Edited by Slovak Environmental Agency (SEA), Tajovského Banská Bystrica -2-

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2 This document has been developed in the frame of the Tisa Catchment Area Development (TICAD) project. The Ticad project is financed by the South East Europe Transnational Cooparation Programme of the European Union. Pilot Project PiP1 is prepared by the Slovak Environmental Agency (SEA) and the VÁTI Hungarian Nonprofit Limited Liability Company for Regional Development and Town Planning. Edited by Slovak Environmental Agency (SEA), Tajovského Banská Bystrica -2-

3 CONTENT 1.INTRODUCTION Aim of the pilot project in the TICAD Project Characteristics of the PiP1 target area TERRITORIAL ANALYSIS OF THE PIP1 TARGET AREA Social characteristics Selected demographic characteristics Demographic prognosis Settlement structure Economic characteristics Industry Agriculture Tourism and cultural heritage Natural characteristics and environmental characteristics Land use Water management Environment characteristics Air Soils Protected areas Territorial and settlement infrastructure Flood protection Transport Infrastructure SWOT ANALYSIS STRATEGY

4 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Aim of the pilot project in the TICAD Project The pilot project PiP1 Slovakia/Hungary - Integrated revitalisation of the Hornád/Hernád River Valley cotains the creation of national database and information about the target area, national analysis, synthesis and strategy. The objective of The pilot project PiP1 Slovakia/Hungary - Integrated revitalisation of the Hornád/Hernád River Valley is: creation of database of information about the target area, comprehensive analysis of the project area proposal of crossborder (Slovakia-Hungary) Integrated revitalisation of the Hornád/Hernád River Valley proposal strategy for balanced regional development, particularly in the water management and flood protection 1.2. Characteristics of the pilot project area The pilot project area is situated south of and around the city of Košice in Slovakia and northeast of the city of Miskolc in Hungary. The Slovak part of the pilot project area is a part of the Košice region and it includes 4 districts of the city of Košice (Košice I IV) and a predominant part of the Košice-okolie district. It has the area of km 2. The Hungarian part of the pilot project area is a part of the Borsod-Abaúj- Zemplén region and it includes 5 micro-regions. It has the area of km 2. Very strong influence in the Hungarian part has Miskolc (also in cross-border relations to Košice) although is not a part of the pilot project area. The population number in 213 settlements of the pilot project area is about inhabitants (2009), in 108 settlements in Slovakia it is about inhabitants and in 105 settlements in Hungary it is about inhabitants. Pilot project area within the Tisa -4-

5 The main water course of the pilot project area is the river Hornád/Hernád. The area of the Hornád/Hernád River Basin is km 2 and of it km 2 is situated in Slovakia and km 2 is situated in Hungary. The total length of the river Hornád/Hernád is 294 km and of it 186 km is situated in Slovakia and 108 km in Hungary. Part of the Bodva River Basin also belongs into the pilot project area in Slovakia, mainly the Ida River with the area of 381 km 2 and the total length of 53 km. It is the most important left-hand tributary of the Bodva River. The Ida River drainages the southeast part of the Volovské Mountains and the west part of the Košice Basin. In Hungary, the Szerencs Takta River Basin with the area of 621 km 2 presents the part of the pilot project area situated in the he southwest part of the Eperjes Tokaj Mountain Range. The most important tributaries of the Hornád River in Slovakia are: the Svinka Stream, the Torysa River, the Olšava River, the Levoča Stream, the Margecianka Stream, the Slovinský Stream and the Hnilec Stream. The most important tributaries of the Hornád River in Hungary are the rivers: the Garadna, the Bélus, the Vasonca, the Szartos, the Csenkő, the Gönc, the Vadász, the river branch Kis-Hernád ( Lesser Hernád ). The most important tributaries of the Ida River are the Čečejovský Stream and the Mokranský Stream. The most important tributaries of the Szerencs-Takto are the streams: the Gilip, the Harangod, the Boldogkőváralja, the Aranyos, the Fennsíkicsatorna ( Plateau Channel ) and the Mád Stream. In terms of geomorphology, the pilot project area in Slovakia belongs to the West Carpathians. The major part of the pilot project area is situated in the Košice Basin. The south part, on the border with Hungary, is situated in the Bodvianska Highlands. The northwest part is in the Slovak Rocky Mountains (Volovské Mountains and Čierka hora). The east part is situated in the Slanské Mountains. The pilot project area in Hungary belongs to several geographical regions such as the Great Plain in the southeast (where it forms part of the Middle Tisza Region) and in the southwest (forming part of the Alluvium Plain of the Northern Great Plain), and the Northern Hungarian Mountains in the east (where it forms part of the Tokaj Zemplén Mountains). The rest of the area belongs to the Northern Hungarian Mountains and to the Northern Hungarian basins. In terms of relief, east and south parts of the pilot area in Slovakia have the mountainous relief with hills in the south and in the east and mountains in the northwest. The south part is situated in plains. The Hungarian pilot project area is highly versatile with plains in the south and in the central parts of the area, with rolling hills in the west, and with mountains in the east. The area has an altitude of between 80 m and 753 m above sea level. The geological structure of the pilot project area in Slovakia is varied. There are the complexes of the Inner Carpathians (Veporikum, Gemerikum), neogene volcanic rocks and neogene sediments. The major part of the pilot area creates neogene sediments. These are mostly: sandstones, conglomerates, limestones and clays. The northwest part of the pilot area has the most complicated geological structure of the -5-

6 whole area. The area is created by metasandstones, metaconglomerates, phyllites, carbonates, schist. The east part of the pilot area creates mostly andesites. In the pilot project area in Hungary, the rolling hills of the area consist of volcanic tuff, Pannonian sediments (sand and clay) and young deposits, loess, and loam. The Hernád Valley forms the boundary between the Cserehát Plateau and the Tokaj Mountain. Formed tectonically at the turn of the tertiary and the quaternary periods, this subsidence trench was gradually filled up with sediment thanks to the action of the secondary streams of the area. The upper strata of the Hernád Valley consist of Pleistocene gravel, red clay, and loess. The eastern boundary of the planning area intersects the western part of the Tokaj Mountain, which consists of Sarmatian sediment rocks and, mostly, of volcanics. The western part of the mountain consists of andesite, rhyolite, and rhyolitic tuff formations. In terms of climate, in the pilot project area in Slovakia the average temperature in January is from -3.5 C to 5.0 C, in July from C to 19.0 C. The warmest part is the city of Košice with the average annual air temperature 8.6 C. The warmest month is July with the annual average air temperature 19 C in the south. The coldest month is January with the annual average air temperature 5 C. The lowest total precipitation is in the city of Košice. The most abundant precipitation is in the mountains. The highest total precipitation is in March and April, the lowest in October and November. In the pilot area in Hungary, the most of the Hernád River Basin and all of the catchment of the Szerencs Stream have a moderately cool climate, while the Takta catchment has a moderately warm climate. At the same time, both of these areas may be considered moderately dry in terms of precipitation. The annual average temperature is usually 8.5 C to 9.5 C; the warmes t month is July (between 19.0 C and 21.0 C) while the coldest month is January (-2.0 C to -4.0 C). The average annual total precipitation varies between 560 mm and 700 mm but may reach such extreme values as 400 mm and mm. The maximum amount of precipitation within any 24 hour period is usually between 30 mm to 40 mm with absolute maximum values at 60 mm to 80 mm; however, the Cserehát Plateau and the Hernád Valley occasionally see values as high as 100 mm to 160 mm. 2. TERRITORIAL ANALYSIS OF THE PIP1 TARGET AREA 2.1. Social characteristics Selected demographic characteristics The population number in 213 settlements of the pilot project area is about inhabitants (2009), in 108 settlements in Slovakia it is about inhabitants (of it in Košice it is about ) and in 105 settlements in Hungary it is about inhabitants. Demographic indicators are significantly affected by the city of Košice, which is not only the center of the Košice region and Eastern Slovakia, but it is also the centre in cross-border context. Demographic indicators are also significantly affected by the city of Miskolc, which is not the pilot project area, but it penetrates the south side of the pilot project area (about inhabitants). -6-

7 In case of the changes in the population number in the Slovak part of the pilot project there has been observed increase in the population number since 2001, its dynamics is fluctuating. In the period there was observed the population increase of 1.36%. Favorable demographic progress is typical for rural settlements of the Košice okolie district, where the total increase was 8.76% in The largest increase was recorded in the villages Trebejov (+36.7%) and Baska (+31.1%). Of the total 86 settlements only in 13 of them the decrease of the population number was observed. The greatest decrease was observed in the village Bunetice (-20.6%). There is characterized stagnant or negative demographic progress for the city of Košice in a long term. The decrease in the population number is the result of the decrease of the natural increase of the population, attenuation of the building activities of flats and houses and the moving out of inhabitants into the Košice - okolie district. Since 2001 there has been the decrease of 0.94%, in 2009 the decrease of the total population number stopped. In the pilot project area in Hungary, at the turn of the millennium, demographic processes in the region moved into a very negative direction, partly because of mass migration from the region and partly because of decrease in the number of births. Between 2003 and 2009, there were major changes in the population numbers in most settlements (ranging from the decrease of 32% to the increase of 126%). Over the course of just seven years, the population of small villages along the border decreased by 10% to 30% while, simultaneously, the populations of some neighbouring villages (Keresztéte, Csenyéte, Felsőgagy, Fáj, and Pusztaradvány) increased by 10% to 120%. Population number in the pilot project area HU SK Population number in the pilot project area Population number in the pilot area -7-

8 Age structure of the population of the overall pilot project area is gradually changing on the behalf of older age groups. In Slovak pilot project are, at the population census in 2001, inhabitants in pre-productive age group presented 18.92% and to 2009 their share declined to 16.03%. During this period the share of post-productive age group increased to 3.88%. Compared to the Slovak national average in 2009, the pilot project area had a favorable age structure. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area the population number in postproductive age group (women over 55 years and men over 60 years) represents 23% of the population number in the settlements of the region. However, there are major differences between the individual settlements. There are settlements with the increasing population number in the post-productive age group and on the contrary there are settlements with the increasing number of population in the pre-productive age group. This progress is significantly affected by migration of younger generations as well as the Roma population (the same holds for the Slovak part of the pilot project area). The ageing index (number of inhabitants in post-productive age group / number of inhabitants in pre-productive age group 0-14-year old * 100), characterizing the population ageing process reaches in the Slovak pilot project area To compare, the ageing index of the Košice region is and for Slovakia it is In the Hungarian pilot project area the ageing index is , while the national value in Hungary is

9 The ethnic structure of the population in the Slovak part of the pilot project area is quite colourful. In the city of Košice, in the districts Košice I IV, the Slovak nationality presents 88.5%, Hungarian nationality 3.8%, Roma nationality 2.3% and Bohemian nationality 1.21%. In the Košice okolie district (countryside) almost one fifth of the population declares to be of other than Slovak nationality (80.5%), i.e. Hungarian nationality (12.2%) and Roma nationality (4.8%). In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area the Roma minority represents significant proportion with their rate of 11.1% Demographic prognosis Demographic prognosis mainly reflects the progress of the population number. In the Slovak part of the pilot project area the population number will not change essentially by The population number will increase of about 0.81%. In the first two thirds of the prognosis period the population number will increase more significantly. The highest total increase should be in 2020, i.e inhabitants ( persons). Since 2020 the decrease of the population number should start and in 2025 there will be the decrease in the population number of 653 persons (-0.19%). In the Hungarian pilot project area the population trend is tending towards the older communities in the villages. The population of younger (under 19 years) people is decreasing continuously, mainly in Szerencs (-7.8%, 680 inhabitants) and Abaúj- Hegyköz (-7.2%, 230 inhabitants) micro-regions. The rate and number of older population (men 60-x and women 55-x years) is increasing. The smallest increasing can be observed in Abaúj-Hegyköz micro-region (3.8%, 125 inhabitants). During these processes, the settlements where population numbers are incresing are mostly inhabited by the Roma minority. However, the dynamism of population increase has been slowing down even in these settlements. More and more highly qualified people and more and more young people leave these settlements (or refuse to return to their homes once they have completed their education elsewhere) a trend most typical for such settlements and regions of the county that are either the most underdeveloped or that are still suffering the backlash of the social and economic transformation the country has gone through. Demography prognosis in the pilot project area Demography prognosis in the pilot area

10 2.2. Settlement structure The Slovak part of the pilot project area is a part of the Košice region and it includes the districts Košice I IV (the city of Košice) and a predominant part of the Košiceokolie district. It has the area of km 2 it covers 18.5% of the territory of the Košice region. The Hungarian part of the pilot project area is a part of the Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén region and it involves 5 micro-regions. It has the area of km 2. Very strong influence in the Hungarian part has Miskolc (also in cross-border relations to Košice) although is not a part of the pilot project area. The Hornád/Hernád River played a major role in the shaping of the settlement system of the pilot project area. Most of the settlements have emerged right along the river or in the valley of its tributary watercourses. The Hornád/Hernád Valley was an important commercial and military route to Poland. Thanks to the consolidation of the comitatus system, the bases of the settlement system were laid by the 13th century. Historically, the Hornád/Hernád Valley never formed a single administrative unit. The pilot project area was distributed between the comitatus of Abaúj(-Torna), Zemplén, and, partially, Borsod. The relatively permanent backbone of the settlement system, which still exists as we speak, consists of market-towns enjoying the right of holding fairs and former manor-seats (e.g. Abaújszántó, Gönc, Szikszó, and Szerencs). During the development of the settlements of the pilot area, some of the settlements were destroyed or depopulated and then resettled, and new settlements were created. After the period of Ottoman occupation, large numbers of mostly German, Slovak, and Ruthenian settlers arrived and in founded new settlements. -10-

11 In the past centuries, the city of Kassa (Košice) played a central role in the life of the pilot area until the signature of the Peace Treaties after World War I. After the readjustment of the borders (formation of the Czechoslovakia), Miskolc gained importance as a region centre. Miskolc is the fourth most populated city of Hungary and as a county seat it continues to play a central role in the life of the region. In terms of size structure of settlements, a characteristic feature is a relatively high number of settlements with small number of inhabitants, what refers to significant settlement fragmentation. The Slovak part of the pilot project area consists of the city of Košice which consists of 4 districts (NUTS 4 units) and 22 city settlements (NUTS 5 units) with the population number of inhabitants and of the Košice okolie district with 86 settlements with the population number of inhabitants. Out of the total 108 settlements, settlements with up to inhabitants represent 90.7% of all settlements and settlements with up to 499 inhabitants represent 38.4% of all settlements. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area out of the 105 settlements, 47 settlements have the population of less than 500 inhabitants, which means that the ratio of small settlements is significant. The settlements that have the smallest numbers of inhabitants are villages located in the Cserehát and Abaúj-Hegyköz regions, far from the main traffic routes and from the regional centers. 29% of the population of the pilot project area in the Hungarian part lives in seven towns (Abaújszántó, Alsózsolca, Encs, Felsőzsolca, Gönc, Szerencs and Szikszó). The smallest town is Gönc with the population of only inhabitants, while the city with the largest population (9 743 inhabitants) is Szerencs. Size structure of settlements in 2009 Population and more Settl. % Settl. % Settl. % Settl. % Settl. % Slovakia Hungary TOTAL The average population density in the Slovak part of the pilot project area is inhabitants per km 2 (the significant influence of the city of Košice). In the villages of the Košice-okolie district, the average population density is inhabitants per km 2 and in the city of Košice it is inhabitants per km 2. In general we can say that the age structure of inhabitants is very positive in rural environment and negative in the districts of the town Košice. The Hungarian part of the pilot project area is a rural area with the low population density. The average population density is 65.9 inhabitants per km 2, which is a much lower than the country average (110 inhabitants per km 2 ). The village with the lowest population density is Regec (3.8 inhabitants per km 2 ) while the highest density is in Felsőzsolca (444.9 inhabitants per km 2 ). This city is a part of the Miskolc agglomeration. -11-

12 The settlement and agglomeration links in the Slovak part of the pilot project area are mostly developed around the administrative centre of the pilot area which is the city of Košice. Suburban and decentralization effects are created around this centre. Similar trends can be observed also in relation to the city of Miskolc, which is not a part of the pilot project area, but is significantly influencing it. -12-

13 2.3. Economic characteristics The pilot project area is characterized by significant disparities. Košice, which is the centre of the Košice Region, is the second biggest and the second most important city in Slovakia. It contributes to the national GDP by approximately 8%. Value of GDP per capita in Košice Region is approximately 85% or 90% of national GDP. Miskolc, in the south of the Hungarian pilot project area is of similar nature. It is the fourth biggest city in Hungary. In 2009, the Slovak part of the pilot project area was affected by decline in the number of economically active inhabitants in comparison with The decline was from thousand inhabitants (2001) to thousand (2009). In 2009, the rate of economically active inhabitants from the total number of inhabitants was 47%. Since 1990, in the Hungarian part of the pilot project area there has been a major decline in employment, and, as a result, in the number of active earners, primarily because half of the workers who used to commute are now forced to stay home. A major decrease in commuting is reflected in the drastic drop of people employed in industry. As a result of terminating agricultural cooperatives, there has been a major decrease in jobs in this sector; today, only 5% of the population of active age finds employment in the surviving cooperatives. By now, municipal governments and their institutions have become the largest employers. In the Slovak pilot project area the unemployed rate is 13% of the registered unemployment. Within the pilot project, area there is big differences between Košice and the rest of the area. In Košice, unemployment is between 7.8% and 9.8%. In the rural areas it is 21.7 % which is one of the highest in Slovakia. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area registered unemployment rate is between 5% and 45%. However the real rate is higher because there is a large amount of unemployed people who are not registered. Most of the registered unemployed people are either qualified workers or people without any specific qualification Industry In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there was the increase in the number of enterprises from 2006 to 2009 from to (20%). From the total number of enterprises there were in Košice which is almost 90% from all enterprises in the Košice region. In terms of the structure of enterprises, the highest abundance is in the following areas: wholesale trade, retail trade and repair of motor vehicles, which represents almost 40% of all enterprises. Industrial enterprises represent 9% and building industry 8%. Farming business presents 1.3 %. From the total number of enterprises of the pilot project are, small companies employing 0 19 employees cover over 89%. By 2009 there were approximately enterprises in the Hungarian part of the pilot project area. The Abaúj-hegyköz region stands out thanks to tourism and forestry. The Hernád Valley, the settlements, running along the main transport route, -13-

14 are characterized by low level of entrepreneurial activities. Enterprises that have more than 10 employees are considered to be the major enterprises. Out of 105 settlements, less than a half (50) has at least one or more enterprises employing 10 employees. The total number of such companies was 195 in the third quarter of Half of the enterprises (80) are located in the more populous settlements such as Szerencs (34), Felsőzsolca (20), Encs (13) and Alsózsolca (13). However, 95% of the enterprises employing more than 10 people are small companies that do not have more than 50 employees. Less than 10% of the enterprises operating in the region are active in mining, the processing industry, or construction. The largest employers (with over 250 employees) are mostly based in Alsózsolca (Sanmina, electronics), Bőcs (brewery), Felsőzsolca (Star-Plus, plastics), and Szerencs (agriculture). Out of the 195 enterprises, only 14 enterprises have an annual turnover of at least one billion Hungarian forints; three thirds of these are based around Miskolc (in Alsózsolca, Felsőzsolca, and Bőcs). In the Slovak part of the pilot project area, the biggest employer is industry. It employs almost a fourth of the working population. It also plays an important role in Slovakia. The central industrial sectors are metal and engineering industry, fuel industry and power engineering as well as other sectors. Building plays an important role here too. The most important factory and the biggest employer in the area is U.S. Steel Košice. It is the biggest producer of cylindrical surface products and steel in the Central and Eastern Europe. It has about 14 thousand employees. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area, the industrial localities are Abaújszántó, Alsózsolca, Aszaló, Felsőzsolca, Forró, Legyesbénye, Méra, Monaj, Szalaszend, Szemere, and Szikszó. In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are only two industrial parks i.e. Kechnec and Košice - Pereš. In the industrial park in Kechnec There were 18 investors established in This area belongs to the fastest growing and developing industrial parks in Slovakia and it creates a new and important industrial zone near the Hungarian border. The industrial park Košice - Pereš is situated directly in the town Košice near the airport. Although it has an excellent position, so far there are only two investors have been established here. There are also several planned industrial parks such as: EKO-TERM-TURIST Ďurkov Olšovany Svinica, in Valaliky, in Cestice, industrial park Košice-Šaca and Global logistic industrial park Košice- Bočiar. Proposed industrial parks have to deal with problems such as lack of services, property settlement, or how to attract foreign or domestic investors. In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are two logistic centers, i.e. near the village Budimír and in Bočiar. Another four sites are to be opened. Namely Veľká Ida, Čečejovce, Haniská pri Košiciach, which are situated south of Košice and one in Nová Polhora north of Košice. Industrial areas in the Hungarian part of the pilot project area are situated mainly around Miskolc (Alsózsolca and Felsőzsolca) however some of them are settled near the river as Encs and Szikszó. At Szerencs a traditional industrial site can be found where more enterprises operate in the industrial park. In the Slovak part of the pilot project area people employed in services present 71% of employees in Košice and 60% of employees in the rural areas. In comparison with -14-

15 2002, the number of people employed in the services sector has increased by 22%. The highest employment rate was in 2007, in the business sector it was 27%, in the real estate sector, rental, and business activities 17%, in education 13% and the sectors of health care and transport it was 11%. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area, the service-oriented localities are: Bekecs, Encs, Gesztely, Hernádkak, Megyaszó, Monok, Onoda, Rátka, Sajólád, Taktaharkány, Telkibánya, Tiszalúc, Újcsanálos a Vilmány Agriculture In terms of agriculture in the Slovak pilot project area, the area south of Košice and the east part is oriented on agricultural production. But the share of agriculture in GDP growth and in overall employment in the pilot area is less significant. The number of self-employed farmers is 140. During the period of three years the number did not significantly change, in 2006 it was 144. In the pilot project area there is a similar trend compared with the rest of Slovakia gradual decrease of self-employed farmers. The number of self-employed farmers in the pilot project area is only 12% out of the total number in the Košice region. In the pilot project area in Hungary agriculture continues to play a significant role both in the economy of the region and in the food self-sufficiency of the population. Data that support this statement include the high number of individual farms per inhabitants on one hand and the significant ratio of persons involved in agriculture among the total population on the other hand. Several parts of the Hornád/Hernád River basin (area south of Košice in Slovakia and dominant part of the area in Hungary) are typical in intense cultivation of arable land on large plots. The soils of former river floodplains offer good conditions for production of sugar beet, potatoes, flax, hemp, peas and red clover. In higher altitudes it is possible to grow more kinds of crops (e.g. wheat, barley, ray and others). The production of corn is only occasional due to climate reasons. Very important is grape production, the pilot area contains the area of Tokaj-Hegyalja, a World Heritage wine region (e.g. Mád, Tállya, etc.). The grape varieties produced include Furmint, Hárslevelű, and Muscat. In terms of mining in the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are mainly mining deposits for exploitation of construction materials. There are especially deposits for exploitation of building stones Trebejov, Košice Hradová, Vyšný Klatov I, Ruskov Čerepeš, Sokoľ II, Sokoľ III, Kavečany, Opiná, Rákoš Dobrák a Svinica. There are also gravel and sand deposits Geča, Seňa Milhosť, Kechnec - Milhosť II and Vajkovce. Apart from those there is also one large dolomite deposit - Družstevná pri Hornáde - Malá Vieska, deposit for exploitation of clay minerals Tepličany and a tuff deposit Kráľovce. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area, a number of mining pits operate along the river where gravel, clay, and sand are being extracted mostly within the following settlements: Zsujta, Hidasnémeti, Hernádszurdok, Hernádvécse, Garadna, Aszaló, Onga, Felsőzsolca, Alsózsolca, Sajóhídvég, and Ónod. The eastern ranges of the planning area are adjacent to the Zemplén Mountains where volcanic rocks (rhyolite, -15-

16 andesite) sustain the mining of bentonite and zeolite mining in settlements such as Sima, Tállya, Rátka, Mád, Mezőzombor, Szerencs, Bekecs, and Monok Tourism and cultural heritage The Slovak part of the pilot project area belongs to the Košice region of tourism. It is dominated by the city of Košice which offers numerous cultural, historical monuments, socio-cultural events and the surrounding suburban recreation centers. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area, the 105 settlements located along the Hernád River form part of the North Hungary region of tourism. This area is not a key tourist destination of the country; neither is it a key resort area. Its rich nature and cultural-historical heritage is mostly attractive for domestic tourists. Ecotourism In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are several villages suitable for ecoturism such as Sokoľ, Trebejov, Veľká Lodina, Malá Lodina, Rákoš, Skároš, Nový Salaš, Slanská Huta, Vyšná Kamenica Kamenica, and Nižná Kamenica. The Hungarian part of the pilot project area is especially suitable for ecotourism because of its protected natural areas, i.e. the Zemplén Protected Landscape Area and the Tokaj-Bodrogzug Protected Landscape Area and the rivers. Currently, there are few completed educational nature tracks or exhibition sites. Organised ecotourism usually takes place as a part of guided tours. Active tourism In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are the greatest opportunities for active tourism in the city of Košice and its surroundings. There are various sports complexes such as ski resort Bankov - Červený Breh, golf course Alpinka, sport complex Rokodromo with climbing training rock, paintball playgrounds Červený Breh and Baňa Bankov, ski resort in Kavečany (6 downhill slopes and 4 routes for crosscountry skiing), summer bobsledge line in Kavečany, swimming pools at Jazero Lake and in Ťahanovce. There are also present the children railway in Črmeľ, Košice ZOO and the forest park in Bankov. The localities focused on water tourism (water sports, fishing) and hiking are in the village Bukovec beside the Bukovec Water Reservoir where is also a golf course, in the village Košická Belá beside the Ružín Water Reservoir with several tourist routes for hiking, in the village Slanská Huta beside Izra Lake with several tourist routes for hiking. In villages Geča and Čaňa there are 4 water areas after the mining of gravel and sand which serve mostly for fishing. The locality suitable for rafting, canoeing or water tourism is on the section of the Hornád River flowing through the villages Malá Lodina, Veľká Lodina, Kysak, Trebejov, Sokolov, and Kostoľany nad Hornádom. There are also several proposed and already existing cycle routes such as Hornád - Torysa - Hornád (Krásna - Kokšov-Bakša - Nižná Hutka - Vyšná Hutka - Košická Polianka Sady nad Torysou - Vyšné Opátske - Krásna ), Košice - Ružín cycle route (Košice - Kysak - Malá Lodina Ružín Water Reservoir) and Hornádska cycle route (Košice - Skároš - Nižná Myšľa). In the village Vyšný Klátov there is situated the sport complex for winter sports Jahodná with 3 ski slopes, 6 ski lifts and 17 km of cross-country skiing routes. -16-

17 In the Hungarian part of the pilot project the most prominent modalities of active tourism are water sports and angling. Kayakers and canoeists can tour the Tisa River from Tiszabecs to Tokaj or from Gergelyiugornya to Tokaj where they can meet other kayakers and canoeists touring the Bodrog River. Water tours are also organised on the Hernád River from Hernádszurdok. The longest cycle routes of the Zemplén Mountains is approximately 155 km long and normally takes three days of touring to complete. Starting out from Szerencs it presents the pristine natural landscapes and marvellous panoramas of Abaúji- Hegyalja, the Zemplén Mountains, and the Hegyköz region. The Taktaköz-Harangod micro-region offers the cycle route Taktaközi tekergő. The tours organised into the Bodrogköz region start out from Sárospatak or Sátoraljaújhely with their destinations being the protected natural area of Bodrogzug, the floodplains of the rivers Tisa and Bereg, and, occasionally, neighbouring Slovakia. More and more performance routes originally dedicated to hikers may now be completed by adventurous mountain bikers. These include Zemplén 26 and Zemplén 50, the Rákóczi Tour, and a section of the Nagy-Milic Tour organised by Öreg Bence Tourist House. The pilot project area also offers good opportunities for other (extreme) sports such as rock climbing, paragliding, motorised hang-gliding or automobile and motorbike sports. Hunting tourism plays a prominent role in the pilot project area as its forests and mountain ranges are rich in big game while its plains and rolling hills are home to a rich fauna of small game and winged game. Many enterprises have been set up for welcoming hunting visitors; their services include guiding and accommodation. In addition to prestigious hunting castles converted into hotels, hunters may also find accommodation in many hunting lodges. Concerning winter sports the Zemplén Mountains offer great opportunities thanks to their terrain and snow conditions. More development is needed in this aspect though. Health, medical and wellness tourism In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are wellness facilities in Košice. Although the Hungarian part of the pilot project area is rich in thermal waters, the settlements along the River Hernád only have smaller spas and health spas (Abaújszántó). The spa in Gönc offers standard water with high iron content. Kéked operates an open-air spa during the summer. Business and conference tourism In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are numerous conference facilities in Košice. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area there are few hotels that have larger conference facilities (certain hotels in Tokaj, Szerencs, Erdőbénye, and Telkibánya). Wine and gastro tourism The North Hungary region of tourism offers unique opportunities for wine tourism. Closely linked to the wine regions, the region offers several wine tours: the Tokaj- Hegyalja Wine Tour, the Historical Wine Tour of Tállya, or the Rákóczi Wine Tour Association of Szerencs. Thanks to information boards and signs, tourist information offices, fliers and web portals, visitors can find quality service providers with certification marks. The region offers several wine and gastronomy events throughout -17-

18 the year that attract more and more tourists year after year and become more and more famous nationally or even internationally (such as, e.g., the Vintage Days of Tokaj-Hegyalja, etc.). Cultural heritage and tourism The Slovak part of the pilot project area belonged to the historical Abov region and in the 17th century Košice became the seat of the Abov region. Košice were situated at an important trade route and it became the centre of trade with Eastern Europe, Poland and Russia. There are totally 621 cultural monuments listed in the Central List of the Slovak Monument Fund. These are mostly sacral buildings, bourgeois houses, manor houses, folk houses, mansions and parks. The highest concentration of cultural monuments is in the Old Town in Košice (declared as a town monument reserve in 1983). There are well preserved unique treasures of the medieval architecture as well as many renaissance bourgeois houses, city palaces and public buildings. These are Cathedral of St. Elisabeth, Chapel of St. Michael, the Urban s Tower, the State Theatre, the Old Town Hall Town Ramparts, Jacab s Palace, Andrassy's Palace, the Bishop s Palace, The Immaculata Statue and others. The historical town core of the city of Košice belongs among the localities submitted on the Tentative List of the World Heritage List (added in 2002). In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are also various castles and castle ruins, for example in the villages Skároš, Sokoľ, Obišovce and Kysak. The most visited manor house is in the village Budimír. In the village Herľany there is a historical spa from the 17th century with the artificial Herľany Geyser. It is the only cold-water geyser in Europe. It jests the water spontaneously up to meters with the period of hours and the eruption takes approximately 25 minutes. The Herľany Geyser is submitted on the Tentative List of the World Heritage List (added in 2002). In the pilot project area there is also a significant archeological locality in the municipality Košice Barca with the burial place from the 7th 8th centuries and the Slavic burial place from the 10th and 12th centuries. Another important archeological locality of the Bronze Age is in the village Nižná Myšľa. This locality is of European importance and is called Slovak Mykonos. The city of Košice was selected to be the European Capital of Culture in 2013 after the successful presentation of the Project Košice Interface The aim of the project is to create the environment for interaction of various spheres of cultural and social life. The investment projects are the basis of the project. They should significantly develop and change the cultural infrastructure of the city. They are mostly based on rebuilding of already existing buildings to modern cultural venues of the 21st century. Thanks to its turbulent history, the Hungarian part of the pilot project area is especially rich in cultural relics. Almost every settlement has a number of protected historical monuments. These are mostly castles, mansions, fortresses, ruins, churches, folk heritage houses, and museums. Some of the historical buildings already welcome tourists; nonetheless, many of them need to be renovated. Some fortresses and castles are used as accommodation establishments (Kéked, Boldogkőváralja, Szerencs, etc.); others function as museums housing public collections. Outstanding gems of the region s architectural heritage are its fortified -18-

19 church buildings (Abaújkér, Abaújszántó and Vizsoly), the fortified Hussite Hause (Gönc), the earth castles of the Árpád era, and the historical sites related to the Rákóczi dynasty. The name of Vizsoly has been made well known even outside the borders of the country as it was in this village where Gáspár Károli, a pastor of the Reformed Church in Gönc and superintendent of the Kassa Valley Diocese, made and published the first complete Hungarian translation of the Bible in The World Heritage Site Tokaj-Hegyalja (declared in 2002) is a unique combination of landscape, ecosystem, human culture, and traditions whose preservation and presentation is of universal interest. Since the year 2000, the region has seen minor development projects mostly related to wine tourism, including some major developments in hotel services (e.g. Count Degenfeld Castle Hotel, Hotel Hunor, and Hotel Magita). Key venues for special events include Szerencs (Castle Games, Kaláris Folk Art Exhibition) and Tokaj (Tokaj-Hegyalja Vintage Days), but almost every settlement has its own events dedicated to its traditions and cultural heritage (such as the Swabian Ethnic Minority Festival in Rátka) Natural characteristics and environmental characteristics Land use In the pilot project area in Slovakia, the share of agricultural land from the total Slovak pilot area is 51%. The share of arable land from the total pilot project area is 38% and 74% from the total area of agricultural land of the pilot area. The greatest shares of agricultural land are mostly in the south and east parts of the pilot area. The share of grasslands from the total Slovak pilot area is 10%, the share of hopfields and vineyards is 0.02%, the share of gardens is 3% and the share of orchards is 0.36%. In the pilot project area in Hungary, 66% of the total area is agricultural land and of it the share of arable land is 80%. The most plots are typically larger than 10 ha in size. The share of grasslands is 8%. They are scattered around in patches primarily in the Eastern Cserehát region. The share of vineyards is 3%; most of them are in the Szerencs Hills and in the Hegyalja region. The share of vineyards is outstandingly high in the settlements Mád, Szerencs, and Tállya. Orchards represent 3% of the total area; larger contiguous areas occupied by orchards are found in the Eastern Cserehát region. The ratio of orchards is outstandingly high in the settlement of Fancsal where apples and apricots are produced. -19-

20 Very important is the share of forests. In the Slovak part of the pilot project area it is 36% from the total Slovak pilot area. Forests are mostly in the northwest and east part of the pilot area. The share of build-up area from the total area is 7.5%. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area the forests covers 22% of the total area. The most of the forests are in the Abaúj-Hegyköz micro-region, in the northeast part of the area. -20-

21 Water management The main water course of the pilot project PiP1 area is the river Hornád/Hernád (Hornád for Slovakia and Hernád for Hungary). The area of the Hornád/Hernád River Basin is km 2 and of it km 2 is situated in Slovakia and km 2 is situated in Hungary. The total length of the Hornád/Hernád River is 294 km and of it 186 km is situated in Slovakia and 108 km in Hungary. Part of the Bodva River Basin also belongs into the pilot projectarea in Slovakia, mainly the Ida River with the area of km 2 and the total length of 53.4 km. It is the most important left-hand tributary of the Bodva River. It drainages the southeast part of the Volovské Mountains and the west part of the Košice Basin. In Hungary the part of the pilot project area presents the Szerencs Takta River Basin with the are of 621 km 2 situated in the he southwest part of the Eperjes Tokaj Mountain Range. The most important tributaries of the Hornád River in Slovakia are: the Svinka Stream, the Torysa River, the Olšava River, the Levoča Stream, the Margecianka Stream, the Slovinský Stream and the Hnilec Stream. The most important tributaries of the Hornád River in Hungary are the rivers: the Garadna, the Bélus, the Vasonca, the Szartos, the Csenkő, the Gönc, the Vadász, the river branch Kis-Hernád ( Lesser Hernád ). The most important tributaries of the Ida River are the Čečejovský Stream and the Mokranský Stream. The most important tributaries of the Szerencs-Takto are the stream: the Gilip, the Harangod, the Boldogkőváralja, the Aranyos, the Fennsíkicsatorna ( Plateau Channel ) and the Mád Stream. Surface waters In the pilot project area in Slovakia there are 46 water bodies and of it 44 is classified into the category of rivers and 2 are classified into the category of modified water bodies (water reservoirs), i.e. the Ružín Water Reservoir and the Bukovec Water Reservoir. In the pilot project area in Hungary there are present 31 water bodies and of it 29 are classified into the category of rivers and 3 are classified into the category of modified water bodies. The assessment of the status of surface waters is based on the assessment of the ecological status/ecological potential and of the chemical status of surface waters. In the pilot project area in Slovakia, from the point of the ecological status/potential of surface water bodies, 4 water bodies achieve high ecological status/potential, 18 water bodies achieve good ecological status/potential, 21 achieve moderate ecological status/potential, 2 water bodies achieve poor ecological status/potential and 1 water body achieves bad ecological status/potential. From the point of the chemical status of surface water bodies, 45 water bodies achieve good chemical status and 1 water body is failing to achieve good status. In the pilot project area in Hungary, from the point of the ecological status/potential of surface water bodies, 3 water bodies achieve good status, 8 water bodies achieve moderate status, 8 water bodies achieve poor status and 6 water bodies achieve bad status. There is no water body achieving high status and 4 water bodies do not have evaluated their ecological status/potential due to the lack of data. From the point of chemical status of surface water bodies, 4 water bodies achieve good chemical -21-

22 status and 2 water bodies are failing to achieve good status. The other 23 surface water bodies do not have evaluated their chemical status, because of the lack of the data. Ecological status of surface water bodies The WFD requires achieving the environmental objectives for the surface water bodies by the year In the pilot project area in Slovakia there was extended this deadline for 16 water bodies and in the pilot project area in Hungary there was extended this deadline for 26 water bodies. It is because of economical reasons and because the technical feasibility exceeds the timescale. Hydromorphological conditions In relation to identification of hydromorphological alteration the most common problems are: deformation of longitudinal continuity of rivers and biotopes, deformation of transverse connection of wetlands and inundations with water course, insufficient longitudinal permeability. In the pilot project area in Slovakia there are proposed the following measures to improve the hydromorphological conditions: construction of 17 fish passes or corridors, rebuilding of current 48 structures into ramps to ensure the river continuity for fish, removal of 1 structure and the modification of the operational programme for 10 structures to reach the river continuity. In the pilot project area in Hungary there are proposed the following measures to improve the hydromorphological conditions: construction of 1 fishing passes and 6 river bed rehabilitations. Groundwaters In the pilot project area in Slovakia there are present 7 bodies of groundwaters and of it 1 quaternary groundwater body, 5 pre-quaternary bodies of groundwaters and 1-22-

23 groundwater body of geothermal waters. In the pilot project area in Hungary there are present 12 bodies of groundwaters. The groundwater status assessment consists of quantitative and chemical status assessment. In the pilot project area in Slovakia, from the point of quantitative status assessment of bodies of groundwaters, 5 bodies of groundwaters achieve good quantitative status and 1 groundwater body achieves poor quantitative status. From the point of chemical status assessment, 5 bodies of groundwaters achieve good chemical status and 1 groundwater body achieves poor chemical status. Quantitative and chemical status of 1 groundwater body of geothermal waters was not evaluated. In the pilot project area in Hungary, from the point of quantitative status assessment of bodies of groundwaters, 7 bodies of groundwaters achieve good quantitative status, 1 groundwater body achieves poor quantitative status and 4 bodies of groundwaters achieve the boundary status between good and poor status. From the point of chemical status assessment, 10 bodies of groundwaters achieve good chemical status and 2 bodies of groundwaters achieve poor chemical status. Poor quantitative status of bodies of groundwaters is caused by direct abstractions of high volume of groundwaters, by illegal abstractions of groundwaters, by discharging of surface water into the groundwaters, and by artificial infiltration. Poor chemical status of groundwaters is caused mainly by nitrate pollution from agricultural activities. In the pilot project area in Slovakia there is very important the groundwater body of geothermal waters SK300170FK Košice basin. The energy-thermal potential of its resources is MW. Due to this fact and also due to relatively high temperatures of these waters, this groundwater body is one of the most perspective sources of geothermal energy in Slovakia. It is necessary to abstract these waters by the reinjection system concerning their chemical composition (Na-Cl type), mineralization ( g/l) and nature protection. The sources of geothermal waters are well documented in Ťahanovce, Šebastovce, Valaliky and Ďurkov. Pollution of surface waters and groundwaters by organic pollution and nutrients The settlements without sewerage systems and waste water treatment plants (WWTP) are presenting significant risk for water quality. In these settlements waste waters are discharged into the insufficient cesspits or directly into the surface waters. WWTP also present risk for water quality mainly when non-used waste tanks are discharged into the surface waters. The storage of sludge from water treatment is also not treated in environmentally friendly way. Other problems are discharging of industrial waters into the surface waters, mining activities, illegal landfills, contaminated sites. Very significant source of water pollution is also agriculture, diffuse pollution from agricultural activities causing water enrichment by nutrients such as nitrogen and/or phosphate. In the pilot project area in Slovakia, it is necessary to synchronize the discharge of waste waters in agglomeration above p.e. The missing sewerage systems are -23-

24 the biggest problem. The Hornád River Basin is significantly impacted by industrial waste waters from the city of Košice. The Sokoliansky Stream is significantly polluted by discharged waste waters from U.S. Steel, s.r.o. Košice in the long term. Another significant source of pollution is WWTP Košice. On the basis of consumption of nitrogen fertilizers applied to agricultural soils it is possible to state that the highest average annual consumption (80.98 kg N/ha) was in 2007 in the Košice region. The priorities in improving the water quality are: Košice WWTP reconstruction, Kokšov- Bakša WWTP reconstruction, completion of the sewerage system in the villages Čaňa and Veľká Ida. In the pilot project area in Hungary, the significant pollution source is the screw and bolt manufacturing plant in Onga (higher concentrations of trichloroethylene). Agricultural activities also present significant pollution source of surface waters and groundwaters. Within the Sajólád water works, in Gyömrő-puszta, decades of livestock production have caused rather high groundwater pollution levels of ammonium-ion, phosphorus, and organic matter. The open-cast quarry in Tállya may also affect surface water bodies Environment characteristics Air In the pilot project area in Slovakia the biggest polluter is U.S. Steel Košice and also other sectors of industry like machine industry, metallurgy and energetics are important air pollution sources. The amount of main pollutants from the most important pollution sources has the decreasing trend from The significant decrease of pollutants was recorded in case of CO (almost of about tons per year). The decrease of CO emissions in case of big pollution sources is caused by decrease of steel and iron production due to recent economic crisis. In the Hungarian pilot project area there are no significant industrial pollution sources Soils In the Slovak pilot project area there are the most common the following soils: planosols and stagnosols, cambisols, albic luvisols, rendzic pletosols and haplic luvisols. The most suitable agricultural soils are in the east and in the south part of the pilot area. In these areas the soils have higher production capacity and higher humus content. Within the valley of the Hernád River in Hungary, the most prominent types of soil are alluvial meadow soils of poor or average quality in terms of suitability for plant production. Soils at higher elevations are various types of brown forest soils; in terms of distribution, medium-quality chernozem brown forest soils are the most prominent. In the south of the catchment (e.g. in Harangod) there are larger contiguous expanses of good and excellent quality chernozem soils as well. In lower areas in the Taktaköz region, medium and poor quality meadow soils are most typical. In the Slovak pilot project area, the soils in the central and in the south part are markedly contaminated by As, Cu, Hg, Zn and Pb. The main contamination source is -24-

25 U. S. Steel Košice, the former magnesite mining plant in Košice and the former magnesite processing plant in Košice. The highest level of contamination is caused by flow of particular matters into the surroundings of these plants. The former Fe-As- Cu-Ag-Au mining plants in the northwest part of the pilot area are also the important pollution sources of soil contamination. In the Hungarian pilot territory the main soil contamination is coming from industrial sites near the Sajó River outside the pilot project area. The deposition of heavy metals in the river bed transported by the flood to the agricultural flood plain causes significant problems (mercury, cadmium, arsenic and lead concentration) especially at the settlements of Sajólád, Ónod and Kesznyéten Protected areas In the pilot project area there area totally 21 sites belonging to the NATURA 2000 network. In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are 6 sites of the NATURA 2000 network and of it 3 are designated Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and 3 are proposed Sites of Community Importance (SCIs). The SPAs cover the area of ha and they are: the SPA Slanské Mountains, the SPA Košice Basin, the SPA Volovské Mountains. The proposed SCIs cover the area of ha and they are: the psci Strahuľka, the psci Milič and the psci Stredné Pohornádie. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area there are 15 sites of the NATURA 2000 network and of it 3 are Special Protection Areas and 12 are Sites of Community Importance. The SPAs cover the area of ha they are: the SPA Zemplén Mountains, Szerencs Hills and the Hernád Valley, the SPA Bodrogzug Kopasz Hill Taktaköz and the SPA Kesznyéten. The SCIs cover the area of ha and they are: the SCI Hernád Valley and the forest of Sajólád, the SCI Rakaca Valley, the SCI Király Hill of Telkibánya, the SCI Central Zemplén Mountains, the SCI Castle Hill of Regéc, the SCI Baskó Meadows, the SCI Patócs Hill and Sátor Hill of Tállya, the SCI Bomboly Quarry of Mád, the SCI Kakas Hill of Mád, the SCI Upper Tisa, the SCI Sajó floodprone area of Kesznyétenand the SCI Sajó Valley. In the whole pilot project area there are no Biosphere Reserves or Ramsar sites. In the whole pilot project area there are no National parks. In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are no Protected Landscape Areas. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area there are 2 Protected Landscape Areas covering the area of ha. These are: the Zemplén Protected Landscape Area and the Kesznyéten Protected Landscape Area. In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are 18 small-sized protected areas in categories National Nature Reserve, Nature Reserve, Protected Site, National Natural Monument, and Natural Monument. 7 National Nature Reserves cover the area of 649 ha and they are: the Big Milič, the Small Milič, the Bujanovská dubina, the Humenec, the Bokšov, the Sivec, and the Vozárska. 5 Nature Reserves cover the area of 181 ha and they are: the Marocká Ridge, the High Peak, the Rankovské Rocks, the Malé Brdo, and the Small Izra. 4 Protected Sites cover the area of 153 ha and they are the Košice Botanic Garden, -25-

26 the Perínske fish-ponds, the Nižnočajská pieskovňa, and the Miličská Rock. There is 1 National Natural Monument the Herľany Geyser and 1 Natural Monument the Kavečianska Plain (area of 3 ha). Protected areas In the Hungarian pilot project area there are 6 nature protection areas covering the area of 285 ha. These are: the Aranyos Valley Nature Protection Area of Abaújkér, the Sátor-hegy and Krakó Nature Protection Area of Abaújszántó, the Sóstó Pasture Nature Protection Area, the Tátorjános Nature Protection Area of Megyaszó, the Patócs Mountain Nature Protection Area of Tállya, and the Bomboly-bánya Nature Protection Area of Mád. In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there are the following ecological networks: a) Core areas of European significance: the Slanské Mountains - Milič b) Core areas of national significance: the Bujanovské Mountains, the Volovské Mountains Kojšovská hoľa c) Ecological corridors of European significance: the East Slovak North-south Mountain Route d) Ecological corridors of national significance aquatic: The Hornád River ecological corridor, the Torysa River ecological corridor e) Ecological corridors of national significance terrestrial: the Slovak Ore Mountains In the pilot project are in Hungary the core areas are mainly protected natural areas, lying within the Zemplén, the Tokaj-Bodrogzug and the Kesznyéten landscape protection areas. The designated ecological corridors and buffer zones are mostly also protected as protected natural areas and NATURA 2000 sites. -26-

27 Territorial and settlement infrastructure Flood protection For the pilot project area in Slovakia and as well as in Hungary there is characteristic flow regime with maximum average monthly flow rates in spring (March, April, May) and with the lowest average monthly flow rates in autumn (September). The biggest outflow is in spring as well the occurrence of culmination flows is in spring, mostly in April. The next most common period of floods is summer (from June to August). The floods on the Hornád/Hernád River do not last for a very long time, mostly for 3 5 days. Transverse structures and water reservoirs are very important for flood protection. In the pilot project area in Slovakia there is very important the system of the large water reservoirs Ružín I Water Reservoir and Ružín II Water Reservoir. The Ružín I Water Reservoir covers the area of 3.9 km 2 and it has the capacity of 59 million m 3. The Ružín II Water Reservoir covers the area of 0.65 km 2 and it has the capacity of 4.5 million m 3. The limited discharging amount of water is 450 m 3.s -1 in order to protect the city of Košice. There exists the Agreement with Hungary that at the border section culmination flow 810 m 3.s -1 should not be exceeded. The joint Slovak- Hungarian border section of the Hornád/Hernád River is not regulated and floods occur often. Very important is also the system of the large water reservoirs Bukovec Water Reservoir and Under Bukovec Water Reservoir with the total volume of million m 3 and retention capacity of mil.m 3. In the pilot project area in Slovakia, there also operate 12 other small water reservoirs with the total volume of mil. m 3. There were constructed for irrigation, fish production and tourism. Some of them were designed with particular retention capacity which is not preserved due to sedimentation. In the pilot project area in Hungary, the oldest structure built along the Hernád River is the permanent dike at Hernádszurdok. It maintains the dammed water level at maf in the section at the mouth of the Main Irrigation Channel of Bársonyos. The bed under the dike requires continuous maintenance. The Gibárt Dam with the hydroelectric power plant maintains the dammed water level at mbf. The 45- m wide flood reduction channel was also built in 1954 but it is insufficient and the regulation structures within the environment of the power plant require continuous maintenance. The Felsődobsza Dam and the hydroelectric power plant maintain the dammed water level at mbf. The Bőcs Dam and the attached Kesznyéten Channel and the hydroelectric power plant have a total overflow surface of 200 m 2 and it maintains the dammed water level the mbf. The Kesznyéten Channel is the water extraction structure where a lower section was rebuilt into the reservoir with the retention capacity of 1 million m 3. In the pilot project area in Hungary there also operate 11 water reservoirs. The total useful volume of these reservoirs is 3.4 million m 3 and the area is ha. Of these, 3 operate in the Hernád River Basin with the total volume of million m 3 and the area of 52.1 ha. 8 reservoirs operate in the Szerencs Takta River Basin with the total volume of million m 3 and the area of ha. -27-

28 Current flood protection status in the pilot project area Among the most regular activities within the flood protection belong measures ensuring the sufficient flow capacity of a river bed like removal of sediments or ground-wood. Because of shortage of money and insufficient technical equipment these measures are not performed sufficiently. The consequences are river beds choked with sediments increasing the flood risk. Along the Slovak Hungarian border section of the river Hornád/Hernád, which is of interest for both countries, especially the Slovak party has expressed its wish that the river bed should be cleaned in the Hungarian section as well. Impacts of natural conditions and anthropogenic influences support the generation of floods. Listed shortages in flood protection are expressed in the form extensive and destructive floods. The most serious floods over the last years which occurred in the pilot project area in Slovakia were in May Jun These floods can be considered as historic. The floods occurred not only on the main water courses (the Hornád, the Torysa, the Olšava, the Ida) but also on small and the smallest tributaries. Extensive residential areas of towns were flooded and the flood damages were very high. The similar situation was in the pilot project area in Hungary. During May June 2010 the highest historic water levels were seen on the Hernád River and on the Sajó River. On the base of available data, about 106 buildings in 26 settlements collapsed, a number of roads were partially washed away and rendered unfit for use, more than inhabitants had to be evacuated. More than people were at risk. In the pilot project area in Slovakia there are not at present declared flood plains. As the EU Member State the Slovak Republic is obliged to complete the flood hazard maps and the flood risk maps by the year These maps will be the basis for declaration of flood plains. In order to improve the flood protection in Slovakia, the Slovak State Water Management Enterprise, Brach Košice realized from July 2009 to March 2011 Project Improvement of the Flood Management and Flood Planning in the Hornád River Basin in Slovakia. The project was financed from the EEA Financial Mechanism, the Norwegian Financial Mechanism and the Slovak State Budget. One of the outputs of this project were the flood hazard maps and the flood risk maps for some stretches of the main water courses of the Hornád River Basin even though during preparation and realization of the project the Slovak legislative transposing the Directive 2007/60/EC was not completed. In the pilot project area in Hungary there are three flood protection sections: Hernádnémeti Hernádszurdok ( river km), Hidasnémeti Bőcs ( river km) and Inérhát Taktaföldvár ( river km). There are also 13 floodplains within the area. The total area of floodplains is km 2 and of it km 2 is flood protected. The regulations of water courses in the pilot area in Slovakia have been realized mainly on the main water courses and their most important tributaries mainly in order to protect residential areas and lands. Small water courses were regualted mainly in order to dewater agricultural land. Most regulations were realized in the 1960s and the 1970s. At present km of water courses have been regulated in the -28-

29 Hornád River Basin in the pilot project area. In the Bodva River Basin km of water courses have been regulated at present. Many of these regulations do not ensure protection against floods in the residential areas of towns and villages. Along the Hernád River in the target area in Hungary 3 modes of river regulations have been used: river channelling, medium water level regulation and high water level regulation. These regulations involve the construction of 4 dams, river channelling in the total length of 25 km along the river course. The small watercourses were regulated in the 1970s. Their beds were mostly regulated in order to prevent water damage, ensuring that Q1-3% flows (within built-up areas) and Q10% flows (outside built-up areas). 40 km of the Hernád River may be considered to be regulated in some way. It presents 34% of the total length of the Hernád River. The total length of main flood protection line along the Hernád River is 63.4 km but 55% of it is incomplete or not high enough or discontinuous at some sections. In the pilot project area in Slovakia within the Programme of the Land Revitalization and Integrated Management of the River Basins in the Slovak Republic there was realized the Pilot Project in the villages Malá Lodina, Ťahanovce and Svinica. According to the Assessment Report for the year 2010 in these villages was realized the increase of retention volume: Malá Lodina m 3, Ťahanovce m 3 and Svinica m 3. The project will continue in the next years. Along the Hornád River Basin in the Slovak pilot area there are also proposed reconstruction and regulation works on the main water courses and tributaries in the total length of km such as regulations of the Hornád River in Košice, reconstruction of the protection dams under Košice, regulation of flow regime on the Torysa River, reconstruction of the protection dam on the Torysa River in Sady nad Torysou, etc. Important proposed regulation is the construction of the left-handed protection dam on the Hornád/Hernád border section in Kechnec. In 2011 in the pilot project area in Hungary started works to reconstruct and strengthen the damaged flood protection structures in the valleys of the rivers Sajó, Hernád and the Bodva in order to prevent future floods and to secure the safety of settlements. Within the Hernád Valley, Government Decree 1028 of 2011 on development projects ensuring the long-term safety of certain settlements within the Sajó Valley ordered the implementation of the following works: The construction of circular embankments around settlements in Felsőzsolca (the construction of approximately 5 km of flood protection embankments) and in Ónod (the construction of approximately 2.5 km of flood protection embankments) The demolition of the old Felsőzsolca road and the removal of remnants of the collapsed bridge Dredging the beds of the rivers Sajó, Bodva and the Hernád at locations where obstructions to flood wave passage have developed Dredging the spaces between the arcs of the Felsőzsolca railway bridge within the floodplain Defining the engineering design tasks and the appropriate engineering solutions concerning the removal of obstacles to flood wave passage in the floodplain at the bridge arcs and culverts of the access ramps of Road 3 and Motorway M30 within the region of Felsőzsolca -29-

30 Flood prone areas Transport One of the preconditions of a successful development of a region is its interconnection with an international transport network and optimal set-out of the transport network in the pilot project area, thus creating suitable conditions for effective cooperation. In case of road network, in the Slovak part of the pilot project area the road network consist of: 1) TEM 6: junction with I/50, I/68 Košice state border SK/HU, border crossing Milhosť, Košice district 2) TEM 7: junction with I/18, I/68 Prešov Svidník state border SK/PL, border crossing Výšný Komárnik, Svidník district The supra-regional national road network consists of 107 km in the following routes: Motorway D1, 1st class road I/50, 1st class road I/68, Road R4 (planned), Road R2 (planned) Within the regional road network in the area the direct service of the pilot project area is provided by 2nd and 3rd class roads in length of 578 km which are owned and managed by the Košice self-governing region. These are: 2nd class roads of 132 km in length (547 Košice Veľký Folkmar Gelnica/Spišská Nová Ves, 548 Košice Jasov Medzev, 550 Moldava Jasov, 552 Košice Slanec Trebišov, 576 Bohdanovce Bidovce Herľany) and 3rd class roads in total length of 439 km. The city of Košice as an administrative and economical centre of the region has a complete transport network. To solve the transit transport west-east, north-south and -30-

31 to solve the current and future transport loads it will be necessary to complete bypasses and the roads: D1 (Budimír Košické Olšany), R2 (Šaca R4 Košické Olšany/D1). For the transport service of the pilot project area the most important is the northsouth corridor within the corrridor IX/TEM7/R4 PL Prešov Košice HU Miskolc, which is at the Slovak territory fully functional only in the section Prešov Košice and section Košice border crossing HU under construction. Within the TEN-T network there is an effort to define a new corridor Via Carpatia based on the Lancut declaration signed in 2006 and subsequently confirmed in The corridor should connect the towns Klaipeda Kaunas Białystok Lublin Rzeszów Košice Miskolc Debrecen Oradea Lugoj Calafat/Constanta Sofija/Svilengrad Solún (Thessaloniki). Seven countries should participate in its completion and from the point of the pilot project area it has an ambition to increase its accessibility, attractiveness and subsequently creates preconditions for economical development. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area there is an important TEN-T road passing across the Hernád River Basin, which is responsible for the north-south connections between the two branches of the V. line of the so called Helsinki corridors. The Hungarian part of the road is established as a main road (main road No.3) but there is a plan to establish the high speed road M30 collaterally with the main road. The M30 would be a part of Via Carpatia. Currently just one motorway (M3) touches the south-western side of the Hernád area as well as two main road need to be mentioned - No 3. Budapest - Hatvan - Gyöngyös - Füzesabony - Mezőkövesd - Miskolc - Szikszó - Encs - Tornyosnémeti - (Slovakia) and No. 37 Felsőzsolca (main road No. 3) - Szerencs - Sátoraljaújhely - (Slovakia), which is passing across the area through 87 km. A planned main road (44 km) would link these two main roads in the pilot project area. In case of rail network, the Slovak pilot project area is connected with the international and national rail network and it creates an important junction of international corridors. The national rail links are: Poprad Kysak Košice, Košice Čierna nad Tisou state border SK/UA, State border SK/PL Plaveč Prešov Kysak, Košice Barca Kechnec state border SK/HU, broad gauge railway - State border SR/UA Maťovce Haniska pri Košiciach, Košice - Barca Rožňava Lenártovce Fiľakovo. The most important railway for the development for the pilot project area is Miskolc Čaňa Košice railway, which is situated in the centre line of the pilot project area. It allows connection with the terminal Haniska pri Košiciach, with broad gauge railway as well as with the planned logistic centre. From the economical point there are still unused possibilities of the broad gauge line UA - Maťovce Haniska pri Košiciach with the possibility of connection with the Košice airport. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project are 2 TEN-T railways (Budapest - Hatvan - Miskolc Felsőzsolca - Mezőzombor and Felsőzsolca - Hidasnémeti - (Slovakia)), the railway with a local importance (Mezőzombor - Sátoraljaújhely - (Slovakia)) and the branch (Szerencs-Hidasnémeti) touch the Hungarian pilot project area through 165 km. The connection Miskolc Felsőzsolca Hidasnémeti (Slvoakia) is of regional importance. -31-

32 An important element in the development of rail transport and in the creation of conditions for transfer of haulage transport from the roads to railways is the development of combined transportation. In the pilot project area there is situated terminal Haniska pri Košiciach which can be connected to standard and broad gauge, to roads R2 and R4 but it also allows the use of nearby Košice airport. From the point of border crossings there are only border crossings on the 3rd class roads and connections between villages on Slovak and Hungarian part. These are: Buzica Büttös and Milhosť Tornyosnémet. The planned border crossings are: Skároš Hollóháza (Project of the Cross-border Cooperation SK/HU ), Trstené pri Hornáde Kéked (Project of the Cross-border Cooperation SK/HU ), Janík Percse, Perýn/Chým Hidasnémeti and Kechnec Abaújvár. In the pilot project area there is one international airport, Kosice International Airport (KCS). The nearest airports of similar or higher standard are Budapest/Ferihegy Airport (BUD), Debrecen Airport (DA), Krakow Balice Airport (KRK) and Airport Poprad Tatry (TAT) Infrastructure Water infrastructure In terms of public water supply system (drinking water supply system) in the Slovak part of the pilot project area there is a main water system called the Eastern Slovak Water System, which supplies most of settlements of Košice I IV districts and Košice-okolie district. The city of Košice is mostly supplied from the Starina Water Reservoir. Other sources of drinking water of the city of Košice are: karstic springs Drienovec, Turňa n/bodvou, groundwater resources Péder and Hosťovce, alluviums of the Bodva River, alluviums of the Hornád River, and the Bukovec Water Reservoir. In the city of Košice 100% of inhabitants are connected to the public water supply system. The consumption of drinking water in the city of Košice is 55% of the whole consumption of the Košice region. Only 59% of inhabitants of the Košiceokolie district are connected to the public water supply system. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area the groundwater supplies play a major role in water supply. Approximately 45% of the extracted water is obtained from artesian waters, another 40% is obtained from bank filtration wells and 10% is from karst waters. During the period , the production of drinking water within the pilot project area relied mostly on artesian water and on bank filter wells (approximately 11 million and 10 million m 3 per year, respectively). The volume of extracted groundwater was over 7 million m 3 per year. In terms of public sewerage system and waste water treatment in the Slovak part of the pilot project area in the city of Košice almost 100% of inhabitants are connected the public sewerage system and waste water treatment plants. In case of the settlements of the Košice-okolie district the connection of inhabitants to the public sewerage system and wastewater treatment plants is far below the Slovak average. Only the following have the public sewerage system with connection to the waste water treatment plant: Bidovce, Bohdanovce, Čaňa, Drienovec, Ďurďošík, Geča, -32-

33 Hýľov, Kecerovce, Kechnec, Kysak, Malá Ida, Milhosť, Nižná Myšľa, Šemša, Trsťany, and Vajkovce. Industrial plants have their own system of waste water treatment. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area almost 50 from 105 settlements of the pilot project area do not have public sewage system. Waste water is treated in 17 waste water treatment plants. Most of the industrial waste water is discharged into the public sewerage system. The industrial plants that have their own individual waste water treatment/disposal facilities. Waste management In the Slovak part of the pilot project area there was in 2009 totally produced tons of wastes and of it 11.23% ( tons) presented hazardous waste and 88.77% ( tons) presented non-hazardous waste. The total waste production has the decreasing trend. On the other hand the total production of communal waste and production of communal waste per one inhabitant has the markedly increasing tendency. In 2009 there was totally produced tons of communal wastes which is 298 kg per inhabitant. The most common way of waste disposal is landfilling. Form the total waste production 21% was recovered and 79% was disposed mainly by landfilling. There are 4 waste landfills, 2 landfills of hazardous waste (U.S.Steel Košice and Košice Myslava), 1 landfill of inert waste (Baňa Bankov Košice) and 1 landfill of nonhazardous waste (U.S.Steel Košice). Communal waste from Košice and surrounding villages is disposed by incineration in the incineration plant Kokšov Bakša (operator is company Kosit Košice). There are also 19 facilities for waste recovery recycling, metal recovery, biodegradation of polluted materials, recycling of construction materials, etc. In the Hungarian part of the pilot project area, the communal landfills and liquid waste disposal sites found within the planning unit usually belong to specific settlements. These may emerge as sources of pollution because of surface runoffs or seepage into the soil. Using these sites is mostly restricted and occasionally forbidden by the authorities, but in many cases the illegal practice of dumping and discharging solid and liquid waste goes on nonetheless. The waste so disposed of may result in further pollution affecting the soil and the ground water. Currently, there are 131 closed landfills within the pilot project area (there may be more than one within any one settlement). Most of these have never had any mechanical protection and are therefore areas to be recultivated. 3. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT Analysis was prepared by terirorial analysis and result of public meetings with stakeholders in the target area. -33-

34 Evaluation of communication with stakeholders in the target area: Evaluation of communication with stakeholders on the Hungary site Stakeholders Authorities responsible for environment, nature protection and water management Environmental and Water Directorate National Park Directorate Regional and county development councils interest evaluation criteria strength influe S F P nce sum decisions rate of involvement informing decisionmaking decisionmaking decisionmaking Municipalities consulting Inhabitants informing Industrial enterprises informing Agricultural informing enterprises Enterprises in the field informing of forestry Water management informing corporation Environmental NGO s consulting Other NGO s informing Micro-region (NUTS4) development council consulting Interest: strong-week (5-1) Strength: strong-week (5-1) S social, F financial, P political Influence: S + F + P Sum: interest * influence rate of involvement (sum): lower than 30 informing between 30 and 40 consulting above 40 decision-making -34-

35 Evaluation of communication with stakeholders on the Slovak site Stakeholders Authorities responsible for environment, nature protection and water management Environmental and Water Directorate National Park Directorate Regional and county interest evaluation criteria strength influence S F P sum decisions rate of involvement informing decisionmaking decisionmaking decisionmaking development councils Municipalities consulting Inhabitants informing Industrial enterprises informing Agricultural informing enterprises Enterprises in the field informing of forestry Water management informing corporation Environmental NGO s consulting Other NGO s informing Micro-region (NUTS4) development council Interest: strong-week (5-1) Strength: strong-week (5-1) S social, F financial, P political Influence: S + F + P Sum: interest * influence rate of involvement (sum): lower than 30 informing between 30 and 40 consulting above 40 decision-making consulting -35-

36 Photos of the public meeting in Kosiceof Strengths High level of the protection of water resources Perspective areas of geothermal water resources Above standard database for quantitative status assessment of groundwater bodies Gradual decrease of pollution by priority substances Very good flood protection services, enough human resources No language barrier in the border sections of the pilot project area Available potential of local universities and scientific centres The city of Košice presents the second most important growth pole in Slovakia Tradition of industrial production, tradesmen crafts Weaknesses Homogeneity of groundwater bodies - horizontal and vertical flow of groundwaters among the groundwater bodies Accuracy of the boundaries of geothermal structures Assessment of the geothermal structures based on historical data, absence of the complex monitoring and evaluation of the geothermal waters Lower level of reliability in the assessment of status of surface waters and ecosystems depending on groundwaters Accuracy and control of reported data of groundwater usage Non-uniform approach in determination of threshold values in EU States Missing definition of concrete polluters causing poor chemical status of groundwater bodies In the Slovakian pilot project area missing declared flood plains, flood hazard maps, flood risk maps Approved flood-protection measures are not suitably and enough fast implemented Insufficient legislative solution of property ownership Higher outward migration Low educational level and employment rate of the Roma ethnic group Ageing of the population, growing share of postproductive age group High unemployment rate in rural areas, mainly by people with not sufficient or any education Decrease of agricultural production and reduction of livestock holdings Low level of finalization and sophisticated production -36-

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