Upscaling the dissemination of Solar Water Disinfection

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1 WHO HWTS Network Meeting, October 07 Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Upscaling the dissemination of Solar Water Disinfection 1. SODIS The Method 2. Global Promotion 3. Experiences from Kenya 4. Establishing Regional Reference Centers Catherine Mwango, KWAHO Regula Meierhofer, Eawag/ Sandec Martin Wegelin, Eawag/ Sandec

SODIS at Eawag SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers The Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) took up research on SODIS in 1991.

2 SODIS at Eawag SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers The Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) took up research on SODIS in Sandec (Department of Water and Sanitation in Dev. Countries at Eawag) is involved in the following activities: - Research -Microbiological efficiency -Health Impact Assessment -Material testing -Diffusion of innovations - Intern. advocacy & networking - Global Promotion & Diffusion - Fund raising

3 SODIS an alternative water treatment method Plastic bottles filled with contaminated water are exposed to full sunlight for 6 hours SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers Sunlight disinfects the water by the : - radiation in the UV-A spectrum - increased water temperature SODIS disinfects diarrhoea causing bacteria, viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium

4 Can PET-bottles cause cancer? Can PET bottles be used for SODIS without concern or do possibly leaking substances pose adverse health effects? SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers 1. Study at the EAWAG about photooxidation of the bottles in 2000: -> Photoproducts are formed at the outer side of the bottle. -> There is no diffusion of Formaldehyde or Acetaldehyde into the water 2. Study in collaboration with the EMPA (Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Testing) 2003 about the diffusion of Phtalates and Adipates: -> The maximum concentration of plasticizers (DEHA, DEHP) is much lower than WHO guidelines for drinking water

Health Impact Studies Epidemiological Health Impact Studies: Kenya; Masaai children in the 90ies: - 16-24% diarrhoea reduction

>35% diarrhoea reduction India; 2006 HIS of Univ.

5 Health Impact Studies Epidemiological Health Impact Studies: Kenya; Masaai children in the 90ies: % diarrhoea reduction among children below 5-86% reduction of cholera cases Bolivia; HIS of the Swiss Tropical Institute on 200 children: - >35% diarrhoea reduction India; 2006 HIS of Univ. of Uppsala Sweden and Christian Medical College Vellore, India on 100 children: - 40% diarrhoea reduction Project Evaluations: Usbekistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Kenya, Indonesia: ~50% diarrhoea reduction

6 Worldwide use of SODIS SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers At present, SODIS is used in more than 28 countries in Latin Amerika, Asia and Africa by more than 2 Million users

Coordinators in Bolivia, Peru,Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua more

7 SODIS Program Latin America SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers local Reference Center in LA Eawag Sandec Fundación SODIS established in 2001 Country Coordinators in Bolivia, Peru,Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua more than 100 NGOs Implementing Partners Projects Governments and Cooperation Agencies SODIS Users >

7 million SODIS users Uzbekistan, JDA 250 000 users Nepal, Enpho 75 000 users Pakistan, CAP 200 000 users

8 SODIS Projects in Asia Projects in 11 countries total approx. 1.7 million SODIS users Uzbekistan, JDA users Nepal, Enpho users Pakistan, CAP users Bhutan, Unicef 70 schools South India, LEAD users Sri Lanka, Helvetas households Cambodia, ADRA users India, Assam U users Philippines, Dept. of Health households Vietnam CERWASS, WU households Indonesia, YDD users

9 SODIS Projects in Africa SODIS Introduction The Method Global Research Promotion Kenya Financial Experiences Aspects Reference Global Promotion Centers Outlook KWAHO, Kenya > users MAMADO,Tanzania Projects started in: Guinea Senegal Benin Cameroun DR Congo Uganda Zimbabwe

than 1 $ per day Lack of infrastructures such as: -

10 KENYAN SITUATION ANAYLSIS Housing Conditions 95% of the people live below the poverty line earning less than 1 $ per day Lack of infrastructures such as: - Water supply - Waste management - Sanitation & electricity

Poor Water Supply Water is supplied through

water is of low quality Price variations

11 Poor Water Supply Water is supplied through private water kiosks, few community tanks & stand pipes and Nairobi river Supply is insufficient, unreliable, sporadic and the water is of low quality Price variations significant, unreliable than in the rich parts of the city

12 Health Situation Waterborne diseases particularly in children below 5 years are affected by diarrhoea Mortality is high

Health Organization) Aim Awareness building Train

13 THE SODIS PROJECT IN KIBERA SLUM KENYA The project started in 2004 Local partner: KWAHO (Kenya Water for Health Organization) Aim Awareness building Train people in household water treatment (SODIS) Improve hygiene behaviour

14 SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers SODIS PROMOTION AT COMMUNITY AND SCHOOL LEVEL

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PROJECT BY END OF 2007 11 SODIS

255 students trained in 7 schools 3 groups for bottle

15 ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PROJECT BY END OF SODIS promoters and 25 Peer promoters trained 33 teachers and 255 students trained in 7 schools 3 groups for bottle collection established About 250,000 people reached and use SODIS

16 KWAHO SODIS HEALTH IMPACT EVALUATION Carried out in Summer 2006 through Sandec and Dept. Social Psychology Univ. Zurich SODIS users: 69% of the trained households use SODIS for the treatment of their drinking water More than 70,000 users in Kibera

17 HEALTH IMPACT EVALUATION : Diarrhoea SODIS Users Users that don t apply SODIS Diarrhoea 29% No diarrhoea Diarrhoea 42 % reduction 41% 59% 71%

18 HEALTH IMPACT EVALUATION: HYGIENE Cleanness in the household SODIS users 44% Users that don t apply SODIS 10% 12% very clean quite clean dirty 56% 78% 3-4x improvement of hygiene

19 LESSONS LEARNED Key role of the promoters Involvement local leaders Availability of PET bottles visibility of the method Water tests Enabling Govt policies i.e. water Act, Information dissemination through various channels: - Community education - Mass media - Theater, puppet plays - Demonstrations (health centers) -Schools - Posters, Pamphlets

20 SODIS Reference Centers- at Eawag SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers The Board of Eawag has decided to run a SODIS Reference Center under the umbrella of Sandec for at least the next 3 years Goal: Have SODIS and other methods for household water treatment established internationally and at national level in DCs. Activities of the SODIS RC: Advocacy & Networking Information Dissemination Establishment of local RC Project Implementation Fundraising

21 Objective of the Eawag SODIS Reference Center SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers Key Strategy: Establishment and operation Regional Reference Centers for Household Water Treatmentin Latin America, Asia, and Africa Fundación SODIS in Bolivia Dev.Alternatives in India KWAHO in Kenya Partner Organisations in S-Asia and E-Africa still to be identified

SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers Activities of the Eawag SODIS Reference Center Establish local HWTS

gaps in relation to SODIS Conduct advocacy, networking and information dissemination activities to promote HWTS/ SODIS at international level

22 SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers Activities of the Eawag SODIS Reference Center Establish local HWTS Reference Centers in Latin America, Asia and Africa & build their capacity Document past and ongoing research activities and identify research gaps in relation to SODIS Conduct advocacy, networking and information dissemination activities to promote HWTS/ SODIS at international level Supervise Projects in DC; build capacity in local RC to take up the supervision of projects Maintain the network of sponsors supporting the promotion of SODIS in DC

23 Objective of the Eawag SODIS Reference Center SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers Key Strategy: Establishment and operation Regional Reference Centers for Household Water Treatmentin Latin America, Asia, and Africa Fundación SODIS in Bolivia Dev.Alternatives in India KWAHO in Kenya Partner Organisations in S-Asia and E-Africa still to be identified

24 SODIS TEAM ON A FIELD DAY SODIS The Method Global Promotion Kenya Experiences Reference Centers Catherine Mwango, KWAHO Regula Meierhofer, Eawag/ Sandec Martin Wegelin, Eawag/ Sandec

Effect of SODIS and Hygiene Behaviour childhood diarrhoea

WHO Conference, Accra Ghana 2. 5. June 2008 Effect of SODIS and Hygiene Behaviour childhood diarrhoea A quantitative field study in the SODIS project area in the Kibera Slum of Nairobi, Kenya Jürg Graf