesionalizacijom, smanjenjem broja zaposlenih i većom efikasnošću. Reforme u sektoru se često najavljuju, kao i promjene ili uvođenje novih procedura zapošljavanja, koje bi garantovale transparentnost i meritokratiju. Ipak, uz sve promjene, zloupotrebe ostaju moguće i teško rješive, sve dok sistem ne doživi suštinsku i potpunu promjenu. Takođe, rješavanje problema viška zaposlenih u administraciji stvoriće nove probleme, prije svih - problem nezaposlenosti. Činjenica da veliki broj ljudi radi u javnom sektoru, i da bi velika većina mladih željela da radi u istom, nije posljedica samo različitih socio-kulturoloških faktora karakterističnih za region. Ako ne glavni, onda jedan od važnijih razloga jeste nedostatak radnih mjesta u privatnom sektoru. Odnosno, nedostatak odgovarajućih mjesta za veliki broj visokoobrazovanih mladih ljudi. Smanjenjem državne administracije neće se smanjiti i broj onih koji žele da rade u istoj. Imajući u vidu nerazvijeni privatni sektor, nastavak privatizacije državnih preduzeća kojidonosi nova otpuštanja, kao i razvoj sektora (kao što su trgovina i turizam) sa malim prosječnim zaradama, uz nepovoljne kredite za pokretanje privatnog biznisa, mo-

99 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro lution only if the very Human Resources Administration and the process of employment alone are both free from the political influence and get a different legal regulation. Legal frameworks can be changed by means of and laws can be adjusted to some better standards or - such as the case in this sector - through bringing in the European Standards. What is more difficult to change and what poses huge challenge is Montenegrin culture that does not recognize meritocracy and in which kinships and clientelism (the manifestations frequently objected to by international institutions) are prevailing. Naturally, a perfect system does not exist, but a system with limited space for manipulations induces also gradual changes in habits and cultural deviations. The government should give an example, since Confucius himself had deemed that for a state, demonstrating a good model of behavior is more important than laws. huge BUT INEFFICIENT ADMINISTRATION A huge number of persons employed at job positions for which the government pays salaries and contributions is faced as a serious challenge in Europe and broader. In the Balkans, with the majority of countries still facing long and difficult transitions, insufficiently developed economies, slow economic growth and poor standard of living of citizens, this challenge is even bigger. It is faced by the majority of ex Yugoslavia countries that not only have reduced their public sectors but have augmented them for the last decade. One of the major reasons is surely of political nature it has been tended to employ persons loyal to the ruling political party; employments in the eve of elections; employments as a consequence of election promises. Employments with public sector have masked specific real economic problems, while primarily the high unemployment rate that has been inevitable in economies that went through the transition from the socialist economy to liberal capitalism in which private companies pursuing employments dictated by markets and generated profits should dominate. In order to reduce uncontrolled unemployment rate increase, countries were sometimes forced to deploy employees to the state and local services or, eventually, to the state owned enterprises. Consequences of such practice are catastrophic nowadays. Salaries/wages and a variety of other benefits paid to public sector employees spend a large portion of national budget to the detriment of strategic investments that would create an ambience favorable for the development of private sector that could, in turn, absorb labor force and induce decrease in unemployment. According to the Monstat data, Montenegro is not an exception at all. The state administration and national defense employ 19,861 persons to which 13,101 persons employed in education, 10,869 persons employed in health and social protection, and alike should be added. These job positions are characterized by stability (fulltime employment contracts), average or above average income and other benefits that are typical of public sector service. It is not difficult to conclude that in countries with the underdeveloped private sector, the stability and regular payments are of higher value. Besides high budget-funded expenditures, a problem attributed to the giant administration is also in the fact that it is not in company with efficiency. Namely, either due to the lack of clear and transparent employment process or due to avoiding it, the public administration job positions have not been assigned to those who met the competences-related requirements but to those that had advantages due to some different reasons. Thereby, also the structure of the state administration s human resources seems to be unready to cope with challenges faced by a society in transition. Inactivity and inefficiency are the words that most frequently describe the state administration. Along with all the foregoing, it should add that these employees have not been evenly distributed, so in some sectors human resources are short while in other sectors they exceed the needs. The need for an efficient and smaller state apparatus was already acknowledged by the majority of entities in the state, so did by the Government too. That was confirmed also during the Round Table on the theme of Public Administration Reform [Ministry of the Interior, November 27 th 2013]: The state administration reform is one of the crucial matters intended for a further social development in Montenegro, so, in the upcoming period, the continuity in the reform efforts to make the state administration system more effective and professional will be ensured. The same gathering voiced, besides professionalism, also drastic cut in the state administration volume to take place in the upcoming years. It is interesting that, on the one hand, there is the Human Resources Administration that is dealing with the employments with the state administration and that asserts everything is according to the rules providing competent human resources through one transparent process, while, on the other hand, the need is stressed to undertake considerable changes, ensure professionalism, reduce the number of employees and have higher competence level. Reforms of the sector are frequently announced, as well as changes in or the introduction of new employment procedures to make certain transparency and meritocracy. Despite all the changes, abuses remain possible and hard to solve all until the system does face the core and full transformation. Besides, solving problems of redundancy in administration will entail new problems, while primarily the unemployment one. The fact is that a large number of persons serve with public sector and that the majority of the young wishes to work there is not only due to a variety of social and cultural factors prevailing within the region. If not the main, then one of the more significant reasons is the lack of job positions in private sector. In other words, it is the shortage of appropriate job positions for a large number of the young with higher education qualifications. Reducing the number of employees with the state administration will not diminish also the number of those wishing to work with it. Having in mind underdeveloped private sector, resuming state-owned enterprises privatization that entails new redundancies, as well as the development of the sectors (such as retail trade and tourism) with low average salaries, accompanied by unfavorable credit schemes for setting up private businesses, we can expect huge number of persons with

100 100 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE žemo očekivati da će veliki broj visokoškolaca i dalje težiti ka radnom mjestu u državnom sektoru. Takav je slučaj bio tokom vladinog programa stručnog osposobljavanja mladih visokoškolaca u godini, kada se gotovo dvije trećine od ukupnog broja prijavljenih oprijedijelilo za rad u državnoj službi. Takođe, neka istraživanja međunarodnih organizacija, kao što je UNDP, pokazuju da bi veliki dio radne snage najradije radio u državnom sektoru, makar i s manjom mjesečnom zaradom. Možemo biti sigurni da će kontinuitet ovog tenda opstati, ali i da će s optimizacijom kadra rasti broj kandidata za manji broj mjesta u državnoj administraciji. Svakako, takva situacija pogoduje stvaranju rizika od manipulacije u zapošljavanju, podsticanju zapošljavanja koje ne poštuje princip meritokratije. Zbog toga, uvođenje kompetitivnog sistema prijemnih ispita predstavlja najbolji način da se mladim visokoškolcima ponudi transparentan i predvidiv sistem, koji bi vrijednovao samo znanje, a koji će posljedično obezbijediti kvalitetan kadar za državnu upravu čiji poslovi,na putu pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji, postaju sve zahtjevniji. Takođe, takav kadar može sjutra dobro predstavljati državu u institucijama Evropske unije. ZAKLJUČAK Opisujući razdoblje tokom kojega su se dinastije u Kini tako brzo smjenjivale- da se i stanovništvo znalo zapitati ko vlada carstvom ( , razdoblje poznato kao period pet dinastija) - Turbjern Ferevik [2012, str. 210] piše: Čak i kada su se smjenjivali ministri i carevi, činovnički aparat ostajao je na svom mjestu. Čak i u najteža vremena, on je uspijevao da vadi kestenje iz vatre i da održava društvo u životu. Sastojao se od ljudi koji su svoje položaje dobili na osnovu svojih kvalifikacija, a ne u nasljeđe. Ovim redovima, norveški istoričar slikovito dočarava koliko je za jednu državu važno imati profesionalnu administraciju, koja je jedan od njenih nosećih stubova. Takva administracija, sačinjena od ljudi koji su došli do položaja zahvaljujući svojoj sposobnosti, osigurava autoritet institucija, stvarajući povjerenje kod građana. Upravo je stvaranje takvih institucija ključ za oblikovanje sredine koja će pogodovati razvoju raznih privrednih grana, unaprijeđenju obrazovanja na svim nivoima i stvaranju moralnih normi u tranzicionom društvu. Tek sa administracijom koja čini da država funkcioniše u svakom trenutku, politika može da se razvija u demokratskom smjeru, a politička previranja i borba za vlast koje se rješavaju putem raspisivanja izbora, postaju tek suprostavljanje različitih ideja u utakmici u kojoj pobjednik ne uzima sve, niti poraženi gubi sve. Samo u tim okolnostima građani su u stanju da izaberu vlast uzimajući u obzir konkretne parametre i mijenjajući partiju onda kada ne zadovolji njihova očekivanja. Profesionalna administracija ne podrazumijeva postojanje demokratije po automatizmu, ali bespogovorno podstiče povjerenje u demokratski sistem i doprinosi poštovanju i ugledu demokratskih institucija. LITERATURA 1. Ferevik, T. (2012). Središnje kraljevstvo, putovanje u istoriju Kine. Novi Sad: Izdavačka knjižarnica Zorana Stojanovića Sremski Karlovci. 2. Weerdt, H. D. (2006). Changing Minds through Examinations: Examination Critics in Late Imperial China. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 126 (3). 3. Cooke, F. L. (2003). Seven reforms in five decades, civil service reform and its human resource implications in China. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 8 (3), Crozier, J. (2002). A unique experiment. China in Focus, Summer (12). 5. Elman, B. A. (1991). Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China. The Journal of Asian Studies, 50 (1), Fairbank, J. K. (1986). The Great Chinese Revolution New York: Harper & Row. 7. Gu tzlaff, K. F. (1838). China Opened (Vol. II). London: Smith, Elder & Co. 8. Haifeng, L. (2006). Rehabilitation of the imperial examination system. Frontiers of Education in China, 1 (2), Lai, K. L. (2008). An introduction to Chinese philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10. Maugham, S. (1922). On a Chinese Screen. London: Heinemann. 11. Te ng, S.-y. (1943). Chinese Influence on The Western Examination System: I. Introduction. arvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 7 (4),

101 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro higher education qualifications to still tend to be in job positions with public sector. That was the case also during implementing the Government s 2013 Professional Competence Training Program for the young holders of higher education degrees, when almost 2/3 out of the total number of registered trainees opted for the state administration. Besides, some researches done by international organizations, such as UNDP, have shown that a large portion of the labor force prefer service with the state sector, even though monthly salaries are lower. We can be sure that the permanence of the trend will continue, and that optimizing human resources will entail an increased number of candidates opting for fewer job positions with the state administration. Anyhow, such a situation is favorable for creating risks of manipulations during employment process and encouraging the employments not respecting meritocracy principle. Due to that, introducing a competitive entry-level system is the best way to offer the young holders of higher education degrees a transparent and predictable system that would valuate only knowledge and, consequently, generate more competent human resources for the state administration service where more and more demanding duties have to be discharged as advancing in the accession process toward the European Union. Besides, such human resources may represent our country in the European Union institutions tomorrow. CONCLUSION Through describing the era during which Dynasties in China had been taking the rule over that fast that the population used to ask themselves who had ruled the Empire ( , the era known as the History of the Five Dynasties), Turbjern Ferevik [2012, p. 210] wrote: Even though ministers and emperors were revolving, the clerical apparatus remained in its place. Even during the severest hardships, it managed to pull the chestnuts out of the fire and to maintain the society keep on living. It comprised persons who had attained their job positions based on their respective qualifications, and net on legacy. By the foregoing lines, the Norway author gave a picturesque portrait of how much it is important to a country to have competent state administration that is one of the country s pillars. Such administration comprising persons that have attained their job positions thanks to their competences ensures the authoritative institutions, creating thereby the citizens confidence in them. Exactly creating such institutions is the key to designing an environment that is going to be favorable for a variety of economy branches development, education system improvement at all levels and creating moral norms in a society in transition. No earlier than with an administration making it possible for the state be functional at any moment a politics with democratic spirit can emerge, with political turbulences and competing for the rule through calling for elections appearing just as opposing arguments put forward on different ideas in the game in which neither the winner takes it all nor the looser loses everything. Only under such circumstances, citizens are capable both of electing the rule based on particular parameters and of changing one party in any case it has not satisfied their expectations. A efficient administration does not connote the existence of democracy by automatism, yet it unquestioningly encourages confidence in democratic system and contributes to the respect for and the reputation of democratic institutions. REFERENCES: 1. Ferevik, T. (2012). Središnje kraljevstvo, putovanje u istoriju Kine. Novi Sad: Izdavačka knjižarnica Zorana Stojanovića Sremski Karlovci. 2. Weerdt, H. D. (2006). Changing Minds through Examinations: Examination Critics in Late Imperial China. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 126 (3). 3. Cooke, F. L. (2003). Seven reforms in five decades, civil service reform and its human resource implications in China. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 8 (3), Crozier, J. (2002). A unique experiment. China in Focus, Summer (12). 5. Elman, B. A. (1991). Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China. The Journal of Asian Studies, 50 (1), Fairbank, J. K. (1986). The Great Chinese Revolution New York: Harper & Row. 7. Gu tzlaff, K. F. (1838). China Opened (Vol. II). London: Smith, Elder & Co. 8. Haifeng, L. (2006). Rehabilitation of the imperial examination system. Frontiers of Education in China, 1 (2), Lai, K. L. (2008). An introduction to Chinese philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10. Maugham, S. (1922). On a Chinese Screen. London: Heinemann. 11. Te ng, S.-y. (1943). Chinese Influence on The Western Examination System: I. Introduction. arvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 7 (4),

102 102 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE mr Martin Ćalasan Saradnik na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu Univerziteta Crne Gore ZBOG ČEGA MLADI U CRNOJ GORI TREBA DA VIDe BUDUĆNOST U RAZVOJU ENERGETIKE? REZIME Značaj energije u bilo kom obliku jeste i biće od velike važnosti za razvoj čitavog društva nevezano za vremenski period u kome živimo. Crna Gora je sektor energetike označila kao glavnu granu privrede u budućnosti, pa razvoj energetskog sektora, zajedno sa razvojem turizma i poljoprivrede, predstavlja ključni pravac budućeg razvoja crnogorskog društva. U ovom radu pokušano je da se odgovori na pitanje zašto mladi u Crnoj Gori treba da vide svoju budućnost u razvoju energetike. 1. UVOD Sposobnost samostalnog zadovoljavanja energetskih potreba predstavlja strateško pitanje budućnosti i pitanje opstanka svake zemlje. Najzastupljeniji i najčešće korišćeni oblik energije jeste električna energija. Ona ujedno i predstavlja workhorse savremene industrije. Savremene industrije, kao i transportni sistemi, komunikacije, sve električne instalacije sa jedne strane i sve vrste usluga sa druge strane, suštinski zavise od proizvodnje, prenosa, distribucije i upotrebe električne energije. I danas, kao i proteklih decenija, potrošnja električne energije po glavi stanovnika bila je pokazatelj životnog standarda. Energetska kriza kao i uticaj proizvodnje i potrošnje električne energije na okolinu stvaraju potrebu da se dalji industrijski razvoj dovede na nivo koji je po svom obimu i formi ekološki prihvatljiv i čist. Čistiji načini prozvodnje električne energije uključuju obnovljive - alternativne izvore energije, dok koncept ekološki prihvatljivog razvoja zahtijeva smanjenje gubitaka električne energije (npr. korišćenje uređaja energetske elektronike, primjena računara i savremenih upravljačkih algoritama...) [1]. U predhodnih nekoliko godina država Crna Gora je sektor energetike označila kao ključnu privrednu granu na kojoj bi se temeljio dalji razvoj crnogorskog društva. Po strategiji razvoja energetike do godine, koji je usvojen na Vladi, energetika predstavlja najvažniji zamajac ekonomskog i društvenog razvoja Crne Gore [2-7]. Po ovoj strategiji razvoj energetskog sektora dovešće do strukturnih promjena u razvoju energetske infrastrukture, što će imati značajan pozitivan uticaj na kvalitet snabdijevanja potrošača energijom, sa jedne strane, i na ukupni makro- -ekonomski razvoj Crne Gore sa druge strane. Revitalizacijom i izgradnjom novih energetskih postrojenja stvoriće se nova radna mjesta, angažovati domaća operativa (radna snaga) i industrija. Ukoliko energetika bude stabilan, moderan i kvalitetno organizovan sektor, dobrobit za čitavu privredu će biti veoma vidljiv. U ovom radu, u drugom poglavlju, dat je pregled (ne) iskorišćenog energetskog potencijala Crne Gore (prije svega izvora električne energije). Nakon toga, u trećem poglavlju navedeni su planovi za izgradnju najznačajnijih energetskih objekata u Crnoj Gori. U četvrtom poglavlju navešće se konkretan primjer kako planovi u energetskom sektoru utiču na povećanje broja studenata koji žele studirati studije Energetike [8], kao i to kako razvoj energetike iziskuje školovanje kadrova različitih profila. Na kraju, u formi zaključka, daće se kratak osvrt na cjelokupan rad. 2. (NE)ISKORIŠĆENI ENERGETSKI POTENCIJAL CRNE GORE Voda je trenutno najveći obnovljivi izvor električne energije i u svjetskim razmjerama učestvuje sa preko 15%. U Crnoj Gori taj odnos je veći i kreće se do oko 60%, jer u našem elektroenergetskom sistemu imamo dvije velike hidroelektrane (HE), sedam malih hidroelektrana (mhe), a samo jednu termoelektranu (TE) [9-12]. Crna Gora raspolaže HE potencijalom koji po indeksu ISP (Indeks Strateškog Prioriteta) spada u sam svjetski vrh [11, 12]. U Tabeli I dat je teorijski hidroenergetski potencijal i iskorišćeni hidropotencijal Crne Gore. Procjena iznosa tehnički iskoristivog potencijala glavnih vodotokova u prirodnom pravcu oticanja kreće se u rasponu od 5400 do 6300GWh (zavisno od varijanti korišćenja voda), s tim da je oko 1700GWh već u eksploataciji u do sada izgrađenim hidroelektranama (HE Perućica i HE Piva). Ukupni teorijski i tehnički potencijal voda u Crnoj Gori dat je u Tabeli II. Kao što je već navedeno, u našem energetskom sistemu funkcionišu dvije hidroelektrane Piva (sa instalisanom snagom od 342MW 762GWh) i Perućica (sa instalisanom snagom od 285MW GWh), kao i sedam

103 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Martin Ćalasan, MA Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Montenegro WHY SHOULD THE YOUNG PEOPLE IN MONTENEGRO SEE THE FUTURE IN THE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT? RESUME The importance of energy in any of its forms is and will be of paramount significance for the development of the whole society, irrespectively of the times in which we live. Montenegro has marked the enegry sector as crucial for the future economy, and, hence, its development, along with the development of tourism and agriculture, is the key direction for the future development of the Montenegrin society. This paper attempts to answer the question why the young people of Montenegro should see their future in the energy development. 1. INTRODUCTION The capacity to meet the energy needs independently is a strategic question regarding the future and development of every country. Electrical energy is the most widely spread and used form of energy. It is also the workhorse of the modern industry. Modern industries, as well as the transport systems, communications, and all electrical installations from one side, and different types of services from the other, essentially depend on the production, transmission, distribution and use of electrical energy. Even today, as it has been the case in the previous decades, the consumption of electrical energy per capita was an indicator of the standard of living. Energy crisis, as well as the influence of production and consumption on the environment, create the need to take further industrial development to the level which would be ecologically acceptable and clean in terms of the volume and form. The cleaner ways of electrical energy production include renewable (alternative) energy sources, whereas the concept of ecologically acceptable development requires reduction in the loss of electrical energy (e.g. the use of power electronics, computers and modern control algorithms...) [1]. In recent years, Montenegro has marked the energy sector as the crucial one in the economy on which the future development of Montenegrin society would be based. According to the Energy Development Strategy by 2030, which was adopted by the Government, energy is the most important trigger for economic and social growth of Montenegro [2-7]. According to this strategy, the development of the energy sector will lead to structural changes in the development of energy infrastructure, which will result in a significant positive influence both on the quality of energy supply for the customers, and the overall macroeconomic development of Montenegro. Revitalization and development of new power plants will open new posts, employ local operational manpower and industry. If this sector becomes stable, modern and well-organized, it will bring benefits to whole economy. The second chapter of this paper gives an overview of (un)used energy potential of Montenegro (primarily in terms of electrical energy sources). After that, the third chapter outlines the plans for the construction of the most important energy facilities in Montenegro. The fourth chapter covers a specific example that shows the influence of plans in the energy sector on the increase in the number of students who wish to enroll in the Energy Studies program [8], and the need for education of professionals in various fields. Finally, in the form of a conclusion, we give a brief review of the whole paper. 2. (UN)USED ENERGY POTENTIAL IN MONTENEGRO Water is currently the biggest renewable source for electrical energy and in global terms, with its share of more than 15%. This ratio is higher in Montenegro, ca. 60%, since we have two large hydropower plants (HPP), seven small hydropower plants (shpp), and only one thermal power plant (TPP) in our electric power system [9-12]. The HPP potential of Montenegro, according to the ISP (Index of Strategic Priority), is among the very world top [11, 12]. Table I shows the theoretical as well as the used hydropower potential of Montenegro. The estimation of the amount of technically usable potential of the main watercourses in the natural flow direction is within the span from 5400 to 6300 GWh (depending on the ways of using the water), of which 1700GWh is already being exploited in the extant HPPs (HPP Perućica and Piva). The overall theoretical and technical water potential of Montenegro is given in Table II. As already indicated, there are two HPPs in our electric

104 104 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE 3. PLANOVI ZA ISKORIŠĆAVANJE ENERGETSKOG POTEN- CIJALA CRNE GORE Čovječanstvo će u bliskoj budućnosti morati pronaći ekološki prihvatljivije izvore energije kojima će pokrivati svoje energetske potrebe. Trenutno se kao ekološki prihvatljivo rješenje, pored HE, nude drugi obnovljivi izvori energije, ali ipak nije realno očekivati da će se ti izvori energije dovoljno razviti i komercijalizovati da u nekoj većoj mjeri zadovolje rastuće energetske potrebe čovječanstva. Međutim, udio obnovljivih izvora energije u ukupnom udjelu korišćenja energije se mora povećavati jer se zalihe neobnovljivih izvora energije konstantno smanjuju. Sa druge strane, u svijetu postoji bojazan od gradnje nuklearnih elektrana (NE), zbog prošlih dešavanja (NE Černobil - Ukarajina), ali i ovih trenutnih, koji još uvijek nijesu sanirani (NE u Japanu). malih hidroelektrana: Glava Zete, Slap Zete, Rijeka Mušovića, Šavnik, Rijeka Crnojevića, Podgor i Lijeva Rijeka (njihova ukupna instalisana snaga iznosi 9,025MW, a godišnja proizvodnja do oko 17.5 do 21GWh). Poslije hidropotencijala, ugalj je drugi najznačajniji izvor energije u Crnoj Gori. Najznačajnija nalazišta uglja pozicionirana su u Pljevaljskom području (Pljevaljski basen, Ljuće-Šumanski basen i basen Maoče) i Beranskom području (baseni Polica, Petnjik i Zagorje). Procijenjene ukupne rezerve uglja u svim basenima su oko 200 miliona tona [10]. U elektroenergetskom sistemu Crne Gore funkcioniše Termoelektrana Pljevlja čija je instalisana snaga 218.5MW. Za elektroenergetski sistem Crne Gore, čijem stabilnom radu u znatnoj mjeri doprinosi, Termoelektrana Pljevlja predstavlja baznu elektranu koja najveći značaj ima u pokrivanju konstantnog dijagrama opterećenja. Prema zvaničnim podacima Crna Gora ne raspolaže sa rezervama nafte i prirodnog gasa, mada su u planu istraživanja crnogorskog podmorja. Prema istraživanju iz godine ukupan bruto kapacitet vjetroelektana koji može biti instalisan na teritoriji Crne Gore iznosi približno 400MW. Najatraktivnije lokacije za izgradnju vjetroparkova su Krnovo (opština Nikšić) i Možur (opština Ulcinj), na kojima su započete određene instalacione aktivnosti. Što se tiče solarne energije, teorijski potencijal sunčevog zračenja u Crnoj Gori se procijenjuje na oko 20 PWh/god. Procjena vrijednosti potencijala biomase ( GWh-ogrevna drva), biomase iz poljoprivrede ( GWhGWh; energetski usjevi) i biomase iz otpada ( GWh) ima značajne varijacije i nemogućnost tačnog proračuna [3-4, 9]. Što se tiče Crne Gore, Ministarstvo ekonomije sprovodi brojne podsticajne mjere za realizaciju energetske efikasnosti i korišćenja obnovljivih izvora energije (projekat elektrifikacije katuna npr. Opština Danilovgrad, projekat Energy Wood i slično) [2, 13]. Elektroprivreda Crne Gore konstantno vrši ispitivanja i analizu povećanja snage postojećih elektrana. Tako se u HE Perućica planira povećanje proizvodnje nakon revitalizacije i ugradnje osmog agregata za oko 20GWh, dok bi se revitalizacijom HE Piva (prije svega čišćenjem korita) povećala proizvodnje za oko 38GWh. Isto tako, planira se povećanje snage mhe Slap Zete sa 1.2MW na 3.2MW, (godišnja proizvodnja sa sadašnjih 3.5GWh na 14.8GWh), mhe Glava Zete snaga bi ostala 5MW a proizvodnja bi se povećala sa 12GWh na 15GWh, dok bi u se preostalih 5 mhe snaga povećala sa 2.5MW na 3.2MW a proizvodnja sa 5.5GWh na 7.8GWh [11]. Nacrtom strategije razvoja energetike definisana su glavna strateška opredjeljenja i projekti, među kojima najznačajnije mjesto pripada projektima izgradnje HE na Morači, HE Komarnica, TE Pljevlja II i Maoče [3-6]. Na osnovu pripremnih istraživanja i aktivnosti do sada, identifikovane velike HE koje su pogodne za moguću izgradnju poslije godine su: HE Koštanica, HE Buk Bijela, HE Ljutica, HE Kruševo, HE Boka, HE na Morači, Limu, Ćehotini... Zbog Deklaracije o Tari iz godine i međudržavnih dogovora o korišćenju hidropotencijala, Crna Gora za postizanja nacionalnog cilja korišćenja obnovljivih izvora energije ima prilično ograničen broj opcija za valorizaciju hidropotencijala [11]. Najznačajniji planovi razvoja energetskog sektora su: Projekat izgradnje HE na Morači Prva varijanta: gradnja četiri elektrane HE Andrijevo, HE Raslovići, HE Milunovići i HE Zlatica, ukupne instalisane snage 238 MW i procijenjene prosječne godišnje proi-

105 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro offered as an acceptable solution, but, still, it is not realistic to expect that they will be developed and commercialized sufficiently enough to meet the ever-increasing energy demands of mankind to a greater extent. However, the share of renewables in the overall share of energy consumption has to increase since the supplies of non-renewable energy sources are constantly decreasing. On the other hand, there is a fear in the world of constructing nuclear power plants (NPP) due to the past events (the Chernobyl NPP in Ukraine) and the current ones which still haven t been remediated (the NPP in Japan). As for Montenegro, the Ministry of Economy is taking numerous measures to encourage the implementation of energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources (the project of electrification of summer pasture lands e.g. the municipality of Danilovgrad, Energy Wood project, etc.) [2, 13]. power system Piva (with the installed capacity of 342MW 762GWh) and Perućica (with the installed capacity of 285MW GWh), as well as seven shpps: Glava Zete, Slap Zete, Rijeka Mušovića, Šavnik, Rijeka Crnojevića, Podgor and Lijeva Rijeka (their overall installed capacity is 9,025 MW, and annual production from ca to 21GWh). After the hydropower potential, coal is the second most important energy source in Montenegro. The most significant coal mines are located within the region of Pljevlja (Pljevlja basin, Ljuće-Šumani basin, and Maoč basin) and Berane (Polica, Petnjik and Zagorje basin). The estimated overall coal reserves in all basins are ca. 200 million tons [10]. TPP Pljevlja operates within the electric power system of Montenegro with the installed capacity of 218.5MW. This TPP presents the base power plant for the electric power system of Montenegro as it contributes significantly to the stability of operations and, most importantly, covers the constant load diagram. According to the official data, Montenegro does not have oil and natural gas reserves, though research of the Montenegrin sea bed is planned. A study from 2007 shows that the overall gross capacity of the wind power plants that can be installed within the territory of Montenegro is ca. 400MW. The most attractive locations for the construction of wind parks are Krnovo (the municipality of Nikšić) and Možur (the municipality of Ulcinj) on which certain installment activities have already started. As for the solar energy, theoretical potential of solar radiation in Montenegro is estimated to be ca. 20 PWh/yr. The estimated value of potential biomass ( GWh firewood), biomass from agriculture ( GWh energy crops), and waste biomass ( GWh) has significant variations and it is not possible to have an accurate estimate [3-4, 9]. 3. PLANS FOR USING THE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF MON- TENEGRO In the future, mankind will have to find ecologically acceptable energy sources which will meet our needs. Currently, apart from the HPPs, other renewable energy sources are Electric Power Company of Montenegro constantly examines and analyzes the increase in capacity of the existing power plants. Thus, it is planned to increase the production by 20GWh in HPP Perućica after the revitalization process and installment of the eighth aggregate, whereas the revitalization of HPP Piva (primarily by cleaning the water bed), would increase the production by 38GWh. Likewise, it is planned the increase of capacity of shpp Slap Zete from 1.2MW to 3.2MW (annual production from current 3.5GWh to 14.8GWh), the capacity of shpp Glava Zete would remain at 5MW but the production would increase from 12GWh to 15GWh, while the capacity of the remaining five shpp would increase from 2.5MW to 3.2MW, and production from 5.5GWh to 7.8GWh [11]. The draft of the Energy Development Strategy defines major strategic orientations and projects, among which the highest importance is given to the projects of the construction of the HPP on the rivers Morača, and Komarnica, TPP Pljevlja II and Maoče [3-6]. The completed surveys and activities have identified large HPP that could potentially be constructed after 2020: HPP Koštanica, HPP Buk Bijela, HPP Ljutica, HPP Kruševo, HPP Boka, HPPs on the rivers Morača, Lim, Ćehotina, etc. Due to Tara Declaration from 2004 and international agreements on the use of hydropower potential, Montenegro has a rather limited number of options for valorizing hydropower potential to meet the national goal of using renewable energy sources [11]. The most important plans for the development of energy sector are the following: HPP Morača Construction Project First option: construction of four HPPs: Andrijevo, Raslovići, Milunovići, and Zlatica, with the overall installed capacity of 238MW and estimated average annual production 694 GWh. Second option: diverting of 22.2 m 3 /s of water from the Tara river to Morača, which would result in the power plant capacity of 552MW, and the annual production in 1332GWh. As the studies show, the influence on the river Drina would be ca. 5%. HPP Komarnica Construction Project

106 106 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE zvodnje 694GWh. Druga varijanta: Prevođenje 22,2 m 3 /s vode iz Tare u Moraču, pri čemu bi snaga elektrana bila 552MW, a godišnja proizvodnja 1332GWh. Po ispitivanjima, uticaj na Drinu bi iznosio oko 5%. Projekat izgradnja HE na Komarnici Crna Gora je razvila tehničko rješenje za korišćenje hidropotencijala rijeke Komarnice, koji predviđa izgradnju velike HE ukupne instalisane snage od 168 MW i očekivane godišnje proizvodnje od 232 GWh. Projekat izgradnja HE na Ćehotini Prva varijanta: predviđa izgradnju HE Mekote i HE Gradac tehnički potencijal: 136 GWh. Druga varijanta: predviđa izgradnju HE Gradac i HE Milovci tehnički potencijal: GWh.Druga varijanta nije vezana samo na teritoriju Crne Gore, pa zbog toga postoji potreba o postizanju dogovora o podjeli potencijala Ćehotine sa Republikom Srpskom. HE Kruševo (Piva) i HE Boka (Trebišnjica) Ove dvije varijante su takođe mogući kandidati za izgradnju. Međutim, njihov razvoj je povezan sa posebnim problemima koji se odnose na realizaciju (prostorni/uticaj na životnu sredinu u BiH i podjela hidropotencijala Bilećkog jezera i HE Kruševo) koje je potrebno rješiti sa susjednim zemljama. Prema strategiji razvoja eneregetike, posebna pažnja se posvećuje i razvoju mhe. Do sada je potpisan veći broj ugovora o koncesijama (Tabela III), dok je u toku tender za davanje koncesija za izgradnju mhe na 9 vodotoka. Osim korišćenja hidropotencijala, strategijom razvoja energetike planira se i izgradnja II bloka TE Pljevlja i korišćenje basena Maoče: Projekat izgradnje TE Pljevlja II Na osnovu idejnog projekta snaga II bloka TE Pljevlja bi bila 220 MW. Prema istraživanju smatra se da oko Pljevalja postoje dovoljne količine uglja (najudaljeniji je novi kop Otilovići), dok bi se njegovom realizacijom riješio i problem toplifikacije Pljevalja. Projekat Maoče Projekat Maoče ima za cilj valorizaciju najznačajnijeg i najvećeg do sada otkrivenog prirodnog mineralnog bogatstva Crne Gore. Nacrtom strategije razvoja energetike Crne Gore do godine predviđene su dvije varijante TE Maoče - izgradnja jednog bloka snage 350MW, odnosno dva bloka ukupne snage 500MW (2x250 MW). Na osnovu postojeće dokumentacije procijenjeno je da ukupne geološke rezerve uglja u ležištu Maoče iznose 123,3 miliona tona mrkolignitnog uglja, odnosno eksploatacione rezerve 112,9 miliona tona. Osim gradnje novih energetskih objekata, dogovoreno je da se između Crne Gore i Italije postavi podmorski kabal, kapaciteta 1.000MW, koji će Crnu Goru učiniti važnim čvorištem regiona sa snažnom prenosnom mrežom. Takođe, u toku je priprema za izgradnju 400kV dalekovoda Tivat-Pljevlja, kojim će se ojačati dalekovodna mreža Crne Gore. Izgradnja podmorskog kabla učiniće Crnu Goru značajnom energetskom-tranzitnom rutom. Opšte gledano, Crna Gora je država koja nije iskoristila ni polovinu energetskih potencijala, posebno u hidroenergiji, ali i u korišćenju novih energija - sunca, vjetra i biomase. Svi ti resursi i Crne Gore i drugih zemalja regiona dobijaju na atraktivnosti sa realizacijom investicije interkonektivnog kabla između Crne Gore i Italije. 4. UTICAJ RAZVOJA SEKTORA ENERGETIKE NA BROJ STUDENTA KOJI UPISUJU STUDIJE ENERGETIKE Kao što je već naglašeno, država Crna Gora je sektor energetike označila kao ključnu privrednu granu na kojoj će se temeljiti dalji razvoj crnogorskog društva i uopšte makroekonomska politika. Zbog toga se gotovo svakodnevno sa svim medijima može čuti o raznim projektima iz oblasti energetike, koji su započeli, ili koji treba da započnu, svoju realizaciju. Upravo ta činjenica utiče na mlade ljude da se oni sve više okreću studijama Energetike, konkretno na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu u Podgorici. Naime, na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu u Podgorici, osnovanom godine, od osnivanja do novembra godine ukupno je diplomirao 1061 student na odsjeku Energetika i automatika (EA), i 1154 studenta na odsjeku Elektronika, telekomunikacije i računari (ETR) (Tabela IV). Međutim, nakon otvaranja studija ETR (osmadesetih godina) uglavnom su bolji studenti (studenti sa boljim uspjehom iz srednje škole) upisivali odsjek ETR. Međutim, situacija je počela značajnije da se mijenja u toku nekoliko posljednjih godina. Naime, posljednje nekolike godine značajno bolji učenici iz srednje škole su počeli da upisuju odsjek Energetike, što se najbolje može vidjeti na osnovu broja studenta koji su imali diplomu Luča u toku osnovnog i srednjoškolskog obrazovanja (Tabele V i VI). U Tabeli VII prikazan je broj studenta koji je diplomirao na odsjeku EA u posljednjih nekoliko godina. Uočava se konstantan rast broja stude-

107 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Montenegro has developed a technical solution for using hydropower potential of the river Komarnica, which envisages the construction of a large HPP with the overall installed capacity of 168MW and expected annual production of 232 GWh. HPP Ćehotina Construction Project First option: Envisages the construction HPP Mekote and Gradac technical potential: 136GWh. Second option: Envisages the construction of HPP Gradac and Milovci technical potential: GWh. Since this option is not limited to the territory of Montenegro, there is the need to reach an agreement on the division of potential of the river Ćehotina with the Republic of Srpska. HPP Kruševo (Piva) and HPP Boka (Trebišnjica) Construction Project These are also two potential construction candidates. However, their development is connected to specific issues related to the realization (space/influence on the environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the division of hydropower potential of Bileća lake and HPP Kruševo) which need to be settled with the neighboring countries. According to the Energy Development Strategy, special attention is dedicated to the development of shpps. So far, quite a number of concession agreements have been signed (Table III), while bidding for concessions is under process for the construction of shpps on nine watercourses. Apart from using the hydropower potential, the Energy Development Strategy envisages the construction of the second block of TPP Pljevlja and exploitation of Maoče basin: TPP Pljevlja II Construction Project Based on the preliminary design, the capacity of the second block of Pljevlja TPP would be 220MW. The studies show that there is a sufficient quantity of coal in this region (the furthest is the Otilovići Pit), while its realization would also solve the problem of the heating system of Pljevlja. Maoče Project Maoče project has as its goal to valorize the most significant and, so far, the largest discovered natural, mineral resource of Montenegro. The draft of the Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro by 2030 envisages two options for the TPP Maoče construction of one block with the capacity of 350MW, i.e. two blocks with the overall capacity of 500MW (2x250 MW). Based on the existing documentation, it is estimated that the overall geological coal reserves in Maoče basin are million tons of brown-lignite coal, i.e. the reserves for exploitation of million tons. Apart from the construction of new energy facilities, it has been agreed to set a submarine cable between Montenegro and Italy with the capacity of 1,000MW, which will make Montenegro an important regional junction with a powerful transmission network. Furthermore, it is currently being worked on the preparations for the construction of 400kV Tivat-Pljevlja transmission line, which will strengthen the transmission line network of Montenegro. With the construction of the submarine cable, Montenegro will become an important energetic transit route. Generally speaking, Montenegro is a country which has not used even half of its energy potentials, especially in terms of hydropower, but also in exploitation of new energies solar, wind, and biomass. All these resources of Montenegro and other regional countries become more attractive with the realization of investments in interconnective cable between Montenegro and Italy. 4. THE INFLUENCE OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR ON THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS ENROLLING IN THE ENERGY STUDIES PROGRAMMES As already indicated, Montenegro has marked the energy sector as the crucial one in the economy on which the future development of Montenegrin society and the overall macroeconomic policy would be based. For this reason, the reports about the projects in the energy sector that have started, or will soon start, their realization can be heard from the media almost on a daily basis. This very fact is the reason why more and more young people enroll in the Energy Studies, specifically at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Podgorica. Namely, at this faculty in Podgorica, from the year in which it was established, 1965, until November 2013, the overall number of graduates was 1061 at the Power Systems and Control Department (PSC), and 1154 at the Electronics, Telecommunications and Computer Engineering Department (ETC) (Table IV). However, after opening the ETC (during the 1980s) mostly the more successful students (those with higher success scores from high school) enrolled in this department. This situation, nevertheless, has begun to change significantly during the recent years. Namely, students with significantly higher score index from high schools started to enroll in the PSC department during the last couple of years, which can best be seen from the number of students with the Luča diploma obtained after finishing the elementary and secondary school (Table V and VI). The Table VII shows the number of students graduated from the PSC department in the last couple of years. A constant increase in the number of students graduating from this department is evident [8]. The graphic representation of the number of enrolled students during the last couple of years in the PSC and ETC department at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Podgorica is shown in Figure 1. During the course of studies, the PSC department of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering educates electrical engineers who acquire general knowledge in electrical engineering as well as practical know-how and skills in the field

108 108 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE nata koji završavaju studije Energetike [8]. Grafički prikaz broja upisanih studenata u posljednjih nekoliko godina na odsjeku EA i ETR na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu u Podgorici prikazan je na Slici 1. U proteklim godinama problem zagađenja okoline i nedostatak energije povećali su interes za energetiku i sa njene druge projekcije ekologije [5, 14]. Samim tim planiranje, izgradnja i funkcionisanje nekog energetskog objekta mora da zadovoljava i ekološke standarde i normative. Tu se prije svega misli na devastaciju životne sredine, migracije životinja i ljudi, promjenu prostornih planova i slično, kao i na zaštitu ljudi i životinja od nejonizujućeg zračenja (boravak ljudi i životinja u okolini energetskih objekata) [14]. Odsjek za Energetiku i automatiku ETF-a, obrazuje elektroinženjere koji u toku studija stiču opšta znanja iz elektrotehnike kao i praktična znanja i vještine iz oblasti energetike, ali i iz drugih srodnih disciplina. Inženjerska znanja u polju proizvodnje, prenosa, distribucije, konverzije i potrošnje električne energije su sve potrebnija, što zahteva sve veći broj dobro obučenih inženjera energetike. U zapadnom svijetu, potražnja za inženjerima energetike je značajno uvećana već duži niz godina, dok se u poslednje vreme ovakav trend uočava i u našoj zemlji. Energetika je jedna od najstabilnijih privrednih grana koja iz decenije u deceniju zapošljava veliki broj elektroinženjera, pružajući im stručne i naučne izazove, šansu za uspešnu karijeru i veoma dobro plaćen posao. Međutim, rad u bilo kojoj energetskoj kompaniji ne mogu da obavljaju samo elektroinženjeri. Za uspješno funkcionisanje pojedinih sektora energetskih kompanija potrebna su i zanimanja drugih profila ekonomije, prava, menadžmenta i slično. Prema tome, i na osnovu ove priče, može se zaključiti da izgradnja, planiranje i upravljanje bilo kojim energetskim objektom mora okupiti veliki broj ljudi različitih struka. Znači, razvoj energetskog sektora ne može se zasnivati samo na stručnjacima iz oblasti energetike, već i na svim drugim kadrovima koji indirektno ili direktno imaju veze sa energetikom, pri čemu svi od nje imaju benefite. ZAKLJUČAK Za energetski sektor Crne Gore se može reći da je obećana zemlja toliko prostora, neotkrivenog i slobodnog. Sa druge strane, razvoj energetskog sektora omogućava širinu i kreativnost, ali i brojne mogućnosti i obaveze za ljude različitih struka. U ovom radu dat je pregled hidro,termo i obnovljivog energetskog potencijala Crne Gore. Napravljen je pregled trenutnog stanja i planovi definisani strategijom razvoja energetike do godine. Poseban akcenat u radu dat je analizi broja studenata koji upisuju studije Energetike na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu u Podgorici. Jasno je pokazano da podizanje svijesti u oblasti značaja energetike utiče na to da sve veći broj mladih ljudi u Crnoj Gori biva zainteresovan za pomenute studije.

109 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro surroundings of the energy facilities) [14]. Hence, based on what has been said, it can be concluded that the construction, planning and management of any energy facility calls for gathering a large number of people of various professions. Thus, the development of the enrgy sector cannot be based on the work of the experts from the energy field, rather on the work of all the other professionals who either indirectly or directly are related to the energy sector and benefit from it. CONCLUSION and other related disciplines. The engineering knowledge within the field of production, transmission, distribution, conversion and consumption of electrical energy are everso needed, which calls for a greater number of well-trained electrical engineers. In the western world, the demand for the specialists in this field increased significantly during the last couple of years, while, recently, this trend has been evident in our country as well. The energy sector is one of the most stable branches of economy which has been employing a large number of electrical engineers for decades, providing them with professional and scientific challenges, chance for a successful career, and a well-paid job. However, the work in any energy company cannot be done by the electrical engineers alone. For a successful functioning of certain sectors of these companies, other professional profiles are required, as well those in the field of economics, law, management, and alike. The energy sector of Montenegro could be labelled as the Promised land with so much undiscovered and free space. From the other hand, the development of the energy sector provides space and creativity, as well as numerous possibilities and obligations for experts in different professions. This paper has given an overview of hydro, thermal, and renewable energy potential of Montenegro. We have outlined the current state of affairs and the plans defined by the Energy Development Strategy by Special reference in this paper has been made to the number of students who enroll in the Energy Studies at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Podgorica. It has clearly been shown that the raise of awareness about the importance of energy encourages an increasing number of young people in Montenegro to become interested for the mentioned studies. During the recent years, the issue of enviromental pollution and lack of energy has increased the interest for energy and its other projections ecology [5, 14]. This means that planning, construction and functioning of any energy facility has to meet the ecological standards and norms. First of all, this refers to the devastation of the environment, animal and human migrations, change in spacial plans and alike, as well as to the protection of humans and animals from the nonionizing radiation (the stay of people and animals within the

110 110 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE LITERATURA 1. Energetska politika Crne Gore oslanjajući se na lekcije za oblikovanje održive budućnosti, Finalni izvještaj, decembar godine 2. Strategija razvoja energetike Crne Gore do godine (Zelena knjiga nacrt) 3. Energetska politika Crne Gore do godine, Ministarstvo ekonomije Crne Gore, Podgorica, februar godine 4. Informacija o aktivnostima na pripremi Strategije razvoja energetike Crne Gore do godine sa Strateškom procjenom uticaja na životnu sredinu 5. Informacija o aktivnostima na projektima valorizacije postojećih energetskih potencijala dnakomora.me/saopstenja/nacrt-strategije-razvoja- -energetike-do Podaci iz Studentske službe Elektrotehničkog fakulteta u Podgorici 7. Strategija razvoja energetike Crne Gore do godine, Bijela knjiga, Podgorica, decembar godine 8. Strategija razvoja energetike Crne Gore do godine, Knjiga D, Plan razvoja elektroenergetskog sistema Republike Crne Gore (master plan), Institut za istraživanja u energetici, ekologiji i tehnologiji, Energetski institut Hrvoje Požar, LJubljana, februar M. Ostojić, Importance of water in terms of energy Hydropower of Montenegro, Svjetski dani nauke Ministarstvo nauke Crne Gore u saradnji s UNESCO-om, Podgorica, novembar, godine. 10. U. Karadžić, R. Vukadinović, Hidropotencijal Crne Gore stanje, perspective iskorišćenja i zakonodavni okvir, Energija, Ekonomija, Ekologija, Broj 1-2, pp , mart, godine M. Ostojić, M. Ćalasan, B. Novosel, Elektromagnetno zračenje dalekovoda i trafostanica, Časopis Pogled - Inženjerska komora Crne Gore, ISSN , jul 2013, pp

111 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro REFERENCES 1. The Energy Policy of Montenegro: Drawing on the Lessons to Shape a Sustainable Fututre, Final Report, December Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro by 2030 (Green Paper Draft) 3. The Energy Policy of Montenegro by 2030, Ministry of Economy of Montenegro, Podgorica, February Information on the activities of preparing Energy Development Strategy by 2030 with the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment 5. Information on the activities related to the projects of valorization of the current energy potentials privrednakomora.me/saopstenja/nacrt-strategije-razvojaenergetike-do Data obtained from the Office of the Registrar at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Podgorica. 7. Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro by 2025, White Paper, Podgorica, December Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro by 2025, Book D, Plan for Electric Power System Development of Montenegro (Master Plan), Institute for Research in Energy, Ecology and Technology, Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar, Ljubljana, February M. Ostojić, Importance of Water in Terms of Energy Hydropower of Montenegro, World Science Day, Ministry of Science of Montenegro in collaboration with UNESCO, Podgorica, November, U. Karadžić, R. Vukadinović, Hydropower Potential of Montenegro Current state, Perspectives of Exploitation and Legal Framework, Energija, Ekonomija, Ekologija, Issue 1-2, pp , March, M. Ostojić, M. Ćalasan, B. Novosel, Electromagnetic Radiation of Transmission Lines and Substations, Journal Pogled Chamber of Engineering of Montenegro, ISSN , July 2013, pp

112 112 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Ivan Vukčević Student Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore MLADI U CRNOJ GORI I REGIONU Hvala vam za priliku da govorim o mladima u Crnoj Gori, njihovim problemima i načinima da se ti problemi riješe. Govoriću i o mladima u regionu jer napredak naših država u svim starosnim strukturama i oblastima nije moguć bez uspješne regionalne saradnje. Ta uspješna regionalna saradnja predstavlja mnogo više od slova na papiru ili riječi zvaničnika o tome kako su bilateralni odnosi na visokom nivou. Da bi postupno stigli do onoga što se zove kontinuirani napredak mladih, moramo se osvrnuti i na ono što mladi rade i na ono što im sistem nudi. Zbog toga ću ja svoj govor podijeliti na dva dijela. U prvom ću govoriti o mladima, a u drugom o sistemu. Konkretnije, predmet prvog dijela biće samokritika, a drugog kritika. Da sve to ne bi bili opisi stanja, daću i neke predloge, jer, slika društava u regionu je različita, ali vjerujem da su nam problemi isti i da u cilju njihovog rješavanja moramo uspostaviti dijalog, razmjenjivati iskustva kako bi našli načine i rješavali probleme. Ako tako budemo radili bićemo bliži evropskim vrijednostima i bićemo međusobno bliži. Ja tvrdim da mladi ljudi u mojoj državi treba da se mijenjaju. Pitate: zašto? Prvo. Slobodno vrijeme. Mladi u Crnoj Gori mnogo vole rituale u baštama kafića uz rješavanje globalnih tema. Govore u brojkama. Postavljaju pitanja: Koliko je potrošio/la te noći, Koliko koštaju ta kola, taj telefon?. A o izložbama, predstavama i knjigama skoro ni riječi! Kao da je to nešto sporedno i nevažno, nešto što nije nužno za napredak kako mladih, tako i cijele zemlje. Tužno je što se slobodno vrijeme troši na besomučne sjedjeljke i što se ne shvata da je racionalno iskorišteno vrijeme uslov za stvaranje uspješnog čovjeka. Drugo. Mladi ne rade na sebi onda kada to od njih niko ne traži. Uzimam za primjer Škole retorike na FDES-u. Kada bi pitali bivše polaznike za ocjenu ove škole, svaki će vam reći da je mnogo naučio i napredovao u govorništvu, što mogu potvrditi i ličnim primjerom. Ja vas pitam:koliko polaznika ima Škola retorike u ovoj generaciji? Odgovor je 26. A broj studenata se u našoj zemlji je oko Uzimajući u obzir ove podatke sasvim je jasno da je broj 26 poraz kako naših studenata, tako i cijelog društva. Bojim se da je taj omjer prisutan i u drugim oblastima. Treće. Mladi su, kao i cijelo naše društvo duboko podijeljeni. Umjesto da učimo na greškama starijih, mi ih ponavljamo. U našem društvu, kao i među mladima ne postoji podjela samo po jednom osnovu. Mi se dijelimo i regionalno, i vjerski, i nacionalno, i politički. Kada kažem regionalno mislim na podjelu našeg društva na ljude koji žive na sjeveru, u centralnom dijelu i na jugu. Kao da nijesmo dovoljno mali, pa smo našli za shodno da se podijelimo na još manje djelove što nas može učiniti jedino slabijim nego što jesmo. Iz tog razloga, svako od nas treba da voli svaki kamen ove gorde ljepotice. Dijelimo se i vjerski. Ni većina naroda, ni duhovni poglavari, ne shvataju suštinu vjerovanja, jer ono ne podrazumijeva sukobe, već razumijevanje. Kada je riječ o nacionalnim podjelama, kada se predstavljate u Crnoj Gori, uz ime, nekima je važna i nacionalnost. Crnogorac, Srbin, Bošnjak, Musliman, Hrvat ili Albanac? To je važno. O patriotizmu, o tome koliko poštujemo sopstvenu državu, koliko radimo za nju - ni pomena. A trebalo bi, jer, nije patriotizam kada glasno uzvikujete ime svoje zemlje, s jedne strane, a još manje kada ne poštujete državne simbole, s druge strane. Patriotizam je kada u svakom trenutku razmišljamo kako možemo svojim radom da pomognemo zemlji koju volimo. Na kraju, podjele koje su danas najviše promovisane su političke. Izgleda da je od važnosti da li smo dio vladajuće koalicije ili opozicije. Od toga često zavisi i naša promocija, napredovanje. Moramo priznati - mi smo partitokratsko društvo i zato mladi teško uspijevaju da budu vjesnici promjena, graditelji neke nove budućnosti, rušitelji starih, neispravnih stavova, oni svjesno prihvataju pogrešna shvatanja starijih, bez želje da ih promijene. Ideja o građanskom društvu, društvu bez podjela, za mlade je samo ustavna norma, a ne cilj za koji se stalno treba boriti. Govoreći o mladima, istakao sam da treba da se mijenjaju, da put kojim idu nije dobar. Ipak, za napredak mladih, još važniji od njih je sistem. Sistem koji treba da im ponudi obrazovanje, posao, jednake šanse. Sistemi u zemljama regiona ne podstiču mlade da rade, već ih sopstvenom politikom demotivišu. Da je tako, pokazaću argumentima.

113 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Ivan Vukčević Student at thelaw Faculty at University of Montenegro The Young in Montenegro and in the Region Thank you for the opportunity to talk about the young people in Montenegro, their problems and the ways to solve these problems. I will also talk about the young in the region, because the progress of our countries in all age structures and areas is not possible without the successful regional cooperation. Such regional cooperation presents much more than words on the paper or speeches of the officials discussing about the bilateral relations at a high level. In order to get to something that is called continuous progress of the young, we should take look at what the young people do and is offered to them by the system. Therefore, I will divide my speech into two parts. In the first part, I will talk about the young, and in the second one, I will refer to the system. More specifically, the subjects of the first and the second part will be self-criticism and criticism respectively. Not to make it all just the description of the situation, I will give some suggestions, because the picture of the society in the region is taken differently, but I believe that the problems are similar and that in order to solve them we need to establish the dialogue, exchange the experience in order to find ways and solve the problems. In such a way, we will be closer to the European values and we will be closer to each other. I suggest that the young people in my country should change. If you ask me why, then: First to mention the free time. The young in Montenegro are fond of the rituals in the outdoor cafes, where they enjoy themselves and solve global issues. They talk about numbers. They ask questions: How much did he/ she spend during that evening, How much does a car, or a telephone cost? They almost never mention exhibitions, performances or books!, as if it is something irrelevant or not important, or something that is not needed for the advancement of both the young and the whole country. The sad thing is that they spend their time on pointless sitting, and that they do not understand that rationally spent time is the prerequisite for creation of a successful person. Secondly, the young do not improve their skills if they are not required. Take, for example, School of Rhetoric at the Faculty of State and European Studies (FDES). If you asked former students about their opinion of the school, each and every one would say that they learned a lot, and advanced their rhetoric skills, which I could support with my own example. I would like now to ask you how many attendants are there in the School this year. The answer is 26 only. Well, the number of students in our country is around 30,000! This information taken into account, it is clear that this number presents the failure of both the students and the entire society. I am afraid that this ration is present in other areas as well. Thirdly, the population of young people is divided, as well as our society. Instead of learning on the mistakes of previous generations, we repeat them. Our society, as well as the young people, is divided on the regional, religious, ethnic and political grounds. When I mention regional division, I mean people who live in the north, in the central and in the southern part of the country. As if our country is not small enough so we deem necessary to get it divided into even smaller parts, which only makes us weaker than we are. Exactly for our proud beautiful country being small, each of us should love every stone of it. We are also divided on the religions grounds. The majority of the population and the spiritual leaders do not understand the essence of religion and that it does not imply conflicts, but understanding. When it comes to ethnic division, whenever you introduce yourself in Montenegro, in addition to the name, some people consider your ethnic background as very important. Montenegrin, Serb, Bosnian, Muslim, Croat or Albanian? That is what matters. The issue of patriotism, the fact how much we respect our country and how much we work for it get no mention. They should, because it is not patriotism when you loudly call out the name of your country on the one hand, and do not respect the state symbols on the other hand. Patriotism is if,in every moment of our life, we think in which way we can help the country we love. Finally, political divisions are the most pronounced ones today. It seems to be important whether you belong to the ruling coalition or to the opposition. Very often, it influences our promotion and progress. We have to admit that we are partytocratic society and that is why the young cannot herald the changes and be the creators of the future, destroyers of

114 114 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Prvo. Obrazovni sistem, kao što znamo, obrazovni sistem je važan temelj svake države. Bez njega, nema ni kvalitetnih kadrova u zdravstvu, upravi, biznisu i svim drugim oblastima koje su neophodne za razvoj države. Na kojem su stupnju razvijenosti obrazovni sistemi u Hrvatskoj, Srbiji, BiH, Makedoniji, Sloveniji i Crnoj Gori? Na niskom. Kako ću ovo dokazati? Opštepoznatom činjenicom koja glasi da među prvih 400 univerziteta na svijetu nema nijednog sa naših prostora. Ovaj je podatak poražavajući za prostore koji su dali velike umove kao što su Tesla, Andrić, Njegoš, Krleža i drugi. Zbog ovog podatka ljudi napuštaju zemlju u potrazi za boljim. Ne zato što ne vole svoju zemlju, već zato što im ona nije dala dovoljno prostora da se ostvare i pokažu šta mogu. No, nameće se još važnije pitanje, kakvi mladi ljudi odlaze? Odgovor je: najbolji. Kao što reče Balašević: Bajke da na kraju najbolji ostaju kod razumnih ne prolaze. Iz tog razloga, neophodno je poboljšati kvalitet nastavnog kadra, učiniti plan i program rada boljim i uskladiti ga sa našim potrebama. Ne forsirati Bolonju i prolaznost po svaku cijenu ako nijesu potkrijepljeni znanjem. Učešće visokoobrazovanih od 30%- 40% u ukupnom broju stanovnika neće značiti ništa ako te diplome ne oslikavaju znanje. Isto tako, ne možemo se dičiti inflacijom magistara ili doktora nauka. Naprotiv, stotine njih na zavodu za zapošljavanje su mjera našeg neuspjeha u planiranju. Drugo. Zapošljavanje, kao gorući problem mladih. Ne studiramo valjda da bi poboljšali kvalifikacionu strukturu butika, već da bi ostvarili sebe i tako dali doprinos društvu. Brojka nezaposlenosti raste, a obrazovni nivo je sve viši. Akcije volontiranja pripravnika su na određeno vrijeme dobre, ali kratkoročne i nedovoljne. Treba nam zaposlenje u privredi koja je zdrava, kroz strana ulaganja i u okviru zajedničkih projekata u regionu i zajedničkih nastupa na Trećim tržištima. U protivnom, prihodi će biti manji, a budžet sve ranjiviji. Da moja priča ne bi bila opis trenutnog stanja, daću i konkretne predloge da se postojeće stanje poboljša. Tražim od vas, starijih i odgovornijih, da osmislite zajedničke projekte kojima ćete otvoriti nova radna mjesta, da obnovite privredne veze koje smo ranije imali i učinite ih još jačim. To će biti najbolja potvrda saradnje i prevencija sukoba koji su se dogodili 90- ih godina. Samo ekonomskim razvojem možemo da zamijenimo višak istorije koji dokazujem činjenicom da smo moj đed, otac, stariji brat i ja rođeni u četiri različite države. Ja sam rođen kad je nestajala bivša država i nedavno sam postao punoljetan. Vjerujem da punoljetstvo u odnosima između država regiona moraju opravdati stariji zvanicnici svojom zrelošću i stabilnošću. Vjerujem da punoljetstvo po godinama mora opravdati i moja generacija, i to mukotrpnim radom, pružanjem ruke jedni drugima i korišćenjem svake šanse za saradnju koju sistem pruži. Jedino zajedničkim naporima starijih i iskusnijih, s jedne strane, i mlađih, koji su najveća snaga jedne države, s druge strane, možemo ostvariti uspješnu regionalnu saradnju i na taj način doprinijeti razvoju svake od zemalja pojedinačno.

115 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro the old, defective attitudes. The consciously accept the misconceptions of the older generations, without any desire to change them. The idea of the civil society, a society without divisions for the young is just a constitutional norm; it is not the objective to fight for. Speaking of young people, I have mentioned that they should change and that the way they follow is not a good one. However, what is needed for the progress of young people and what is even more important is the system itself. The system that should provide education, jobs and equal opportunities. The systems in the countries of the region do not encourage the young to work, but demotivate them with their own policies. I will support it through arguments. Firstly, as we all know, the educational system is an important basis of any state. Without a good educational system, we can not have high-quality professionals in health care, administration, business and all other fields that are necessary for the development of the country. What is the development level of educational systems in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Slovenia and Montenegro? Very low. How shall I support the statement? With the well-known fact that among first 400 universities in the world there is not any from the region. This data is embarrasing for the countries which gave to the mankind such great minds as Tesla, Andric, Njegos, Krleza and others. This is the reason why people leave the country in search of better fortune. Not because they do not love their country, but because it did not give them enough chances to realize their potential. However, there is even more important question, what kinds of young people leave the country? The answer is: the best. As Balasevic says: The fairy tales saying that, in the end, the best people stay do not work with the intelligent people. For this reason, it is necessary to improve the competences of teachers, enhance the curricula, and bring them in line with our needs. We should not push Bologna and exam pass rate by all means if they are not substantiated by knowledge. The share of 30% - 40% of highly educated people in the total number of population does not mean anything if the diplomas are not accompanied by knowledge. At the same time, we can not be proud of the inflation of masters and doctors of science. On the contrary, hundreds of them registered with the Employment Agency is the indicator of our failure in planning. Secondly, employment as the burning problem of the young generation. I do not think we study in order to improve the knowledge structure of boutiques, but in order to realize our ambitions and in this way to contribute to the society. The unemployment rate rises while the level of education is getting higher. Trainees volunteering is a good thing for a definite period, but it is a short-term and insufficient solution. We need jobs in a sound economy,, through foreign investments and within joint regional projects and joint presence at the third markets. Otherwise, the income will be lower, and the budget all the more vulnerable. Not to make this speech just a description of the current situation, I will provide particular proposals how to improve the existing situation. I demand you the seniors and more responsible ones, to come up with the common projects that will create new jobs, to resume economic relations that we used to have and to make them even stronger. That will be the best proof of cooperation and prevention of conflicts similar to those that took place in the 90-s. Only with the economic development can we replace the excess of history, which I am illustrating with the fact that my grandfather, father, older brother and I were born in four different countries. I was born in 1994, when the former country was disappearing and I have recently reached the full age. I believe that the full age in the relations between the countries of this region should be proved by the maturity and stability of older officials. I also believe that my generation should prove that they are of full age by their engagement in hard work, giving a hand to each other and taking every cooperation opportunity offered by the system. Only through taking advantage of the joint efforts of the elder and more experienced, on the one hand, and the younger ones as being the biggest strength of the state, on the other hand, can we achieve a successful regional cooperation and thus contribute to the development of each country separately.

116 116 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE

117 SPECIJALNI GOST SPECIAL GUEST STJEPAN MESIĆ Bivši Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske Former President of Republic of Croatia Stjepan Mesić Bivši Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske Former President of Republic of Croatia

118 118 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Stjepan Mesić Bivši Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske Pogled na europsku uniju s Balkana Uvaženi gosti i uzvanici, gospođe i gospodo, Rado prihvaćam svaku priliku da iznesem svoje viđenje odnosa regije u kojoj smo smješteni jugoistočne Europe prema ujedinjenoj Europi i vrijednostima te Europe u pogledu ljudskih prava, pravednosti, demokracije, javne politike kao i svih pitanja koja se tiču suživota ljudi. Stoga sam se opredijelio za to da i danas ovdje s vama podijelim neka svoja razmišljanja na tu temu. Prije svega želio bih se koncentrirati na pitanje kako vidim zemlje regije na njihovome putu prema Uniji, jesu li one na tome putu rivali ili saveznici, ili možda i jedno, i drugo. Počet ću s konstatacijom u koju duboko vjerujem. Europsko je ujedinjavanje milenijski pothvat, a ujedinjena Europa nije samo naša želja, nego i naša sudbina. To je osnova mojega razmišljanja. No, ići ću i dalje. Evropsko ujedinjavanje ne može biti završeno, ako ne obuhvati i zemlje jugoistoka Evrope, i to sve njih. Nema nikakve logike, ni političke, ni ekonomske, da se proces evropskoga ujedinjavanje koji je tako daleko odmakao, na bilo kojem stupnju odjednom zaustavlja i da se njegovi protagonisti zadovolje s time da su nešto započeli, ali da to nisu bili sposobni završiti. Siguran sam da većina relevantnih političkih čimbenika u Europi to zna. Ako neki u ovome trenutku možda i ne znaju, siguran sam da će kad-tad shvatiti. Govorim to itekako svjestan problema u kojima se našla Europska unija. Previše je investirano, u svakome pogledu, u projekt evropskoga ujedinjavanja, a da bi bilo tko smio preuzeti rizik njegovoga dovođenje u pitanje. Zaustavljanje proširivanja bilo bi jednako dovođenju u pitanje cijeloga projekta i njegovoga koncepta. Pri čemu su sva pitanja otvorena za raspravu pa čak i pitanje nije li političko ujedinjavanje Europe plemenit i svake hvale vrijedan cilj, dok je njezino monetarno ujedinjavanje bilo preuranjeno. Kažem: o svemu se može raspravljati, pa i o tome. Baš kao i o tome, postoji li zaista zamor od proširivanja, ili je to tek prazna politička floskula. Ponovit ću još jednom: mi trebamo Europu, ali i Europa treba nas. A ujedinjena Europa neće biti doista ujedinjena bez zemalja svojega jugoistoka. To je nešto, što Europa ne smije zaboraviti. Naravno, regija ne očekuje prilikom svojega ulaska u Uniju nikakav popust, nikakve povlastice. Europska unija danas je najelitniji gospodarsko-politički klub koji ima svoje standarde i pravila, svoja civilizacijska dostignuća kojih se svi trebaju pridržavati. Dapače, moramo biti svjesni toga da su u međuvremenu neki kriteriji i pooštreni, da se od nas traži u nekim segmentima i više, no što se tražilo od zemalja koje su se pridruživale Uniji proteklih godina. Hrvatska je to iskusila na vlastitoj koži. Kažem: svjesni smo toga i ne možemo poricati Uniji pravo određivanja kriterija za članstvo, mada postojanje dvostrukih mjerila ne bi bilo dobro za vjerodostojnost Unije, niti bi pomoglo stupnju podrške za ulazak u Uniju građana zemalja pretendenata na članstvo. A sada riječ dvije o nama, o zemljama regije. Što smo mi jedni drugima na našemu evropskome putu? Jesmo li rivali, jesmo li čak protivnici, jesmo li saveznici, ili tek suputnici? Moj je odgovor jasan: mi jesmo, mi možemo biti i mi moramo biti samo i isključivo saveznici. Za mene tu nikakve dileme nema, niti je može biti. Smatram, naime, da bismo se, i to svi, mada svaki svojom brzinom i u skladu sa svojim postignućima, trebali Uniji pridružiti što prije i što brže. Znači: svaka će zemlja biti primljena onda, kada zado-

119 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Stjepan Mesić Former President of the Republic of Croatia View of the European Union from the Balkans Distinguished guests and guests of honor, ladies and gentleman, I am always keen to accept an opportunity to express my observation of relations between the region we live in, namely Southeast Europe, and the integrated Europe and Europe s values such as those concerning human rights, equity, democracy, public policy and all matters touching the co-existence of people. Therefore, I have opted for sharing with you - here and today - some of my deliberations on the topic. First of all, I wish to focus on the matter of how I see the regional countries on their road to the European Union and whether, on their way thereto, they are rivals or allies, or maybe both. I am going to start with a conclusion that I firmly believe in. The European integration is a millennium project, and the integrated Europe is not only our wish but also it is our destiny. That is the foundation of my deliberation. However, I am going to proceed even further. The European integration cannot be completed if it does not embrace also the Southeast European countries, namely all of them. There is no logic, either political or economic, that the process of the European integration - which has got as far as it is -stops suddenly at any level and that its protagonists are satisfied with something that they commenced but they have not been able to complete. I am sure that the majority of relevant European political factors know that. However, if some of them do not know that at the moment, I am certain they will realize that sooner or later. I am telling this being indeed to a great degree aware of the problems in the middle of which the European Union found themselves. To many investments have been made - in all respects - in the European integration project to find anybody daring to undertake a risk of challenging it. Stopping the enlargement would be equal to questioning both the whole project and the project concept. Simultaneously, all the matters stand open for discussion - even the one of whether the political integration of Europe is a generous and highly commendable goal, while the monetary integration was too early. I am saying actually that everything is debatable, and event that too. Exactly as it is the case with that, whether there is enlargement fatigue taking place, or it also is an empty political phrase. I will repeat once again: we need Europe and the Europe needs us likewise. Moreover, the integrated Europe will not be integrated indeed without the southeastern countries. That is something that Europe must not forget. Naturally, when joining the Union, the region does not expect ether any exceptions or any preferences. Nowadays, the European Union is the most exclusive economic and political club following their standards and rules and their civilization accomplishments with which everybody must comply. Yet, we have to be aware of the fact that some criteria have been tightened meanwhile, that we are required to do - in some segments - even more than other countries that have joined the European Union in previous years so far were required to do. Croatia experienced that personally. I am actually saying that we are aware of that and we cannot deny the Union s right to set criteria for the membership, although the existence of double standards would make neither any good to the Union s credibility, nor any help to the level of the EU accession support provided to the citizens of the countries pretending to be member ones. Now, a couple of words about us, actually about the regional countries. What are we to each other on our European road?

120 120 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE volji postavljene kriterije, kada ispuni propisane standarde. Ulazeći kratko u vrlo blizu povijest, moram reći kako je tokom naših pristupnih pregovora s Unijom i u Hrvatskoj bilo pojedinaca i minornih skupina koji su pokušavale uvjeriti najprije sebe, a potom i cijeli svijet da Hrvatska ne pripada regiji i da mi sa zemljama regije nemamo ama baš ništa zajedničkoga. Neistina i glupost je i jedno, i drugo. Mi smo tu gdje jesmo i naši su susjedi tu, pri čemu ne mislim samo na one neposredne. To je naprosto činjenica. Baš kao što je i činjenica da zemlje regije povezuje gotovo sedam desetljeća zajedničke povijesti u 20. stoljeću, kao i dugotrajne veze koje su uspostavljane i njegovane usprkos pripadnosti različitim civilizacijskim krugovima. Danas, povezuju nas naše evropske ambicije i aspiracije. Naglašavam ovo: povezuju nas, jer znam kako neki tvrde da su zemlje regije u ostvarivanju tih ambicija protivnici. To odlučno odbacujem. Kao protivnici mi bismo jedni druge usporavali, ometali i sprečavali, a to nikome ne bi koristilo. Kao saveznici mi se možemo uzajamno pomagati, razmjenjivati iskustva i spoznaje. Na zemljama je regije da se spreme i pripreme, a na Evropi je da to prepozna i vrednuje. Na nama je isto tako da strpljivo, ali i odlučno razgrađujemo tkivo nacionalističke uskogrudnosti, povijesnih mitova, te starih, kao i novovjekih predrasuda uvjetovanih politikom i dnevnim političkim potrebama. Na Evropi je da nam u tome pomaže - upozoravajući, kritizirajući, pa ponekada čak i uvjetujući. Činjenica je da živimo u postkonfliktnom društvu, poslije ratova za koje ključnu odgovornost snosi Slobodan Milošević i njegov režim. No, činjenica je: da su zločini počinjeni na svim stranama. Zločine su počinili konkretni ljudi pa se krivnja mora individualizirati. Samo individualizacija krivnje oslobađa kolektivitete odgovornosti. Narodi nisu krivi i ne mogu biti krivi. Pojedinci i skupine mogu i jesu. S time se moramo suočiti, to moramo prihvatiti, ako želimo surađivati na našem evropskome putu. Ne bez razloga uporno sam godinama inzistirao na potrebi suočavanja s istinom o prošlosti, s punom istinom, ma kakva ona bila i usprkos tome što je to suočavanje nerijetko i bolno. Isto tako inzistirao sam i na borbi protiv povijesnog revizionizma kakav je bio i još je i danas na djelu u državama naše regije. Jedno su ekscesi neofašista i neonacista. Njih ima posvuda. I tako dugo dok ih država sankcionira, mi nismo izašli iz okvira normale. No, kada država počne takve ekscese tolerirati, vrijeme je da se zvoni na uzbunu. Jer, koketiranjem s takvim pojavama ne stječe se evropska legitimacija. Moram otvoreno reći da hrvatska država koja je u svojem Ustavu zapisala antifašizam kao jedan od svojih temelja, nije u pravome trenutku dovoljno odlučno reagirala, kada su civilizacijske vrijednosti antifašizma bile ugrožene. Usprkos nedavnoj nesretnoj prošlosti nema osnova da se dovodi u pitanje mogućnost, ni utemeljenost dugoročne i konstruktivne suradnje u regiji. Upravo suprotno. Zemlje regije upućene su jedna na drugu iz mnogo razloga koje sada ovdje neću šire obrazlagati. Osnovno je shvatiti, da što bolje i više surađujemo bit ćemo poželjnije članice Europske unije. Mi moramo surađivati, mi moramo biti saveznici, usprkos povremenim negativnim iskustvima iz prošlosti. Mi možemo samo zajedno, dakle u suradnji, napredovati brže i uspješnije prema članstvu u Europskoj uniji. I samo u suradnji možemo Europi dati onaj doprinos što ga ona od nas s pravom očekuje. Bit ćemo dio napora da cijela Europa postane, bez brisanja nacionalnih posebnosti, bez negiranja današnjih država, jedan jedinstveni prostor na kojemu će vrijediti ista regulativa i u kojemu će svaki narod živjeti u ukupnosti svojega kulturnog korpusa. Uspostavit ćemo skladno jedinstvo različitosti u kojemu će zapravo svaka nacija biti manjina i u kojemu će današnje nacionalne manjine napokon postati ono što bi i trebale biti mostovi spajanja i povezivanja. Je li to utopija? Siguran sam da nije. U povijesti je bilo više pokušaja ujedinjavanja Europe, ali kroz osvajanja, silom i u interesu onoga ili onih koji su silom raspolagali. Europska unija prvi je projekt evropskoga ujedinjavanja koji se ostvaruje na osnovi interesa svih koji u njemu sudjeluju i na osnovi demokratski izražene volje većine u državama sudionicima. To ga čini tako jedinstvenim i tako dragocjenim. A ono što ga čini tako potrebnim, pa i nezaobilaznim, to je činjenica da će samo ujedinjena Europa moći biti pravi i punopravni partner Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama danas, a Rusiji, Kini, Indiji, Brazilu i drugim ve-

121 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Whether we are rivals; whether we are even opponents; whether we are either allies, or we are just fellow travelers only? My answer is clear: we are, we can be and we must be allies only and exclusively. For me, there is no a dilemma in this, neither can it be. My opinion, namely, is that we - all of us, while each of us at and in harmony with our own paces and accomplishments respectively should join the Union as fast and as soon as possible. Meaning that each country will be admitted at a time it has both fulfilled the required criteria and met the prescribed standards. If we go, for a short, back to our very recent history, we have to say that during our accession negotiations with the Union there were, even in Croatia, individuals and minor groups attempting to convince themselves first and than the whole world that Croatia did not belong to the region and that we did not have anything at all in common with the regional countries. Both are the untruth and the nonsense. We are here - where we are and our neighbors are here; and I do not refer only to the immediate ones. It is simply a fact. Exactly as it is a fact that the regional countries are tied by almost seven decades of shared history during the 20 th century, and the long-lasting relations that were established and cherished despite the affiliation with different civilization circles. Nowadays, we are related to each other by our European ambitions and aspirations. I am stressing that we are related to each other, because I know that the few assert that the regional countries are opponents in accomplishing the said ambitions. I refuse decisively to acknowledge that. As opponents, we would slow down, hinder and prevent each other, which would be of good to nobody. As allies, we can assist each other, exchange experience and knowledge. It is up to the regional countries to be willing and get ready, and not to Europe to recognize and assess them. It is up to us also to disintegrate patiently, but decisively, the tissue of nationalistic narrow-mindedness, historical myths and fears, as well as new-age prejudices induced by politics and daily political needs. It is up to Europe to assist us, through reminding and criticizing us and, sometimes, through posing requirements to us. It is a fact that we live in the post-conflict society, after experiencing wars for which the key accountability is on Slobodan Milošević and his regime. However,a fact is also that crimes were committed on all sides. The crimes were committed by particular persons, so the guilt must be individualized. However again, the individualization of guilt releases from collective responsibility. Nations are not guilty and may no be guilty. Individuals and groups could be and they are guilty. That is what we must face, that is what we must accept if we wish to cooperate while traveling along our road to Europe. Not without a reason and for years I have used to urge the need of facing the truth about the past, i.e. the whole truth regardless of what it was and despite such facing is sometimes painful. Likewise, I have urged also the need to fight against historical revisionism that used to be and it is still active in our regional countries. One side of the coin are the outrages of neo-fascists and neo-nacists. They are everywhere. As long as the government sanctions them, we are not out of the normal course. However, as soon as the government starts tolerating such outrages, it is the time to sound alarm bells. This because flirting with such occurrences does not acquire the European legitimacy. I have to say frankly that the Croatian State - with the Constitution comprising the inscribed antifascism as one of the fundamental principle - did not react decisively enough and at the right time when civilization values of antifascism were endangered. Even with recent miserable past, there is no ground to question either the possibility or the reasonable foundation for long-lasting and constructive cooperation in the region. Quite the contrary. The regional countries are related to each other due to numerous reasons that I will not explain in details now. The essence is to understand that as better and more we cooperate, more desirable as the EU member states we will be. We must cooperate; we must be allies, despite occasional negative experience in the past. Only if we are together, meaning if we cooperate, we can progress faster and more successfully to the EU membership. It is only through cooperation that we can give Europe the contribution that Europe is entitled to expect us to give. We are going to be a part of endeavors to make whole Europe become - without abandoning our national features, without denying the existing countries one and single space within which the same regulations will be applicable and within which each nation will live inside their respective cultural corpus totalities. We are going to establish a harmonized diversity union within which actually each nation will be minority and within which the current national minorities will finally become what they would and should be,

122 122 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE likim akterima međunarodne scene sutra. Zemlje regije, zemlje jugoistočne Europe u tome projektu moraju sudjelovati - ako im je stalo do toga da osiguraju vlastitu budućnost. A tu će budućnost moći osigurati samo u uzajamnoj suradnji, samo kao saveznici. Europska unija je milenijski projekt koji ekonomski osnažuje sve zemlje članice, što je vrlo važno za sve, ali od posebne je važnosti što udružena Europa isključuje rat kao političko sredstvo. Naime, u Uniji sve će zemlje otvoriti svoje granice pa će pripadnici svakog naroda bez obzira s koje strane granice bili, živjeti u svom ukupnom kulturnom korpusu. Zato i kažem: na putu prema Evropskoj uniji zemlje regije moraju se ponašati i djelovati kao saveznici, čak neovisno o tome sviđa li se to njima, ili ne. One moraju biti saveznici, ako su odlučile a jesu - svoje sutra graditi u ujedinjenoj Europi. Hvala!

123 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro i.e. they will become bridges that joint and connect. Is it a utopia? I am sure it is not. Over the history, several attempt to integrate Europe took place, but through conquering, by force and in the interest of the one or of the ones that used the force. The European Union is the first project of the European integration that is both implemented based on the interests of the all that take part in it and grounded in democratically expressed will of the majority in the participating countries. That makes the project be that unique and that valuable. What makes it that necessary, and even unavoidable, is the fact that only integrated Europe could be the right counterpart to the United States of America today, and to Russia, China, India, Brasil and to other big actors on the international scene tomorrow. The regional countries, i.e. the Southeast Europe countries must take part in the Project if it is important to them to ensure their own future. That future they can ensure only through mutual cooperation and only as allies. The European Union is the millennium project that strengthens economically all members states, which is of paramount importance to the all, with particular importance belonging to the fact that integrated Europe excludes warfare as an instrument of the politics. Namely, inside the Union, all countries will open their respective borders so the members of each nation regardless on which side of the borders they are will live inside their respective cultural corpus totalities. Therefore, I am saying: on the road toward the European Union, the regional countries must behave and act as allies regardless of whether they like it or not. They must be allies if they decided and they have already to build their future within the integrated Europe. Thank you!

124 124 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Zašto je u svjetskim diskursima Balkan stereotipiziran? Zašto je pojam Balkan sinonim za ekonomsku nerazvijenost, nerad, nasilje, nered, podvale, podmićivanje, neefikasnost, primitivizam i zaostalost? Da li je, kako neki tvrde, poslije raspada Jugoslavije, jedna od rijetkih stvari koja je ostala zajednička državama nastalim na njenom tlu, bio prezir prema Balkanu? Da li je on žrtva neopravdane i nepravedne široke generalizacije? Svakako da su sukobi na ovim prostorima, njihova surovost i posledice, u istorijskom trajanju Balkana, traumatizovali kako sopstvene narode tako i svjetsku javnost, i odgovornosti za sve to ne nedostaje i niko nikoga od nje neće abolirati. Balkanske države imaju potencijal razvoja i saradnje u svim oblastima, počev od nauke i kulture do politike i ekonomije. Imaju sposobnost prepoznavanja polja svojih vrlina i mana, i mogućnost afirmacije istovjetnosti ali i čitavog spektra različitosti kao posebne vrijednosti zajedničkog života odnosno suživota. Multietničnost, multikulturalnost i multikonfesionalnost shvaćeni kao prednost i šansa, uz svijest o neophodnosti saradnje, pojedinačni interes o ekonomskom prosperitetu pretočiće u zajednicki interes opšteg dobra. Prostor postoji. Nove ideje su uvijek podsticajne. Uslov je da su neke važne lekcije iz prošlosti naučene. Why is the Balkans stereotyped in global discourses? Why is the term Balkan synonymous with the economic underdevelopment, idleness, violence, disorder, deceits, bribery, inefficiency, primitivism and backwardness? Is a disdain for the Balkans, as some claim, after the breakup of Yugoslavia, one of the few things that remained common for the states born on its land? Was it the victim of unjustified and unfair broad generalization? Certainly, the conflicts in the region, their cruelty and consequences, in the historical existence of the Balkans, traumatized their own people and the world public, and the responsibility for all that is not missing and no one will abolish anyone from it. The Balkan countries have the potential for development and cooperation in all fields, starting from science and culture to politics and economics. They have the ability to identify the fields of their strengths and weaknesses, and the possibility to affirm the identity and the entire spectrum of diversities as special values of co-existence. The multi-ethnicity, multi-culturalism and multiconfessionallity, perceived as an advantage and opportunity, with an awareness of the necessity of cooperation, will transform the individual interest of economic prosperity into the common interest of the common good. The space exists. New ideas are always stimulating. The condition is that some important lessons from the past were learnt.

125 ekonomija zemalja regiona regional economy Panel IV kako osnažiti postojeće veze zemalja balkana How to strengthen the existing ties of the Balkan countries Stanko Zloković Predsjednik Odbora direktora Jadranskog brodogradilišta Bijela President of the Board of Directors of the Adriatic Shipyard Bijela Radoje Žugić Ministar finansija u Vladi Crne Gore Minister of Finance in the Government of Montenegro Igor Lukšić Potpredsjednik i Ministar vanjskih poslova i evropskih integracija u Vladi Crne Gore Vice President and Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration in the Government of Montenegro Milan Lakićević Direktor Poreske uprave Crne Gore Director of the Department of Public Revenues of Montenegro Ivan Simič Direktor Poreske uprave Republike Srbije i Predsjednik Evropske organizacije poreskih uprava IOTA Director of the Tax Administration of the Republic of Serbia and President of IOTA

126 126 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Dr Igor Lukšić Potpredsjednik i Ministar vanjskih poslova i evropskih integracija u Vladi Crne Gore Ekonomija Crne Gore Saradnjom do prosperiteta Dozvolite mi najprije da vas sve pozdravim i zahvalim Privrednoj komori na pozivu da učestvujem na jednom ovakvom panelu, kao i da čestitam na jako dobro organizovanoj Konferenciji i vjerujem jako dobro tempiranoj, s obzirom na sve izazove pred kojima se nalaze zemlje regiona. Posebno bih pohvalio odabir teme konferencije. Nikad ne možete reći da je dovoljno saradnje i zajedničkog rada, regionalne saradnje, povezivanja, traženja odgovora kako na najbolji mogući, najefikasniji, najefektivniji način odgovoriti na izazove koji se postavljaju pred svaku pojedinačnu zemlju, u ovom slučaju Crnu Goru i njeno neposredno susjedstvo. U tom kontekstu, vjerujem da živimo u vremenu u kojem svaku temu o kojoj govorimo možemo povezati sa ekonomskim pitanjima, ekonomskim problemima. Dakle, nadam se da smo u periodu kada smo za sobom ostavili kao društvo, rekao bih, neke strateške dileme, mislim da je danas tih strateških dilema jako malo i da ih uopšte više nema i da sve ono što radimo kroz dnevni angažman, odnosno kroz sprovođenje jedne srednjoročno-dugoročne vizije ima osnovni cilj, a to je poboljšanje životnog standarda, stvaranje uslova da svako ko čini naše društvo zaista bude zadovoljan ili percipira da postoje šanse koje odgovaraju njegovom profilu, koje može iskoristiti. Vjerujem da je obaveza svih nas koji se bavimo javnim poslom da dnevno pokušamo angažovati resurse kako bi te obaveze shvatili na taj način i kako bi takav ambijent iznova kreirali i takvom ambijentu davali impulse. Kad govorimo o temi izlaganja ili preciznije onom što bi trebalo da bude moj doprinos, onda pod daljom integracijom, ipak, vidim samo napore zemalja regiona da se priključe EU odnosno NATO. Naravno, one zemlje koje su to profilisale kao svoj strateški cilj. Radije bih u tom kontekstu govorio o nečemu što mislim da treba da budu mehanizmi dalje regionalne saradnje kako bi iskoristili sve resurse i potencijale koje ovaj region ima. Zaista vjerujem da ovaj region, kao dio Evrope, ima ogromnu razvojnu mogućnost i vjerujem da je u narednom periodu potencijalni rast ovog regiona definitivno najveći u Evropi. U tom smislu, potrebno je definisati mehanizme ili iskoristiti mehanizme konsultacija i koordinacija kada su određene politike u pitanju, da bi zaista valorizovali sve resurse kojima raspolažemo. Kada govorimo o potrebi dalje saradnje zemalja regiona ili ovih šest zemalja koje još nijesu u EU, a sve su istakle za ambiciju da budu članice EU, tada treba da postavimo, čini mi se, tri pitanja. Jedno je: zašto, mada vjerujem da je na to pitanje najlakše odgovoriti, potrebno je pojasniti šta to nije i, svakako, naglasiti šta to jeste da bi do kraja imali puno razumijevanje ili da bi do kraja mogli definisati kvalitetan pristup saradnji u budućem periodu. To, naravno, ne znači da u prethodnom periodu nijesmo imali saradnju. Mislim da jesmo, ali mi se čini da je aktuelni trenutak takav da treba svi na kreativan način da doprinesemo takvom cilju. Posmatrajući zemlje Zapadnog Balkana, koje još nijesu u EU, a na nivou su tržišta od recimo 20 miliona eura, to je manje od rumunskog tržišta ili polovina poljskog tržišta, tako da je samo po sebi neophodno raditi na dizajniranju različitih mehanizama saradnje i krajnje pragmatično pristupiti suočavanju sa takvim jednim izazovom. Mislim da je lajtmotiv ove konferencije dobar odgovor na pitanje: zašto regionalna saradnja? Mislim da je potreba za uočavanjem trenutka u kojem u narednih sedam osam godina najmanje neće doći do daljeg proširenja EU naglašava potrebu da taj period iskoristimo na najbolji mogući način. Svaka od zemalja ima svoj individualni pristup, ima svoj put. Crna Gora će otvoriti poglavlja 23 i 24, suočavajući se na taj način sa ključnim izazovima koje evropski standardi postavljaju pred nas, a to je izgradnja vladavine prava. Srbija će otpočeti pregovore krajem idućeg mjeseca ili najkasnije u januaru, Albanija će dobiti status kandidata. Vjerujem, takođe, da druge zemlje regiona traže način kako da ubrzaju svoj evropski put, tako da bez obzira što svaka zemlja u regionu ima svoj individualni put, te probleme sa kojima se suočava. Ono što treba razumjeti jeste da je najmanje sedam ili osam godina pred nama do narednog proširenja i taj period treba, čini mi se, najracionalnije moguće iskoristiti. Šta ovo nije? Ovo, svakako, nije obnavljanje nekih državotvornih struktura iz ranijeg perioda, niti je to želja niti ima za tim potrebe. Kada sam naglasio da ovo svoje učešće u panelu vidim kao doprinos produbljivanju ideja o regionalnoj saradnji, namjerno sam to postavio nasuprot onome što može biti izvedenica iz naslova dalje integracije. Dalja integracija

127 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Igor Lukšić, PhD Vice President and Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration in thegovernment of Montenegro Montenegrin Economy Cooperating to Prosperity First of all, let me greet all of you and express my gratitude to the Chamber of Economy for their invitation to participate at this panel. I would also like to congratulate you on a very well organised conference and also a very well-timed one, given all the challanges that the countries in the region face. I would especially like to compliment you on the selection of the topic of the conference. You can never say that there has been enough cooperation, joint activities, regional cooperation, searching for answers how to in the best, most efficient and most effective way respond to challanges which are set before each particular country, in this case before Montenegro and its immediate surrounding. In that context, we believe that we live in the time in which each topic we are talking about may be related to economic issues, economic problems. Therefore, I hope that we are now in the period when, I would say, we have left behind some strategic dilemmas as a society. I would say that there are very few strategic dilemmas now or none at all, and that everything that we are doing on a daily basis, i.e. through the implementation of a middle-long term vision has one basic objective. And this objective is the improvement of the life standard, creation of conditions that each member of our society should really be satisfied with and that he/ she may see his/her chances and use them according to his/her profile. I believe that all of us who work in the public sector should try to engage resources on a daily basis in order to understand these obligations in this way and keep creating such an environment and giving impulses to such an environment. When speaking about the topic of the conference or, to be more precise, my contribution to it, then under further integration I see only the efforts of the countries from the region to join the EU or NATO. Of course, I mean those countries which have opted for it as their strategic objective. In that context, I would rather speak of something I think should be the mechanisms of further regional cooperation in order to use all resources and potentials that this region has. I really believe that this region, as a part of Europe, has a great development potential and I believe that in the next period the potential for growth of this region is definitely the highest in Europe. In that respect, there is a need to define the mechanisms or use consultations and coordination regarding some policies in order to make the best use of all our resources. When we speak about the need for futrther cooperation among the countries in the region or these six countries which are not in the EU yet, and they all accented their ambition to become EU members, it seems to me, we need to ask three questions. One is: why, although I believe this question is the easiest one to answer. It is important to clarify what it is and, of course, what it is not, in order to have a full understanding by the end or to be able to define a good quality cooperation in the future period. This, of course, does not mean that we did not have cooperation in the past period. I think we did but it seems to me that the current moment is such that we need to provide contribution to this objective. Taking into consideration the West Balkans countries, which have not yet joined the EU, and on the level of the market of say 20 million EUR, this is less than the Romanian market or half of the Polish market. Therefore, it is necessary to work on the design of different mechanisms of cooperation and take a highly pragmatic attitude in facing such a challenge. I think that the leitmotive of this conference gives a good answer to the question: why regional cooperation? I think that the need to identify the right moment when in the next seven-eight years there are the least chances that there will not be further enlargement of the EU, emphasizes the need to use that period the best we can. Each of these countries has its individual strategy, its way. Montenegro will open chapters 23 and 24, thus facing the key challanges that the EU standards set before us, and that is the establishment of the rule of law. Serbia shall start negotiations at the beginning of the next month or in January at the latest. Albania shall receive the candidacy status. I believe that other countries in the region as well are searching ways to accelerate their access to the EU. However, regardless of the fact that each country has its individual path, the probles they face are the same. What needs to be understood is that there are at least seven or eight years ahead of us until the next enlargement and that period, it seems to me, needs to be used most rationally. What

128 128 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE treba da bude prema NATO i EU, a kako mi sebi treba da postavimo pitanje i mi možemo ubrzati evropsku integraciju kada su ove zemlje u pitanju. Poljska. Češka, Slovačka, Mađarska, početkom 90-tih, suočavajući se sa sličnim pitanjm tada su oformile jednu asocijaciju - Višegradsku četvorku koja je imala svoje razne periode prethodnih dvadesetak godina, periode intenzivnije saradnje, periode manje intenzivne saradnje, tako da je suština da to treba da zavisi od apetita zemalja u regionu, ali sam siguran da postoji minimum nekih zajedničkih interesa. Da postoji prostor da u okviru već postojećih inicijativa, ne kreirajući paralelne, ne duplirajući, ne praveći sekretarijate, birokratske institucije, to nam ne treba, jer već imamo proces saradnje u jugoistočnoj Evropi, već imamo Regionalni savjet za saradnju sa sjedištem u Sarajevu, već imamo dovoljno formi koje možemo iskoristiti. Ali, suština je kako da se nešto što se već dešava, nešto što već živi, nešto što vi kao privrednici najbolje osjećate, nešto što su ministri nauke skoro, rekao bih, pečatirali, nešto što će narednih dana biti tema ministara koji će se baviti životnom sredinom, pokazuje da potreba definisanja mehanizama saradnje, kako bi što bolje iskoristili resurse. Itekako postoji i ona nije supstituisana našim individualnim putem prema članstvu u EU. Zato, to ne treba doživljavati kao bilo kakvu podjelu regiona ne treba doživljavati kao prvu, drugu ligu, ne treba doživljavati kao neku novu tvrdu strukturu, već treba doživljavati kao mehanizam koji bi u raznim resorima trebao da pomogne da ubrzamo naše evropske ambicije. Nedavno smo imali prilike da prisustvujemo i Vlada Crne Gore je to, takođe, odobrila i saglasila se sa dokumentom Strategijom razvoja JIE do Jugoistočna Evropa za svoju radnu definiciju ima ovih šest zemalja plus Hrvatska. Hrvatska je najskorije ušla u EU i čija će iskustva će biti, da kažem, najsličnija onome što je naš integracioni put i, u tom smislu, to treba da bude jedan most kada je zapadni Balkan u pitanju. Simbolično, prije deset godina Solunska agenda je definisana i ona je otvorila evropsku perspektivu zemljama regiona. Tada je to bilo zapadni Balkan - sedam plus nula, danas je zapadni Balkan šest plus jedan, a nadam se za koju godinu će biti zapadni Balkan nula plus sedam, pa makar to u međuvremenu bilo pet plus dva ili četiri plus tri ili koja god vrsta računice, ali suština je da sve zemlje nađu svoje mjesto u EU. Dakle Strategija 2020 Jugoistočnoj Evropi se u suštini tiče naših zemalja, drugo, ona proizilazi iz Strategije Evropa 2020, ona, takođe, treba da bude kompatibilna sa strategjama za makroregione, jadransko jonski i podunavski region. Dakle, sve to treba da bude međusobno kompatibilno i sve treba da vodi iskorišćavanju potencijala kojima raspolažemo u našem regionu, sa misijom da povećamo BDP, te zaposlenost mladih ljudi. U tom smislu, kroz ovu potrebu dalje saradnje identifikovali smo tri oblasti. Jedna je infrastruktura, dakle o njoj se jako puno govori i mislim intuitivno da možemo veoma brzo doći do toga šta su ključni infrastrukturni projekti. Mi, u tom smislu, govorimo i o pruzi Bar- Beograd sa daljim nastavkom prema Budimpešti, spajamo na neki način Italiju sa Mađarskom. Govorimo i o auto-puti prema Srbiji, govorimo o Jadransko jonskom auto putu, koji u suštini ima cilj da spoji dvije zemlje EU kroz BIH, Crnu Goru, Albaniju prema Grčkoj, govorimo o novoj pruzi od Pljevalja, prema Beranama, prema Prištini, odnosno prema Makedoniji, opet spajamo tri zemlje. Govorimo i o koridoru 5 C od Luke Ploče prema Hrvatskoj i Mađarskoj, govorimo i o auto-putu od Beograda prema Prištini, odnosno prema Tirani. Dakle, mislim da je jako važno da, definišući nekih desetak projekata, pa dajući prioritet nekim putnim odnosno željezničkim projektima da zaista jednom u našem regionu prvo dogovorimo šta je to, a drugo što je jako važno nastupamo zrelo i pragmatično prema svim onim potencijalnim finansijerima tih projekata. Dakle, sasvim logično je da je prva adresa povezivanja Evropska unija, povezivanje različitih zemalja EU. Bez ulaganja u infrastrukturu, to je aksiom, nema u suštini ekonomskog rasta, a bez ekonomskog rasta i integraciona agenda će biti teže dostižna, teže ostariva, ali i interes drugih djelova svijeta Kine, koji je manifestovan prije neki dan, sa željom da učestvuje u infrastrukturnim projektima regiona je, takođe, adresa sa kojom treba razgovarati. Svakako, smo mnogo ozbiljniji i efikasniji ukoliko identifikujući desetak projekata zajednički nastupamo, pa iako su to zajedniči tenderi, zajedničke procedure, te inovativni mehanizmi koje bi mi, kroz zapadno balkanski investicioni okvir, ako govorimo o EU, mogli nametnuti i tada vjerujem da ćemo mnogo odgovornije i ozbiljnije izgledati. Druga ravan našeg interesovanja je poslovni ambijent u regionu. Dakle, daleko od toga da možemo reći da je povoljan poslovni ambijent u našim zemljama. Mislim da odgovornost svih vlada pojedinačno treba da bude kako u daljem unapređivanju poslovnog ambijenta, smanjivanjem barijera, poboljšanjem međusobne komunikacije, koja se ne ogleda samo kroz transport itd. Razgovarajući skoro sa ljudima iz skandinavskog područja, oni sami koji kao zajedničko tržište funkcionišu već skoro nekoliko decenija ili pedesetak godina, kažu da još nijesu otklonili sve barijere biznisa. Onda možete misliti koliko posla pred našim zemljama stoji da bi smo do kraja mogli učiniti kompatibilnim pojedine resurse. U tom smislu, identifikovali smo, takođe, i nekoliko predloga. Da bi se carinske procedure mogle dalje unaprijediti, recimo, ustanovljavanjem mehanizma prethodne najave carinskom organu značajno bi učinili propulzivnijim protokom roba. Takođe, bi mogli raditi na zajedničkom ukidanju roming tarifa.vjerujem da to ne bi sa oduševljenjem prihvatile telekomunikacione kompanije, ali sam siguran da bi biznis i građani imali mnogo uštede na godišnjem nivou, a

129 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro this is not? This, certainly, is not the reconstruction of some state structures from the earlier period, neither is there any need for it. When I emphasized that I see my participation in the panel as a contribution to the deepening of the idea on regional cooperation, I deliberately set it like that as opposed to that which can be deduced from the title of further integration. Further integration needs to be towards NATO and the EU and by the way we set this issue, we may accelerate the EU integration of our countries. At the beginning of the nineties, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary established an association the Visegrad Four, which passed through different periods in the past twenty years, periods of more and less intensive cooperation. Therefore, the essence is that it depends on the appetites of the regional countries. However, I am sure that there is a minimum of some joint interests. Yes, there is space in the already existing initiatives, so we do not need to create parallel ones. There is no need for duplicating, establishing secretariats, bureaucratic institutions. We don t need that because we already have cooperation process in the south-east Europe and we already have the Regional Council for Cooperation with a seat in Sarajevo. We already have enough forms that we may use. However, the essence is that something that is already happening, something that is alive, something that you as businessmen feel best, something that the ministers of science have already stamped, I would say, something that the ministers of the environmental protection will deal with, indicate that there is a need to define mechanisms of cooperation in order to make best use of the resources. And this need has not been substituted by our individual road to the EU membership. That is why this should not be understood as a kind of divided region, as the first, second league, nor as some new hard structure. Instead, it should be understood as a mechanism which should help in different areas to accelerate our European ambitions. We have recently had an opportunity to attend and the Government of Montenegro has also approved it and consented to the document SEE Development Strategy until As its working definition South-East Europe has these six countries plus Croatia. Croatia has entered the EU very recently, and its experiences shall be most similar to our integration path. In that respect, this should be a bridge when it comes to the western Balkans. Symbolically, the agenda of Thessaloniki was defined ten years ago and it opened the perspective to the regional countries. At that time it was the Western Balkans seven plus zero, today it is the Western Balkans six plus one. And I hope that in several years, it will be the Western Balkans zero plus seven even if in the meantime it is going to be five plus two or four plus three or any other type of the calculation. The essence is that all countries in the region should find their place in the EU. Therefore, SEE Development Strategy 2020 mainly concerns our countries and it comes from the Strategy Europe In addition, it should be compatible with the strategies for macroregions, the Adriatic, Ionian and the Danube region. Therefore, all this needs to be mutually compatible and it should lead to the use of our regional potentials with a mission to increase GDP and the employment rate of young people. In that respect, through this need for further cooperation we have identified three areas. One is the infrastructure. It is very much spoken of and it is my intuition that we can make a very fast conclusion about what should be our key infrastructure projects. In that respect, we are talking about the railway Bar Belgrade with the extension towards Budapest. This way we connect Italy with Hungary. We are talking about the highway towards Serbia. We are talking about Adriatic Ionian highway, which aim is to connect two EU countries through Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania towards Greece. We are talking about the new railroad from Pljevlja towards Berane, towards Pristina, i.e. towards Macedonia again we connect three countries. We are also talking about the corridor 5 C from the Port Ploce towards Croatia and Hungary, and of the highway Belgrade Pristina Tirana. Therefore, I think that it is very important to define cca ten projects and to give priority to some, i.e. railroad projects and to first really make an agreement within the region what it is and then, what is very important, to take a mature and pragmatic stance towards all those potential financiers of those projects. Therefore, it is logical that the first address we need to link to is the European Union. Without the investments in the infrastructure, there is no economic growth and that is an axiom. And without the economic growth, the integration agenda shall be more difficult to access and achieve. The interest of some other parts of the world, China, which was expressed several days ago as a wish to participate in infrastructure projects in the region, also needs to be addressed. For sure, we will look much more serious and efficient if we jointly identify 10 projects and act together. Although these would be joint tenders, joint procedures and innovative mechanisms which we could put forward through the Western Balkan investment framework, if we are talking about the EU, I still believe that it would give us a more responsible and serious image. The second topic of our interest is the business climate in the region. Therefore, speaking of business climate, our countries can be considered far from favourable. However, I believe that each government should be responsible for the improvement of the business climate, reduction of barriers, improvement of mutual communication, which is not reflected through transport only, etc. I have recently held a conversation with the people from Scandinavia and they have told me that although they have been functioning as a joint market for several decades or some fifty years, they have not managed to eliminate all business barriers. You can only imagine then how much work lies ahead of our countries so that some of our resources could become compatible. In that respect, we have identified several suggestions, as well. In order to further improve customs procedures, we would need to establish the mechanism of timely announcement before the customs office, which would make the flow of goods much more propulsive. In addition, we could work on the joint elimination of roaming tariffs. I believe that

130 130 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE taj novac bi mogli iskoristiti produktivnije i ulagati umjesto u tekuće u kapitalno ulaganje, što podstiče investicije. Zatim, govorimo o potrebi da se dogovorimo u regionu o ulaganju naših zajedničkih resursa u izgradnju kapaciteta različitih laboratorija. Zašto bi svaka zemlja pojedinačno ulagala u različite laboratorije koje predstavljaju evropski standard. Zašto ne bi u regionu mogli podijeliti to, a onda ne samo smanjivati pojedinačno naše troškove našoj privredi i vladama nego IPA sredstva usmjeriti u jednom koordinisanom pristupu za tako nešto. Tu je ambicija da u oblasti obrazovanja podstaknemo mobilnost mladih kroz npr. multilateralno priznavanje diploma licenciranih univerziteta. U našem regionu nezaposlenost mladih je jako visoka i treba da tragamo za mehanizmima kako da podstaknemo komunikaciju otvaranja novih radnih šansi. To su sve vrlo pragmatični i praktični predlozi koji postoje, moguće je još mnogo toga u toj oblasti uraditi kako bi naš sistem do kraja bio efektivan. I treće, je potreba da u našem regionu dodatno sarađujemo kako bi unaprijedili vladavinu prava, primjenu zakona. Problemi korupcije su, ipak, vezani za pojedinačne sisteme i teško je tu, iako je naravno moguće, imati efektivne regionalne mehanizme. Ali kada je u pitanju organizovani kriminal, moguće je. Jer organizovani kriminal djeluje mimo granica nacionalne države, on djeluje regionalno, kanali komunikacije su jako intenzivni i u tom kontekstu je potrebno dodatno raditi na uspostavljanju i efektnoj komunikaciji kako bismo ovom izazovu kroz dalje pristupanje EU adekvatno odgovorili. Dakle, kroz primjenu standarda vladavine prava, takođe, uz ekonomske slobode podstičemo ekonomski rast. Uvjeren sam da je u narednom periodu u tom kontekstu puno uraditi i,nadam se, da na jedan krajnje pragmatičan način možemo pristupiti uspostavljanju mehanizama konsultacije i koordinacije, jer ono što nas očekuje u godinama koje slijede je grčevita borba za investitore. Grčevita borba za obnavljanje i jačanje konkurentnosti našeg regiona. Samo tako, u cjelini posmatrano, možemo biti uspješni u onome što je cilj, a to je da podstaknemo ekonomski rast, a iz ekonomskog rasta i rasta zaposlenosti mnogo toga dobrog proizilazi.

131 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro telecommunication companies would not be happy with this but I am sure that business and citizens would save a lot on an annual level and use the saved money more productively. Instead in the short-term investments, they would invest in capital investments. Next, we are talking about the need to make an agreement on a regional level to invest joint resources in building capacities of different laboratories. Why have separate investments in different laboratories in line with the EU standard? Instead, why not share it regionally and not only reduce costs of our economies and governments but also take a coordinate action and direct IPA funds for this cause? When it comes to the education issue, there is an ambition to boost the mobility of young people through multilateral nostrification of diplomas from licensed universities. In our region the unemployment of youth is very high and we need to search for the mechanisms how to instigate communication of opening new job opportunities. These are all very pragmatic existing proposals. It is possible to do many things in this area so that our system can become more effective. And the third is the need to have additional cooperation in the region in order to improve the rule of law, the implementation of the law. Still, the problems of corruption are linked to specific systems and it is difficult, although it is possible of course, to have effective regional mechanisms. However, when organized crime is in question, it is possible, because organized crime does not recognize national borders, it is regional, the communications channels are very intensive and in that context it is necessary to invest additional efforts in the establishment and effective communication and thus provide adequate response to this challenge in the process of our accessing the EU. Therefore, with the implementation of the rule of law, with the economic freedom, we boost the economic growth. I am convinced that we can do a lot in that context in the next period and I hope that we may take a highly pragmatic method to establish the consultations and coordination mechanisms because what stands before us in the coming years is a fierce struggle for investors, a fierce struggle for strengthening the competitiveness of our region. Only in this way, taken as a whole, can we achieve our objectives and that is to boost the economic growth and the economic growth and increased employment result in many good things.

132 132 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Dr Radoje Žugić Prof. dr Milan Lakićević Ministar finansija u Vladi Crne Gore Direktor Poreske uprave Crne Gore STABILNOST BANKARSKOG I FINANSIJSKOG SISTEMA REZIME Finansijska stabilnost je osnovni preduslov razvoja svake ekonomije. Za njeno ostvarenje, u našim uslovima, neophodna su tri ključna preduslova, i to: održivost fiskalnog sistema, bankarska stabilnost i kontinuitet u unapređenju konkurentnosti ekonomije. Ovo podrazumijeva vođenje opreznih politika i adekvatno upravljanje rizicima i neizvjesnostima, u smislu identifikovanja i minimiziranja najznačajnijih rizika i obezbjeđivanja vitalnosti sistema kada se pojave krizne situacije. Jasno je da su, u uslovima eurizovane i male ekonomije, kao što je crnogorska, instrumenti za prilagođavanje i raspoloživa sredstva u velikoj mjeri ograničeni. Stoga fiskalna politika ima pretežni mandat za kontraciklično prilagođavanje ekonomskim prilikama. Uvažavajući ovu činjenicu, Crna Gora, sa izuzetnim stepenom opreza i odgovornosti, vodi fiskalnu politiku, čiji je osnovni cilj uravnoteženje javnih finansija, odnosno poboljšanje fiskalnih indikatora koji su u proteklih par godina, usljed dejstva krize, pogoršani. Trajno ozdravljenje javnih finansija može biti postignuto prvenstveno uspostavljanjem balansa javne potrošnje. Bez budžetske ravnoteže1 produbljuju se svi strukturni problemi i slabi izgled snažnijeg rasta, uz jačanje recesionih pritisaka. U tom smislu, ravnoteža budžeta nije sama sebi cilj, već njeno dostizanje treba da doprinese ekonomskoj ravnoteži, povećanju zaposlenosti i uravnoteženju platnog bilansa. Uz fiskalnu održivost, zdravlje bankarskog sistema je drugi preduslov za uspostavljanje i održavanje finansijske stabilnosti. Stoga banke moraju nastaviti sa iščišćavanjem bilansa 2, dok pravilna politika izdvajanja rezervacija ostaje nezaobilazna kod upravljanja kreditnim rizikom. Još uvijek je izražen visok udio kredita koji kasne u otplati što predstavlja rizik bankarskog sektora, ali indirektno, i fiskalni rizik. U tom pravcu je pokrenuta realizacija projekta pod nazivom Podgorički pristup, koji ima za cilj da, kroz neophodno unapređivanje kvaliteta kreditnih portfolija banaka, omogući revitalizaciju bankarskog kreditiranja produktivnih sektora 1 Deficit u budžetu povećava nivo javnog duga, čime se ograničava sužava prostor za poreske podsticaje razvoju i rješavanju strukturnih problema. 2 Smanjivanje loše aktive loših kredita u bankarskom sekoru ne znači da je problem loših kredita riješean. Oni su ostali u kompanijama i u faktoringu u vlasništvu banaka, koje nijesu u režimu supervizije Centralne banke Crne Gore. Ova slabost se mora rješavati u najkraćem roku. crnogorske ekonomije. Održive javne finansije i stabilan bankarski sistem jesu neophodni, ali ne i dovoljni uslovi za dinamičniji ekonomski rast i razvoj. Kada je u pitanju podsticanje privrednog rasta, mjere usmjerene na unapređenje konkurentnosti privrede nemaju alternativu iako i bankarski sektor i poreska politika snažno utiču na nivo konkurentnosti. U tom smislu, u vođenju ekonomske politike mora se posebna pažnja posvetiti jačanju produktivnosti i opšte konkurentnosti, jer jedino dobro usmjerene politike unapređenja nacionalne konkurentnosti i konkurentnosti na mikro nivou mogu osigurati željeni put ka dinamičnijem razvoju i ukupnom društvenom blagostanju. 1. UVOD U nekoliko posljednjih godina zabilježeno je pogoršanje osnovnih indikatora fiskalne stabilnosti, a to su bužetski deficit i nivo javnog duga. Zbog dostignutih limita ovih indikatora, u predstojećem periodu postoji prisustvo određenih rizika koji jasno upućuju na neophodnost dodatnog opreza u vođenju politike zaduživanja i ukupne fiskalne politike. Istovremeno, takva situacija potvrđuje punu opravdanost Vladinih mjera fiskalnog prilagođavanja i značaj realizacije planova vezanih za srednjoročnu konsolidaciju. Osim konsolidacije javnih finansija, za uspostavljanje fiskalne, makroekonomske i finansijske stabilnosti i održivosti na dugi rok, jedini realan model smanjenja deficita i, njime generisanog, javnog duga je podsticanje stvaranja nove vrijednosti. Stoga je ekonomska politika Vlade Crne Gore, osim prioritetnog stabilizovanja javnih finansija, usmjerena na implementaciju mjera koje treba da doprinesu dinamiziranju rasta BDP-a. U tom smislu, neophodno je obezbijediti kontinuitet u sprovođenju važnih strukturnih i reformi unaprijeđenja poslovnog okruženja. 2. STABILNOST BANKARSKOG I FINANSIJSKOG SISTEMA 2.1. Eurizacija Crne Gore kao temelj stabilnosti Od kraja devedesetih, Vlada Crne Gore je tražila načine za monetarno osamostaljenje, prije svega zbog nemogućnosti uticanja na monetarnu politiku, koja je zloupotrebljavana

133 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Minister of Finance in the Government of Montenegro Radoje Žugić, Dr. sc. oec. Director of the Department of Professor Milan Lakićević, Dr. sc. oec. Public Revenues of Montenegro STABILITY OF BANKING AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM RESUME Financial stability is the basic precondition for each economy development. To accomplish it under circumstances prevailing here, there is a need to have three prerequisites fulfilled, as follows: sustainability of fiscal system, banking stability, and continuity in improving the economy competitiveness. This means that prudent policies and an adequate risk and contingencies management are to be followed in terms of identifying and minimizing the most considerable risks and ensuring the vitality of the system when a crisis circumstances emerge. It is clear that, under the circumstances in an euroized and small economy - such as the Montenegrin one is - instruments for the adjustment and available funds are limited for the most part. Therefore, fiscal policy s prevailing mandate is to pursue countercyclical adjustments to economic circumstances. Having in mind this fact, while with an extreme caution and responsibility, Montenegro pursues fiscal policy the major aim of which is to balance public revenues and public expenditures and/or to improve fiscal indicators that, for a couple of years so far and due to the crisis effects, have been aggravated. Lasting recovery of public revenues and expenditures could be attained primarily through bringing public consumption balance in place. Without the Budget balance 1, all structural challenges are deepened and prospects of a stronger growth are weakened. In terms of that, the Budget balance is not a goal per se, but attaining it should contribute to economy equilibrium, higher employment rate and stabilizing the balance of payments. Besides fiscal sustainability, sane banking system stands as the second precondition for bringing about and maintaining financial stability. Therefore, banks should continue with cleansing the balance 2, while a suitable policy of allocation to provisions has remained unavoidable when it comes to credit risk management. There is still a pronounced high share of non-performing loans, which poses a risk to bank- 1 The Budget deficit increases the level of public debt, thereby restricting, i.e. narrowing the space for tax incentives designed for the development of and solving structural challenges. 2 Reducing delinquent assets, i.e. non-performing loans in banking sector does not mean that non-performing loans-related challenges are solved. They have remained also in companies and within factoring owned by banks that are not subject to the supervising regime done by the Central Bank of Montenegro. This weakness must be solved as soon as possible. ing sector or, indirectly, a fiscal risk as well. In the light of that, the implementation of the Project titled Podgorica Approach, aimed at ensuring - through necessary improving banks credit portfolio quality the revitalization of banks lending to productive sectors of the economy of Montenegro. Sustainable public revenues and expenditures and banking sector stability are required, but they are not at the same time adequate prerequisites for a dynamic growth and development. When it comes to encouraging the growth of economy, measures dedicated to improving competitiveness thereof do not have an alternative although both strong banking sector and fiscal policy effect strongly the competitiveness level. In terms of that, in pursuing economic policy special attention has to be paid to strengthening productivity and general competitiveness, since only well designed policies for improving national competitiveness and micro level competitiveness are capable of ensuring desired avenue toward a dynamic development and overall social prosperity. 1. INTRODUCTION For several years so far, we have been recording the aggravation of basic fiscal stability indicators. They are the Budget deficit and public debt level. Due to getting as far as to the limits of these indicators, the upcoming period will face the reality of certain risks involving obviously the necessity to be more cautious in pursuing both indebtedness policy and overall fiscal policy. Simultaneously, such situation confirms the full reasonableness of the measures of fiscal adjustments made by the Government and the importance of the implementation of plans associated with mid-term consolidation. Besides the consolidation of public revenues and expenditures for bringing about fiscal, macro-economic and financial stability and long-term sustainability, the only real model for reducing the deficit and by-the-deficit generated public debt is to encourage the creation of new value. Therefore, Montenegro Government s economic policy is not aimed only to the priority stabilization of public revenues and expenditures, but is aimed also to the implementation of measures that should contribute to making GDP growth more dynamic. In terms of that, it is required to ensure continuity in

134 134 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE u političke svrhe i, u tom smislu, se odlučila za uvođenje modela dolarizacije, sa korišćenjem njemačke marke. Ovaj model se, na neki način, nametnuo sam po sebi jer su se i građani i privreda Crne Gore, u prethodnom, dužem periodu, opredjeljivali za štednju i obavljanje transakcija u ovoj valuti. Tako je crnogorska vlada, krajem godine, uvela dvovalutni sistem sa njemačkom markom i dinarom, uz slobodno fluktuiranje dinara prema marki. Od januara godine jedino platežno sredstvo postaje njemačka marka, a od marta godine zvanično platežno sredstvo postaje euro. U periodu koji je uslijedio pokazalo se da je euroizacija imala čitav niz pozitivnih efekata. Prije svega, ona je olakšala procese remonetizacije i uspostavljanja cjenovne stabilnosti. Euroizacija je pozitivno uticala i na razvoj bankarskog sistema i, uz istovremenu realizaciju čitavog niza mjera na planu reforme ovog sistema, uticala na rast i oživljavanje bankarskih aktivnosti. Euroizacija je imala uticaj i na unapređenje budžetske discipline, s obzirom da uvođenjem režima euroizacije potencijalni izvori za pokriće deficita postaju ograničeni. Uvođenje stabilne valute, dalje, predstavljao je dobar signal za strane investitore, jer su im, na taj način, unaprijed garantovani stabilni uslovi poslovanja, što oni uvažavaju jer preferiraju poslovanje sa čvrstom valutom, koja im smanjuje devizni rizik. Pored navedenih, korišćenje eura imalo je, za Crnu Goru, i niz drugih pozitivnih efekata: povratak kredibiliteta monetarne politike, zaustavljanje inflacije u zemlji sa visokim inflacionim očekivanjima, eliminisanje rizika deviznog kursa i kreiranje efekta predvidivosti, rast spoljnotrgovinske razmjene, smanjenje transakcionih troškova u spoljnoj trgovini i dr Fiskalna politika u funkciji dodatnog jačanja stabilnosti I pored brojnih pozitivnih efekata koji je prate, euroizacija nije režim bez mana. Iako je njenim uvođenjem Crna Gora dobila stabilnost, na drugoj strani je izgubljen značajan broj instrumenata ekonomske politike. Funkcionisanje u uslovima eurizovane ekonomije malog i otvorenog tržišta, bez emisione funkcije, sa ograničenim monetarnim instrumentima, zahtjeva posebnu opreznost u vođenju fiskalne politike. Monetarna politika i njeni instrumenti mogu doprinijeti saniranju posljedica ekonomske krize, ali ne bez zajedničkog djelovanja sa instrumentima fiskalne politike. U takvim uslovima, fiskalna održivost prepoznata je kao osnov finansijske stabilnosti. Uvažavajući ove činjenice i uzimajući u obzir neizvjesno okruženje i nepredvidivost ekonomskih trendova, Crna Gora, sa izuzetnim stepenom opreza i odgovornosti, vodi fiskalnu politiku. U tom smislu, osnovni cilj je uravnoteženje javnih finansija, odnosno poboljšanje fiskalnih indikatora koji su u proteklih par godina, usljed dejstva krize, pogoršani. Takođe je snažan ekonomski rast i značajan priliv direktnih inostranih investicija u periodu godine, sa svim pozitivnim uticajima na ekonomsku i socijalnu situaciju u Crnoj Gori, rezultirao i nerealnim očekivanjima u sistemu javne potrošnje, a koji je iznad realnih trenutnih mogućnosti crnogorske privrede nakon smirivanja investicione ekspanzije. Prepoznali smo i prihvatili ovu realnost i intenzivno sprovodimo aktivnosti kako bismo javnu potrošnju prilagodili poreskom kapacitetu stanovništva i privrede, u funkciji dinamiziranja ekonomskog rasta, poboljšanja životnog standarda stanovništva i smanjenja spirale zaduživanja. U tom smislu, osnovne smjernice fiskalne politike Crne Gore su: nastavak konsolidacije javne potrošnje i postepeno smanjivanje učešća javnih rashoda u BDP-u 3, unapređenje fiskalne kontrole i snaženje implementacije interne i eksterne revizije svih potrošačkih jedinica budžeta, suzbijanje sive ekonomije u cilju povećanja budžetskih prihoda, unapređenje poreske kulture obveznika, povećanje fiskalne discipline i smanjenje poreske evazije i adekvatna politika domaćeg i inostranog zaduživanja kako se ne bismo izložili krizi javnog duga i produbljivanja strukturnih disproporcija. Prateći pomenute smjernice, a u cilju zaustavljanja trenda pogoršanja fiskalnih parametara, prvenstveno pada naplate prihoda i, posljedično, rasta deficita i nivoa javnog duga, početkom godine u Crnoj Gori je uveden set kriznih mjera fiskalnog prilagođavanja, usmjerenih na rashodnu, ali i na prihodnu stranu budžeta. Kada je riječ o rashodnoj strani, implementirane su sljedeće mjere: zamrznuto je usklađivanje penzija, izvršena je racionalizacija troškova u javnoj upravi, u smislu smanjenja broja radnih tijela Vlade čiji članovi primaju naknadu za rad, smanjeni su izdaci za zarade, kao i nivo diskrecionih troškova, u preduzećima u kojima je Država većinski vlasnik, kao i u lokalnim samoupravama i regulatornim agencijama, sprovedena je racionalizacija troškova u državnoj upravi, u smislu smanjenja broja službenih automobila i smanjenja troškova zakupa za potrebe državnih organa. Što se prihodne strane budžeta tiče, povećana je stopa PDV- -a sa 17 na 19% i uveden je tzv. krizni porez, odnosno propisana je veća poreska stopa (od 15%, umjesto dosadašnjih 9%) na dohodak na prihode koji su iznad nivoa prosječne zarade u Crnoj Gori (u bruto iznosu, iznad 720 eura na mjesečnom nivou). Istovremeno je intenzivirana borba protiv sive 3 Učešće kapitalne potrošnje kao važne razvojne komponente često se u teoriji i praksi ne smatra elementom ovih smjernica.

135 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro carrying out important structural and business environment improving reforms. 2. BANKING SECTOR AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM STABILITY 2.1 Euroization in Montenegro as the foundation of stability As of the late 90s, the Government of Montenegro was in search of the methods of monetary autonomy, primarily due to the impossibility to influence the monetary policy that had been abused for political purposes. Therefore, they decided to introduce the dolarization model along with using Deutsch Mark. This model was somehow imposed by itself, since both the citizens and the economy of Montenegro, prior to that and over a longer period, had been opting for using the currency for their savings and transactions. Thus, in the late 1999, Montenegro Government introduced dual-currency system with Deutsche Mark and Dinar, with free fluctuation of Dinar to the Mark. As of January 2001, Deutsche Mark had been the only legal tender, whereas in March 2002, EUR became the only legal tender. Throughout the period thereafter, the euroization was demonstrating a series of positive effects. Firstly, it facilitated both the re-monetization process and establishing price stability. Euroization entailed positive effects on banking sector development as well and - along with simultaneous realization of a sequence of measures designed for the system reform - it also had effects on the growth and revival of banking activities. Euroization had effects also on improving the budget discipline, taking into account that introducing the regime of euroization had limited potential sources for covering the budget deficit. Furthermore, introducing the stable currency represented a positive signal to foreign investors since stable conditions were guaranteed thereby in advance for their businesses because they preferred doing business with a strong currency that was reducing their foreign exchange risk. In addition to the foregoing, using EUR entailed a variety of other positive effects in Montenegro, as follows: resumption of monetary policy credibility, blocking inflation in the country with high inflation expectations, eliminating exchange rate risk and creating predictability effects, foreign trade growth, reduction in transaction costs in foreign trade, and alike. 2.2 Fiscal policy serving additional stability strengthening Notwithstanding numerous positive effects associated with euroization, it is not about a regime that is without any imperfection. Although its introduction provided Montenegro with stability, on the other hand a significant number of economic policy instruments were lost. Operating under the circumstances of a small and open market, without national currency printing function and with limited number of monetary instruments, requires a special caution in pursuing fiscal policy. Monetary policy and its instruments are capable of providing a remedy for economic crisis outcomes, but not without a joint acting with fiscal policy instruments. Under such circumstances, fiscal sustainability was found as the foundation of financial stability. Respecting these facts and taking into account uncertain environment and unpredictability of economic trends, Montenegro has been pursing fiscal policy extremely cautiously and responsibly. In terms of that, the basic goal is to balance public revenues and expenditures, i.e. to improve fiscal indicators that for a couple of years so far and due to the financial crisis have been aggravated. Moreover, a strong economic growth and a significant inflow of direct foreign investments between 2005 and 2008, accompanied by all the positive effects on economic and social situation in Montenegro, have resulted also in unreal expectation within the public consumption system that is beyond the real current capacities of Montenegrin economy after investment expansion settling down. We have recognized and accepted this fact and we are working intensively at adjusting public consumption to the capacity of population and economy to pay taxes, for the purposes of making economic growth more dynamic, population s standard of living improved, and indebtedness spiral reduced. In terms of that, the basic Montenegrin fiscal policy guidelines are: to continue public consumption consolidation and have gradual reduction in public expenditure share in GDP 3, to improve fiscal control and to strengthen the implementation of internal and external audit of all the Budget spending units, to suppress gray market with the aim of increasing the Budget revenues, to enhance payers tax culture, to enhance fiscal discipline and to diminish tax evasion, and to have an adequate policy of national and international borrowings, in order to avoid an exposure to public debt crisis and to structural disproportions. Respecting the foregoing Guidelines, while with the aim of arresting the trend of fiscal parameters aggravation that is primarily due to the drop in the collection of revenues and, consequently, to an increase in deficit and public debt level, Montenegro introduced, in the early 2013, a set of fiscal adjustment measures aimed at settling both the Budget expenditures and the budget revenues. When it comes to the expenditures, the following measures: freezing pension adjustments; reducing public administration costs, in terms of decreasing the number of the Government s working bodies the members of which are paid remunerations; lowering of salaries expense and of discretionary expenses, in companies with the State as majority owner, in local self-governments and regulatory agencies; reducing administrative costs in the state administration, in terms of reducing the number of vehicles used; and cutting the costs of leasing premises for the purposes of state authorities, 3 In theory and practice, it is often that the capital expenditures share as an important development component is not observed as an element of the mentioned Guideline.

136 136 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE ekonomije, dok se visina akciza u kontinuitetu usklađuje sa stopama koje predviđa zakonodavstvo Evropske unije. Ostvareni efekti ovih mjera, u vidu bolje naplate budžetskih prihoda i evidentnog unapređenja poreske discipline, potvrdili su da je fiskalna konsolidacija preduslov za trajni oporavak javnih finansija i obezbjeđenje finansijske i makroekonomske stabilnosti. Imajući prethodno u vidu, namjera je da se, kroz nastavak procesa fiskalne konsolidacije i kreiranje i vođenje konzistentne ekonomske politike, stvore pretpostavke za ostvarivanje snažnijih stopa ekonomskog rasta. U tom pravcu, Vlada Crne Gore je, na predlog Ministarstva finansija, nedavno usvojila set mjera sistemskog karaktera, čijom će se implementacijom značajno doprinijeti daljem procesu fiskalne konsolidacije, odnosno održivosti javnih finansija na dugi rok. Među najbitnijim je donošenje Zakona o zaradama u javnom sektoru, čiji cilj nije smanjivanje zarada, već uvođenje većeg stepena pravednosti i objektivnosti. Zarade će, dominantno, zavisiti od osnovnih makroekonomskih i fiskalnih parametara, prije svega od nivoa deficita i javnog duga. U ostale mjere spadaju strožije sankcionisanje povratnika u prekršaju, proširenje poreske osnovice kod oporezivanja imovine (ovo se, prije svega, odnosi na imovinu koja nije u funkciji sa ciljem njene bolje ekonomske valorizacije, zatim na bespravno izgrađene objekte, neprodate stanove i dr.). Jedna od najvažnijih mjera fiskalnog prilagođavana odnosi se na davanje poreskih podsticaja za nova zapošljavanja u sjevernim opštinama Crne Gore, u smislu smanjivanja ili ukidanja poreza na zarade, kao i poreza na dobit pravnih lica. Ovim će se, svakako, podstaći zaposlenost i ekonomski rast i, time, obezbijediti ravnomjerniji regionalni razvoj zemlje. Pomenute mjere pratiće i oprezno pripremljen finansijski plan Države, odnosno Budžet za narednu fiskalnu godinu. U pripremi njegovog predloga uloženi su značajni napore kkako bi bila održana konzistentnost politika, što, u prvom redu, podrazumijeva nastavak konsolidacije javne potrošnje i vođenje odgovorne i restiktivne fiskalne politike, u okviru postojećeg makroekonomskog ambijenta. Planiranje Budžeta za godinu izvršeno je na osnovu: izvršenja budžeta za 10 mjeseci tekuće godine, projekcije izvršenja za posljednja dva mjeseca godine, ažuriranih makroekonomskih indikatora za sljedeću godinu, novih fiskalnih projekcija, urađenih na osnovu novog seta mjera fiskalnog prilagođavanja i zaključka Vlade o dodatnim mjerama štednje. Ciljevi predloga Budžeta za narednu godinu ostaju slični, a to su: dalje obuzdavanje prekomjerne potrošnje, što se rashodne strane tiče, i uvođenje sistemskog reda na prihodnoj strani, kroz unapređenje fiskalne discipline i pružanje podrške konkurentnosti ekonomije. Javna potrošnja se mora prilagoditi poreskom kapacitetu privrede i stanovništva, dok njena konsolidacija ima za cilj da doprinese dinamičnijem ekonomskom rastu, kako bi se smanjile i najveće fiskalne ranjivosti budžetski deficit i javni dug, uz očuvanje i dalje snaženje konkurentnosti ekonomije i poboljšanje životnog standarda. Trajno ozdravljenje javnih finansija može biti postignuto prvenstveno uspostavljanjem balansa javne potrošnje. Bez budžetske ravnoteže produbljuju se svi strukturni problemi i slabi izgled snažnijeg rasta, uz jačanje recesionih pritisaka. U tom smislu, ravnoteža budžeta nije sama sebi cilj, već njeno dostizanje treba da doprinese ekonomskoj ravnoteži, povećanju zaposlenosti i uravnoteženju platnog bilansa. Efikasnost fiskalne politike slabi sa rastom zaduženosti. Izuzetak predstavlja zaduživanje usmjereno ka realizaciji kapitalnih projekata iz razloga što se, na taj način, doprinosi stvaranju preduslova razvoja, izgradnji infrastrukture i otklanjanju uskih grla, te omogućava brži razvoj i efikasniju upotrebu resursa kojima raspolažemo. Generalno, kreiranje i sprovođenje fiskalne politike u predstojećem periodu opredjeljivaće činjenica da javni dug odražava odluke prethodnih i sadašnjih generacija kojima se ograničavaju odluke budućih generacija. U tom smislu, nastaviće se sa sprovođenjem fiskalne konsolidacije, čije mjere najmanje znače povećanje poreskih stopa, a znatno više uvođenje principa pravednosti, discipline, objektivnosti i održivosti Bankarska stabilnost Uz fiskalnu održivost, zdravlje bankarskog sistema je drugi preduslov za uspostavljanje i održavanje finansijske stabilnosti. Bankarski sektor je, u prethodnom periodu, stekao bolno, ali dragocjeno iskustvo iz perioda kreditnog buma i vremena saniranja posljedica. Međutim, taj period još uvijek nije okončan, a pritisak vrše i očekivanja za predstojeće godine, pa banke moraju nastaviti s iščišćavanjem bilansa svim raspoloživim sredstvima: prodajom, restrukturiranjem i, u konačnom, otpisom. Naravno, pravilna politika izdvajanja rezervacija ostaje nezaobilazna kod upravljanja kreditnim rizikom. Takođe, za slučaj da bude neophodno, moraju se unaprijed razraditi sve mogućnosti za zaduživanja i dokapitalizacije. Trenutno, stanje u bankarskom sektoru karakteriše veća stabilnost, ali visok nivo NPL-a i niska kreditna aktivnost još uvijek predstavljaju i izvjesne rizike, kako za finansijski, tako i za fiskalni sistem. Kontinuirani rast depozita čini da su odnosi kredita i depozita poboljšani, a poboljšani su i koeficijenti likvidnosti i solventnosti. Još uvijek je izražen visok udio kredita koji kasne u otplati što predstavlja rizik bankarskog sek-

137 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro have been implemented. As for the Budget revenues, the VAT rate was increased from 17.00% to 19.00% and the so called crisis tax, i.e. a higher tax rate (15.00% instead of former 9.00%) on the personal income exceeding the average wage (amounting to in gross terms, monthly) paid in Montenegro has been introduced. Simultaneously, the suppression of gray economy has been intensified, while the excise duty rate has been continuously adjusted to those provided for by the EU legislation. The foregoing measures effects attained in the form of better collection of the Budget revenues and an obvious fiscal discipline improvement have confirmed that the fiscal consolidation is a precondition for both a lasting recovery of public revenues and expenditures and the ensuring of financial and macroeconomic stability. Having in mind the foregoing, there is an intention to create - through the continuation of fiscal consolidation process and through making and pursuing a consistent economic policy - preconditions for attaining a stronger economic growth rate. In terms of that, the Government of Montenegro adopted, upon a proposal by the Ministry of Finance, a set of measures of organic character. Their implementation will significantly contribute to a further fiscal consolidation, i.e. to long-term public revenues and expenditures sustainability. Among the most important activities stands the enacting of the Law on Public Sector Salaries - which is not aimed at decreasing the salaries, but to introduce a higher level of equity and objectivity. Salaries will dominantly depend on the basic macroeconomic and fiscal parameters, while primarily on the level of deficit and public debt. Other measures accommodate a stricter sanctioning of those repeating infringements, property tax extension (this refers primarily to the property not in use and is aimed to have a better valorization of such properties, and then it refers to unauthorized building construction, unsold apartments, and alike). One of the most significant fiscal adjustment measures refers to allowing tax incentives to new employments in northern Montenegro municipalities, in terms of decreasing or abolishing the tax on personal income and the corporate tax. In any case, this will encourage employments and economic growth and, thereby, the balanced regional development in the country will be ensured. The mentioned measures will be followed by a carefully designed State s financial projections, namely the following fiscal year Budget. In projecting the Proposal Budget, considerable efforts have been invested in order to have policy consistency maintained, which implies primarily the continuation of public consumption consolidation and pursuing the restrictive fiscal policy within the existing macroeconomic environment. The 2014 budgeting was completed based on the : 10-month Budget execution in the current year, projections for the Budget execution in the last two months of 2013, updated macroeconomic indicators for the following year, new fiscal projections made based on the new set of measures for fiscal adjustment, and Government Conclusion on Additional Saving Measures. The goals of the Proposal Budget for the following year have remained similar, and they are: further restraining of the excessive spending, with reference to the expenditures, and introducing the order in the system, with reference to the revenues, through improving fiscal discipline and delivering a support to economy competitiveness. Public consumption must be adjusted to the capacities of economy and population, while its consolidation is aimed at contributing to a dynamic economic growth in order to decrease even the major fiscal vulnerabilities - the Budget deficit and public debt - along with maintaining and further strengthening economy competitiveness and improving the standard of living. Lasting recovery of public revenues and expenditures could be attained primarily through bringing public consumption balance in place. Without the Budget balance, all structural challenges are deepened and prospects of a stronger growth are weakened. In terms of that, the Budget balance is not a goal per se, but attaining it should contribute to economy equilibrium, higher employment rate and stabilizing the balance of payments. Fiscal policy efficacy is weakened by the indebtedness increase. Exception is an indebtedness intended for the implementation of capital investments, since in such manner contributions are made to the creation of development preconditions, infrastructure development and bottle necks elimination, and accelerated development and more efficient use of available resources are provided. Generally speaking, the creation and pursuing of fiscal policy in the upcoming period will be destined on the basis of the fact that public debt reflects earlier and current generations decisions that limit the ones of the future generations. In terms of that, striving to accomplish fiscal consolidation will be continued through the measures least meant for increasing tax rates, but meant significantly more for introducing the principles of equity, discipline, impartiality and sustainability Banking stability Besides fiscal sustainability, a sound banking system is the second precondition for resuming and maintaining financial stability. In preceding years, banking sector faced a painful but valuable experience in the credit boom and consequences remedying periods respectively. However, the period has not been ended yet and the pressures are exerted through expectations for coming years prospects, so banks must continue with cleansing the balance by all available transactions such as sales, restructuring and, eventually, write-off. Naturally, suitable policy of allocation to provisions has remained unavoidable when it comes to credit risk management. Besides, if required, all possibilities of indebting and recapitalization must be worked out in advance. Currently, the situation in banking sector is characterized by better stability; however, higher non-performing loans num-

138 138 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE tora, ali indirektno, i fiskalni rizik. U tom pravcu je pokrenuta realizacija projekta pod nazivom Podgorički pristup, koji implicira dobrovoljno restruktuiranje loših kredita banaka, zasnovano na novim mjerama podsticaja za banke i kompanije da usklade procjenu njihovih kreditnih portfolija sa post-kriznim ekonomskim uslovima njihovih dužnika. Projekat ima za cilj da, kroz neophodno unapređivanje kvaliteta kreditnih portfolija banaka, omogući revitalizaciju bankarskog kreditiranja produktivnih sektora crnogorske ekonomije. Ovakav pristup je neophodan, kako bi privreda mogla da razvije svoj ekonomski i društveni potencijal, a banke povratile svoju sklonost ka kreditiranju bez straha od preuzimanja dodatnog rizika u njihovim naslijeđenim portfolijima. Ovo iz razloga što niska kreditna aktivnost negativno utiče na likvidnost ukupne ekonomije i na mogućnost finansiranja potrošnje i investicija, a što indirektno povećava rizik neostvarenja planiranih stopa rasta i budžetskih prihoda. Kako je manevarski prostor Centralne banke Crne Gore sužen zbog eurizacije, najznačajnija poluga uticaja je, bez dileme, supervizija banaka 4. Iako je koncept finansijske stabilnosti i makroprudencione kontrole drugačiji u odnosu na mikroprudencioni pristup, efikasna supervizija banaka je ključ za ostvarivanje stabilnosti finansijskog sistema, jer je preventiva najbolja politika Unapređenjem konkurentnosti do snažnijeg rasta Održive javne finansija i stabilan bankarski sistem jesu neophodni, ali ne i dovoljni uslovi za dinamičniji ekonomski rast i razvoj. Kada je u pitanju posticanje privrednog rasta, mjere usmjerene na unapređenje konkurentnosti privrede nemaju alternativu. U tom smislu, u vođenju ekonomske politike mora se posebna pažnja posvetiti jačanju produktivnosti i opšte konkurentnosti, jer jedino dobro usmjerene politike unapređenja nacionalne konkurentnosti mogu osigurati željeni put ka dinamičnijem razvoju i ukupnom društvenom blagostanju. Na konkurentnost neke zemlje utiču mnogi direktni i indirektni faktori, a prije svega institucije, ljudski i prirodni resursi, infrastruktura, menadžment, kapital,... Ukoliko posmatramo poziciju Crne Gore nesumnjiv je progres koji je ostvaren u nekoliko poslednjih godina. Napredak je prepoznat u svim relevantnim međunarodnim izvještajima koji se bave pitanjem konkurentnosti. Međutim, na tome se ne smije stati, već treba težiti ka konkurentnosti zasnovanoj na temeljima pametnog, održivog i inkluzivnog rasta, preko ulaganja u inovacije, digitalizaciju i mobilnost mladih ljudi, kao i kroz poboljšanje efikasnosti korišćenja resursa, odnosno komparativnih prednosti u funkciji povećanja zaposlenosti, socijalne inkluzije i smanjenja siromaštva. domaće štednje, povećanju produktivnosti i poboljšanju konkurentnosti. Potrebno je unaprijediti konkurentnost kreiranjem politika zasnovanih na produktivnosti, inovativnosti i razvoju preduzetništva i nastaviti sa implementacijom strukturnih reformi u oblasti penzija, zdravstva, obrazovanja i tržišta rada. Ove aktivnosti će se sprovoditi paralelno sa unapređenjem poslovnog okruženja, imajući u vidu značaj stranih direktnih investicija za malu i otvorenu ekonomiju Crne Gore. Imperativ je izgradnja kvalitetne infrastrukture koja će nas povezati sa državama regiona, a zatim šire i sa Evropom. 3. ZAKLJUČAK Prethodni period bio je veoma izazovan za kreatore ekonomske i regulatorne politike u Crnoj Gori, kako sa aspekta unutrašnjih ranjivosti, tako i sa aspekta prelivanja negativnih eksternih šokova na privredni sistem zemlje. Ključni rizici su povezani sa ranjivostima fiskalnog sistema, nelikvidnošću realnog sektora i daljim povećanjem nivoa loše aktive bankarskog sektora. Stoga su aktivnosti Ministarstva finansija, Vlade i drugih nadležnih tijela bile usmjerene na uravnoteženje javnih finansija, stabilizaciju bankarskog sistema i kreiranje zdravih osnova za predstojeći oporavak i razvoj privrede. Preduzete aktivnosti dale su vidljive rezultate, posebno u dijelu fiskalne konsolidacije. Za prvih deset mjeseci godine naplaćeno je 88 miliona eura više javnih prihoda u odnosu na isti period prethodne godine ili 53,4 miliona eura više nego što je bilo planirano. Ovakvoj naplati prihoda doprinio je kombinovani efekat sprovedenih mjera fiskalne konsolidacije, kao i mjera na poboljšanju naplate, prije svega suzbijanju sive ekonomije, te rast ekonomske aktivnosti ostvaren tokom godine. Istovremeni su postignuti i drugi ciljevi očuvan je kreditni rejting, ostvaren je napredak u rangiranjima međunarodnih agencija, održan je kontinuitet u sprovođenju strukturnih reformi u oblasti državnih finansija, administracije, tržišta rada, poslovnog ambijenta i dr. Uz ostvarenje svih pomenutih ciljeva i implementacijom pažljivo definisanih mjera ekonomske politike stvara se stabilna osnova za obezbijeđenje stabilnosti, koja je, u ovim kriznim i neizvjesnim vremenima, neophodna i koja će sistem ojačati i učiniti otpornijim na eksterne šokove, a Crnu Goru vratiti na put dinamičnog ekonomskog rasta i razvoja. Neophodno je razviti novi model privređivanja, odnosno strategiju održivog razvoja, koja će se zasnivati na rastu 4 U ostale monetarne instrumente spadaju: kreditni poslovi, kreditor u krajnjoj instanci, operacije na iotvorenom tržištu i obavezna rezerva.

139 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro ber and low credit activity is still posing certain risks to both financial and fiscal system. Steady deposit growth makes loan-to-deposit ratios, liquidity ratio and solvency ratio improved. High share of past due loans is still present, which represents the risk of banking sector and, indirectly, fiscal risk as well. To that end, the implementation of Podgorica Approach Project has been launched implying voluntary restructuring of delinquent loans granted by banks, based on new measures for encouraging banks and companies to adjust their respective loan portfolio assessments to post-crisis economic conditions prevailing at their debtors. The Project aim is to ensure - through a necessary improving banks loan portfolio quality the revitalization of banks lending to productive sectors of the economy of Montenegro. Such an approach is required in order to make it possible for economy to develop its potentials and social potential and for banks to resume their tendency to lend without any fear of undertaking an additional risk in their respective legacy portfolios. This because low credit activity has negative effects on the liquidity of the overall economy and on the possibility to have the funding for consumption and investing, which indirectly increases the risk of not attaining the planned growth rates and budget revenues. Since Montenegro Central Bank s maneuver space has been narrowed due to euroization, the most significant arm of influence is, no doubt, bank supervision 4. Despite the concept of financial stability and macroprudential regulation differs from microprudential approach, an efficient bank supervision is the key to attaining financial system stability, since prevention is the best policy Stronger growth by means of competitiveness improvement Sustainable public revenues and expenditures and banking sector stability are required, but they are not at the same time adequate prerequisites for a dynamic growth and development. When it comes to encouraging the growth of economy, measures dedicated to improving competitiveness thereof do not have an alternative. In terms of that, in pursuing economic policy particular attention has to be paid to strengthening productivity and general competitiveness, since only well designed policies for improving national competitiveness are capable of ensuring desired avenue toward a dynamic development and overall social prosperity. The competitiveness of a country is under the influence of numerous direct and indirect factors, among which primarily institutions, human and natural resources, infrastructure, management, capital, If we observe the position of Montenegro, the progress that has been reached to in several years so far is certain. The progress has been acknowledged in all international reports considering competitiveness matters. However, that must not be the end destination, but there should be ambitions of attaining a competitiveness grounded in smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, through investments in innovations, digitalization, mobility of the young, as well as through improving the efficiency of engaging resources and/or through comparative advantages serving an increase in employment, social inclusion and pov- erty reduction. It is required to develop a new model for doing business, and/or a sustainable development strategy that will be grounded in enhancing national savings, productivity and competitiveness. It is necessary to advance competitiveness through making policies based on efficacy, innovations and entrepreneurship development, and to continue with the implementation of structural reforms in pension, health, education and labor market areas respectively. These activities will be carried out in parallel with improving the business environment, while having in mind the importance of foreign direct investments to the small and open economy of Montenegro. An imperative is to construct high quality infrastructure to link us with the regional countries and, broader, to Europe. 1. CONCLUSION The previous period was very challenging for economic and regulatory policy makers in Montenegro, from the aspect of both internal vulnerability and from spreading negative external shocks into the economy system of the country. The key risks are associated with fiscal system vulnerability, real sector illiquidity and further increase in delinquent assets of banking sector. Therefore, the activities of the Ministry of Finance, the Government and of other competent bodies were aimed at balancing public revenues and expenditures, banking system stabilizing and creating sound grounds for the upcoming recovery and development of economy. The undertaken activities have produced obvious outcomes, while particularly in the fiscal consolidation segment. Over the first ten months of 2013, 88 million of public revenues more were collected as compared with the ones collected over the same period of the preceding year, or 53.4 million more than planned. Such collection of revenues was contributed to by combined effects of the implemented fiscal consolidation measures and by the measures to improve the collection, while primarily by the suppression of gray economy and the economic activity growth attained in In addition, at the same time, achieve were other goals, among which: credit rating maintained; position on the lists of international rating agencies moved forward; structural reforms implementing continuity maintained in government revenues and expenditures, administration, labor market and business environment areas respectively; and alike. Hand in hand with attaining all the aforementioned goals and through enforcing carefully defined economic policy, the steady foundation for ensuring the stability - which is required in these crisis and uncertain times and which will make the system stronger and more resistant to external shocks and bring Montenegro back on the track of a dynamic economic growth and development is created. 4 Other monetary instruments comprise credit transactions, lender of last resort, open market transactions and reserve requirement.

140 140 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Među malim brojem izvjesnosti kojima je determinisan boravak na ovoj planeti, stoji i činjenica da je ljudski život odredjen prirodom i njegovim odnosom prema okruženju. Odnos čovjeka i prirode je kompleksan i višedimenzionalan, a priroda tog odnosa pokazuje, između ostalog, stepen razvijenosti društvene zajednice, kako u njenim pojedinim važnim sadržajima, tako i u zajednici kao cjelini. Kada kreira svoj ekonomski razvoj na prirodnim resursima /zemljište, biljni i životinjski svijet, voda, vazduh, rude i minerali, fosilna goriva i drugo/ kao opštem dobru, u najširem smislu riječi, država iskazuje svoj stav, nivo potencijala, bogatstva i moći, ali i nivo sopstvene razvijenosti u sociološkom, kulturološkom i naravno ekonomskom smislu. Nažalost, stanje životne sredine i prirodnih resursa ukazuje na činjenicu da prirodni resursi nijesu dovoljno istraženi, da se ne koriste u dovoljnoj mjeri, da se njima uglavnom gazduje bez dužne pažnje i neracionalno, da su promjene u životnoj sredini ogromne, i da su ponašanjem čovjeka, odredjena područja do te mjere devastirana, da se može slobodno reći i zauvijek izgubljena. Strateško planiranje i moderan pristup održivosti, uz primjenu savremenih standarda i naučnih metoda u istraživanju i eksploataciji su najvažniji preduslovi kvalitetne ekonomske valorizacija prirodnih resursa. Ekonomska valorizacija je svakako neophodnost, enormne vrijednosti i značaja za razvoj društva, predstavljajući istovremeno čin odgovornosti prema savremenicima, prema sadašnjosti, prema potrebi višeg kvaliteta života i životnog standarda, i izvjesno, smatrajući ga višim nivoom istog procesa, kao čin odgovornosti prema generacijama koje dolaze, prema budućnosti. U svojoj osnovi, ekonomska valorizacija prirodnih resursa mora biti društveno odgovorna i ekonomski opravdana, a u moralnoj ravni utemeljena u vrijednosti društvenih elita i ravnoteži ekoloških i ekonomskih zahtjeva. Among the few certainties that determine our stay on this planet, is the fact that human life is determined by the nature and by its relation towards the environment. The relationship between humans and nature is complex and multi-dimensional, and the nature of this relation shows, among other things, the development degree of a community, both in its respective important contents, and in the community as a whole. By creating its own economic development on the basis of the natural resources/land, biodiversity, water, air, ores and minerals, fossil fuels and others/as a common good, in the broadest sense, the state expresses its standpoint, the level of resources, wealth and power, but also the level of development in the sociological, cultural and naturally economic terms. Unfortunately, the state of the environment and natural resources outlines the fact that natural resources are not sufficiently explored, that they are not being used sufficiently, that they are usually managed without due care and unreasonably, that the changes in the environment are huge, and the human behaviour made certain areas devastated to that extent that we can be free to say they are lost forever. The strategic planning and modern approach to sustainability, with an implementation of contemporary standards and scientific methods in the exploration and exploitation are the major prerequisites of high quality economic valorisation of natural resources. Economic valorisation is certainly a necessity of enormous value and of importance for the development of the society, representing at the same time an act of responsibility towards contemporaries, towards the present, towards the need for a higher quality of life and the living standard, and certainly, considering it as a higher level of the same process, as an act of responsibility towards the coming generations, towards the future. In its essence, the economic valorisation of natural resources must be socially responsible and economically viable, and in the moral terms it must be grounded in the values of social elites and the balance between environmental and economic demands.

141 ekonomija zemalja regiona regional economy Panel V Kako staviti u funkciju prirodne resurse How to put into function natural resources Aleksandar Joksimović Viši naučni saradnik Instituta za biologiju mora Senior research associate at the Institute of Marine Biology Goran Barović Profesor Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore Professor at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Montenegro Michael Malvebo Izvršni direktor, Telenor General Manager, Telenor James Wilson Izvršni direktor, Azmont Investments Executive Director, Azmont Investments Vladimir Čvorović Atlas Grupa Atlas Group

142 142 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Doc. dr Goran Barović Profesor Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore Pregled prirodnih resursa Balkana i njihovo korišćenje REZIME Osnovni prirodni resursi su: zemljište, stijene, minerali, fosilna goriva, voda, klima, flora i fauna. U radu će se dati sažet prikaz najznačajnijih resursa i može predstavljati osnovu za detaljniju, opširniju i precizniju elaboraciju veoma inspirativne teme. Prostor Balkanskog poluostrva predstavlja jedno od tri velika poluostrva u južnom dijelu Evrope. Karakteriše ga velika razuđenost obala i specifične geomorfološke karakteristike obodnog dijela. Zapadna, južna i istočna granica kao da je prirodan bedem koji zaustavlja prodiranje toplih klimatskih uticaja u njegovu unutrašnjost. Sa sjevera je otvoreno uticajima sa sjevera i istoka Evope koji posebno u zimskom dijelu godine značajno utiče na klimu. Prema rezultatima istrazivanja može se konstatovati da djelovi poluostrva koji pripadaju starim gomadnim planinama i čiji je nastanak vezan za starije geološke periode ima i značajno raznovrsnija rudna bogatstva. Zone mlađih vjenačnih planina, nastalih u mlađim geološkim periodama odlikuju druge karakteristike sa rasursima različitim od onih onih starijih. Jedan od najznačajnij resursa, voda, na prostru Balkana ima značajan uticaj na kompletan geoprostor i u velikom broju slučajeva diktira ukupne uslove života. GEOGRAFSKI POLOŽAJ Balkansko poluostrvo prema geografskom lociranju spada u jedno od tri velika poluostrva koja se nalaze u južnoj Evropi. Ime je dobilo po istoimenoj planini koja se dužinom od više od 500km pruža od istočne Srbije, sjeverne Bugarske do Crnog mora. Ime mu se u naučnoj i stručnoj literaturi prvi put pominje od strane njemačkog istraživača Johana Cojne, početkom 19 vijeka. Ime poluostrva se veže za Staru planinu koju su Turci nazvali Balkan (planina) misleći da je glavni planinski masiv kao što su Pirineji na Pirinejskom poluostrvu i Apenini na Apeninskom poluostrvu. Kad je utvrđeno postojanje većih planinskih vijenaca naziv Balkan je već bio odomaćen u svim sferama života. Raniji nazivi su mu bili: Ilirsko, Grčko, Rimsko, Vizantijsko, evropska Turska. Sa tri strane je okružen morima: zapadnu obalu zapljuskuje Jadransko more, sa južne strane je Egejsko more a sa istoka Mramorno i Crno more. Sjevrna ili kopnena granica (od istoka prema zapadu) se kreće Dunavom, uzvodno od njegovog ušća u Crno more do Beograda, zatim koritom rijeke Save do mjesta njenog nastanka, a odatle preko prevoja Vršič do izvoriška rijeke Soče, čijim koritom se spušta do Tršćanskog zaliva u Jadranskom moru. Zahvata površinu od oko km 2 ili oko 6% prostora Evrope. Duža osa mu je oko 1300 km (Varna - Trst) a kraća oko 480 km (Smederevo- -Solun). Prilog 1. Planina Balkan Ova geografska cjelina je dobro povezana sa matičnim Evropskim kontinentom brojnim saobraćajnim koridorima. Takđe ima dobru vezu sa azijskim kontinentom. Veliki broj mostova na Bosforu i Dardanelima dobro povezuje susjedne kopnene cjeline pa se stvara osjećaj o prelasku neke velike rijeke a ne prelaska sa kontinenta na kontinent. Veliki broj Grčkih ostrva duboko zalazi u Sredozemno more, primičući se dijelu Afrike koji je bio i ostao važan geostrategijski, geopolitički i ekonomski centar od nastanka prvih civilizacija pa do danas. Sjeverna oblast je široko otvorena prema Panonskom basenu i srednjoj Evropi. U geografskom koordinatnom sistemu Balkansko poluostrvo je locirano od 13 0 do 29 0 istočne geografske dužine i od 35 0 do 47 0 sjeverne geografske širine. Geografskom dužinom definisani prostor je u zonama +1 i +2 časa u odnosu na svjetsko vrijeme. Lokacija Balkana prema geografskoj širini definiše prostor u umjerenim geografskim

143 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Goran Barović, RNDr Professor at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Montenegro REVIEW OF THE BALKANS NATURAL RESOURCES AND OF THEIR USE RESUME The basic natural resources are land, rocks, minerals, fossil fuels, water, climate, flora and fauna. The present paper will give a summary review of the most significant natural resources and it may be a foundation for a further, broader and more exact analysis of this very inspiring topic. The Balkan Peninsula is one out of the three large peninsulas in the Southern Europe. It is characterized by very indented coast and specific geomorphologic features of the perimeter area. Western, southern and eastern borders stand as natural frontiers that prevent penetration of warm climate impacts into its inland. On the north, it is open to the impacts coming from the north and the east of Europe that - particularly in the winter season - have considerable effects on the climate. According to research findings, it can be concluded that the Peninsula regions that belong to the old block mountains and the origination of which is linked to the older geologic eras, has a significant variety of mineral resources. The zones of geologically younger mountain range, originated in earlier geologic periods, are characterized by unlike features encompassing resources different from those found in geologically older mountains. One of the most important resources within the Balkans region, i.e. the water, has a significant effect on the entire geospace and, in many cases, it dictates the life conditions on the whole. When the existence of the larger mounting ranges was found out, the name Balkan had already been popularized in all life domains. Earlier names were Illyrian, Greece, Roman, Byzantine (Peninsula), European Turkey. The Peninsula is surrounded by water on three sides: the Adriatic Sea to the west, the Ionian Sea to the south, and the Marmara Sea and the Black Sea to the east. Its northern, i.e. inland boundary (from the east to the west) is often given as the River Danube, going upstream from its mouth into the Black Sea to Belgrade, then along the River Sava bed to the place of its vanishing and, from there, via the saddle called Vršič, to the spring of the River Soca along the bed of which it goes down to the Gulf of Trieste running into the Adriatic Sea. It stretches over some 550,000 km² or some 6.00% of the European area. The longer axis is about 1,300 km (stretching from Varna to Trieste), whereas the shorter one is 480 km (stretching from Smederevo to Thessaloniki). GEOGRAPHIC POSITION As per its geographic positioning, the Balkan Peninsula belongs to one out of the three large peninsulas that are situated within Southern Europe. The region takes its name after the same-name mountain that stretches over 500 km from Eastern Serbia and Northern Bulgaria to the Black Sea. In scientific and expert references, its name was mentioned for the first time by the German explorer, namely by Johann Zeune, in the early 19 th century. The name of the Peninsula refers to the Stara Planina (the Balkan Mountain range), which the Turks named as Balkan (mountain) believing that it represented the major mountain massifs like Pyrenees on the Pyrenean Peninsula and Apennines on the Apennine Peninsula. Figure No. 1: The Balkan Mountain Range This geographic entity is connected with the mother European continent through numerous transport corridors. Besides, it has a good link with the Asian continent. Many bridges across the Bosporus and Dardanelles serve as good links with neighboring land entities, so there is a sense of crossing a large river and not of crossing from one continent to another. Numerous Greece islands go

144 144 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE širinama, koje garantuju povoljne klimatske uslove. Dodatan kvaltet ovoj geografskoj cjelini daje izloženost prostora pomenutim toplim morima koji značajno determinišu klimatske ali i ostale elemente cjeline. RELJEFNE KARAKTERISTIKE TERENA Balkansko poluostrvo nema centralni planinski masiv koji bi mu činio orografski skelet. Definisani prostor možemo geološki podijeliti u tri velike planinske cjeline: Dinarske planine sa Šarsko-Pindskim sistemom, Karpato-Balkanide i Rodopske planine koje se značajno razlikuju po morfološkom i geološkom sastavu. Između planinskih lanaca pružaju se kraška polja, udoline istog pravca pružanja. U unutrašnjosti poluostrva ima i starih gromadnih planina Obale Balkanskog poluostrva su dobro razuđene sa brojnim zalivima: Tršćanki, Riječki, Bokokotorski, Solunski, Orfanski Dinarske planine zauzimaju zapadni i jugozapadni dio Balkanskog poluostrva, koji predstavlja najizrazitiji kraški reljef na svijetu. Imaju pravac pružanja, sjeverozapad- -jugoistok, paralelno sa Jadranskom obalom, od poteza Ljubljana Gorica do Rta Mediterana, a južno od Šar planine zauzimaju pravac sjever jug gdje se nazivaju Helenidi ili Pindi. Najširi su na potezu Split-Čačak a najuži na relaciji Karlovac-Rijeka. Osnovu ovog planinskog sistema čine paleozojski škrijci, preko kojih su nataloženi mezozojski krečnjaci. Debljina krečnjačkih slojeva na centralnom dijelu Dinarida kreće se oko 2000 m. U ovoj zoni se ističu Velebit, Plješivica, Dinara (dužine oko 100km po kojoj je cijeli sistem dobio ime). Najvisočija tačka ovog dijela je Korab sa 2764 m.n.v. Planinski vijenac Dinarskih i Šarsko-Pindskih planina imaju veliki značaj kao klimatska i vegetacijska granica i imaju izgled pregrade izmedju mora i kontinentalnog dijela. Balkanidi predstavljaju u geološkom smislu nastavak Dinarskih planina jer imaju istu geološku osnovu. Nastali su u oligomiocenu, osnovu im čine paleozojske stijene koje su u kasnijim geološkoim periodama a najviše u mezozoiku prekrivene debelim naslagama krečnjaka. Za razliku od Dinarida imaju pravac pružanja istok zapad, od istočne Srbije, preko Bugarske da bi se blago spuštili prema Crnom moru. Ovaj pravac uslovile su im susjedne Rodopske mase koje su im sprečavale pružanje prema zapadu i prema jugu. Rodopske planine su nastale u arhajsko i kambrijsko doba. Po geološkom sastavu se razlikuju od predhodna dva planinska vijenca. Ove planine su izgrađene od granita, gnajsa, kristalnih škriljaca ali i od stijena vulkanskog porijekla. Ova cjelina ima izgled trougla sa Beogradom na jednoj, ostrvom Eubeje na drugoj i ušću rijeke Marica na trećoj strani. U ovoj cjelini ističu se velike planine Olimp, Pirin i Rila i dvije karakteristične udoline Moravsko-vardarska i Moravsko-marička. KLIMATSKE KARAKTERISTIKE Klimatske karakteristike Balkanskog poluostrva definiše nekoliko važnih faktora. Najvažniji je svakako geografska širina koja ovaj prostor smješta na sjevrnu poluloptu u umjereni klimatski pojas sa, kako je već pomenuto, tri strane okružno toplim morima. Takođe je važno istaći i otvorenost sjeverne granice prema, Panonskoj niziji i sjeveroistoku Evrope (Ruska ravnica), odakle, posebno tokom zimskog dijela godine haldne vazdušne mase utiču na klimu poluostrva. Sa ostalih strana Dinarske, Rodopske i Balkanske planine sprečavaju prodiraje sredozemne klime dublje u kontinent ali istovremeno zapadnu i južnu obalu poluostrva štite od hladnih uticaja tokom zimskog dijela godine. Tokom zimskog perioda godine u južnom dijelu Rusije formira se anticiklon dok se u zonama Jadranskog i Srdozemnog mora stanje ciklona. Usled ovakve situacije dolazi do duvanja vjetrova iz pravca sjeveroistoka u vidu bure i košave, koji donose hladan vazduh, vedro vrijeme i niske temperature. Tada je malo padavina (1,70) od 200 do 500 mm. U slučaju kada iz saharskog anticiklonalnog područja duva vjetar onda u zoni Balkana duva jugo, koji tom području donosi visoku oblačnost, padavine u opsegu od 600 do 3000mm, nešto više temperature i malo osunčavanja. Prilog 2.Pružanje toplih(crvene) i hladnih(bijele) vazdušnih struja Tokom ljetnjeg perioda na prostor Balkana uticaj imaju anticikloni koji nastaju u Sredozemnom moru. Tada se javljaju topli vjetrovi, koji donose veliki broj sunčanih dana, malo kiše, periode sa sušom koji traju od maja pa i do oktobra. HIDROGRAFSKE KARAKTERISTIKE Sa prostora Balkanskog poluostrva vode odlaze u četiri mora: Crno more, Egejsko more, Jonsko more i Jadransko more. Može se reći da je bogato površinskim vodama osim dijela Dinarida i dijela Grčke.

145 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro deeply into the Mediterranean Sea, getting closer to the African region that used to be and has remained significant geostrategic, geopolitical and trade center as of beginning of the first civilizations so far. The northern region is widely open toward both the Panonina Basin and Middle Europe. In geographic coordinate system, the Balkan Peninsula is situated between 13º and 29º of eastern longitude and between 35º and 47º of northern latitude. According to its longitudinal determination, it is within the time zones of +1 and + 2 hours as compared to the world time. The Balkans location determined by the latitude makes the region be in the areas of moderate latitudes guaranteeing favorable climate. Additional advantage of this geographic entity is in the exposure to the before mentioned Seas that determine largely climate and all the other entity s elements. CHARACTERISTIC OROGRAPHIC FEATURES The Balkan Peninsula does not have the central mountain massif that would make the orographic skeleton. The said area can be divided geographically into three large mountain entities, i.e. the Dinaric Alps together with the system of the Šar (Sharr) Mountains and Pindus mountain range, the Carpathian-Balkanides, and Rhodope Mountains, all different from each other by their respective morphologic and geologic structures. Between the mountain chains, the karst fields, i.e. valleys of the same stretch direction are accommodated. In the inland of the Peninsula, there are old block mountains. The coastline of the Balkan Peninsula is rather indented by numerous gulfs such as Trieste, Rijeka, Boka Kotorska, Thessaloniki, Orfano gulfs respectively. The Dinaric Alps occupy the western and southeastern region of the Balkan Peninsula and they are actually the most pronounced landform in the world. They extend northwest-southeast along the coast of the Adriatic Sea, from the Ljubljana Gorica stretch to the Mediterranean Cape where they are Called Hellenides or Pindes. Te biggest width they reach in Split Cacak stretch, whereas they are narrowest in the Karlovac Rijeka stretch. The foundation of this mountain system is Paleozoic shales, over which Mesozoic limestones were deposited. The thickness of the limestone stratums in the central region of the Dinarides ranges to approximately 2,000 m. Within this zone, Velebit, Pjesivica and Dinara mountains (with the length of about 100 km, after which the whole system was named) are distinguished respectively. The highest elevation of this zone is the Mount Korab s peak at 2,764 m above sea level. The Dinaric Alps and the Šar (Sharr) Mountains and Pindus mountain range are of considerable importance as both climate and vegetation boundaries, with their shape resembling the partition wall between the sea and the continental region. In terms of geology, the Balkanides represent the extension of the Dinaric Alps, given that they share the same geologic substrata. They originated during the Oligo- Miocene epoch, and their substrata are Paleozoic rocks that in later geologic periods while mainly during the Mesozoic era were covered by thick strata of limestone. Unlike the Dinarides, they stretch east-westward from the eastern Serbia, going via Bulgaria, and slightly stepping down toward the Black Sea. This direction was conditioned by the neighboring Rhodope massif that prevented their westward and southward stretching. The Rhodope Mountains originated during Archean eon and Cambrian period. According to the geologic structure, they differ from the former two mountain ranges. These mountains are structured from granite, gneiss, crystal shale and also from volcanic rocks. This entity looks like a triangle, with Belgrade on one, the Euboea Island on the other and the River Marica mouth on the third side. Within this entity, distinguished are large mountains such as the Mount Olympus, the Pirin Mountains and the Rila Mountain range and two characteristic valleys, namely Morava and Vardar Valley and Morava and Marica Valley. CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS The Balkan Peninsula s climate characteristics are induced by several important factors. The most significant one is definitely the latitude that accommodates this region in the Northern Hemisphere and mild climate zone, surrounded, as already mentioned, by warm seas on its three sides. Besides, it is essential to emphasize its open position toward the Panonina Basin and the northeast of Europe (the Russian Valley), from where, while particularly over the winter time, cold air masses affect the Peninsula s climate. On the other sides, the Dinaric Alps, the Rhodope Mountains and the Balkan Mountains prevent coming the Mediteraneean climate deeper into the inland, but simultaneously protect the Peninsula s western and the southern coastline against cold impacts during the winter season. In the southern Russia in the winter time, anticyclone is formed while in the zones of Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas cyclone is formed. Due to such situations, from the northeast winds as Bora and Košava blow bringing cold wind, clear weather and low temperatures. They bring little precipitation (1.70) from 200 to 500 mm. During the Sahara anticyclone wind blowing, the zone of the Balkans faces the Sirocco wind that brings mostly cloudy sky, precipitations ranging between 600 to 3,000 mm, slightly higher temperatures and short sunny intervals. Figure 2 : Course of warm (red) and cold (white) air flows

146 146 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Najveću slivnu cjelinu čine vodotoci Save i Dunava koji odvode vodotoke dijela zapdnog, centralnog i sjevernog Balkana u Crno more (Kupa, Una, Bosna, Drina, Morava i dr.). Karakteristično je i to da su samo ove dvije rijeke plovne dok se na svim ostalim rijekama iz njihovog sliva rječni transport ne može odvijati. Slivu Egejskog mora pripadaju Vardar, Struma, Mesta, Marica, Pinios i Aliakmon. U Jonsko i južni dio Jadranskog mora se ulivaju Aheloos, Škumbini, (Crni i Bijeli) Drim i Bojana (sa Zetom i Moračom). Ovaj dio obale karakteriše veliki broj vodotoka koratkog toka a bogatog vodom. Od Ušća Bojane u Jadransko more prema sjeveru rijeke su kratkog toka, bogate vodom, brze, usječenih obala (zbog geološkog sastava zemljišta kroz koje protiču) od kojih je najveća Neretva. Karakteristično je za zapadnio dio Balkana da se javlja veliki broj ponornica koje imaju veliki hidroenergetski potencijal. U ovoj zoni tokom ljeta na velikom broju rijeka značajno opadne vodostaj zbog specifičnih klimatskih uslova. Na Balkanskom poluostrvu ima više jezera. Najveća su: Skadarsko (391km 2 ), Ohridsko (348km 2 ), Prespansko (274km 2 ), Vegoritis (65km 2 ), Dojransko (42,7km 2 ). Pojedini djelovi Balkanskog poluostrva su stalno zamočvareni, uz vodotoke Save i Dunava, Solunskom polju i povremeno plavljena brojna kraška polja tokom zimskih mjeseci. VEGETACIJA Vrlo specifična geološka osnova, klimatske i hidrološke karakteristike uslovili su formiranje dvije velike vegetacione regije: mediteranska i srednjoevropska. Granica među njima se uslovno poklapa sa januarskom izotermom od 0 o. Mediteransku vegetacijsku zonu karakteriše makija, kao najizrazitiji predstavnik mediteranske flore. Ona se prostire (1,70) od Istre, duž cijele Dalmatinske obale, naše obale, djelimično obalom Albanije, cijelom obalom Grčke (u Grčkoj se zove frigana), Peloponezu i južnoj Grčkoj. U primrskim zonama rastu bor, čempres, lovor i česmina. U prostorima sa višom nadmorskom visinom rastu grab i hrast a još više (iznad 1000 m.n.v.) raste bukva, i miješana crnogorična i bjelogorična šuma. U ovoj zoni od kulturnih biljaka najbolje uspijevaju biljke sa dubokim korjenjem maslina, loza i smokva. Srednjoevropska vegetaciona zona najviše se iskazuje na visinama do 1200 m u kontinentalnom i iznad 300 m u zonama primorja. Listopadne i četinarske šume su vrlo često izmiješane, hrast raste do 1000m.n.v a iznad bukva. Kontinentalnu zonu karakterišu i brojni pašnjaci koji cijelom prostoru daju specifičan izgled i dodatnu vrijednost. Sjeverni i istočni dio poluostrva pripada ovoj vegetacionoj zoni i pretežno je poljoprivredni. Razvijeno je uzgajanje žitarica, industrijskih biljaka, voćarstvo i vinogradarstvo. PREGLED RESURSA PO DRŽAVAMA Zemlje koje se nalaze na Balkanskom poluostrvu cijelom teritorijom ili većinom teritorije su: Grčka, Makedonija, Bugarska, Albanija, Srbija (bez Vojvodine), Bosna i Hercegovina, Kosovo, Crna Gora. Zemlje koje se manjim dijelom nalaze na Balkanskom poluostrvu: Hrvatska (teritorija južno od Save i Kupe), Slovenija oko 13% (kranji jug Slovenije), Rumunija (pokraina Dobrudža), Turska (njen dio na evropskom kontinentu). GRČKA Rudna bogastva Grčke su grupisana u tri rejona: Egejska Makedonija sa Halkidikijem, zatim Atika sa ostrvom Erbejom i Kikladska ostrva. U pomenutim zonama se eksploatiše gvožđe (Halkidiki, Lavrion,Serifos), olovo, srebro, cink i mangan (Lavrion), boksit (Atika), hrom (Tesalija), magnezit (Halkidiki, Evbeja).Takođe, značajna je proizvodnja morske soli, dok je eksploatacija nafte mala iako su otkrivene rezerve u sjevrozapadnom dijelu zemlje. Poljoprivredna proizvodnja: duvan, grožđe, masline, južno voće. Ima razvijen ribolov. Vode sa teritorije Grčke otiču u Egejsko, Jonsko i Jadransko more. Najveće su Marica, Mesta, Struma i Vardar koje svojim donjim tokovima pripadaju Grčkoj i imaju stalan tok. Rijeke koje izviru u Grčkoj su kratkog toka i uskog korita koja tokom ljeta presuše. Velike rijeke na ušćima su uglavnom plitke, zamočvarene i prave lagune. U sjevernom dijelu je više planinskih jezera. Grčkoj pripadaju i djelovi Dojranskog i Prespanskog jezera. Osnova privrede je turizamu, poljoprivednoj proizvodnji i pomorskoj floti. MAKEDONIJA Ruda gvožđa otkrivena je kod Slepča i Tajmišta. Gvozdena ruda sa primjesama nikla locirana je kod Kavadaraca, Prilepa i Velesa. Rude nikla ima kod Kavadaraca, antimona ima na više mjesta ali se eksploatiše samo kod Lojana. Hrom se takođe eksploatiše kod Lojana ali i kod Raduša. Zletovo je najveći rudnik olovo-cinkane rude. Rijeke Makedonije otiču u Egejski, Jadranski i Crnomorski sliv. Vode su neravnomjerno raspoređene i u vremenu i u prostoru. Naveći sliv pripada rijeci Vardar (80% ), druga rjeka po površini sliva je Crni Drim (13%), zatim rijeka Strumica (6%) i poslednja Južna Morava (manje od 1%). Makedonija ima i tri velika tektonska jezera Ohridsko, Prespansko i Dorjansko. Makedonija koristi oko 30% potencijala pa je zavisna od uvoza električne energije (oko45%). Veliki problem Makedoniji predstavlja jaka erozija koja bi u planovima trebalo da bude zaustavljena izgradnjom vještačkih akumulacija ali je realizacija ovog projekta strašno spora i zavisi od veoma loše ekonomske situacije koja vlada u zemlji.(3,51) U Makedoniji se najviše gaji pirinač u Kočanskoj kotlini.

147 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro For the period of the summer season, the effect of anticyclones originating from the Mediterranean sea are at stage within the Balkans. Warm winds blow then, bringing a large number of sunny days, little rain, the draught lasting from May even to October. HYDROGRAPHY The water from the Balkan Peninsula runs into four seas, namely into the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea. It could be said that the Peninsula is abundant with surface water, except for the zone of the Dinaric Alps and a part of Greece. The largest drainage basin entity are the watercourses of the River Sava and the River Danube taking the watercourses from a part of the Western, Central and Northern Balkans into the Black Sea (i.e. the rivers like Kupa, Una, Bosna, Drina, Morava, etc.). It is characteristic that these two rivers only are navigable, whereas on all the rest, which belong to their watershed, the river transport cannot be performed. The Rivers Vardar, Struma, Mesta, Marica, Pinios and Aliakmon respectively belong to the Aegean Sea s drainage basin. The Rivers Acheleous, the (Black and White) Shkumbin, Drim and Bojana (together with Zeta and Moraca) flow into the Ionian Sea and the Southern Adriatic. A large number of watercourses running short, but abundant with water characterizes this zone of the coastline. From the river delta where the Bojana River flows into the Adriatic Sea toward the north, rivers are of short watercourses, but abundant with water; these rivers are fast, with their banks cutin the ground (due to geologic structure of the land through which they flow) and with the River Neretva as the largest one. A characteristic of the Western Balkans is that there are a large number of sinking rivers with huge hydropower potential. During the summer season, the water level of numerous rivers within this zone falls considerably, due to specific climate conditions. There are many lakes within the Balkan Peninsula. The largest ones are the Lake Skadar (391 km²), the Lake Ohrid (348 km²), the Lake Prespa (274 km²), the Lake Vegoritida (65 km²), the Lake Doiran (42.7 km²). Certain zones of the Balkan Peninsula, such as those along the watercourses of the River Sava and the River Danube, and the Thessalonica Valley, are with permanent wetlands, whereas there are numerous karst fields periodically flooded during the winter season months. VEGETATION Very specific geologic substratum, climate and hydrology features conditioned the forming of two large vegetation zones, namely the Mediterranean one and the Middle European one. The boundary line between the two is conditionally overlapping January isotherm of 0ºC. The Mediterranean vegetation zone is characterized by macchia as being the most pronounced Mediterranean flora specimen. It stretches (1.70) from Istria all along the Dalmatian and our, while partly along the Albanian, and along the whole Greece (where they call it phrygana) coastlines respectively to the Peloponnesus in the Southern Greece. Pine trees, cypress trees, laurel shrubs, holm oak trees grow in the seaside zones. Within the zones at higher altitudes, hornbeam trees and oak trees grow, while at higher (1,000 m) heights above the sea level also beach trees and mixed temperate coniferous and deciduous forests grow. Within this zone and out of so-called cultural plants, there are the ones with their roots going deep into the ground, namely olive trees, vines and fig trees. The Middle European vegetation zone exists mostly at heights up to 1,200 m above the sea level and above 300 m in the seaside zones. Deciduous and coniferous forests are frequently mixed; oak trees grow at the heights up to 1,000 m altitude and beech trees at heights beyond that. Continental zone is characterized also by numerous grazing lands that give the whole landscape a specific look and added value. The northern and the eastern regions of the Peninsula belong to this vegetation zone and they are mainly involved in agriculture. Cereals and industrial crops, fruit and vegetable growing are developed. REVIEW OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY COUNTRIES The countries with either their respective whole territories or their respective territory parts situated within the Balkan Peninsula are Greece, Macedonia, Albania, Serbia (without Vojvodina), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro. The countries with their respective small territory parts situated within the Balkan Peninsula are Croatia (territories south of the River Sava and the River Kupa), some 13.00% of Slovenia (the far south of Slovenia), Romania (Dobruja Region), Turkey (the European Turkey, i.e. Eastern Thrace) GREECE Greece s mineral resources are distributed over the three regions, i.e. in Macedonia (Traditional Region of Greece) with Chalkidiki, then Attica with the island of Euboea and the Cyclades Islands. In the aforementioned zones, the exploitation of iron (in Chalkidiki, Laurium, Serifos), lead, silver and manganese (in Laurium), bauxite (in Attica), chrome (in Thessaly), magnesite (in Chalkidiki and Euboea) ores respectively is taking place. Besides, significant is also the production of sea salt, while the petroleum exploitation is of low intensity although reserves in northwest zone of the country have been discovered. Agriculture production: tobacco, grapes, olives, tropical fruit. Fisheries is highly developed. From the territory of Greece, the water runs to the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea. The biggest rivers are the River Maritsa, the River Struma and the River Vardar that, by their respective lower watercourses belong to Greece and have steady water flow. The rivers with their respective sources in Greece are of short watercourses and narrow beds that are dry during the summer season. At their respective mouths, big rivers are mainly shallow and they form wetlands and lagoons. The northern region accommodates several mountain lakes. The respective portions of the Lake Doiran and the Lake Prespa belong also to Greece. The foundation of the country s economy is tourism, ag-

148 148 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Takodje, značajna je proizvodnja duvana, maka, pamuka, susama i dr. Zahvaljujući prostranim planinskim pašnjacima razvijeno je stočarstvo. Razvijena je industrija duvana, tekstila, drveta, metala, hemijska i dr. BUGARSKA Bugarska raspolaže značajnim rudnim bogatstvom. Uglja (kameni, mrki i ljignit) ima u basenima Pernika, Bobov dola, Burgasa i dolini Marice. Nafta se eksploatiše na obali Crnog mora (Tulenova). Ruda gvožđa se eksploatiše u rejonima Sofije i Elhova. Rudnici olova i cinka se nalze na južnom dijelu Rodopa, Krdžaliji, a bakar u Vracama i Srnenoj gori. U manjim količinama i na više mjesta ima ruda mangana, pirita, hroma, boksita, srebra, zlata i uranijuma, a od nemetala, soli, azbesta, gipsa i kaolina. Teritorija Bugarske je uslovno podijeljena u tri sliva: direktan sliv Dunava i Egejskog mora po 42% i Crnog mora 16%. Ova uslovna podjela ipak većinu teritorije veže za Crno more 58% u odnosu na dio teritorije koja se odvodnjava prema Egejskom moru(42%). Vodni resursi su neravnmjerno raspoređeni pa je na nekim lokacijama ima previše a na drugim se javlja nedostatak. Do sada je iskorišćeno oko 30% vodnih potencijala a njih 90% je locirano u jugoistočnoj regiji. Veliki dio teritorije prekriven je sistemom za navodnjavanje ali njegovo funkcionisanje je ugroženo propadanjem velikih poljoprivrednih kombinata koji su radili u vrijeme njegove izgradnje. Sistem malih brana (oko 2000) je poslednjih decenija regulisao poplave i donekle regulisao vodni režim.(3,31) Privreda Bugarske se oslanja na poljoprivredu kroz proizvodnju: duvana, vinove loze, voća, povrća, industrijskog bilja, koje i izvozi. ALBANIJA Albanija ima značajne rezerve nafte. Eksploatiše se kod gradova Kučova i Patosa. U malim količinama se eksploatišu rude hroma, nikla, gvožđa, bakra i uglja. Poljoprivreda je i dalje najdominantnija privredna grana. Albanija je zemlja bogata vodom. Neravnomjerno su raspoređeni u rijekama Drim, Mati, Ishmi, Erzeni, Shkumbini, Semani, Vjosa i Devolli. Većina njih je ugrožena erozijom, što predstavlja problem u njihovoj kontroli i iskorišćavanju. Jezera su Skadarsko, Ohridsko i Prespansko. Albanija ima veliki broj planinskih jezera male zapremine i nekoliko akumulacija duž rijeka Drim, Mati i Devolli koje služe za proizvodnju električne energije, navodnjavanje i zaštitu od poplava. (3,11) U primorskom pojasu gaje se suptropske kulture: pamuk, pirinač, duvan, južno voće, masline. Proizvodnja žitarica. Tekstilna, prehrabena, hemjska, metaloprerađivačka industrija. SRBIJA (bez Vojvodine) Na teritoriji Srbije ležišta uglja su otkrivena na više lokacija: kameni ugalj otkriven je u Timočkom basenu, dolinama Ibra i Mlave, mrkog uglja u Resavsko-moravskom a lignita u Kolubarskom, Mlavskom i Kosovskom basenu. Srbija je bogata rudama. Ležišta rude gvožđa otkrivena su na Kopaoniku, Zlatiboru i istočnoj Srbiji. Rude bakra ima kod Bora, Majdanpeka i Velikog Krivelja. Ova ruda sadrži i zlato, srebro, selen i pirit. Srbija je jedan od najvećih prizvođača bakra u Evropi. Kalaj je otkriven na Ceru i Bukulji. Otkrivene su i značajne rezerve gline koja se koristi za građevinarstvo, cementnog materijala, kvarca, talka, kaolina, feldspata idr. Antimon se eksploatiše kod Krupnja i Zajače, Volfram kod Blagojevog kamena (ist. Srb.), nikla kod Vrnjačke banje, Trstenika i Cera. Vodni resursi Srbije su veliki. Danas na njenoj teritoriji ima pedesetak akumulavija (20 većih). Pojedinačno, najveća brana je ona na Đerdapu koju Srbija dijeli sa Rumunijom. Na Drini, graničnoj rijeci sa Bosnom i Hercegovinom takođe su izgrađene tri hidroelektrane, koje osim za proizvodnju električne energije utiču na regulaciju voda u slivnom području Drine ali i Save i Dunava. Hidroenergija predstavlja oko 37% instalirane proizvodnje u Srbiji. (3,64) Morava je najznačajnija srpska rijeka, nastaje od Zapane i Južne Morave sa velikom rječnim sistem koji je sa preko 550 km dužine najveći na balkanu. Srbija ima značajnu proizvodnju žita, industrijskog bilja, povrća, stočnog bilja. Ima razvijeno stočarstvo, svinjogojstvo, ovčarstvo, i dr. BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA, Najvažnija privredna grana je rudarstvo. Pronađene su velike rezerve gvozdene rude u rejonu Vareš i Ljubija, a ima ih i u rejnu Vranice. Olovo i cink je pronađen u rejonu Srebrenice. Ležišta boksita ima u okolini Mostara, Bosanske krupe, Vlasenice i Jajca. Gipsa ima u okolini Donjeg Vakufa i Volarima. Kamena so se eksploatiše u okolini Tuzne. Ležišta bakra nelaze se u okolini Jajca, Bugojna i Kreševa. Pirit i barit su pronađeni u rejonima Bakovića, Jajca i Gornjrg vakufa. Na više lokaliteta su pronađena ležišta antimona, kaolina, žive, hroma, magnezita, azbesta i drugih ruda. Ugalj (mrki i lignit) kopa se u pet basena: Tuzlanski (Kreka, Banovići, Ugljevik, Mazgraja); Srednjobosanski (Kakanj, Zenica i Breza); Mostarski, Banjalučki i Livanjski su manjeg značaja. Hidropotencijal je veliki i dobro iskorišćen sa petnaestak hidrocentrala. Velika ležišta uglja uslovila su izgradnju desetak termoelektrana. Prostor BiH je podijeljen u dva sliva Crnomorski (glavni vodorok rijeka Sava) sa 76% i Jadranski 24% (vodotoci Neretva, Trebišnjica i Cetina). Dio koji gravitira jadranskom slivnom podučju je iako manji po površini, bogatiji je vodom. Prirodna jezera se nalaze na Plivi, Uni i Tre-

149 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro riculture production and maritime fleet. MACEDONIA (FYRoM) Iron ore was discovered near Slepce and Tajmiste. The iron ore containing nickel was found near Kavadarci, Prilep and Veles. Nickel ore can be found near Kavadarci; antimony can be found in several localities, but is dug only near Lojan. Chrome ore is also dug near Lojan, but also near Radus. Zletovo is the largest mine of lead-zinc ore. The Macedonian rivers run into the Aegean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea drainage basins respectively. The water is unevenly dispersed both in time and in space. The biggest watershed is that of the River Vardar (80.00%); the second largest by the area of watershed is the Black Drin River (13.00%), followed by the River Strumica (6.00%) and the last one, i.e. the South Morava River (less than 1.00%). Macedonia accommodates also three large tectonic lakes, namely the Lake Ohrid, the Lake Prespa and the Lake Doiran. Macedonia exploits some 30.00% of hydro power potential, so it is dependant on electricity import (approximately 45.00%). Huge challenge of Macedonia is in the erosion that should be blocked, as planned, upon the construction of an artificial lake; however, this project implementation has been really slow due to indeed poor situation in the country s economy. (3.51) Macedonia is mainly involved in rice growing, in Kočani Valley. Besides, there is considerable production of tobacco, poppy, cotton and sesame, and alike. Thanks to spacious mountain grazing lands, cattle breeding is developed. Also tobacco, textile, wood processing, metal and chemical industries are developed, and alike. BULGARIA There are considerable mineral resources in Bulgaria. Coal (bituminous, subbituemnous and lignite) can be found in Pernik, Bobov Dol and Burgas basins and in the River Maritsa Valley. Petroleum is drilled at the shore of the Black Sea (Tulenova). Iron ore is extracted in the regions of Sofia and Elhovo. Lead and zinc mines are located in the southern regions of the Rhodopes and Kardzhali respectively, while copper in Vratsa and Sredna Gora. Smaller quantities of mangane, chrome, bauxite, silver, gold and uranium can be found at several localities, whereas non-metals, salts, asbestos, gypsum and kaolinite. The Bulgarian territory is practically divided into three drainage basins, out of which the direct Danube River and the Aegean Sea ones are allocated 42.00% of the territory apiece, and the Black Sea is given 16.00%. Nevertheless, this practical division refers to the territory s major part is drained to the Black Sea, i.e % thereof by comparison with the territory s part (42.00%) that is drained to the Aegean Sea. The water resources are unevenly distributed, so there is either too much of them at some localities or insufficient at other localities. So far, 30.00% of the water resources have been exploited, with 90.00% thereof located in the southeastern region. A large portion of the territory is covered by the irrigation system; however, its functioning is hindered by a decline of large agricultural complexes that used to be in operation during the construction of the system. Over the recent decades, the complex of small dams (some 2,000 of them) solved and has solved partly the flooding problems and water regime respectively. (3.31) The Economy of Bulgaria relies on agriculture, through the production of tobacco, grape vines, fruits, vegetables, industrial crops - which all are exported. ALBANIA Albania has considerable reserves of petroleum. It is drilled for in the towns of Kuçovë and Patos. Chrome, nickel, iron, copper and coal are exploited in small quantities. Agriculture has remained the most prevailing economy branch. Albania is a country abundant with waters. They are unevenly distributed, through the River Drin, the River Mati, the River,the River Ishmi, the River Erzeni, the River Shkumbini, the River Semani, the River Vjosa and the River Devolli, which all serve electric energy generation, irrigation and protection against flooding. (3.11) In the seaside zone, subtropical species such as cotton, rice, tobacco, tropical fruits, and olives are produced. Textile, food, chemical, metal processing industries are active. SERBIA (without Vojvodina) Within the territory of Serbia, coal deposits have been discovered at several localities, i.e. bituminuous coal was discovered in Timok region, the River Ibar Valley and the River Mlava valley; subbitumenous coal was discovered in Resava-Morava Coal Mines, whereas lignite was discovered in Kolubara, Mlava basins and Kosovo Coal Mines. Serbia is abundant with mineral resources. The deposits of iron ore were discovered at Kopaonik and Zlatibor mountains and in the Eastern Serbia. The towns of Bor, Majdanpek and Veliki Krivelj are abundant with copper. The said ore is with gold, silver, selenium and pyrite concentrations. Serbia is one of the largest producers of copper in Europe. Tin was discovered in Cer and Bukulj. Considerable reserves of clay that is used in construction industry, cement materials, quartz, talc, kaolin, feldspars, and alike were discovered. Antimony is extracted near Krupanj and Zajecar, tungstone is extracted near Blagojev Kamen (eastern Serbia), nickel is extracted near Vrnjacka Banja, Trstenik and Cer. The water resources in Serbia are great. Nowadays, within Serbian territory, there are some fifty artificial lakes (there are 20 larger ones). Individually listed, the largest dam is that in the Đerdap Klisura (Iron Gates) which is shared between Serbia and Romania. On the River Drina, a river that borders Bosnia and Herzegovina, there are three hydropower plants constructed and, in addition to electric power generation, they have effect on water

150 150 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE bižatu. Na teritoriji BiH se nalazi oko 30 akumulacija na rijekama Neretvi, Trebišnjici i Drini. Sve se koriste za proizvodnju hidroenergije, navodnjavanje i obezbjeđenje vode za piće.(3,16) KOSOVO Basen uglja (lignit) na potezu Obilić-Priština spadao je u nejveća nalazišta lignita u SFRJ, dok su značajne rezerve otkrivene i u Metohiji. Po ležištima olovo-cinkane rude Kosovo je bilo na prvom mjestu u velikoj Jugoslaviji. U ovoj rudi se nalaze i primjese zlata, srebra, bizmuta, germanijuma, sumpora i pirita. Locirana su i značajna ležišta nikla, mangnezita, antimona i hroma. Olovo i cink, srebronosna i gvožđevita ruda otkrivena je u Kopaoničkom reonu i Trepči. Hroma ima u zoni Šar-planine. Vode Kosova otiču u tri mora: Jadransko, Egejsko i Crno more. Bijeli Drim na zapadu Kosova otiče u Jadransko more, zapadni dio Kosova odvodnjava se rijekom Ibar ka Crnom moru a jug preko rijeke Lepenac pripada slivu rijeke Vardar i Egejskom moru. Na Kosovu ima šest akumulacija koje služe za vodosnadbjevanje, navodnjavanje, zaštitu od poplava i rekreaciju. Na jezeru Gazivoda smještena je jedina hidrocentrala malog kapaciteta. (3,80) Plantažno voćarstvo i vinogradarstvo zastupljeno je u Metohiji. Razvijena je i industrija građevinskog materijala, tekstila, prehrambena, drvna. CRNA GORA Od rudnih bogatstva u Crnoj Gori se eksploatiše: ugalj (mrki i lignit) u zoni Pljevlja i Berana, boksit (crveni i bijeli) u okolini Nikšića. Olovo-cinkane rude ima kod Pljevalja (Šuplja stijena) i Brskovu kod Mojkovca. Morska so se eksploatiše kod Ulcinja. Ima još cementnog bentonita i laporca, barita i dr. ruda ali u malim količinama. Crna Gora je veoma bogata vodama. Vode joj odlaze u dva sliva koji su otprilike na pola podijelili njenu teritoriju. Po broju vodotoka znatno je veći Crnomorski sliv sa pet slivnih cjelina (Ibar, Lim, Ćehotina, Piva i Tara) od Jadranskog koji se odvodnjava kroz tri slivne cjeline (Bojana sa pritokama Skadarskog jezera, direktno slivno podruje Jadranskog mora i sliv Trebišnjice). Na teritoriji Crne Gore rade dvije hidrocentrale, Perućica i Piva. Za potrebe hidroelektrane Perućica, u slivnom području rijeke Zete, izgrađena su vještačka jezera u Nikšićkom polju (Krupac, Slano i Vrtac). Za potrebe hidrocentrale Piva, pregrađena je istoimena rijeka, izgradjena brana kod nekadašnjeg naselja Mratinje. I na ostalim rijekama postoji značajan hidroenergetski potencijal ali realizacija tih planova zavisi od ukupne ekonomske situacije u zemlji. (3,64) Više od polovine teritorije je pod šumama i pašnjacima. Nekada je na sjeveru bila razvijena dvoprerada. U primorju je razvijeno maslinarstvo, gajenje vinove loze i južnog voća. HRVATSKA U dijelu Hrvatske koji teritorijalno pripada Balkanskom poluostrvu evidentirani su značajni prirodni resursi. Na nekoliko lokacija u Dalmaciji i Istri su otkrivena ležišta boksita i laporca, barita ima u Lici i Gorskom kotaru. Hrvatska ima male rezerve uglja, ali otkrivena su ležišta nafte na više lokacija uz rijeku Savu nizvodno od Zagreba. So se eksploatiše u solanama u Pagu, Ninu i Stonu. Hrvatski vodni resurs definisan je kroz 20 rijeka i 26 prirodnih i vještačkih jezera. Najveće rijeke teku ka Crnom moru a manji dio Jadranskom moru. Procijenjeni hidroenergetski potencijal iskoristiv je oko 60% od čega je iskorišćeno oko 50%. Problem u iskorišćavanju voda u Hrvatskoj zavisnosi od prekogranične saradnje jer je najveći broj vodotoka dijeli sa susjedima. (3,40) *** Slovenija, Rumunija i Turska, djelovima svojih teritorija pripadaju Balkanskom poluostrvu u garnicama u kojima je definisano na početku ovog rada. Međutim, ovi djelovi teritorija imaju mali značaj za obrađivanu temu pa samim tim i neće biti elaborirani. ZAKLJUČAK Rad je zbog ograničenog prostora prikazao samo dio najznačajnijih resursa. Iz izloženog možemo zaključiti: Balkansko poluostrvo gledano kao cjelina predstavlja veoma zanimljiv prostor, sa svih geografskih aspekata. Geografski položaj, geološka osnova, uz specifične klimatske karakteristike uslovili su formiranje reljefnih oblika koji su definisali niz drugih osobenosti prostora. Konstatovane su značajne rezerve rudnih bogatstava koje imaju različit stepen iskorišćenosti. Očigledno je da se u zonama planina veće geološke starosti nalaze i veća ležišta rudnih i mineralnih sirovina (ugalj, gvožđe, olovo, cink,..), kao i da u geološki mlađim planinama pronalazimo ležišta drugih sirovina (boksiti crveni i bijeli,...). Hidrografske karakteristike prostora su veoma specifične. Na cijeloj površini je konstatovana različitost u teritorijalnom i vremenskom rasporedu, sa velikim potencijalima i prosječnom mogućnošću iskorišćenosti iznad 50%. Značajan prirodni resurs jeste klima što je u velikoj mjeri i iskorišćeno. Na cijelom potezu zapadne i južne granice Balkana, uz razuđenu obalu rezvijena je turistička privreda koja je i nosilac razvoja u zemljama koje se prostiru u ovim zonama. Kada su u pitanju resursi moramo ih posmatrati sa nekoliko aspekata. Jedna od važnih podjela je na obnovljive i neobnovlive. Države regiona moraju voditi računa o pravilnom postupanju pri eksploataciji i jednih i drugih. Poseban akcenat treba staviti na grupu neobnovljivih resursa jer pravilnom i realno planiranom eksploatacijom

151 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro regulation in the River Drina watershed and also in the River Sava and the River Danube respective watersheds. Hydropower is 37.00% of the installed production in Serbia (3.64 ). The River Morava is most important Serbian river, originating from the West and South Morava and is with large river system that exceeds 550 km, which is the longest in the Balkans. Serbia is with considerable corn, industrial crops, and vegetables and forages productions. In addition, cattle, pig and sheep farming and alike are developed in Serbia. Bosnia and herzegovina The most important economy branch is mining. Considerable reserves of iron ore were found in the region of Vares and Ljubija, as well as in the region of Vranica. Lead and zinc were discovered in the region of Srebrenica. Bauxite deposits were found in the surroundings of Mostar, Bosanska Krupa, Vlasenica and Jajce. Gypsum is present near Donji Vakuf and Volari. Rock salt is extracted near Tuzla. Copper deposits are located near Jajce, Bugojno and Kresevo. Pyrite and barite were found in the regions of Bakvic, Jajce and Gornji Vakuf. Several localities are with deposits of antimony, kaolin, mercury, chrome, magnesite, asbestos and other ores. Coals (subbitumenous and lignite) are extracted from five mines, i.e. from Tuzla (Kreka, Banovici, Ugljevik, Mazgraja), Middle-Bosniani (Kakanj, Zenica and Breza) Mines, followed by Mostar, Banjaluka and Livanjsko Mines that are of less importance. Hydropower potential is huge and well exploited, with some fifteen hydropower plants. Affluent deposits of coals conditioned the construction of some ten thermal power plants. The territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two watersheds, namely the Black Sea one (with the River Sava as the main watercourse) with 76.00% of water potential, and the Adriatic Sea one with 24.00% of water potential (with watercourses of the River Neretva, the River Trebisnjica and the River Cetina). The territory s part that is drained to the Adriatic Sea, regardless of being smaller in area, is more abundant with waters. Natural lakes are run into it by the River Pliva, the River Una and the River Trebizat. The territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina accommodates some 30 artificial lakes on the River Neretva, the River Trebisnjica and the River Drina. All of them are exploited for hydroelectricity generation, irrigation and drinking water supplying. (3.16) KOSOVO The (lignite) coal mine located within Obilic Pristine stretch used to be the largest lignite deposit in the SFRY, accompanied by considerable resaves discovered also in Metohija. Kosovo used to take the first place in the former great Yugoslavia by the deposits of lead and zinc. This ore is with gold, silver, bismuth, germanium, sulfur and pyrite concentrations. Considerable deposits of nickel, magnesite, antimony and chrome were discovered also. Lead and zinc as silver-bearing and iron-bearing ore was discovered in Kopaonik Region and in Trepca. Chrome is in Šar (Sharr) Mountains. Kosovo s water runs to three seas, i.e. to the Adriatic Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Black sea. The White Drin River in western Kosovo is drained through the river Ibar to the Black Sea, while the south is drained through the River Lepenac to the River Vardar and to the Aegean Sea drainage basins. There are six artificial lakes in Kosovo, all serving water supplying, irrigation, protection against flooding and recreation. The Lake Gazivoda accommodates one hydropower plant of small capacity (3.80). Metohija is involved in plantation fruit-growing and viticulture. Building materials, textile, food and tobacco industries are developed. MONTENEGRO When it comes to mineral resources, Montenegro extracts colas (subbitumenous and lignite) in the region of Pljevlja and Berane, bauxite (red and white) is extracted in the surroundings of Niksic. Lead zinc ore is found near Pljevlja (Suplja Stijena) and Brskovo near Mojkovac. Sea salt is extracted near Ulcinj. There is cement-bentonite and marl and barite ores, etc, but in small quantities. Montenegro is abundant with waters. The water runs to two watersheds that divide Montenegro s territory into two fairly equal halves. By the number of watercourses, the Black Sea drainage basin is larger - with five rivers (the River Ibar, the River Lim, the River Piva and the River Tara) in it than the Adriatic Sea drainage basin that is with three drainage entities (i.e. the River Bojana with the Lake Skadar tributaries; direct Adriatic Sea drainage basin; and the River Trebisnjica watershed). There are Perucica and Piva, two fully operational hydropower plants within Montenegro s territory. For the purposes of Perucica Hydropower Plant, that is within the River Zeta watershed, artificial lakes were developed in the Niksic Field (namely, Krupac, Slano and Vrtac). For the purposes of Piva Hydropower plant, the River Piva had been partitioned, and the dam was constructed near the former settlement of Mratnije. Other rivers also have considerable hydropower potential, but implementing those projects depend on the overall economic situation in the country. (3.64). More than a half of the territory is under forests and grazing lands. In the past, there was wood processing developed in the north of the country. Olive-, grape vineand tropical fruit-growing is developed within the seaside region. CROATIA The part of Croatia that by its territory belongs to the Balkan Peninsula, considerable natural resources exist. At several localities in Dalmatia ad Istria, bauxite and marl were discovered, while barite can be found in Lika and Gorski Kotar. Croatia has small reserves of coals, but petroleum deposits have been found at several localities by the River Sava, downstream to Zagreb. Salt is exploited in Salt Plants in Pag, Nino and Ston. Croatian water resources are embodied in 20 rivers and

152 152 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE stepen iskorišćenosti se može podići na veči nivo. Važna nampomena mora se staviti kod iskorišćavanja i jednih i kod drugih resursa je njihov uticaj na životnu sredinu. Svjedoci smo da plilikom eksploatacije vrlo često prave veliki problemi u geoprostoru, čije šteta možda nekad bude i veća od koristi koja se ostvari od dobijenih resursa. Usklađenost ovih važnih činilaca značajno se mora povećati, čime će i iskorišćenost biti podignuta na veći nivo. LITERATURA 1. Ivo Rubić; GEOGRAFIJA SVIJETA, južna Evropa i Sovjetski savez, Zagreb, Rade Davidović, REGIONALNA GEOGRAFIJA, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, PMF, Novi Sad, Upravljanje vodnim resursima u Jugoistočnoj Evropi, Tom II.Međunarodna banka za obnovu i razvoj, Svjetska banka, Vašington

153 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro natural and artificial lakes. The biggest rivers run to the Black Sea, with a smaller number running to the Adriatic Sea. The evaluated usable hydropower potential is 60.00%, out of which 50.00% has been exploited. The difficulty with taking advantage of waters in Croatia is dependant on the cross-border cooperation, since the major number of watercourses is shared with the neighbors (3.40) Slovenia, Romania and Turkey; by their respective territories parts, belong to the Balkan Peninsula to the extent as said in the beginning of this presentation. However, those territorial parts are of little significance to the given topic, so I will not talk about them. CONCLUSION Due to the restriction in extent, the present paper has displayed just a portion of most significant natural resources. The foregoing can serve to conclude that the Balkan Peninsula, observed as an entity, stands for a very interesting region from all geographic aspects. Geographic position and geologic substrata, along with specific climate characteristics, conditioned the surface shapes and features that have induced a series of other region s specificities. Considerable reserves of mineral resources exploited to different extents respectively are obvious. It is visible that within the mountain zones dating more back on geologic time scale accommodate larger deposits of ores and minerals (such as colas, iron, lead, zinc, ) and that the geologically younger ones keep the deposits of other raw materials (such as red and white bauxite, ). Hydrographic characteristics of the region are rather specific. The whole area embraces diversity in terms of territory and time arrangements, with large potentials but average capacity to make use of them more than 50.00%. Climate is a considerable natural resource that has been largely used. The whole stretch of the Balkans west and south boundary, in company with indented coast, accommodates developed tourism industry that is a locomotive of development in the countries situated within these zones. When it comes to resources, we must consider them from several points of view. One of the major classification is that we have them as renewable and nonrenewable resources. The regional countries must take care of the accession rules as regards exploitation of both. Particular accent must be placed on the nonrenewable resources, as proper and real planning of exploitation can elevate the level of their usability. Important note should be given to taking advantage of both these resources with reference to their impact on environment. We are witnesses that exploitation frequently has made detriments the adverse consequences of which sometimes exceed benefits from obtained resources. The coherence of these significant factors must be increased and, thereby, the usability will be at an elevated degree. REFERENCES 1. Ivo Rubić: GEOGRAFIJA SVIJETA, Južna Evropa i Sovjetski savez [The World geography:south Europea and the Soviet Union], Zagreb, Rade Davidović, REGIONALNA GEOGRAFIJA, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, PMF [REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY, Faculty of Natura Sciences and Mathematcis, University of Novi Sad], Novi Sad, Upravljanje vodnim resursima u Jugoistočnoj Evropi, Tom II. Međunarodna banka za obnovu i razvoj, Svjetska banka, Wašington [Water Resources Management in South Eastern Europe, Volume II, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Word Bank, Washington] 2003.

154 154 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE Aleksandar Joksimović Viši naučni saradnik Instituta za biologiju mora MORSKI BIOLOŠKI RESURSI CRNOGORSKOG JADRANA U KONTEKSTU EKONOMSKE VALORIZACIJE REZIME Prirodni, dobro očuvani resusri su veliki potencijal Crne Gore. Morsko ribarstvo, i resursi kvalitetne ribe iz mora, mogu biti značajna komponenta snadbijevanja stanovništva zdravim proteinima. Ulovom bentoske i pelagične ribe, kao i proizvodima marilulture, moguće je ostvariti prihod od preko 20 milona eura godišnje. Uz modernizovanje postojće ribarske flote i poboljšanja još nekih karika u sistemu izlov-tržište ribe i ribljih proizvoda, pred Crnom Gorom je velika šansa, koju ne smije propustiti. Ako su predviđanja da će snadbijevanje stanovništva hranom, biti kljućni problem budućnosti, onda ovu šansu treba shavtiti ozbiljno i već sjutra krenuti u njenu potpunu relizaciju. UVOD Približno ¾ planete je prekriveno vodom, a iz mora se koristi samo nekoliko procenata hrane za ljudsku ishranu. Ljudska populacija sada broji oko 6 milijardi, a vrlo brzo će dostići i 10 milijardi. Stoga će veliki izazov novog Milenijuma biti kako obezbijediti dovoljno hrane za sve. To će biti moguće intezivnijim korišćenjem hrane iz mora. Prema podacima FAO početkom devedestih godina broj stanovnika mediteranskih zemalja bio je oko 360 miliona, a predviđa se da će do godine on dostići cifru između 520 i 570 miliona. Prema procjeni iste organizacije, tada će Mediteranskom bazenu biti potrebno 5 do 6 miliona tona priozvoda morskog ribarstva [1]. Pod ribarstveno-biološkim resursima okeana, mora ili nekog užeg područja podrazumijevaju se populacije jestivih organizama ili populacije organizama koji služe za neku drugu privrednu svrhu (za dobijanje sirovina za hemijsku i farmaceutsku industriju, za upotrebu u nekim drugim industrijskim granama, izradu nakita i slično). Ribarstveno-biološke resurse u svjetskom ribolovu sačinjavaju najvećim dijelom populacije raznih vrsta riba, mekušaca i rakova koji se love različitim ribolovnim alatima i različitim tipovima ribolova. Upravo resursi morskog ribarstva nude dovoljnu količinu zdrave hrane iz mora. Uloga nauke u ovoj oblasti jeste da predloži konstrukciju modernih alata za izlov ribe i drugih morskih orgnizama, ali takvih alata koji će biti selektivni. To podrazumijeva da će ti alati štititi nedorasli dio populacije, a omogući će ciljani ulov adultnih, odraslih jedinki. Upravo se uloga nauke ogleda u primjeni inovativnih metoda, njihov transfer prema ribarima, uključujući njihovu edukaciju u dijelu odgovornog ribarstva, koje će svakako dugoročno obezbeđivati egzistenciju njihovih porodica. Ovo je samo jedan primjer, kako naučni rad može naći aplikativnu primjenu, i biti nosilac prosperiteta jedne značajne privredne djelatnosti u našem društvu. Crna Gora je usvojila Nacionalnu strategiju održivog razvoja koja je dala viziju budućeg ekonomskog, socijalnog, ekološkog, etičkog i kulturnog razvoja Crne Gore, odnosno dugoročno i održivo korišćenje i upravljanje resursima, pri tome imajući u vidu pravo budućih generacija na kvalitatan život, kao osnovni cilj ovog dokumenta [1].... Da bi govorili o korišćenju morskih bioloških resursa moramo definisati ribolovno more Crne Gore. Prema važećem Zakonu o morskom ribarstvu i marikulturi Crne Gore, [2] ribolovno more Crne Gore obuhvata dio obalnog mora i epikontinentalni pojas koji se nalazi u granicama Crne Gore. Granicom ribolovnog mora u rijekama koje se ulivaju u more smatra se linija na kojoj voda prestaje biti postojano slana. Za lov i sakupljanje bentoskih i semipelagičnih vrsta najvažniji su obalni pojas unutrašnjeg mora i područje šelfa (dubina do 200 metara), koje je, kao i u čitavom južnom Jadranu, usko. U visini ulaza u Boku Kotorsku granica šelfa se nalazi na oko 9.5 NM, a kod ušća Bojane oko 34 NM od obale. Osim šelfa, lov bentoskih vrsta se (prema italijanskim podacima) isplati i na kontinentalnoj padini do dubina od m, jer se tu nalaze naselja škampa. Za razliku od lova bentoskih vrsta, područje lova pelagičnih vrsta je ekonomski isplativo sve do granica italijanskih teritorijalnih voda. Crnoj Gori pripada oko km2 mora, (teritorijalno more i epikontinentalni pojas) onda znamo da je to skoro 50% kopnene teritorije [3,4,5]. Upravo u moru leže značajni biološki resursi, koji su na sreću nedovoljno iskorišteni.

155 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro Aleksandar Joksimović Senior research associate at the Institute of Marine Biology MARINE BIOLOGY RESOURCES OF THE MONTENEGRIN PART OF THE ADRIATIC SEA IN TERMS OF THE ECONOMIC VALORIZATION RESUME Natural and well-preserved resources are the great potential of Montenegro. Marine fisheries and the resources of the quality sea fish can be an important component of supplying the population with healthy proteins. By means of benthic and pelagic fish catches, as well as the aquaculture production it is possible to achieve revenues of over Euro 20 million per year. With the modernization of the existing fishing fleet and the improvement of other links in the system catch fish and fish products market, Montenegro has a great opportunity, which should not be missed. Considering the fact that food supply in the future seems to be the key problem, this chance should be taken seriously and we should start with its complete realization immediately. INTRODUCTION Approximately ¾ of the planet is covered by water, and only a few percent of foodstuff for human consumption are used from the sea. The human population is about 6 billion and, very soon, it is expected to reach about 10 billion. Therefore, the major challenge of the new millennium will be the provision of sufficient amounts of food for everyone. It will be possible only by more intense usage of food from the sea. According to the FAO data, at the beginning of the nineties the population of the Mediterranean countries was about 360 million, and according to the predictions by the 2025 it is expected to reach between 520 and 570 million. According to the estimates made by the same Organization, the Mediterranean basin will need about 5-6 million tons of marine fishery products [1]. Fishery and biological resources of the ocean, sea or other specific wter area are the populations of edible organisms or populations of organisms used for some other industrial purpose (obtaining raw materials for chemical, and pharmaceutical industry, for use in some other industries, jewelry production, etc.). Fishery and biological resources in the world s fishing industry are constituted by the populations of various species of fish, molluscs and crustaceans which are caught by means of different fishing gears and different fishing methods. The resources of marine fishery provide a sufficient amount of healthy food from the sea. The role of science in this area is to stimulate the construction of modern tools for fish and other marine organisms catching, but such tools should be selective. It means that such tools should protect the immature part of the population, and shall enable the targeted catch of the adult species. The role of science is reflected in the application of innovative methods, their transfer to the fishermen/anglers, including their education in the area of responsible fishing, which shall certainly provide long-term existence for their families. This is just one example of how scientific work can be applied practically and be the bearer of prosperity of significant economic activity in our society. Montenegro has adopted the National Sustainable Development Strategy, which has provided the vision of the future economic, social, ecological, ethical and cultural development of Montenegro, and of long-term and sustainable use and management of resources, thereby taking into account the right of future generation for quality life as the main objective of this document [1].... In order to speak about the use of marine biological resources, we should define the fishing waters of Montenegro. Under the applicable Law on Marine Fishery and Mariculture of Montenegro, [2] the fishing waters of Montenegro cover the part of costal sea and epicontinental shelf located within the borders of Montenegro. The border of the fishing sea in the rivers, which flow into the sea, is considered to be the line where the water ceases to be constantly salty. For fishing and collecting the benthic and semi-pelagic species the most important is the coastal area of the inland sea and the shelf area (depth up to 200 meters), which is very narrow, as it is on the territory of the entire southern Adriatic Sea. On the level of the entrance to the Bay of Kotor, the shelf boundary is at the distance of about 9.5 NM, whereas at the mouth of the Bojana river it is about 34 NM from the coast. In addition to the shelf, fishing of benthic species (in accordance with the Italian data) is profitable on the continental slope to the depth of m, because there are the shrimp habitats there. Unlike fishing of

156 156 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE biologiji, izračunat je i maksimalni biološki dozvoljeni nivo korišćenja ovih resursa MSY (Maximum sustainable yield) koji iznosi 600 tona godišnje. Objektivna analiza prostorne distribucije biomase, izvršena KRIGING metodom, (Slika 2.) pokazala je da postoje dva područja na kojim je ona veća nego na ostalim područjima. Ta se područja nalaze između Budve i Petrovca do izobate od 100 m, i ispred ulaza u zaliv Boke Kotorske, do izobate od 150 m. Po svoj prilici su ove koncetracije posljedica posebnih hidrografskih uslova i to najverovatnije postojanja stalne frontalne zone na prvom području i dotoka vode iz Bokokotorskog zaliva koja je bogatija nutrijentima nego otvoreno more [8]. Slika 1. Površine teritorijalnog mora i epikontinentalnog pojasa Crne Gore Načini privrednog ribolova koji se primenjuju na ribolovnom području Crnogorskog primorja su: lov demersalnih (pridnenih) vrsta riba, rakova i glavonožaca pridnenim povlačnim mrežama - kočama lov pelagičnih riba (male i velike plave ribe) mrežama plivaricama, potegačama (letnjom tratom i polandarom potegačom) i stajaćicama (uglavnom polandarom) lov priobalnih, pelagičnih, semipelagičnih i pridnenih vrsta riba, rakova i glavonožaca mrežama stajaćicama (prosticama, popunicama, tonotama i sl.), obalnim potegačama (šabakunom i migavicom), ciplarama, kalimerom, pridnenim parangalima i raznim drugim vrstama udičarskih alata, ostima sa upotrebom vejštačkog svjetla, vršama, kogolima [6]. U sektoru ribarstva Crne Gore zaposleno je 638 radnika, od toga 443 radnika u slatkovodnom ribarstvu (437 stalno i 6 povremeno zaposlenih) 159 u morskom ribarstvu (91 stalno i 68 povremeno zaposlen) i 36 u marikulturi. Učešće sektora ribarstva u bruto društvenom proizvodu iznosi 0,5% i 3,1% u bruto proizvodu sektora poljoprivrede. Sektor morskog ribarstva u Crnoj Gori predstavlja 0,3 % ukupnog sektora ribarstva Evropske zajednice na Mediteranu (561,288 t). Potrošnja ribe u Crnoj Gori je među najnižima u Evropi (oko 4.5 kg po glavi stanovnika). Cijene ribe su enormno visoke i znatno su više od onih u drugim djelovima Zapadne Evrope [7]. Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja i Institut za biologiju mora od godine realizuju projekat monitoringa i procjene biomase demersalnih resursa na šelfu Crnogorskog primorja. Biomasa se procenjuje metodom probnih površina, pri čemu se koriste komercijalni kočari. Procijenjena biomasa bentoskih vrsta (kočarski ribolov) u dugogodišnjem prosjeku iznosi tona, a primejenom matematičkih modela koji se koriste u ribarstvenoj Slika 2. Prostorna raspodela srednjih vrednosti biomase za period od do godine Slika 3. Procentualno učešće vrsta u ukupnom kočarskom ulovu Sva sprovedena istraživanja biomase bentoskih resursa kao i parametri populacione dinamike ekonomski važnih

157 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro benthic species, the area of fishing of pelagic species is extremely profitable from the economic point of view to the border of Italian territorial waters. Approximately 6,000 sq.km of the sea belongs to Montenegro (territorial sea and epicontinental shelf), and that makes almost 50% of the land territory [3, 4, 5]. Significant biological resources exist in the sea, but unfortunately they have not been sufficiently used. Figure No. 1: The territorial waters and epicontinental shelf of Montenegro Methods of commercial fishing, which are used in the fishing area of the Montenegrin coast are: fishing of demersal (bottom) fish species, crustaceans and cephalopods by near-bottom fishing nets trawls fishing of pelagic fish (small and large bluefish) by purse seine nets, seines (drift net) and static nets fishing of coastal, pelagic, semi-pelagic and demersal species of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods by static nets, coastal seine nets and various other types of fishing tools with the use of artificial light, coops, gillnets [6]. catch coastal, pelagic, semi-pelagic and demersal fish, crustaceans and cephalopods by gillnets (gillnet, tramelnet, gillnet for lobsters,etc..), beach seines (beach seines for bonito and tuna, common beach seine), encircling net for grey mullets, shore operated lift net, bottom longlines and various other types of hook tools, harpoons with light, traps, cogol type trap. [6]. The number of employees in the fisheries sector of Montenegro counts 638 people, out of whom 443 employees in freshwater fishery (437 people are employed on the permanent and 6 on the temporary basis), 159 in marine fishing (91 people are employed on the permanent basis and 68 are employed periodically) and 36 in mariculture. The share of the fisheries sector in GDP is 0.5% and 3.1% of the gross product of the agricultural sector. Marine fisheries sector in Montenegro represents 0.3% of the total fisheries sector of the European Union in the Mediterranean (561,288 t). Fish consumption in Montenegro is among the lowest in Europe (about 4.5 kg per capita). Fish prices are extremely high and are much higher than the ones in other parts of Western Europe [7]. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Institute of Marine Biology have implemented the project of monitoring and evaluation of demersal biomass resources on the shelf of the Montenegrin coast. The Biomass is estimated by the method of surface sample tests, where the commercial trawlers are used. The estimated biomass of benthic species (fishing by trawler) in the long-term period constituted on average 2,700 tons and, by the application of mathematical models that are used in the fishery biology, the maximum biological permitted level of the use of all the resources (MSY - Maximum sustainable yield) was calculated as amounting to 600 tons per year. The objective analysis of the spatial distribution of biomass, made by KRIGING method (Figure No. 2) has indicated that there are two areas in which it is greater than in other areas. Those areas are between Budva and Petrovac to the isobath of 100 m, and in front of the entrance to the Bay of Kotor to the isobath at150 m. Presumably those concentrations are the consequence of the specific hydrographic conditions while most likely of the existence of permanent frontal zone in the first area and the flow of water from the Bay of Kotor, which is richer in nutrients than the open sea [8]. Figure No. 2: The spatial distribution of mean values of biomass for the period from 1999 to Figure No. 3: The percentage share of species in the total trawl catch.

158 158 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE vrsta riba, oslića Merluccius merluccius, barbuna, Mullus barbatus, arbuna, Pagellus erythrinus i rakova, kozice Parapenaeus longirostris pokazuju da su bentoska naselja Crnogorskog primorja u ovom trenutku u dobrom stanju i da postoji potencijala za racionalno dugoročno korišćenje[9]. Poslednjih godina pod okriljem ministarstva za poljoprivredu i ruralni razvoj kao i uz pomoć FAO Adriamed projekta, od strane Instituta za biologiju mora, vršena su istraživanja biomase mala plave ribe, sdrele i inćuna, metodom ehosondiranja. Na osnovu preciznih metoda, procijenjene biomase male plave ribe u crnogorskim vodama, iznose u prosjeku između tona. Na osnovu matematičkih modela izračunat je makismalno dozvoljeni nivo korišćenja ovih resursa koji iznosi oko od do tona na godišnjem nivou, u zavisnosto od godišnjih migracija i fluktuacija biomase ovih vrsta, (Slika 4). Za sada ovi resursi su nedovoljno iskorišćeni [9]. O biomasi priobalnih vrsta riba, rakova i glavonožaca nedostaju relevantni podaci zbog izostanka monitoringa ovog načina ribolova u Crnoj Gori. Naime, dugoročni statistički podaci o kočarskom ulovu i ulovu priobalnih vrsta na istočnoj obali Jadrana pokazuju da je njihov odnos bio 1 prema 1.5. Prema tome bi se moglo grubo predpostaviti da bi se biomasa priobalnih vrsta mogla kretati oko iznosa od oko 7000 tona [10]. Priobalno more Crne Gore, s obzirom na geomorfološke i hidrografske karakteristike, predstavlja pogodne zone za razvoj marikulture a posebno lokaliteti u Bokokotorskom zalivu. Program bi u suštini predstavljao primjenu dosadašnjih rezultata istraživanja, kao i kroz proces proizvodnje stalno praćenje većeg broja značajnih parametara vezanih za poboljšanje tehničko-tehnoloških uslova i ekonomske opravdanosti vještačke proizvodnje školjki i riba.. Za sada u Crnoj Gori, u Bokokotorskom zalivu postoje 20 uzgajališta školjki i dva uzgajališta ribe sa godišnjom proizvodnjom od oko 200 tona školjki i oko 150 tona ribe. Gaje se dagnje, Mytilis galloprovincialis, a od riba brancin, Dicentrarchus labrax i orada, Sparus aurata [11]. Istraživanja koja su sprovedena u ovoj oblasti pokazuju da na crnogorskom primorju, na otvorenom dijelu mora postoje značajni potencijali za razvoj marikulture. Ulcinjska regija, ušće Bojane, takođe predstavljaju značajnje potencijale. Ova aktivnost bi se mogla proširiti i na uzgoj još nekih vrsta školjki, kao što su jadranska kamenica, Ostrea edulis, japanska kamenica, Crassostrea gigas, neke vrste riba, pagar, Pagrus pagrus, gof, Seriola dumerili, tunj, Thunus thynus, kao i rakove, gambore, Peneus japonicus [12]. Slika 4. Mapa distribucije pelagičnih resusra, srdele i inćuna na Crnogorskom primorju ZAKLJUČAK Na osnovu procijenjene biomase resura morskog ribarstva, a na osnovu proračunatog biloški dozvoljenog nivoa korištenja, te na osnovu ekonomske vrijednosti pojedinih vrsta ulova, nesporna je činjenica da Crna Gora može na ovaj način prihodovati preko 20 miliona eura, na godišnjem nivou [13]. Naravno za tačnije podatke neophodno je uraditi studiju ekonomske isplativosti morskog ribarstva, koja nažalost do sada nije urađena. Osnovne prednosti koje kandiduju ovu oblast za buduću važnu privrednu granu su: 1. ostvarivanje pozitivnih ekonomskih efekata kroz proizvodnju kvalitetne hrane u moru; 2. zapošljavanje i obuku većeg broja radnika; 3. iskorištavanje potencijalnih i komparativnih vrijednosti priobalnog mora Crne Gore, koje može da pruži srazmjerno velike mogućnosti u proizvodnji i izvozu hrane; 4. smanjuje uvoz smrznute ribe, utiče na devizni deficit, a povećava kvalitet; 5. obezbeđuje neophodne količine kvalitetne hrane za domaće stanovništvo i turizam, povećavajući veoma niski nivo potrošnje hrane iz mora, što je značajno i sa zdrastvenog aspekta; 6. podstiče razvoj grane i područja koja su do sada iz

159 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro All conducted researches in the biomass of benthic resources, as well as the parameters of the population dynamics of economically important species of fish, hake Merluccius merluccius, red mullet Mullus barbatus, sea bream Pagellus erythrinus and crabs, shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris show that the benthic habitats of the Montenegrin coast at this point are in good condition and that there are potentials for rational long-term use [9]. and crabs, shrimp, Peneus japonicus [12]. In recent years, under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and with the assistance by FAO Adriamed project, the Institute of Marine Biology has researched the biomass of small pelagic fish, sardines and anchovies by using the method of echo sounding. According to the precise methods, the estimated biomass of the small pelagic fish in Montenegrin waters averages between 30,000 and 100,000 tons. Based on the mathematical models, the maximum allowable level of the use of these resources has been calculated and it amounts approximately to 10,000-35,000 tons on annual basis, depending on the annual migrations and fluctuation in biomass of these species (Figure No. 4). So far, these resources have not been sufficiently used [9]. There is insufficient relevant data on the biomass of coastal species of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods due to the lack of monitoring such fishing method in Montenegro. The long-term statistical data on trawling catches and the catches of coastal species on the eastern Adriatic coast have shown that their ratio was 1 to 1.5. Thus, it could be generally assumed that the biomass of the coastal species could vary around the amount to 7,000 tons [10]. Due to geomorphologic and hydrological characteristics, the coastal waters of Montenegro is a suitable zone for mariculture development, in particular the sites in the Bay of Kotor. The program would essentially represent the application of recent research findings and, through the production process, constant monitoring a larger number of important parameters related to the improvement of the technical and technological requirements and economic feasibility of the shellfish and fish farming. So far, there are 20 shellfish farms and two fish farms in the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, with,the annual production of about 200 tons of shells and about 150 tons of fish. Currently mussels Mytilis galloprovincialis, and such fish as sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, and dorado Sparus aurata are grown on the farms [11]. The researches conducted in this area have shown that the Montenegrin seaside zone, i.e. the open sea, is abundant with resources for the development of mariculture. Ulcinj region, the mouth of the Bojana River also represent substantial resources. This activity could be extended also to the farming of some species of shells, such as the Adriatic oyster Ostrea edulis, Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas, some species of fish, bream Pagrus pagrus, yellowtail, Seriola dumerili, tuna, Thunus thynus, Figure No. 4: The map of the distribution of pelagic resources, sardines and anchovies on the Montenegrin coast 3. CONCLUSION Based on the estimated biomass of marine fishery resources, and based on the calculated biologically permitted level of use, as well as based on the economic value of certain types of catches, it is indisputable that Montenegro can receive in such way the income of more than euro 20 million annually [13]. Of course, in order to get more accurate data, it is necessary to conduct a study of economic viability of marine fisheries, which unfortunately has not been conducted so far. The main benefits, which make this area an important industry in the future, are: 1. obtaining positive economic effects through the production of quality food in the sea; 2. recruiting and training of a large number of workers; 3. exploiting the potential and comparative values of the coastal sea of Montenegro, which can provide relatively large opportunities in producing and exporting of food; 4. reducing the level of frozen fish imports, affecting the foreign exchange deficit, while improving the quality; 5. providing the necessary amounts of quality food for the local population and tourism, and thus increasing very low level of consumption of the sea food, which is significant from the health point of view; 6. encouraging the development of industries and areas that have so far been neglected for various reasons;

160 160 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Zbornik konferencije MNE raznih razloga bila zapostavljena 7. u prostorno-urbanističkom pogledu ne ugrožava nijednu drugu oblast, ne zauzima poljoprivredne površine, ne remeti urbanističke planove niti izgradnju turističkh objekata, nego naprotiv, svojom proizvodnjom nadopunjuje i podstiče razvoj drugih oblasti. Da bi postigli ove ciljeve mora se obezbijediti kontinuitet sljedećih aktivnosti, iniciranih i projektovanih od strane države, a sprovođenih od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja i Instituta za biologiju mora: 1. Težište razvoja ribolova treba stimulativnim mjerama usmjeriti na lov male plave ribe plivaricama i/ili lebdećim koćama na otvorenom moru. 2. Organizovati prikupljanje statističkih podataka o svim tipovima ribolova na način koji će omogućiti izračunavanje ulova po jedinici napora. Takođe bi trebalo da nadležni organi koji izdaju dozvole za privredni i sportski ribolov redovno dostavljaju statističkoj službi i naučnim ustanovama popis pravnih i fizičkih lica kojima su izdane dozvole. 3. Na osnovu procenjenog MSY treba regulisati ribolovni napor na godišnjem nivou i to tako što će se utvrditi početne godišnje kvote ulova, ribolovna područja, optimalne tehnike ribolova, i procjeniti neophodne kapacitete infrastrukture (luke, nabavu ribarskih alata, remontna postrojenja, hladnjače, kapacitete za preradu i slično). 4. Što prije treba ispitati rentabilnost razvoja i nekih drugih vrsta ribolova, kao što su na primer tunolov plivaricama tunolovkama na otvorenom moru, lov tuna i sabljarki plivajućim parangalima, lov dubinskim parangalima u Južnojadranskoj kotlini, mogućnost razvoja koćarskog ribolova ili ribolova vršama, u prvom redu škampa na kontinentalnoj padini, i procijeniti optimalni ribolovni napor za ove vrste ribolova. 5. Oformiti Fond za razvoj ribarstva koji bi bio pod ingerencijom Javnog preduzeća Morsko ribarstvo odnosno Ministartsva za poljoprivredu, a realizovao bi se preko Agrobanke. LITERATURA 1. Vlada Crne Gore, Ministrastvo poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Razvoj ribarskog sektora Crne Gore, , Nacionalni strategijski plan. 2. Vlada Crne Gore, Zakon o morskom ribarstvu i marikulturi. Sl. list CG 56/09 3. Vlada Crne Gore, Prostorni plan Crne Gore do godine 4. Vlada Crne Gore, Zakon o moru, Sl.list CG 17/07 5. Konvencija o pravu mora UN, Montego Bay, Ana Pešić, Milica Mandić, Olivera Kasalica, Mirko Đurović, Zdravko Ikica and Aleksandar Joksimović,, Marine Fisheries In Montenegro in the last decade ( ), Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 51 (05) (1-4): 51-59, Podgorica 7. Vlada Crne Gore, Ministrastvo poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Strategija razvoja ribarstva Crne Gore i jačanje kapaciteta za implementaciju Zajedničke politike ribarstva EU. 8. Joksimović, A.,Vrgoč, N., Krstulović-Šifner, S., Isajlović,I., Ikica, Z., Marković, O International Cooperations Projects in the Research ff the Adriatic Sea. VI International Conference»Water & Fishery«. June, 12-14, Zemun-Belgrade. Conference proceedings: Aleksandar Joksimović, Najpoznatije ribe Crnogorskog primorja. Crnogorska Akademija nauka i umjetnosti, Posebna izdanja (Monografije i studije), Knjiga 58, Odeljenje prirodnih nauka, knjiga 30., str (ISBN: ). 10. Radović, I., Stevanović, V., Bulić, Z., Joksimović, A., Radović, D., Regner, S., Mandić, S Biodiversity and sustainability of the Mediterranean part of Montenegro. International Science Confernece Reporting for sustainability, May Bečići, Montenegro. Conference Procedings: Regner, S., Mandić, S., Joksimović, A Aktivnosti za sprovođenje mera zaštite u svrhu optimalnog korišćenja morskih bioloških resursa Crnogorskog primorja. 34 Jugoslovenska Konferencija o o zaštiti voda»vode 2005«, 3-7. jun, Kopaonik. Zbornik radova: Kovačević, N., Regner, S., Mandić, S., Vukanić, D Strategija razvoja morskog ribarstva, Institut za biologiju mora. Kotor. 13. Aleksandar Joksimović, Biološka istraživanja Jadranskog mora, stanje, perspektive i pravci razvoja Crna Gora u XXI vijeku u eri kompetitivnosti. Nauka i tehnologija, urednik Jovan Mirković; Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, posebna izdanja (monografije i studije), knjiga 73, sveska 11, Podgorica: Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti 2010, str (ISBN )

161 ENG Conference Proceedings Conference Economy of Montenegro in terms of spatial and urban planning it does not threaten any other area, does not occupy agricultural land, does not disturb the zoning plans or construction of facilities for tourism, but, on the contrary, its production complements and encourages the development of other areas. To achieve these objectives, there should be an ensured continuity of the following activities, indicated and designated by the state and being conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Institute of Marine Biology: 1. The focus of fishing industry should be made on the incentive measures directing to the methods of fishing of small blue fish by purse seine nets and /or floating trawlers in the open sea. 2. To organize the collection of statistical data on all types of fishing, in a manner that will allow the calculation of catch per unit effort. The authorities that issue permits for commercial and sport fishing should regularly provide statistical agencies and research institutions with the list of natural and legal persons who have been issued those permits. 3. Based on the estimated MSY the fishing effort should be regulated annually, by determining the initial annual quota of catch, fishing areas, optimal fishing techniques and by evaluating the necessary infrastructure capacities (ports, purchase of fishing equipment, repairing units, cold storage, processing facilities and the like). 4. As soon as possible, the profitability of development of some other types of fishing should be assessed, such as, for example, purse seining of tuna in the open sea; catching tuna and swordfish by the pelagic longlines; demersal longline fishing in the Southern Basin; the possibility of development of trawling or fishing traps, primarily of shrimp on the continental slope; and the optimal fishing effort for these kinds of fishing should be estimated. 5. To establish a Fund for fisheries development which would be under the competence of the Marine Fisheries Public Enterprise and the Ministry of Agriculture, and would be realized via Agrobanka. REFERENCES 1. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Government of Montenegro, 2008: Development of Fishery Sector in Montenegro, National Strategy Plan 2. Government of Montenegro: The Law on Marine fishery and Mariculture (Official Gazette of Montenegro, No. 56/09) 3. Government of Montenegro: Spatial Plan of Montenegro by Government of Montenegro: The Law of the Sea (Official Gazette of Montenegro, NO. 17/07 5. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay, Ana Pešić, Milica Mandić, Olivera Kasalica, Mirko Đurović, Zdravko Ikica and Aleksandar Joksimović,, Marine Fisheries in Montenegro in the last decade ( ), Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 51 (05) (1-4): 51-59, Podgorica 7. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and water Management of the Government of Montenegro: Strategy for Developing the Fisheries of Montenegro and Strengthening the Capacities for the EU Common Fishery Policy Implementation 8. Joksimović, A.,Vrgoč, N., Krstulović-Šifner, S., Isajlović,I., Ikica, Z., Marković, O International Cooperation Projects in the Research ff the Adriatic Sea. VI International Conference»Water & Fishery«. June, 12-14, Zemun-Belgrade. Conference proceedings: Aleksandar Joksimovi;, The Commonest Fish of the Montenegrin Seaside. Montenegrin Academy of Sciences ad Arts, Special Editions (Monographs and Studies), Volume 58, Department of Natural Sciences, Book 30, p. 140] (ISBN: ) 10. Radović, I., Stevanović, V., Bulić, Z., Joksimović, A., Radović, D., Regner, S., Mandić, S Biodiversity and sustainability of the Mediterranean part of Montenegro. International Science Conference Reporting for sustainability, May Bečići, Montenegro. Conference Proceedings: Regner, S., Mandic, S., Joksimovic, A Activities for Implementing Protection Measures for an Optimum Use of the Sea Biological Resources of the Montenegrin Seaside.»VODE 2005«The 34 th Yugoslav Water Conference, 3-7 June, 2005, Kopaonik. Conference Proceedings: Kovacevic, N., Regner, S., Mandic, S., Vukanic, D Strategy for Marine Fishery Development, Marine Biology Institute, Kotor 13. Aleksandar Joksimović, Biological Researches in the Adriatic Sea: Status, Prospects and Development Trends, Montenegro in the 21 st Century, i.e. in the Competitiveness Era. Science and Technology, Editor in Chief: Jovan Mirković; Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, Special Editions (Monographs and Studies),Volume 73, Book 11, Podgorica: Montenegrin Academy of Science and Arts, 2010, pp (ISBN )

162 Sponzori Sponsors HTP "MIMOZA" A.D. TIVAT

163

164

165

166