SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS OF THE POLAR CODE

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1 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS OF THE POLAR CODE Jorma Kämäräinen, Chief Adviser Regulation and Development Transport Operators and Technology Finnish Transport Safety Agency (Trafi) 10 th ARCTIC PASSION SEMINAR Aker Arctic, Helsinki 12 March, 2015 Responsible traffic. Bravely together.

2 CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION CURRENT REGULATORY BASES FOR SHIPS SAILING IN POLAR WATERS BACKGROUND OF THE POLAR CODE STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLAR CODE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLAR CODE SOURCES OF HAZARDS LEADING TO ELEVATED LEVELS OF RISK IN POLAR AREAS CONTENTS OF THE POLAR CODE IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PART I-A OF THE POLAR CODE CHAPTER 2 - POLAR WATER OPERATIONAL MANUAL CHAPTER 3 SHIP STRUCTURE CHAPTER 12 MANNING AND TRAINING ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS TO SOLAS POLAR SHIP CERTIFICATE UNCOMPLETED ISSUES OF THE POLAR CODE SAFE OPERATIONAL ICE CONDITIONS FOR SHIPS ICE STRENGTHENED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FSICR ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS IN THE POLAR CODE CONCLUSIONS Finnish Transport Safety Agency 2

3 CURRENT REGULATORY BASES FOR SHIPS SAILING IN POLAR WATERS International conventions apply to ships sailing in international waters in Polar areas: SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW, AFS, Load Line, COLREG IMO has developed some guidelines for ships operating in Polar Waters: Guidelines for ships operating in Polar waters (Res. A.1024(26)) adopted in 2009, recommended to be used from 1 January, 2011) Guidelines on voyage planning for passenger ships operating in remote areas(res.a.999(25)) Enhanced contingency planning guidance for passenger ships operating in areas remote from SAR facilities (MSC.1/Circ.1184) UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Article 234 of UNCLOS allows coastal states to extend environmental control measures in ice-covered waters Finnish Transport Safety Agency 3

4 BACKGROUND OF THE POLAR CODE Finnish Transport Safety Agency 4

5 STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLAR CODE The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has developed the mandatory International Code of Safety for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code). The Polar Code has been developed to supplement the existing IMO instruments in order to improve the safety of shipping and to mitigate harmful effects of shipping on the environment in the remote, vulnerable and potentially harsh polar waters. The Code covers a full range of design, construction, equipment, operational, training, search and rescue and environmental protection matters relevant to ships operating in the inhospitable waters surrounding the two poles. The code has not yet been adopted by the IMO. The MSC 94 Meeting adopted the safety regulations of the Polar Code in November MEPC 68 will adopt environmental regulations of the Polar Code in May The Polar Code would then come into force in the beginning of Finnish Transport Safety Agency 5

6 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLAR CODE The two main conventions of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) related to safety and pollution prevention from ships are: International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1974); and International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) The Polar Code will be adopted by adding a new Chapter XIV, Safety Measures for Ships Operating in Polar Waters, to the SOLAS Convention, and by adopting relevant amendments to the MARPOL Convention Finnish Transport Safety Agency 6

7 SOURCES OF HAZARDS LEADING TO ELEVATED LEVELS OF RISK IN POLAR AREAS The Polar Code considers hazards which may lead to elevated levels of risk due to increased probability of occurrence, more severe consequences, or both: 1. ice 2. topside icing 3. low temperature 4. extended periods of darkness or daylight 5. high latitude 6. remoteness and possible lack of accurate and complete hydrographic data and information 7. potential lack of ship crew experience in polar operations 8. potential lack of suitable emergency response equipment 9. rapidly changing and severe weather conditions, 10. the environment with respect to sensitivity to harmful substances and other environmental impacts and its need for longer restoration. Finnish Transport Safety Agency 7

8 CONTENTS OF THE POLAR CODE Preamble General regulations (application, definitions, certification) Part I contains safety regulations: Part I-A: Mandatory provisions on safety measures in accordance with the relevant SOLAS chapter Part I-B: Recommendations on safety Part II contains pollution prevention regulations: Part II-A: Mandatory provisions on pollution prevention in accordance with relevant MARPOL Annexes Part II-B: Recommendations on pollution prevention Finnish Transport Safety Agency 8

9 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS - THE ARCTIC POLAR AREA Finnish Transport Safety Agency 9

10 IMPORATNT DEFINITIONS THE ANTARCTIC POLAR AREA Finnish Transport Safety Agency 10

11 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS SHIP CATEGORIES Category A ship means a ship designed for operation in polar waters in at least medium first-year ice, which may include old ice inclusions (IACS ice classes PC1 PC5). Category B ship means a ship not included in category A, designed for operation in polar waters in at least thin first-year ice, which may include old ice inclusions (IACS ice classes PC6 and PC7). Category C ship means a ship designed to operate in open water or in ice conditions less severe than those included in categories A and B (other ice classes than the PC classes of IACS and ships without an ice class) Finnish Transport Safety Agency 11

12 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS RELATED TO ICE CONDITIONS Ice free waters means no ice present. If ice of any kind is present this term shall not be used Open water mean a large area of freely navigable water in which sea ice is present in concentrations less than 1/10. No ice of land origin is present Sea ice means any form of ice found at sea which has originated from the freezing of sea water Ice of land origin means Ice formed on land or in an ice shelf, found floating in water First-year ice means sea ice of not more than one winter growth developing from young ice with thickness from meter. Thin First Year ice, the thickness is 30 to 70 cm. Medium first-year ice means first-year ice of cm thickness Old ice means sea ice which has survived at least one summer's melt; typical thickness up to 3 m or more. It is subdivided into residual first-year ice, second-year ice and multi-year ice Finnish Transport Safety Agency 12

13 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS POLAR SERVICE TEMPERATURE Polar Service Temperature (PST) means a temperature specified for a ship which is intended to operate in low air temperature, which shall be set at least 10 o C below the lowest MDLT for the intended area and season of operation in polar waters. Mean Daily Low Temperature (MDLT) means the mean value of the daily low temperature over a minimum 10 year period Finnish Transport Safety Agency 13

14 TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PART I-A OF THE POLAR CODE CHAPTER 1 GENERAL CHAPTER 2 POLAR WATER OPERATIONAL MANUAL CHAPTER 3 SHIP STRUCTURE CHAPTER 4 STABILITY AND SUBDIVISION CHAPTER 5 WATERTIGHT AND WEATHERTIGHT INTEGRITY CHAPTER 6 MACHINERY INSTALLATIONS CHAPTER 7 FIRE SAFETY/PROTECTION CHAPTER 8 LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES AND ARRANGEMENTS CHAPTER 9 SAFETY OF NAVIGATION CHAPTER 10 COMMUNICATION CHAPTER 11 VOYAGE PLANNING CHAPTER 12 MANNING AND TRAINING FAMILIARITY Finnish Transport Safety Agency 14

15 CHAPTER 2 - POLAR WATER OPERATIONAL MANUAL Each ship sailing in Polar areas shall have a Polar Water Operational Manual (PWOM), which contains sufficient information regarding the ship s operational capabilities and limitations, e.g. concerning ice-going capability of the ship, in order to support the decision-making process of the Master and the crew of the ship. The Manual shall include or refer to specific risk based procedures to be followed: in normal operations and in order to avoid encountering conditions that exceed the ships capabilities; procedures to be followed in the event of incidents in polar waters; in the event that conditions are encountered which exceed the ships' specific capabilities and limitations, and when using icebreaker assistance, as applicable Finnish Transport Safety Agency 15

16 3.1 Goal CHAPTER 3 SHIP STRUCTURE (1) The goal of this chapter is to provide that the material and scantling of the structures retain their structural integrity based on global and local response due to environmental loads and conditions. 3.2 Functional requirements In order to achieve the goal set out in 3.1 above, the following functional requirements are embodied in the regulations of this chapter:.1 for ships intended to operate in low air temperature, materials used shall be suitable for operation at the ships polar service temperature..2 in ice strengthened ships, the structure of the ship shall be designed to resist both global and local structural loads anticipated under the foreseen ice conditions Finnish Transport Safety Agency 16

17 CHAPTER 3 SHIP STRUCTURE (2) 3.3 Regulations In order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph above, materials of exposed structures in ships shall be approved by the Administration, or a recognized organization accepted by it, taking into account standards acceptable to the Organization (IACS UR S6 or IACS URI) or other standards offering an equivalent level of safety based on the polar service temperature In order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph above, the following apply:.1 Scantlings of category A ships shall be approved by the Administration, or a recognized organization accepted by it, taking into account standards acceptable to the Organization (Polar Class 1-5 of IACS) or other standards offering an equivalent level of safety..2 Scantlings of category B ships shall be approved by the Administration, or a recognized organization accepted by it, taking into account standards acceptable to the Organization (Polar Class 6-7 of IACS) or other standards offering an equivalent level of safety..3 Scantlings of ice strengthened category C ships shall be approved by the Administration, or a recognized organization accepted by it, taking into account acceptable standards adequate for the ice types and concentrations encountered in the area of operation (e.g. Finnish-Swedish Ice Classes)..4 Category C ships need not be Ice Strengthened if, in the opinion of the Administration, the ships' structure is adequate for its intended operation Finnish Transport Safety Agency 17

18 CHAPTER 12 MANNING AND TRAINING The goal of this chapter is to ensure that ships operating in polar waters are appropriately manned by adequately qualified, trained and experienced personnel. Masters, chief mates and officers in charge of a navigational watch shall be qualified in accordance with chapter V of the STCW Convention and the STCW Code, as amended, as follows: Ice conditions Tankers Passenger ships Other Ice Free Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Open waters Basic training for master, chief mate and officers in charge of a navigational watch. Basic training for master, chief mate and officers in charge of a navigational watch. Not applicable Other waters Advanced training for master and chief mate. Basic training for officers in charge of a navigational watch. Advanced training for master and chief mate. Basic training for officers in charge of a navigational watch. Advanced training for master and chief mate. Basic training for officers in charge of a navigational watch Finnish Transport Safety Agency 18

19 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS TO SOLAS (see Finnish Transport Safety Agency 19

20 POLAR SHIP CERTIFICATE Important issues in the Polar Ship Certificate are: Ice class and ice strengthened draft range; Ship type: tanker/passenger ship/other; Ship restricted to operate in ice free waters/open waters/other ice conditions; Ship intended to operate in low air temperature: Yes/No; Polar Service Temperature:.. C/Not Applicable Maximum expected time of rescue.days; and Operational limitations for operation in polar waters: Ice conditions Temperature High latitudes Finnish Transport Safety Agency 20

21 UNCOMPLETED ISSUES IN PART I-A POLARIS (1) Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS) POLARIS provides a standard approach for the evaluation of risks to the ship and the ice conditions encountered/expected (ice regime). The terminology ice regime is used to describe an area with a relatively consistent distribution of any mix of ice types, including open water to which POLARIS may be applied POLARIS can be used for voyage planning purposes or in real-time to aid in the decision making in support of shipboard operations. POLARIS may be used by Administrations as a means to set operational limitations with respect to ships operating in ice Finnish Transport Safety Agency 21

22 UNCOMPLETED ISSUES IN PART I-A POLARIS (2) POLARIS uses a Risk Index Outcome (RIO) value to assess limitations for operation in ice. Risk Index Values (RIVs) are assigned to the ship based on ice class. For each ice regime encountered the Risk Index Values are used to determine a RIO that forms the basis of the decision to operate or limitation for operation. The RIO is determined by a summation of the RIVs for each ice type present in the ice regime multiplied by its concentration (expressed in tenths): RIO = (C 1 xriv 1 )+(C 2 xriv 2 )+(C 3 xriv 3 )+ (C n xriv n ) Where C 1 C n are the concentrations (in tenths) of ice types within the ice regime RIV 1 RIV n are the Risk Index values corresponding to the ships ice class Finnish Transport Safety Agency 22

23 UNCOMPLETED ISSUES IN PART I-A POLARIS (3) Table 1.4 Risk Index Values Winter Conditions Heavy Multi- Year Ice Light Multi Year Ice Second Year Ice Thick First Year Ice Medium First Year Ice 2 nd Medium First Year Ice Thin First Year ice, 2 nd Stage Thin First Year Ice, 1 st Stage Grey White Ice Grey Ice New Ice Ice Free Ice Class Category A B C PC PC PC PC PC PC PC IA Super IA IB IC Not ice strengthened Finnish Transport Safety Agency 23

24 UNCOMPLETED ISSUES IN PART I-A POLARIS (4) Figure 10 of MSC 94/INF.13. Typical Arctic ice regime: 4/10 thick FY ice, 1/10 SY ice, 1/10 MY ice Finnish Transport Safety Agency 24

25 UNCOMPLETED ISSUES IN PART I-A POLARIS (5) 1.1 Evaluation of the Risk Index Outcome for independent operations Operational limitations for ships operating independently are determined based on the evaluation criteria in Table 1.1, using the calculated value of the RIO for the ice regime encountered by the ship, given that due caution of the Mariner will be exercised, taking into account such factors as changes in weather and visibility. Table 1.1 Risk Index Outcome evaluation criteria RIO SHIP Category A & B Category C (PC1 PC7) (below PC7) RIO 0 Operation Permitted Operation Permitted -10 RIO < 0 Limited Speed Operation Permitted (See Table 1.3) Operation Not Permitted RIO < -10 Operation Not Permitted Operation Not Permitted Finnish Transport Safety Agency 25

26 SAFE OPERATIONAL ICE CONDITIONS FOR SHIPS ICE-STRENGTHENED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FSICR- FIRST-YEAR ICE REGIME (MSC 94/INF.13) Table 10. Safe operation of ships in first-year ice regime at open sea for the Finnish-Swedish ice classes. Thickness of level ice floes for independent operation in first year ice may be lower than given below due to the ship s limited ice-going capability. Ice class WMO description of the ice regime Thickness of ice floes, h i Ice concentration, C i IA Super Medium first-year ice h i up to about 80 cm, C i up to 100% IA Thin first-year ice h i up to about 70 cm, C i up to 100% IB Thin first-year ice h i up to about 50 cm, C i up to 100% IC Grey-white ice h i up to about 30 cm, C i up to 100% Finnish Transport Safety Agency 26

27 SAFE OPERATIONAL ICE CONDITIONS FOR SHIPS ICE- STRENGTHENED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FSICR - FIRST-YEAR ICE REGIME (MSC 94/INF.13) Table 11. Safe operation of ships in first-year ice regime for the Finnish-Swedish ice classes, when icebreaker assistance is provided or the ice concentration is less than 100 %. Ice class WMO description of the ice regime Thickness of ice floes, h i IA Super Medium first-year ice h i up to about 100 cm IA Medium first-year ice h i up to about 80 cm IB Thin first-year ice h i up to about 60 cm IC Thin first-year ice h i up to about 40 cm Finnish Transport Safety Agency 27

28 SAFE OPERATIONAL ICE CONDITIONS FOR SHIPS ICE- STRENGTHENED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FSICR - MORE DIFFICULT ICE CONDITIONS (MSC 94/INF.13) Table 12. Estimated allowable winter ice conditions for ice class IA in higher than thin first-year ice conditions. Contact speed with ice should be reduced to below 1 kn, if collision with ice thicker than medium first year ice cannot be avoided. The beam of the assisting icebreaker should be wider than the beam of the assisted ship. Two icebreakers may be used to meet this requirement. Ice conditions Allowable ice concentration for independent operation Allowable ice concentration for operation when assisted Medium first year ice 7 10 Medium first year ice, second 6 8 stage Thick first year ice 5 6 Second year ice 4 5 Light multi-year ice 4 5 Heavy multi-year ice Finnish Transport Safety Agency 28

29 SAFE OPERATIONAL ICE CONDITIONS FOR SHIPS ICE- STRENGTHENED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FSICR - MORE DIFFICULT ICE CONDITIONS (MSC 94/INF.13) Table 13. Estimated allowable winter ice conditions for ice class IA Super in higher than first-year ice conditions. Speed restriction for the ship when operating independently is [1-2] kn, if collision with multi-year ice cannot be avoided. The beam of the assisting icebreaker should be wider than the beam of the assisted ship. Two icebreakers may be used to meet this requirement. Ice conditions Allowable ice concentration for independent operation Allowable ice concentration for operation when assisted Medium first year ice Medium first year ice, second 7 10 stage Thick first year ice 6 8 Second year ice 5 6 Light multi-year ice 4 5 Heavy multi-year ice Finnish Transport Safety Agency 29

30 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS IN THE POLAR CODE (PART II-A) CHAPTER 1 PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION CHAPTER 2 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES CHAPTER 3 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN PACKAGED FORM CHAPTER 4 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY SEWAGE FROM SHIPS CHAPTER 5 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY GARBAGE Finnish Transport Safety Agency 30

31 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS IN THE POLAR CODE (PART II-A) The Polar Code contains the following pollution prevention measures beyond the existing regulations in the MARPOL Convention: Discharges of oily mixtures: Zero discharges in Arctic waters Structural requirements for oil fuel, sludge and bilge water holding tanks as well as oil cargo tanks (separation from the outer shell by a distance of not less than 0.76 m) Discharges of noxious liquid substances: zero discharges in Arctic waters Sewage discharges: limitations for discharges near ice shelves and land-fast ice Garbage discharges: limitations for discharges near ice shelves and land-fast ice The PPR Sub-Committee is still working on possible regulations with regard to Black Carbon emissions, i.e. such regulations are not yet included in the Polar Code. Finnish Transport Safety Agency 31

32 CONCLUSIONS The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has developed the mandatory International Code of Safety for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code). The Polar Code has been developed to supplement the existing IMO instruments (SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW) in order to improve the safety of shipping and to mitigate harmful effects of shipping on the environment in the remote, vulnerable and potentially harsh polar waters. The Polar Code will come into force in the beginning of The Polar Water Operational Manual (PWOM) contains additional information regarding the ship s operational capabilities and limitations, e.g. concerning ice-going capability of the ship, in order to support the decision-making process of the Master and the crew of the ship. Operational limitations for operation in polar waters are given in the Polar Ship Certificate (ice conditions, temperature and high latitudes). The Polar Code will improve understanding of masters, marines, shipping companies and Administrations on elevated risks of hazards related to navigation in Polar areas and will provide means to mitigate these risks Finnish Transport Safety Agency 32

33 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Finnish Transport Safety Agency Kumpulantie 9, Helsinki PO Box 320, FI Helsinki, Finland Telephone Responsible traffic. Bravely together.

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