Committee for Perth A DECADE OF POSITIVE IMPACT. a FACTBase special report

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1 Committee for Perth A DECADE OF POSITIVE IMPACT Cover image: 'Full House' By Kyle Gillespie, Finalist in Committee for Perth 216 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition a FACTBase special report

2 THE FACTBASE PROJECT IS A COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT BETWEEN THE COMMITTEE FOR PERTH AND THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA THAT COMMENCED IN 28. ITS OBJECTIVE IS TO EXPLORE PERTH'S LIVEABILITY THROUGH AN EXAMINATION OF ITS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, DEMOGRAPHIC AND POLITICAL CHARACTER. The FACTBase team of researchers condense a range of existing information and databases on important issues, map what is happening in Perth in pictures as well as words, and examine how Perth compares with, and connects to, other cities around the world. Research findings are released regularly, providing an important resource for academics, planners and decision-makers on the following major aims: Examine the dynamics of Perth s regional economy Explore Perth's social and cultural landscape Consider issues related to urban liveability in Perth Examine governance and policy arrangements For further information on the FACTBase project, contact: Marion Fulker CEO, Committee for Perth T: E: marion.fulker@committeeforperth.com.au Professor Matthew Tonts Faculty of Arts Business Law and Education E: matthew.tonts@uwa.edu.au 1

3 'Real Life Frame by Mido Adoujalala, finalist in Committee For Perth 214 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 ABOUT THE REPORT 5 1. INTRODUCTION 6 2. PROSPERITY 8 THE CHANGING ECONOMY 8 PERTH S COMPETITIVENESS AND DIVERSITY 12 NEW ECONOMIES 14 A PROSPEROUS POPULATION 16 AN EQUITABLE SOCIETY 2 3. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY 22 GLOBAL NETWORKS 22 GLOBAL FLOWS OF PEOPLE 24 REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY MOVEMENT 28 MOVEMENT IN PERTH AND PEEL LIFECYCLES 32 THE SHIFTING POPULATION 32 REFLECTIONS ON 3.5 MILLION 34 THE AGEING POPULATION DIVERSITY 38 A DIVERSE COMMUNITY? 38 HUMAN AND SOCIAL CAPITAL 42 RECONCILIATION IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA 46 DIVERSITY IN LEADERSHIP 48 FILLING THE POOL 5 7. LIVEABILITY AND VITALITY 52 THE LIVABILITY GAME 52 WHAT MAKES A CITY LIVEABLE: GLOBAL REFLECTIONS 56 THE CREATIVE CITY 6 REFORM THE FUTURE 64 RESEARCH LIST 66 BIBLIOGRAPHY 68 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 7 2 3

4 Foreword ABOUT THE REPORT Marion Fulker / CEO, Committee for Perth / Senior Adjunct Research Fellow, UWA This report showcases the past 1 years of research undertaken by or for the Committee for Perth. It provides a window into the many dimensions of the region that have been examined in order to help understand Perth s past and assist in shaping its future. As thought-leaders, the Committee for Perth takes a four-pronged research approach academic, in-house, consultative and on-the ground. Our academic research agenda has benefited from a long-term, joint venture strategic research alliance FACTBase - co-funded by The University of Western Australia. FACTBase, along with research undertaken by academics from universities in Australia and overseas, combines with our internal research capability, community consultation and study tours to create a knowledge base that is respected by the government, academic, business and non-profit sectors. The Committee for Perth is the only member funded organisation in the region that continues to create an irrefutable evidence base and proposes workable solutions so that Perth can remain one of the world s most liveable cities and improve its global competitiveness. There are many people who have had input into our research agenda over the past decade and without them this large body of work could not have be achieved. To our members and researchers, thank you for assisting Perth to better understand its opportunities and challenges as a growing region. THE PAST DECADE HAS BEEN ONE OF THE MOST DRAMATIC IN PERTH S HISTORY. AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF A DYNAMIC GLOBAL ECONOMY AND EXPANSION OF THE STATE S MINERALS AND ENERGY SECTORS, THE CITY HAS EXPERIENCED AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION. This transformation has posed numerous questions about the future of Perth. This includes questions related to business competitiveness, global connectivity, urban policy and planning, quality of life, and social change. As the pace of change increased during the 2s, the Committee for Perth and The University of Western Australia embarked on a unique research partnership (FACTBase) to better understand how the city was being transformed. The FACTBase project aimed to strengthen the evidence base underpinning the dialogue about the challenges the city faced, the ways in which it was changing, and how major challenges might be addressed. In short, a central focus was to dispel myth and folklore by drawing on evidence rather than anecdote. Since mid 29, this partnership has contributed to over 6 publications, including FACTBase Bulletins and a number of major reports. The topics covered have been diverse, spanning themes such as the geography of corporate power, labour market change, social inequality, local government reform, retail trading, gender equity and ethnic diversity. The work has been used to inform public policy, stimulate community debate, to underpin local planning, and as an educational resource. This report draws on some of the work that has been undertaken as part of the Committee for Perth UWA partnership. It paints a picture of change over the past decade, and lays the foundation for further discussion and debate about the future of Perth. 'Perth City Pulse by Corey Bell, entrant in Committee for Perth 216 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition 4 5

5 1. INTRODUCTION 'Full Moon, Blue Hour by Ben Reynolds, finalist in Committee for Perth 215 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition. BY ANY MEASURE, THE LAST THREE DECADES HAVE WITNESSED EXTRAORDINARY GROWTH AND CHANGE IN PERTH. In the early 198s, Perth and Adelaide were roughly similar in size at around one million residents. Yet, by 215 Perth had surpassed two million while Adelaide had grown to 1.3 million. Indeed, the Australian Bureau of Statistics expects that, by 22, Perth will surpass Brisbane to become Australia s third most populous city. Much of this growth is the result of people from both overseas and other parts of Australia migrating to Perth. While these broad population trends point to the underlying success and prosperity of the State s resource-led economy, they tell us little about the more significant social, economic, cultural and political changes that have occurred within Perth over this period. The evidence demonstrates that Perth had a narrower economy and trading base in the 8s than today, was more globally isolated and less ethnically diverse. The resource boom that lasted roughly between 24 and 214 was transformative in all of these areas. It expanded the economy, contributed to the development of new industries, increased the city s engagement with the world, and brought new people to the city. It also underpinned significant changes in urban form. Not only did the city expand geographically, but many areas were fundamentally reshaped. The revitalisation of inner city neighbourhoods, major urban renewal projects, and new urban infrastructure were just some of the transformative effects of the resource boom on the urban fabric. Yet, there have been significant challenges associated with this rapid growth. Over the past decade, the city has become more socio-economically unequal on a range of measures, the cost of living has risen rapidly, and the issue of congestion and mobility has become a major policy dilemma. There have also been significant debates on matters of public policy, notably public transport, local government reform, and retail trading hours. This compendium draws upon FACTBase research undertaken as a partnership between the Committee for Perth and The University of Western Australia. This work has sought to understand the ways in which Perth has changed to ensure that debates about the future of the city had an evidence base to draw on. In this collection, we present small snapshots of Perth over the past decade, drawn from the more than 5 publications produced from the Committee for Perth-UWA partnership. It reflects on how Perth s economy, people and urban places have been transformed, the city s changing position within the world economy, and some of the challenges that Perth faces into the future. 6 7

6 2. PROSPERITY Major Export Commodities, 1913 (%) 1913 Timber 16% Wheat and Flour 23% Wool 22% Pearl Shell 6% Gold 33% IN 1913, WA PRIMARILY EXPORTED GOLD, WHEAT AND FLOUR, TIMBER AND WOOL TO COUNTRIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMMONWEALTH. IMPORT TRADING PARTNERS MIRRORED THESE SAME COLONIAL TRADE LINKS, WITH THE ADDITION OF THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY BOTH WHICH HAVE BECOME ADVANCED MANUFACTURING ECONOMIES. United States 17% Major Import Partners By Value, 1913 (%) Major Export Partners By Value, 1913 (%) Germany 9% India 6% France 2% United Kingdom 66% Ceylon 11% India 15% South Africa 7% Egypt 3% United Kingdom 64% Source: Adapted from Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (1913). 213 Major Export Commodities, 213 (%) The Changing Economy The story of Perth s boom is well-documented, with much of it unfolding and then unravelling across the past ten years. The boom times ushered in an extraordinary feeling of economic prosperity and wealth, not only for those in Western Australia, but for those in the rest of the nation. This section reflects on the extent of Perth s economic transformation over this period, drawing on its historic economic growth to contextualise its economic development. The Western Australian economy has always had a comparative and competitive advantage when it comes to natural resources. It has grown from one primarily trading with Commonwealth territories in a narrow range of products, such as wheat, wool and gold, to being an economy' that has become more focused on energy and minerals with trading relationships more oriented towards neighbouring Asian countries. Against this backdrop, Australia has benefited greatly from the growth in the Chinese and other Asian economies through the resources traded from Western Australia. The extraordinary demand for Western Australian energy and minerals meant the economy grew at between 3.4 and 9.1 per cent over the period 26-7 to This resulted in a migratory swell in the labour force of the State, through both temporary and permanent workers, as well as an increase in the State deficit as government spending rose. From the period, growth slowed to 3.5 percent and again to 1.4 percent during , with predictions being close to 2 per cent. This means that while the boom may have passed, the economy is larger and continuing to grow. There is no doubt greater metropolitan Perth rode the wave of this latest prosperity, which raises the question did we position ourselves well for the years beyond the boom? BY 213, OUR MAJOR EXPORT TRADE HAD SHIFTED HEAVILY TOWARDS MINING AND ENERGY AND TOWARD COUNTRIES IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION. MAJOR IMPORT RELATIONS CONTINUED WITH THE UNITED STATES, BUT HAD ALSO DIVERSIFIED TO INCLUDE NATIONS IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC. WHILST WA CONTINUES TO TRADE WITH COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES, THESE MAJOR TRADE PROFILES DEMONSTRATE STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE WAY WE ENGAGE WITH THE GLOBE. Singapore 22% Major Import Partners By Value, 213 (%) Major Export Partners By Value, 213 (%) China 23% Japan 18% United Arab Emirates 14% United States 23% Republic of Korea 1% Japan 23% Natural Gas Wheat 11% 3% Crude petroleum 12% 8 9 Gold 16% India 4% Singapore 4% Iron Ore 58% China 59% Source: Adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (213).

7 The Changing Economy... continued Unlike many developed economies, Perth s economic prosperity has relied heavily on the export of raw materials rather than value-add or traditional manufacturing. Nonetheless, its production of these raw materials occurs in extremely harsh and difficult remote environments, leading to the development of a highly skilled service and support sector. As such, Perth has specialised knowledge and expertise in engineering and other areas related to energy and minerals such as resource extraction, sub-sea mining, environmental management and occupational health and safety. This has generated growth in Perth-based consultancy firms working on resource projects across the globe, in particular Africa. Success in the energy and minerals sector has led to financial, knowledge and infrastructure investment in other sectors such as advanced manufacturing (strengthening of Henderson ship-building), medical and health (UWA-QEII precinct), emerging technologies (Square Kilometre Array and renewable energies) and next-generation agriculture and food production. Source: adapted from economy.id found at The increasing application of technology and know-how within our work systems increases worker productivity. Worker productivity is calculated by dividing the value of the product produced by the number of workers' hours used to produce it. This can be measured by area using the gross regional product and numbers of persons employed in the region's workforce. Perth needs to continue to improve worker productivity if it is to remain globally competitive, particularly in the value-add and advanced manufacturing and related sectors. Source: adapted from economy.id found at HIGH WORKER PRODUCTIVITY IN SOUTH, 21/11 WORKER PRODUCTIVITY PROVIDES A MEASURE OF RELATIVE REGIONAL IMPORTANCE IN GENERATING WEALTH FOR THE OVERALL METROPOLITAN AREA. THE INCOME OR PROFITS EARNED IN A PARTICULAR LGA MAY BE REDISTRIBUTED TO OTHER LGAS WITHIN WHICH COMMUTERS RESIDE, COMPANIES ARE LOCATED AND MONIES ARE SPENT. WORKER PRODUCTIVITY IS CALCULATED BY DIVIDING THE GROSS REGIONAL PRODUCT (OR REGIONAL INCOME) OF A LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA (LGA) BY THE NUMBER OF ITS WORKERS. IN THE 21/11 PERIOD, THE MOST PRODUCTIVE LGAS WERE IN THE SOUTH AND CENTRAL AREAS OF THE METROPOLITAN REGION - KWINANA ($23,455 PER WORKER), PERTH ($199,236), COTTESLOE ($191,971) AND BELMONT ($183,878). THE LEAST PRODUCTIVE LGAS INCLUDED ARMADALE ($114,982 PER WORKER), JOONDALUP ($115,361), MANDURAH ($118,32) AND ROCKINGHAM ($119,956). FALLING WORKER PRODUCTIVITY 214/15 WORKER PRODUCTIVITY IN 214/15 HAD A SIMILAR PATTERN OF DISTRIBUTION ACROSS THE GREATER METROPOLITAN AREA TO 21/11. HOWEVER, THIS IS IN THE CONTEXT OF OVERALL FALLING PRODUCTIVITIES, MOST LIKELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE DOWNTURN IN THE ECONOMY. THE MOST PRODUCTIVE LGAS WERE COTTESLOE ($175,5 PER WORKER), WAROONA ($174, 263), KWINANA ($173,95) AND MURRAY ($173, 587). THE LEAST PRODUCTIVE WERE JOONDALUP ($17,468 PER WORKER), ARMADALE ($18,728), BAYSWATER ($113,632) AND ROCKINGHAM ($113, 643). 1 11

8 Perth s Competitiveness and Diversity WESTERN AUSTRALIA S FORTUNES HAVE HISTORICALLY BEEN TIED TO RESOURCES, FIRSTLY THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND LATER THROUGH THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN COOLGARDIE. Waves of successive global demand for WA s diverse range of resources, including gold, nickel, iron ore and alumina, have developed the State s communications, transport and water infrastructure, towns and communities. Perth sits at the heart of this development, as the articulation point for these resources to the rest of the world. Consequently, a large part of the Perth economy is associated with businesses involved in the extraction, production and export of these resources. Percentage change and industry specialisation analysis demonstrates that the Perth metropolitan region has a strong mining Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) Agriculture, forestry and fishing National Share Industry Mix Regional Shift Total No. % No. % No. % No. % , Mining 1, , , , Manufacturing 7, , , Electricity, gas, water and waste services , , Construction 6, , , , Wholesale trade 3, , , , Retail trade 8, , , , Accommodation and food services Transport, postal and warehousing Information media and telecommunications Financial and insurance services Rental, hiring and real estate services Professional, scientific and technical services Administrative and support services Public administration and safety 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Education and training 5, , , , Health care and social assistance Arts and recreation services 8, , , , , Other services 2, , , Inadequately described/not stated 2, , Total 75, , , , PERTH'S LARGEST OVERALL EMPLOYMENT GAINS IN SECTORS OF MINING, CONSTRUCTION, PROFESSIONAL, HEALTH AND EDUCATION SERVICES AUSTRALIA AS A NATION EXPERIENCED AN ABSOLUTE SHIFT OF 1.5 PERCENT. HOWEVER, GLOBAL AND NATIONAL DEMAND HAD DIFFERENT IMPACTS ON LABOUR EMPLOYMENT ACROSS THE INDUSTRY SECTORS. THE HIGHEST EMPLOYMENT INCREASE WAS FOUND IN MINING AT 55 PER CENT, AND, TO A LESSER DEGREE, IN THE SERVICE SECTORS OF ELECTRICITY, GAS, WATER AND WASTE (19 PER CENT), HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE (12 PER CENT) AS WELL AS PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL (11 PER CENT). IN CONTRAST, SECTORS OF SUBSTANTIAL DECLINE WERE AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING (22 PER CENT) AND MANUFACTURING (16 PER CENT). FROM A UNIQUELY PERTH-BASED REGIONAL CONTEXT, MINING HAD BY FAR THE GREATEST PER CENT RISE IN EMPLOYMENT (24 PER CENT). THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERVICES, TRANSPORT, POSTAL AND WAREHOUSING, CONSTRUCTION; ALL WHICH ROSE BY JUST OVER 1 PER CENT. Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) 'Claisebrook Cove by Elliott Keeney, Under 21 Winner in Committee for Perth 211 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition sector, both in terms of percentage change of employment and the specialisation of the economy. The relatively low diversification into other sectors of the economy leads to concerns regarding economic sustainability of an overreliance on raw resource exports. One measure of economic diversification is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) which is a measure of market concentration. This is calculated by summing the squared market share of each industry sector, higher values closer to one denoting more market power or concentration and lower values closer to zero a more diversified economy. Industry sector data was taken from the Australian Bureau of Statistics type of employment. Using the economy of Australia as the base comparison economy, the HHI for Perth dropped slightly in 211 to.2 from its 26 point of.7. This suggests that the recent resource wealth of the WA economy has led to an increase in Perth s highly diverse economy. LOCATION QUOTIENT MINING IS BY FAR THE MOST SPECIALISED AND BEST PERFORMING SECTOR IN PERTH THE GRAPH BELOW LAYS OUT LOCATION QUOTIENTS (LQS) AND PER CENT REGIONAL GROWTH (FROM TABLE TO THE LEFT). LQS PROVIDE A MEASURE OF INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION OR SPECIALISATION FOR AN ECONOMY AGAINST A RELATIVE BASE, IN THIS CASE THE ECONOMY OF AUSTRALIA. LQS OVER ONE INDICATE PARTICULAR SPECIALISATION FOR A REGION, WHERE EXCESS PRODUCTION WITHIN THAT INDUSTRY SECTOR MEANS IT EXPORTS TO THE REST OF THE NATION. LQS AT ZERO INDICATE THE EMPLOYMENT LEVEL OF A REGION IS EQUAL TO THE NATION, AND LQS UNDER ONE DEMONSTRATE A WEAK SECTOR OF EMPLOYMENT AND CONSEQUENTLY IMPORTS THIS FROM THE NATION. GRAPHING LQS AGAINST PER CENT REGIONAL GROWTH HIGHLIGHTS SECTORS OF BOTH SPECIALISATION AND EXPANSION. FOR PERTH, THIS IS CLEARLY IN MINING, WITH OTHER SECTORS DEMONSTRATING GROWTH BUT LITTLE SPECIALISATION COMPARED TO THE REST OF THE NATION PERCENTAGE REGIONAL GROWTH, Media Finance Health Not stated Agriculture Rent Admin Other Public Education Arts Retail Accom Electricity Manufacturing Wholesale Construction Transport Professional Mining

9 New Economies THE DOMINANCE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA S RESOURCE SECTOR MEANS PERTH S SPECIALISATIONS IN ADVANCED MANUFACTURING ARE OFTEN OVERLOOKED This is despite the fact that niche manufacturing businesses have historically emerged from innovations associated with its traditional agriculture and mining sectors. Namely, the manufacture of Chamberlain tractors, petroleum products at Kwinana Refinery, and food and wine. Indeed, the global diffusion of ideas originating in the Australian wine industry, such as the wine casket as well as techniques in vine management and minimising chemicals in production emanated from businesses in the Swan Valley and the State's southwest. The industry is an example of our capacity to innovate on techniques to become globally competitive despite harsh environmental conditions and relatively high labour costs. The most recent resources-led development is again an interesting study of Western Australia s capacity to propel innovation in advanced manufacturing and service delivery within Perth. This can be crudely represented by examining the winners and finalists within the State s Innovator of the Year Awards, and realising the range of disciplines and Year Winner Product and description technologies each draws on. The highly specialised industry needs associated with production of resources (mining, energy and agriculture) in some of the world s most remote and harshest environments (both land and sea) implies a highly skilled and trained workforce capable of problemsolving. Furthermore, the high wages of the Australian labour force provide a large incentive to seek automatised solutions, and compliance difficulties have led to the development of some of the most advanced environmental management and project governance systems in the world. This has placed Perth at the forefront of the energy and mining industries in particular, delivering to global clients not only raw materials but technical innovations, skilled human capital and know-how. It is therefore difficult to argue that the most recent boom has been wasted. Instead, it has left a pool of highly skilled talent and technical innovations which are transferrable to other emergent sectors. For example, advancements in medicine focussed on the QEII-UWA and Curtin clusters, astronomy and physics with Perth at the hub of one of the world s biggest science projects the Square Kilometre Array, our specialised shipbuilding industry at Henderson, and emerging global strengths in bioagriculture, aquaculture, renewable energies and natural resource management. 215 Track em A cloud-based asset and equipment tracking and management software using barcode, GPS and radio frequency identification technologies. 214 Resonance Health Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging scanner measuring fat concentrations in the human liver. 213 Curtin University Improves transport membranes with distinctive structure and property allowing more efficient production of commercial oxygen. 212 University of Western Australia Treatment for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy a genetic disorder affecting males where muscle degeneration leads to death. 211 Intium Energy Sensor which predicts failure of rollers in bulk haulage conveyor belts, allowing operators to replace faulty rollers before they cause unscheduled stoppages or catastrophic belt damage. WESTERN AUSTRALIAN INNOVATOR OF THE YEAR AWARDS THIS TABLE RECORDS THE PAST FIVE-YEAR WINNERS OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN INNOVATOR OF THE YEAR AWARDS AND THE RANGE OF TALENT FOUND IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA. AWARD WINNERS ARE FROM BOTH UNIVERSITY AND BUSINESS SECTORS SHOWCASING THE DIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIAN TALENT ACROSS THE AREAS OF LOGISTICS, TECHNOLOGY, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY, MINING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Source: adapted from Office of the Government Chief Information Officer (various years) 'Infinity Bridge by Greg Seaton, Entrant in Committee for Perth 216 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition Employment ( s persons) Share of Total State/ Territory employment Victoria % 3.8% New South Wales % 28.9% Queensland % 19.3% Western Australia % 9.6% South Australia % 8.5% Tasmania % 2.% ACT 4 1.9%.4% Northern Territory 4 3.1%.4% Australia % 1% MANUFACTURING BY STATE IN AUGUST 213 Share of Total manufacturing employment in Australia MANUFACTURING IS OFTEN SEEN AS A MEASURE OF AN ECONOMY'S LEVEL OF ADVANCED OR VALUE-ADDED ECONOMIC OUTPUT. HOWEVER, WESTERN AUSTRALIA S ONLY MODERATE SHARE OF THE TOTAL AUSTRALIAN MANUFACTURING DOES NOT ADEQUATELY REPRESENT ITS CONTRIBUTION. Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (213) 14 15

10 A Prosperous Population SINCE THE EARLY 2s, PERTH S POPULATION HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY WEALTHY COMPARED TO THE REST OF THE NATION, WITH INCOMES RISING FROM AROUND $38, IN 25 TO $75,86 IN 212. This increase was driven by strengthened economic activity and demand for labour, and meant that by the late 2s a serious labour shortage had emerged with worker demand driving up incomes. Much of the rise in labour demand was associated with infrastructure construction of several large projects in regional WA (such as Gorgon, Northwest Shelf and Wheatstone) and strong Chinese demand for the production of Western Australian iron ore. The shortage in labour drove wages up, which in turn attracted workers from other industry sectors in Western Australia, impacting the delivery of services and prices in sectors outside of mining such as residential construction, health and education services. Before the Global Financial Crisis of 28/9, the gap differential between the wealthiest and poorest Australian cities changed from $8, in 25 to almost $1,5 in 28 (between Sydney and Adelaide for both years). Perth became relatively richer during this period. Its mean personal income overtook Melbourne s (around $5,5 more), becoming similar to Sydney s by 21 (around $64,). By 212, Perth jumped to approximately $1,5 and $7, ahead of the respective average incomes of Sydney and Melbourne. This wealth in Greater Perth was matched by price inflation as demand for housing, services and products drove prices up. By 211, it was as expensive to live in Perth as it was in Sydney. From 214, demand for labour decreased as a result of the lower global demand for its resources and the shift from construction to production phases in several major State projects. The mean income of Perth and Peel metropolitan areas in the 214/15 period demonstrated a slightly lower increase than in previous years moving to $79,371 per annum. With the heat off the economy, wage and price inflation slowed and even contracted in some sectors. PERSONAL INCOME $ Perth 38,6 42,333 48,542 53,921 58,726 64,21 71,354 75,86 Source: adapted from Australian Taxation Office (various years) CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics Sydney 42,889 46,86 51,82 55,524 59,443 63,951 7,58 71,835 Melbourne 38,748 41,836 46,774 5,176 54,265 58,651 64,475 66,133 March June September December March June September December March June September December March June September December March June September December March June September December March June September December March June September December March June Brisbane 35,66 39,478 44,459 48,442 52,313 56,882 61,821 65,498 Perth Sydney Adelaide 34,854 37,471 41,621 45,198 48,931 52,889 57,223 59,92 RISE IN PERTH RELATIVE MEAN INCOME THIS FIGURE ILLUSTRATES THE RELATIVE RISE IN MEAN INCOMES BETWEEN 25 AND 212. PERTH WAS IMPACTED LESS THAN OTHER CITIES BY THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS, AND BY 21 IT HAD SURPASSED THE MEAN INCOMES OF ALL OTHER AUSTRALIAN CAPITALS. THIS GROWTH CONTINUED THROUGH TO 212. PERTH'S RISING RELATIVE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX PERTH S RISING INCOMES MUST BE CONTEXTUALISED BY ITS RELATIVELY INCREASING PRICE INFLATION. USING THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, THE ABOVE FIGURE DEMONSTRATES THAT PERTH S RELATIVE PRICES ROSE AT THE SAME TIME AS INCOMES. WHILE IT WAS COMPARATIVELY CHEAPER THAN AUSTRALIA S MOST COSTLY CITY SYDNEY IN 24, BY 212 PERTH S LARGE PRICE RISES HAD MADE IT EQUALLY EXPENSIVE. THE SIMILAR PRICE INFLATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO CITIES AND RELATIVELY HIGHER INCOMES OF PERTH MEANT PERTH BECAME COMPARATIVELY MORE PROSPEROUS

11 Wanneroo North-West # Wanneroo North-West Canning East Fremantle # Fremantle Remainder Wanneroo North-East Melville Swan # Fremantle Remainder Wanneroo North-East East Fremantle Melville / A DECADE OF POSITIVE IMPACT Committee for Perth Mosman Park Fremantle Inner # South Perth Peppermint Grove A Prosperous Population... continued Fremantle Inner Victoria Park Claremont Cottesloe Joondalup - North Joondalup - South Swan Wanneroo - South Mundaring Joondalup - North Joondalup - South Wanneroo - South Stirling Coastal Stirling Central Stirling Coastal Bayswater Mundaring Bassendean Enlargement Cockburn Perth Remainder Nedlands Victoria Park # Wanneroo North-East Canning Cottesloe Legend Melville # Fremantle Remainder Percentage Change (%) Mosman Park 3-39 Fremantle 4 # - 49East Inner Fremantle 5-59 Melville 6-7 Swan Joondalup - North Joondalup - South Wanneroo North-West Waroona Wanneroo - South Wanneroo North-East 1 # Fremantle Remainder 2 Kalamunda Enlargement Joondalup - North Gosnells Joondalup - South Cockburn Wanneroo - South Armadale Mundaring Kwinana Rockingham Kalamunda INCREASING PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN POOREST AND RICHEST AREAS 25 TO 213 Serpentine-Jarrahdale Mandurah THERE HAS BEEN ONLY LIMITED CHANGE IN THE WEALTH RANKINGS OF Murray GREATER PERTH S STATISTICAL LOCAL AREAS (SLAS) BY MEAN PERSONAL TAXABLE INCOME (MPTI) SINCE THE 24/5 TAX YEAR. HOWEVER, THE DISPARITY BETWEEN THE WEALTHIEST AND POOREST AREAS HAS RISEN. THE GAP BETWEEN THE SLA WITH THE HIGHEST (PEPPERMINT GROVE) AND LOWEST (WANNEROO SOUTH) MPTI ALMOST DOUBLED, MOVING FROM Waroona APPROXIMATELY $64, IN 24/5 TO $119, IN 211/12. THE AVERAGE SLA MPTI PERCENTAGE CHANGE BETWEEN 25 AND 212 WAS 64 PER CENT. PEPPERMINT GROVE WAS THE HIGHEST (7 PER CENT), FOLLOWED BY COTTESLOE (69 PER CENT) AND CLAREMONT (68 PER CENT). OTHER SLAS ROSE AROUND 4 TO 49 PER CENT, EXCEPT FOR PERTH CITY (INNER AND REMAINDER) SLAS WHICH SAW A RESPECTIVE 33 PER CENT AND 32 PER CENT INCREASE. OUTSIDE OF THE GREATER PERTH METROPOLITAN INNER AREA, JOONDALUP NORTH AND STIRLING COASTAL (BOTH UP 48 PER CENT) DEMONSTRATED THE HIGHEST INCOME INCREASES. 18 Enlargement Gosnells Cockburn Armadale Legend Kwinana Percentage Change (%) 3-39 Rockingham 4-49 Serpentine-Jarrahdale Mandurah 2 4 km Murray Waroona Wanneroo North-West Subiaco Perth # Melville Joondalup - North Joondalup - South Murray Waroona Wanneroo North-West Wanneroo - South HIGHEST PROSPERITY WITHIN THE INNER METROPOLITAN CORE IN 212 Nedlands Perth Remainder Perth Inner Mean Taxable ClaremontIncome ($) Cottesloe 6, - 79, Peppermint 8, - 99, Grove Mosman 1, - 119, Park 12, - 139, Fremantle # East Inner Fremantle - 159, 14, Melville 16, - 179, Mandurah # Fremantle Remainder Wanneroo North-East Legend Canning East Fremantle Vincent Cambridge Swan km Swan Fremantle Inner St Sout Victoria Park Mosman Park Victoria Park Stirling Central Belmont Perth Inner Serpentine-Jarrahdale South Peppermint Grove Belmont Perth Inner Canning 4 Mundaring Perth Remainder Stirling Coastal Armadale ClaremontRockingham South Perth Peppermint Grove Murray Nedlands Cottesloe Claremont East Fremantle Mandurah Wanneroo North-West Perth Remainder Nedlands Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) Fremantle Inner Subiaco Serpentine-Jarrahdale Mosman Park Cambridge Bassendean South-Eastern Vincent Subiaco Kwinana Bassendean Vincent South Perth Rockingham Bayswater Stirling South-Eastern Armadale Kwinana Cambridge Stirling Central Belmont Perth Inner Cottesloe Peppermint Grove Stirling Coastal Gosnells Subiaco Claremont Cockburn Kalamunda Vincent Cambridge Kalamunda Bayswater Gosnells Stirling - Stirling South-Eastern Enlargement Stirling Central So P # Fremantle - Wanneroo North-East 1 Remainder 2 4 km Mundaring Swan Kalamunda Enlargement Joondalup - North Gosnells THIS MAP ILLUSTRATES THE MEAN PERSONAL TAXABLE INCOME (MPTI) Cockburn Armadale FOR PERTH AND PEEL STATISTICAL LOCAL AREAS (SLAS). THE $58, OF 25 ROSE BY 48 PER CENT,Kwinana OR AN AVERAGE 6.9 PER CENT PER ANNUM TO $86, IN 212. THE HIGHEST MPTIS WERE FOUND IN THE INNER CORE Rockingham SLAS OF THE GREATER METROPOLITAN: (I) PEPPERMINT GROVE ($179,965); Serpentine-Jarrahdale (II) COTTESLOE ($178,691) (III) NEDLANDS ($142,335), (IV) MOSMAN PARK ($141,553), AND (V) CLAREMONT ($129,193). THE REST OF THE INNER CITY AREASMandurah CAMBRIDGE, SUBIACO, VINCENT,PERTH, FREMANTLE (EAST, INNER AND REMAINDER) AND MELVILLE - FORMED A RING OF MEDIUM INCOME EARNERS ($8,-$139,) AROUND PERTH CITY. Murray THE LOWEST EARNERS WERE IN WANNEROO-SOUTH ($6,751), GOSNELLS ($62,79) AND BASSENDEAN ($63,977). WHILE INCOMES ROSE IN ALL SLAS ACROSS METROPOLITAN PERTH AND PEEL, WEALTH WAS NOT EVENLY DISTRIBUTED. THE SO-CALLED GOLDEN Waroona Legend TRIANGLE SUBURBS WEST OF PERTH CITY CENTRE EXPERIENCED THE LARGEST24-12 JUMP IN MPTI Percentage Change (%) (FROM 68 PER CENT TO 7 PER CENT). THE REST OF PERTH AND PEEL SLAS INCREASED BETWEEN ONLY 4 AND 49 PER 3-39 CENT. THIS MEANT ALREADY WEALTHY AREAS BECAME EVEN BETTER-OFF 4-49 RELATIVE TO OTHER SLAS. OTHER INNER SLAS WERE ALSO RELATIVELY MORE 5-59 WEALTHY THAT OUTER AREAS, WITH SECONDARY POCKETS OF GROWTH 6-7 RUNNING ALONG THE COAST (STIRLING COASTAL TO JOONDALUP) AND LIFESTYLE SLAS SUCH AS MUNDARING AND KALAMUNDA. 1 2 INTO THE RURAL 4 km OVERALL, A LARGER NUMBER OF SLAS FELL BELOW THE MPTI IN 212 COMPARED TO 25. Joondalup - South Wanneroo - South Mundaring Kalamunda Enlargement Legend Gosnells Cockburn Mean Taxable Income ($) 6, - 79, Kwinana 8, - 99, 1, - 119, Rockingham 12, - 139, 14, - 159, 16, - 179, 1 Mandurah 2 Armadale Serpentine-Jarrahdale Leg Me 4 km Murray Waroona 19

12 An Equitable Society INCREASING LEVELS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND PERSONAL INCOME IN PERTH TO SOME EXTENT MASKS RISING LEVELS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITY. One of the most common measures of inequality is the Gini coefficient, which measures the ways in which income is distributed across the population. Values closer to 1 represent greater inequality. Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics that estimated income distribution nationally in the 212/13 financial year show that Perth had the second highest levels of income inequality after Sydney. In Perth, the wealthiest 1 per cent earned 9.1 per cent of the city s total income. It short, the data points to a significant divide between the city s highest and lowest income earners. Within Perth s suburbs, there is considerable variability in levels of inequality. Perth s wealthiest suburbs tend to have high levels of equality in earnings (or degree of similarity in earnings). As median income levels decrease, levels of inequality within suburbs tend to rise. Some of the outer metropolitan suburbs with semi-rural holdings also show significant levels of inequality. This reflects the diversity of these areas in terms of urban form, socio-economic mix and occupations. GINI COEFFICIENT GINI COEFFICIENT Sydney Cottesloe Perth City Beach Melbourne Floreat Brisbane Melville Adelaide Mount Lawley Hobart Thornlie Canberra Ellenbrook Darwin Gosnells THERE IS CONSIDERABLE VARIABILITY IN LEVELS OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN AUSTRALIAN CITIES IN 212/13 SYDNEY HAD THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF INEQUALITY, FOLLOWED BY PERTH. THE COUNTRY S SMALLEST CITIES TENDED TO EXPERIENCE THE LOWEST LEVELS OF INEQUALITY PERTH'S SUBURBS VARY ENORMOUSLY IN INCOME INEQUALITY COTTESLOE AND CITY BEACH, FOR EXAMPLE, ARE VERY EVEN IN TERMS OF EARNINGS. OUTER METROPOLITAN SUBURBS TEND TO HAVE SIGNIFICANT VARIABILITY IN EARNINGS. Source: adapted from Australian Taxation Office (various years) 'Sailboat Head Out by Greg Seaton, entrant in Committee for Perth 216 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition. The gap between Perth s lowest income and highest income suburbs grew significantly in the first years of the resource boom (25-27). This decreased during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), and has remained reasonably stable since. These changes are typical of the ways in which the business cycle tends to affect levels of inequality. GINI COEFFICIENT Rapid economic expansion often leads to rising inequality, particularly as income levels amongst high-income earners tend to increase at a faster rate than lower income earners. Economic slowdowns tend to have the reverse effect and see the gap between the high income and low income suburbs contract SPATIAL INEQUALITY IS INCREASING ACROSS PERTH OVERALL LEVELS OF SPATIAL INEQUALITY BETWEEN PERTH S SUBURBS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN 25 AND 27 WITH THE ONSET OF THE BOOM. SINCE THE GFC, LEVELS OF SPATIAL EQUALITY HAVE REMAINED STABLE. 2 21

13 3. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY Global Networks Perth s global connectivity is tied to past and present political, Perth s position in the global economy provides industry and cultural and industry links. Global network connections regional information on Perth s influence and connectivity are critical to economic competitiveness. They represent with other cities around the world. This can be used to the flow of goods, people and ideas. One such means of identify areas for further development and increasing measuring this is through intra-firm office connections of opportunity to overcome its geographical remoteness. ASX-listed corporations. Multinational corporate connections Indeed, the global network of multinational activity and are proxies to understand global patterns and relations communication is not the result of random commerce, but in Australian trade and communications. As the central relates to historic geo-economic ties reflecting business business hub servicing Western Australia s commodity interests and political willpower developing as a global exports and resource-based services, Perth emerges as leader in the materials and energy sectors. Perth can build the most globally-connected Australian city in energy and on these competitive advantages in the Asia-Pacific region materials. With resource industry diversification, Perth s and African resource cities, for example through the provision global ties will evolve and adapt to new markets further of knowledge-based and skilled services associated with developing trade relations. resource extraction. Narrabri } INDUSTRIALS THE SECOND LARGEST CLUSTER IN THE INDUSTRIALS Brisbane NETWORK (AFTER BRISBANE), Perth PERTH S LINKS ARE MORE Sydney NATIONALLY FOCUSSED. p Melbourne o Milton Keynes Washington Gold Coast Auckland Source: adapted from Australian Securities Exchange (213) Perth Sydney Melbourne p Dusseldorf Region o Santiago Brisbane Auckland Beijing Moscow Perth Houston Sydney p Kuala Lumpar o Calgary Dubai London Johannesburg Santiago Lagos London Sydney Hong Kong p New York o Perth Melbourne Auckland MATERIALS & ENERGY PERTH S ECONOMY IS STRONGLY CONNECTED TO RESOURCES OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS (MINING), WITH PARTICULARLY STRONG MULTINATIONAL LINKAGES TO WEST AFRICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AND SOUTHEAST ASIA. } FINANCE PERTH S CONNECTIVITY TO KEY FINANCIAL GLOBAL HUBS DEMONSTRATES THE IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL CIRCUITS TO THE RESOURCE INDUSTRY

14 Figure 2: Non-Australian born Perthpopulation Metropolitan population not stated) by region of o Figure 2: Non-Australian born Perth Metropolitan 211 (excluding211 not (excluding stated) by region of origin Source: ABS (211)Source: ABS (211) Global Flows of People DESPITE BEING THE WORLD S MOST ISOLATED CAPITAL CITY, PERTH S CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REVEALS A GLOBAL CONNECTION THAT IS VIBRANT AND DIVERSE. overseas and inter-state migrants. In 212, WA recorded the third highest overseas net migration (skilled and unskilled) Northern Europe.48% Northern Europe.48% UK and Islands UK and Islands Eastern Europe 1.44% 34.25% Eastern Europe 1.44% 34.25% Chinese Asia Western Europe 3.39% Chinese Asia IrelandWestern 2.39% Europe 3.39% (incl. Mongolia) 3. Ireland 2.39% (incl. Mongolia) 3.47% Central Asia.26% SE Europe Northern America 2.19% Southern Europe 2.29% Central Asia.26% SE Europe Japan and Koreas Northern America 2.19% Southern Europe 2.29% Japan and Koreas 1.2% 2.59% North2.59% Africa.55% Southern Asia 7.4% North Africa.55% Southern Asia 7.4% Middle East 1.34% Caribbean.13%Middle East 1.34% Caribbean.13% Mainland SE Asia 4.13% North Africa andmainland SE Asia 4.13% North Africa and SE Asia.% Middle East.% SE Asia.% Middle East.% Central America.3% Central and Microne Central America.3% Central and Micronesia.1% West Africa.37% West Africa.37% Melane.25% Maritime SE Asia Melanesia 1.94% Maritime SE Asia 1.94% compared to other states and territories. Research has shown that skilled migrants do not merely contribute to a brain gain in the destination economy or adversely result in a brain loss in the home economy. Rather, through migrants' networks and their constant to discover how ethnically diverse Perth has become. Perth s migration growth rate exceeds the national average and WA has the highest proportion of overseas born population. In the past decade, international migration to Perth has grown in absolute numbers and shifted in the composition of migrant origin from European to Asian countries. mobility, global circuits of knowledge flow, research collaborations, economic and social ties are established between the destination and origin countries through friendships, professional and business connections. The national and global trend towards favouring temporary South America 1.9% South America 1.9% contract migration, such as the 457 visa, suggests Perth might not be retaining the world s best talents unless employers actively sponsored migrants, or migrants themselves secure skilled and unskilled labour as experienced across Australia a pathway to permanently settle here. How might Perth was magnified in Perth and regional Western Australia, enhance its competitive edge while remaining an attractive only to have been sufficiently addressed through recruiting destination for international migrants? and South) who had tertiary and South)(Bachelor who had to tertiary of a regions migrants educations postof a regions educations (Bachelor to postsource: ABS (211)migrants graduate level). The mostly highly Source: ABS (211) Country of birth graduate level). The mostly Bornhighly overseas 34% Country of birth educated (having Bornpopulations overseas 34% not stated 6% Postgraduate Graduate Bachelor Advanced educated populations (having not stated 6% either a Master s or PhD) were Postgraduate Diploma Graduate Bachelor Advanced Degree and Degree Diploma and either a Master s or PhD) were visitors 1% Degree Diploma and Degree Diploma and Southern & Chinese Asia, North Graduate Diploma Overseas visitors 1%Overseas Southernthe & Chinese Asia,and North Graduate Diploma America, Middle East America, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Southern Asia Melanesia Maritime Micronesia Ireland Eastern Europe. Southern Asia (3.7%) Melanesia Maritime Micronesia Ireland (19.8%) South-East (22.7%) (26.6%) MIGRANT ORIGIN COUNTRIES OF NON-AUSTRALIAN BORN PERTH METROPOLITAN POPULATION (211) 14 (19.8%) Migration: an Migration: an Chinese Asia intergenerational Chinese Asia (17.8%) THERE HAS BEEN A SHIFT IN MIGRANT ORIGIN COUNTRIES. intergenerational (17.8%) resource Born in Australia 59% Born Australia 59% resource EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAVE TRADITIONALLY HADinWELL /9 to 3/6/9 29/1 to 3/6/1 21/11 to 3/6/11 211/12 to 3/6/12 212/13 to 3/6/13 213/14 to 3/6/14 214/15 to 3/6/15 THE 457 VISA PROGRAM HAS BECOME AN IMPORTANT MEANS TO SUSTAIN ECONOMIC GROWTH SKILLED MIGRANTS TO AUSTRALIA ARE NEEDED TO ADDRESS LABOUR SHORTAGES IN SPECIFIC SECTORS WHERE AUSTRALIAN WORKERS HAVE BEEN UNAVAILABLE. WESTERN AUSTRALIA HOSTED NEARLY 2 PER CENT OF AUSTRALIA S TOTAL INTAKE OF 457 VISA RECIPIENTS IN /7 TO 3/6/7 PERIOD 21/11 TO 3/6/11 PERIOD ACT: 2% ACT: 2% ACT WA: 18% NSW WA: 19% NSW: 35% VIC: 22% NSW: 36% NT SA QLD VIC: 24% TAS TAS: 1% SA: 3% QLD: 17% QLD: 14% NT: 2% TAS: 1% SA: 3% VIC NT: 1% WA Source adapted from Department of Immigration and Border Protection (213; 216) 6 The Internet and social media ESTABLISHED DIASPORAS IN PERTH, SUCH AS THE UNITED social media The Internet have enabledand unprecedented have enabled unprecedented KINGDOM, ITALY, GREECE, PORTUGAL ANDcitizen POLAND. MOREwith mobility people s lives citizen mobility with people s transcending national borders lives RECENTLY, THIS HAS SHIFTED TO ASIAN COUNTRIES SUCH transcending national borders include homeland social and AS INDIA, MALAYSIA, CHINA, SINGAPORE,toPHILIPPINES, to include homeland social and professional networks. These VIETNAM AND INDONESIA. THERE HAS ALSO BEEN A SHARP professional networks. These connections take on various connections various RISE IN SOUTH-AFRICAN BORN MIGRANTS (258.7 PER take onidentity forms of citizenship, forms of citizenship, identity and language; personal ties CENT) BETWEEN 1991 AND 211. and language; personal ties through visits, communication through visits, and media use;communication political and and media use; political and communal involvement; communalremittances involvement; caregiving, and caregiving, remittances and philanthropy; and, business and philanthropy; and, business professional ties, the strengthand ties,tothe strength ofprofessional which appear decrease of which appear to decrease in successive generations after in successive generations after migration (Ben-Moshe & Pyke, migration (Ben-Moshe & Pyke, 212, 34). According to the 212, 34). According to the } NO. OF VISAS GRANTED 16 4 Bulletin 33, March 214 Bulletin 33, New March 214 Zealand 9.65% New Zealand 9.65% } At the peak of the resource boom, the perennial shortage in FACTBase FACTBase Polyne Polynesia.26% South and East Africa 1.17% South and East Africa 1.17% Northern Northern America America (17%) (17%) Middle East Middle East (16.4%) (16.4%) Eastern Eastern Europe Europe (14.2%) (14.2%) (3.7%) South-East (22.7%) (26.6%) Asia (4.2%) Asia (4.2%) South South Southern and United South South Southern United America America East Africa and Kingdom America America East Africa Kingdom (3.3%) (36.2%) (17.4%) (25.4%) (3.3%) (36.2%) (17.4%) (25.4%) Northern Japan and Eastern New Zealand Northern Japan and Eastern New America Koreas Europe (24.2%)Zealand America Koreas Europe (24.2%) (3.2%) (35.8%) (16.2%) (3.2%) (35.8%) (16.2%) Caribbean Northern Central and Southern FACTBase Caribbean FACTBase NorthernBulletin Central and Bulletin Southern (3.1%) America West Africa Europe 33, March , 2 March (3.1%) America West Africa (22.7%) Europe (34.4%) (15.3%) (34.4%) (15.3%) (22.7%) United Middle East Southern Asia Western United Middle East (14.6%) Southern Asia Europe Western Kingdom (3.3%) Kingdom (3.3%) (14.6%) Europe (2.8%) (22.3%) (2.8%) (22.3%) generation ethnic background for Perth Metro generation ethnic background for Perth Metro Source: ABS (211) First(211) generation ethnic background Source: ABS 1 ST GENERATION First generation ethnic Not background Australia-born Born overseas applicable First generation ethnic Australia-born Bornbackground overseas Not applicable First generation ethnic background Australians in Perth identify more FIRST AND SECOND Australians Perth identify(81% more with in their ethnicity strongly with their ethnicity (81% GENERATION AUSTRALIANSstrongly noted overseas-born parents) noted overseas-born parents) than second generation (only than second generation (only 21% noting overseas-born 21% overseas-born CONTINUE TOnoting ACTIVELY grandparents) (Figure 5). The grandparents) (Figure 5). The FIRST GENERATION AUSTRALIANS IDENTIFY WITH THEIR ETHNIC BACKGROUNDS, WHEREAS migrants (see BenSECOND GENERATION AUSTRALIANS AREgeneration LESS LIKELY generation migrants (see BenMoshe & Pyke, 212) means these Moshe & Pyke, 212) means TO DO SO. FIRST GENERATION AUSTRALIANS APPEAR TO groups are also the most likelythese to groups are the most connect andalso engage withlikely their to RETAIN A STRONG SENSE OF IDENTITY AND CONNECTION connect and engage with their WITH THE HOMELAND, WHICH DECREASES OVER TIME in ascertaining exactly what AMONG THE SECOND GENERATION. information in ascertaining exactly what is useful, to whom information useful, tothis whom and how it willis be used, and how it will be used, this has strong homeland connection strong homeland the capacity to actconnection as a global has the capacity to act a global resource for Perth withasvolumes resource for Perth with volumes on homeland ICT development on homeland ICT development and migrant education levels. and migrant education levels. The Internet and social media The Internet and social media Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) One only needs to stroll through the Canning Vale markets Australia-born Australia-born Born overseas Born overseas Not applicable Not applicable Second generation ethnic background Second generation ethnic background 2 ND GENERATION Australia-born Born overseas Not stated Australia-born ethnic Born overseas Not stated Second generation background Second generation ethnic background Australia-born Australia-born Born overseas Born overseas Not stated Not stated 25

15 FIGURE 2: ROAD AND RAIL FREIGHT TRANSPORT ROUTES BETWEEN FREMANTLE, PERTH AIRPORT AND REGIONAL WESTERN AUSTRALIA Regional Connectivity the entire State, including trade, transport, knowledge, H IG H W A Y H IG H W A Y NORTHERN L NATIONA AVENUE GREA T PE R TH Salt Oil and gas HIGHWAY Salt Shark Bay Salt Pty Ltd DRIVE Salt Dampier Salt Ltd (Rio Tinto Ltd) USELESS LOOP BEECHBO RO R O A D Onslow Salt Pty Ltd CAPE CUVIER ALEXANDER Chevron Australia Pty Ltd ONSLOW PERTH Riv er SEE INSET WELSH PO OL an Sw EAST AY HW FREMANTLE SOUTH kilometres Ocean OO KT ON LE ARMADALE NICHOLSON ROAD THOMAS H IG H W A Y ROAD ROAD ANKETELL KWINAN A primary road (Main Roads jurisdiction) ROCKINGHAM future primary road (local government jurisdiction) MUNDIJONG WESTERN primary road (local government jurisdiction) BR ARMADA Legend future primary road (Main Roads jurisdiction) CANNING AY Mapping and GeoSpatial Data Branch Department for Planning and Infrastructure Produced on behalf of: Western Australian Planning Commission March 28 ntw-map11\ \strat_plan\strat_pol\strat_infra\ pmr\freight_strat\freight network policy\ SPP No 5.3\v8_dfreight25_A3.dgn Base information supplied by: Western Australian Land Information Authority GL ROAD STREET ROAD 1 5 RO FREEWAY N E HIG LEACH AY EASTERN GREAT HW ROAD HIG freight rail HW intermodal freight terminal KARNUP ROAD ROAD passenger rail AY URAH urban SOU TH road centreline MAND Images courtesy of Department of Transport and Western Australian Planning Commission THEVENARD ISLAND HIGHW MIDLAND HIG Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) Journey to Work Data Currently inactive for exports HIGHWAY DRIVE MORLEY NY } Apache Energy Ltd REID BA Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) Journey to Work Data AIRLIE ISLAND Ocean AL 26 Oil and gas H PERT ROAD THESE DESTINATIONS ARE PRIMARILY ASSOCIATED WITH MINING PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURE (HARVEY AND DARDANUP) OR ARE LARGE REGIONAL SERVICE CENTRES (BUNBURY). MANY OF THESE WORKERS COME FROM PERTH. Oil and gas Chevron Australia Pty Ltd HIGHWAY DE ELAI AD YAY TOOD HIGHWAY TOP TEN 211 COMMUTING LOCAL GOVERNMENT (LGAS) DESTINATIONS IN REGIONAL WESTERN AUSTRALIA Apache Energy Ltd BARROW ISLAND NATIO NAL ROAD GNANGARA TONKIN 1324 VARANUS ISLAND RO AD ROAD Iron ore R O AD Dardanup DARW REEF K IN G 1583 CITIC Pacific Ltd/Mineralogy Pty Ltd CARNARVON OCEAN AD RO Boddington PORT PRESTON (under construction) ONSLOW JOONDALUP IN Indian G ON 1615 Currently inactive for exports Iron ore ORR Harvey Robe River Mining Co Pty Ltd (Rio Tinto Ltd) WAY 181 Iron ore Shire of Derby-West Kimberley HIGH Port Hedland Mt Gibson Iron Ltd CAPE LAMBERT T O N K IN 241 KOOLAN ISLAND Indian INSET AVENUE Leonora Iron ore NIS 3427 General cargo Cliff Natural Resources Inc EN Roebourne COMMODITY Cambridge Gulf Ltd DERBY PORT WALCOTT OPERATOR HIGHWAY 454 } Collie ASSOCIATED FACILITY COCKATOO ISLAND COAST COMMUTING NETWORK OF WORKERS MOVING BETWEEN DIFFERENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS (LGAS) ACROSS WESTERN AUSTRALIA. IN THE FIGURE BELOW, THE SIZE OF THE CIRCLES DENOTES NUMBER OF IN-COMMUTE WORKERS. PERTH PROVIDES THE MAJORITY OF JOBS FOR WORKERS IN SURROUNDING LGAS, BUT ALSO THE MAJORITY OF THE WORKFORCE FOR THE REGIONS PARTICULARLY THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH MINING YAMPI SOUND WEST 1649 Ashburton PROCLAIMED PORT WYNDHAM FR E E WAY COMMUTING NETWORK ACROSS WESTERN AUSTRALIA Salt Oil and gas ROAD Number of commuters from across the State Shark Bay Salt Pty Ltd AVENUE technologies that enable these economies to flourish. Perth USELESS LOOP LL MITCHE in an environment of high labour scarcity and wages. critical role, therefore, in providing the labour, knowledge and Currently inactive for exports OO WA's industries to service a globally competitive market even investment in technology or infrastructure. Perth plays a Salt HIGHWAY sectors of the economy are those that tend to drive financial Salt Dampier Salt Ltd (Rio Tinto Ltd) G regional resource extraction and cultivation. It has allowed Onslow Salt Pty Ltd CAPE CUVIER LIN intensive nature of these industries. These capital intensive Chevron Australia Pty Ltd ONSLOW IR ST this type of labour-force highly productive and efficient for Apache Energy Ltd THEVENARD ISLAND ION Technological and skill advances in recent years have made region. In part this reflects the highly capital and knowledge AIRLIE ISLAND MARM are benefiting residential rather than work communities. worker productivity exceeds that of the Perth metropolitan Iron ore GEOCENTRIC DATUM OF AUSTRALIA schools, amenities and partner careers, and worker incomes worker productivity. Indeed, in most regional economies 5162 CARNARVON Families are being retained within Greater Perth close to is demonstrated not only by export earnings, but also Oil and gas ONSLOW based on proximity to infrastructure rather than work. The importance of these regional economies to the State Oil and gas Chevron Australia Pty Ltd WAY a restructuring in lifestyles' where residential decisions are Apache Energy Ltd BARROW ISLAND HIGH dependence. CITIC Pacific Ltd/Mineralogy Pty Ltd VARANUS ISLAND STIRL ING suburbs and regional communities. These practices reflect Currently inactive for exports Iron ore PORT PRESTON (under construction) CURTIN the relationship between Perth and its regions is one of co- Robe River Mining Co Pty Ltd (Rio Tinto Ltd) AD it is increasingly the reality for many workers, families, CAPE LAMBERT RO economy and the State's regional economies. In essence, Iron ore Shire of Derby-West Kimberley CH capital, finance, labour and knowledge between the global out workforce practices. While this process is contentious, Iron ore Mt Gibson Iron Ltd BEA into regional areas through fly-in/fly-out and drive-in/drive General cargo Cliff Natural Resources Inc KOOLAN ISLAND PORT Australia. Yet, Perth plays a critical role in articulating flows of Cambridge Gulf Ltd COCKATOO ISLAND DERBY PORT WALCOTT COMMODITY NNER increasingly acts as the hub in a complex set of labour flows East Pilbara YAMPI SOUND OPERATOR WA and energy sectors that are situated within regional Western ASSOCIATED FACILITY WYNDHAM Arguably the most significant shifts in the past two decades have been in the area of long distance commuting. Perth Bunbury PROCLAIMED PORT strategic management, and political power. Most export earnings are generated from agriculture, mining Destination LGA ROAD AND RAIL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN GREATER PERTH AND REGIONAL WA in this regard has long been the hub of networks spanning urban deferred industrial metropolitan boundary Road and Rail Transport Noise State Planning Policy Primary roads and rail routes Appendix 1 Images courtesy of Department of Transport and Western Australian Planning Commission. CHANGE IN WORKER PRODUCTIVITY THE PRODUCTIVITY OF EACH WORKER BASED ON THE GROSS REGIONAL PRODUCT OF THE REGION DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF WORKERS IN THE REGION. ALL ARE THE STATE S TOP MINING AREAS, AND ASSOCIATED WITH SOME OF THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF COMMUTERS MANY OF WHICH COME FROM PERTH. WORKER PRODUCTIVITY IS MUCH HIGHER IN THE REGIONS THAN IN PERTH METROPOLITAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS (LGAS). LGA } 21/11 worker productivity LGA 214/15 worker productivity Yalgoo 668,65 Perenjori 1,65,551 Ashburton 597,38 Yalgoo 1,18,961 Laverton 586,961 Karratha 965,763 Coolgardie 56,31 Menzies 921,583 Westonia 557,44 East Pilbara 864,64 East Pilbara 549,325 Ashburton 838,22 Boddington 58,673 Laverton 827,986 Meekatharra 487,441 Westonia 826,777 Wiluna 485,777 Ravensthorpe 797,861 Perenjori 482,998 Coolgardie 72,383 Total State 174,665 Total State 19, Source: economy.id found at REGIONAL WESTERN AUSTRALIA IS A MAJOR SOURCE FOR THE WEALTH OF THE ENTIRE STATE. 27

16 4. MOVEMENT OVER THE PAST DECADE, CHANGES IN LEVELS OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT USE HAVE EMERGED AS KEY INDICATORS OF REGIONAL CHANGE. Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) Journey to Work Data COMMUTING PATTERNS BY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS FACTBASE RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN AS PART OF GET A MOVE ON! CONFIRMED THAT IN PERTH AND PEEL, THE CENTRAL SUB-REGION IS THE MOST ACCESSIBLE BY ROAD AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT. AS A RESULT, A MAJORITY OF EMPLOYMENT IS LOCATED WITHIN THE CENTRAL SUBREGION AND CONSEQUENTLY COMMUTERS PRIMARILY TRAVEL FROM MIDDLE AND OUTER SUBURBAN LOCATIONS TO INNER EMPLOYMENT DESTINATIONS FOR WORK. Movement in Perth and Peel Mobility is central to perceptions of quality of life and liveability in Perth and Peel and and, over the past decade, changes in levels of traffic congestion and public transport use have emerged as key indicators of regional change. Rapid population and economic expansion in the first decade of the 21 st Century has increased the number of vehicles on regional roads and the number of commuters travelling by public transport, amplifying pressure on the regional movement system. As a result, the 212 and 215 Perth Perceptions Surveys identified traffic congestion and public transport as the primary issue concerning Perth and Peel residents today and of biggest concern for the future. However there have been substantial positive changes in the movement system over the past two decades with growth in traffic congestion accompanied by increased public transport use and heightened support for investment in public transport rather than in roads. Evidence indicates that behaviour change has primarily been driven by improvements to public transport infrastructure (particularly the opening of the Perth-Mandurah passenger rail line) and heightened congestion delays associated with population growth. In 215, the Committee for Perth embarked on a 12 month in depth research project, Get a Move On!, which directly responds to ongoing concern regarding traffic congestion and elevated support for public transport investment. The project provided a detailed examination of commuting in Perth and Peel. Get a Move On! established that commuter movements and mode choice are impacted by: live and work locations; the distance that people travel; employment requirements; the match between the skills of local residents and the skill-requirements of sub-regional employers; and the convenience and cost of driving to specific locations

17 Movement in Perth and Peel... continued LGA Total jobs Total resident workers Excess jobs to resident workforce LGA Armadale 13,11 25,92-12,819 Mosman Park Total jobs Total resident workers 1,975 4,353-2,378 Excess jobs to resident workforce SUB-REGIONAL COMMUTING PATTERNS IN 211 Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) Journey to Work Data Bassendean 5,675 6, Mundaring 7,89 15,63-7,794 Bayswater 18,199 28,194-9,995 Murray 5,134 4, Belmont 33,349 15,18 18,241 Nedlands 17,972 9,25 8,947 Cambridge 1,283 11,688-1,45 Peppermint Grove Canning 51,993 38,394 13,599 Perth 123,44 8, ,944 Claremont 5,627 4,28 1,599 Rockingham 24,94 41,449-17,355 Cockburn 29,534 4,863-11,329 Serpentine- Jarrahdale 3,154 7,68-4,454 Cottesloe 2,411 3,48-1,69 South Perth 11,536 19,477-7,941 East Fremantle 2,1 3,31-1,291 Stirling 68,181 88,82-19,91 Fremantle 24,51 12,92 12,49 Subiaco 24,129 8,457 15,672 Gosnells 2,791 44,458-23,667 Swan 47,28 46, Joondalup 38,493 73,397-34,94 Victoria Park 23,548 14,994 8,554 Kalamunda 13,89 23,95-1,861 Vincent 18,348 16, Kwinana 11,447 1, Wanneroo 31,71 62,495-3,785 Mandurah 16,843 23,313-6,47 Waroona 1,98 1, Melville 31,533 44,136-12,63 WA Regional 223,765 24,238 19,527 Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) Journey to Work Data THE SIZE OF CIRCLES DENOTES NUMBER OF JOBS, THICKNESS OF LINES AND SIZE OF ARROWS DENOTES SIZE OF COMMUTING WORKFORCE. THE CENTRAL SUB-REGION HAS MORE JOB OPPORTUNITIES THAN OTHER SUB-REGIONS, DRAWING WORKERS FROM SURROUNDING AREAS. TOTAL WORKING POPULATION AND JOBS BY LGA, 211 MANY OUTER METROPOLITAN LGAS HAVE A DEFICIT OF JOBS. FOR EXAMPLE, ARMADALE HAS A DEFICIT OF AROUND -12,8 JOBS, GOSNELLS OF -23,6 AND WANNEROO OF -3,7 JOBS. THESE AREAS HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF COMMUTERS GOING TO OTHER LGAS FOR WORK. The project illustrated that movement in Perth and Peel is inextricably linked with economic development, employment locations and urban form and that this relationship is two-way with economic development, productivity and residential development and also strongly influenced by ease of movement to specific locations. White collar workers, including managers, clerical and administration and professional service, science and technology workers are most likely to travel to inner locations for work and are also more likely to be public transport users. This is a combined function of accessibility, density and barriers to car use in central locations (most notably limited access to free parking and congestion delays). Knowledge and professional service, science and technology businesses benefit from central locations that are accessible to skilled workers as it enables closer interaction and knowledge transfer between clients, service providers, customers and peers. These businesses therefore have a strong preference for central, high density locations. Patterns of economic activity and productivity in all Australian cities indicate that, despite long-term policies promoting employment decentralisation, professional service and knowledge sector employment continues to agglomerate in central locations. Growing the employment opportunities in sub-regions is essential to optimising existing infrastructure use. This will be delivered through balanced inter-regional commuting and sustainable urban and economic growth. The lower number of jobs in outer sub-regions means fewer job opportunities for residents. Get a Move On! made 1 recommendations which aim to deliver a new integrated approach to planning for the economy, land use and transport in the Perth metropolitan region. It proposes a new integrated hierarchy of employment centres in the region informed by the capacity of individual locations to accommodate knowledge based employment and high density residential uses as well as their level of road reliance and future capacity to attract high frequency public transport users. 3 31

18 14 7 GROWTH RATE (%) Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) Central Metropolitan Perth East Metropolitan Perth North Metropolitan Perth South East Metropolitan Perth South West Metropolitan Perth Peel Region Wanneroo North-East Swan Joondalup-North Fremantle-Inner * Joondalup-South Wanneroo-South Stirling-Coastal Stirling Central Melville * Belmont Kalamunda Gosnells southwards. In 199, Metroplan was implemented to accommodate 74 percent of Western Australians reside in metropolitan Perth. a projected urban population of 2 million, by widening out the Propelled by the momentum of Perth s resource boom, the city s existing growth corridors and strengthening north-south routes strong population growth in metropolitan areas shows a continued by adding a North-East Corridor. This was in part in response to residential expansion along the north-south axis. the lower development cost per hectare along the sandy coastal SLAs in inner metropolitan Perth. Overall, the inner and middle ring SLAs of metro Perth show a move towards higher residential densities. Nonetheless, there was minimal reduction in the number of SLAs with low density living, indicating Western Australians sustained preference for low-density lifestyles. These demographic and spatial dynamics are not entirely attributed to the recent boom. Rather, taking a historical lens reveals that Perth s spatial structure is largely a legacy of past growth and planning policies. Despite previous urban growth plans that envisioned the 32 plain compared to granite and clay. Eight strategic employment centres were planned to alleviate commuting pressure to Perth and provide functionality to the corridor structure. The most recent 21 plan, Directions 231 and Beyond, looks to accommodate 2.2 million (and later 3.5 million). Its inclusion of the Peel Region reinforced the geographic shift of the metropolitan north-south axis. With Perth s population projected to increase to 3.5 million by 25, continued urban sprawl will put considerable pressure on transport costs, infrastructure, and services. Limiting Perth s spatial expansion will remain a challenge, but Perth has the opportunity to take advantage of the emerging preference for higher density living. Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) west elongated core, Perth continued to extend northwards and characteristics are invariably spatially imprinted. Upwards of Mundaring Mundaring Kalamunda Armadale Armadale Kwinana Kwinana Rockingham planners. Changes in a city s demographic, social and economic residential concentration along the north-west corridor and selected Cockburn Armadale Kwinana population to tightly cluster around the Fremantle-Perth east- of overseas-born population has increased with trends showing a Stirling-Coastal Stirling Wanneroo-South Central Fremantle - Remainder Cockburn Perth s residential sprawl has long been considered a challenge for 1. Mosman Park 2. Cottesloe 3. Peppermint Grove 4. Claremont 1. Mosman Park 5. Nedlands 6. Cambridge 2. Cottesloe 7. Subiaco 3. Peppermint Grove 8. Perth - Remainder 4. Claremont 9. Perth - Inner 5. Nedlands 6. Cambridge 1. Vincent 11. Stirling (South-East 7. Subiaco 12. Bayswater 8. Perth - Remainder 9. Perth - Inner 13. Bassendean 14. Victoria Park 1. Vincent 15. South Perth 11. Stirling (South-Eastern) 12. Bayswater 16. East Fremantle 13. Bassendean 14. Victoria Park 15. South Perth 16. East Fremantle Swan Belmont Belmont Canning 16 8 *9 Melville * Gosnells 15 3 Fremantle-Inner 1 Kalamunda Fremantle -*Remainder 16 Canning Melville * Gosnells Cockburn Fremantle-Inner Fremantle - Remainder The Shifting Population Stirling-Coastal Stirling -6 Central Mundaring 13 Canning ALL THE MAJOR STATISTICAL SUBDIVISIONS WITHIN METRO PERTH AND PEEL RECORDED POPULATION GROWTH BETWEEN 1991 AND 211. IN PARTICULAR, THE PEEL REGION REGISTERED THE HIGHEST GROWTH RATES AND AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATES (122.1 PER CENT, 6.1) ALONG WITH SOUTH WEST METROPOLITAN (55.8 PER CENT, 2.8) AND NORTH METROPOLITAN (5.2 PER CENT, 2.5). Wanneroo 1. Mosman Park North-West 2. Cottesloe 3. Peppermint Grove Wanneroo 4. Claremont North-East Wanneroo 5. Nedlands North-West 6. Cambridge 7. Subiaco Wanneroo 8. Perth - Remainder North-East 9. Perth - Inner 1. Vincent 11. Stirling (South-Eastern) 12. Bayswater 13. Bassendean Joondalup-North 14. Victoria Park 15. South Perth Swan 16. East Fremantle Joondalup-South Wanneroo-South Joondalup-North Wanneroo North-West Joondalup-South (SPATIAL DIMENSIONS) Average Annual Growth Rate Growth Rate (%) The number of SLAs (Statistical Local Areas) with a high percentage POPULATION GROWTH AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE 5. LIFECYCLES Rockingham Rockingham Serpentine-Jarrahdale Wanneroo North-West Serpentine-Jarrahdale Serpentine-Jarrahdale 1. Mosman Park 2. Cottesloe 3. Peppermint Grove 4. Claremont 5. Nedlands 6. Cambridge 7. Subiaco 8. Perth - Remainder 9. Perth - Inner 1. Vincent 11. Stirling (South-Eastern) 12. Bayswater 13. Bassendean 14. Victoria Park 15. South Perth 16. East Fremantle Mandurah Wanneroo North-East Mandurah Mandurah Murray Murray Murray Swan Joondalup-North Waroona Waroona Joondalup-South 1 Dot = 1 people Wanneroo-South 1 Dot = 1 people 1 1 Dot =1 5people Waroona 5 1 2Stirling Stirling-Coastal km Central Mundaring 13 2 km 2 km POPULATION DENSITIES FOR 4 METRO PERTH AND PEEL REGION SLAS, 1991 AND * Belmont Canning Kalamunda Melville THE NORTH (STIRLING COASTAL, WANNEROO NORTH-EAST, AND WANNEROO NORTH-WEST) AND SOUTH-WEST (COCKBURN, ROCKINGHAM, AND * Gosnells Fremantle-Inner MANDURAH) CORRIDORS HAVE CONSISTENTLY SHOWN HIGH POPULATION GROWTH RATES BETWEEN 1991 AND 211. THE POPULATION INCREASE ALONG Fremantle - Remainder THIS NORTH-SOUTH AXIS IS IN PART A SPILL OVER FROM PERTH S RESIDENTIAL SPRAWL. AN AGEING POPULATION HAS ALSO SHOWN A SEA-CHANGE Cockburn Armadale MOVEMENT TOWARDS THE SOUTH-WEST COAST. THE SLAS OF VINCENT, SUBIACO, EAST FREMANTLE, SOUTH PERTH, MOSMAN PARK, COTTESLOE, STIRLING SOUTH-EASTERN AND CLAREMONT RECORDED POPULATION DENSITIESKwinana OF MORE THAN 2, PEOPLE PER SQUARE KILOMETRE IN 211. Rockingham 33 Serpentine-Jarrahdale

19 Reflections on 3.5 Million P e r t 3. 5 M i l l i o n IN 212 THE COMMITTEE RELEASED TOWARDS A BRIGHT FUTURE: A VISION FOR PERTH AS A REGION OF 3.5 MILLION PEOPLE. THE PROJECT EXAMINED THE DYNAMICS OF GROWTH IN PERTH AND PEEL AND THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXPANSION OF THE REGIONAL POPULATION AND ECONOMY AND ASSOCIATED CULTURAL CHANGE. Towards a Bright Future articulated a vision and made 2 recommendations for a bright future for Perth as a metropolis of 3.5 million people. Towards a Bright Future was prepared in the midst of Western Australia s early 21 st Century population and economic expansion and was unique in its articulation of bright future and businesses of usual scenarios for Perth and Peel. The scenarios were developed through the lens of the more than 5 business representatives and Perth residents consulted through the project, which included the inaugural Perth Perceptions Survey. Insights garnered through Towards a Bright Future regarding business and individual aspirations for Perth have become core tenets of subsequent Committee for Perth research publications and advocacy areas. These include: a desire for the Perth region to adapt to growth through quality, collaborative, bipartisan planning for the future; a strong community perception that the regional economy is over-reliant on the resources sector; and a perception that low density lifestyles will be less important for the region s future and should be moderated through the development of affordable higher density lifestyle opportunities. The project also identified substantial concerns regarding increasing traffic congestion in Perth and Peel and a desire for a public transport oriented future. To war d s a B r ight F u t u r e A vision f o r Pert h as a r e gion o f 3.5 millio n pe ople Sept e m b er 2 12 INITIATIVES THAT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE PERTH REGION, AS IDENTIFIED BY THE 215 PERTH PERCEPTIONS SURVEY Towards a Bright Future encapsulated a unifying appreciation of Perth s natural assets and outdoor lifestyles as well as a sense of buoyancy regarding the transformation of the Perth s city centre and a heightened desire for Perth to become innovative, vibrant and to embrace multiculturalism and diversity. It also uncovered a strong desire for Perth to move with the times and for the region to shed its big country town past to deliver a vibrant future as a city of significance in the Asia-Pacific region. Towards a Bright Future successfully catalysed government planning for the 3.5 million growth horizon and in 215, government released their own vision and spatial and transport strategy for Perth and 3.5 million. Towards a Bright Future also successfully captured a unique period of change, optimism and tension in Perth associated with growth and transformation, physically and attitudinally. In 215, a repeat of the Perth Perceptions Survey revealed that, while community and business concern regarding the region s economic future has heightened, a majority of residents believe Perth has changed for the better over the past 1 years. Residents link this positive change to major infrastructure and cultural developments. Looking forward, Perth residents remain focused on the region s natural assets and outdoor lifestyles, however the perceived importance of low density living has continued to diminish. The appetite for Perth to embrace change and become more dynamic and vibrant, multicultural and artistic, and less focused on the resources sector has also increased since 212 however there is a desire for this to be tempered by a continued focus on the essentials like health, education, housing, safety and, most importantly, public transport. Towards a Bright Future remains a core advocacy and vision keeping platform for the Committee for Perth as the region moves towards a population of 3.5 million people

20 The Ageing Population POPULATION AGEING HAS RECEIVED MUCH POLICY AND MEDIA FOCUS IN RECENT YEARS BEING IDENTIFIED AS ONE OF THE MOST PRESSING CHALLENGES FACING AUSTRALIA. There are wide discrepancies in the ageing experience of different groups within Perth, with many experiencing vulnerability in relation to their accommodation. The forty-two percent of seniors in Perth who are entering retirement with a mortgage is expected to increase. Similarly, homelessness is rising, with low-income older women being especially at risk. Indigenous Australians are particularly vulnerable in terms of life-expectancy and quality of life as they age, with a marked health disparity present between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. Prescient planning and appropriate policies are therefore needed to ensure equal life opportunities for those disadvantaged by health and socio-economic circumstances. Although Western Australia has the lowest proportion of people aged over 65 of all the States in Australia, its population is nonetheless ageing and this is expected to accelerate as the Baby Boomers (those born between 1945 and 1965) age. Ageing is taking place unevenly across the city PERTH'S AGING TREND due to complex demographic, economic, social and political forces. The highest ageing concentrations are found in wellestablished suburbs close to the city centre, in areas with good amenities and transport links, and within easy access to the river and sea. There are also high concentrations in the retirement areas along the coast to the south (Rockingham and Mandurah) and far north; areas that have experienced considerable aged-care developments in recent years. However, when ageing distributions are examined over time a different pattern emerges. The accumulation of ageing is due to seniors both ageing-in-place and moving to specific areas as they age. In metropolitan Perth, the dominant trend is ageing-in-place and when people do move they do so locally, especially as they reach more advanced ages. In the coming decades, there will be a significant proportion of the older population in outlying areas which are characterised by low-density housing, suburban shopping malls, a poor public transport network and low density of services for the elderly. Such characteristics represent significant barriers to active ageing and the creation of age-friendly communities. As the Baby Boomers transition into retirement, key challenges will be how to adapt suburbs to facilitate ageing-in-place and how to deliver more age-friendly environments that are walkable with mixed land-uses and easy accessibility to a range of public services and facilities. } POPULATION CHANGE AND AGEING GROWTH AREAS BETWEEN 21 AND 211, REVEALING THAT THE HIGHEST AGEING GROWTH RATES (AGEING ACCUMULATION ) ARE IN PERIPHERAL REGIONS. Source: Atkins and Tonts (216) BETWEEN 215 AND 25, PERTH'S OVER 65 POPULATION IS PROJECTED TO NEARLY DOUBLE. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT INCREASES WILL BE IN THE OVER 85 POPULATION, WHICH IS PROJECTED TO INCREASE FOUR-FOLD % OVER 65 POPULATION POPULATION 2 X 22% Source: Western Australian Planning Commission (215) 211 THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE OVER 65 POPULATION ACROSS THE METROPOLITAN REGION IN 211 AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION BY SA2. THE OVERALL PATTERN IS AN AGEING POPULATION ACROSS THE METROPOLITAN REGION, WITH CONCENTRATIONS IN AREAS ALONG THE COAST IN THREE DISTINCT BANDS: THE CENTRAL REGION, THE SOUTH WEST AND PEEL, AND PARTS OF THE FAR NORTH WEST. } OVER 85 POPULATION 4 X 36 37

21 6. DIVERSITY AUSTRALIA HAS ALWAYS BEEN A CULTURALLY DIVERSE NATION, EVEN PRIOR TO SETTLEMENT Perth Summer All Summed Up by Elizabeth Reeves, Winner of Committee for Perth 21 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition. Source: Adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) Whilst convicts might be deemed involuntary migrants, Australia experienced its first wave of mass voluntary and economic migrants in the first gold rush era in the 185s and 186s. Since Federation, there have been successive waves of migration as a result of a mix of factors, including labour shortages, economic growth, war and major civil unrest and natural hazards and disasters across Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. There have been four distinct phases in Australia s policy standpoint towards cultural diversity: (i) assimilation ( ); (ii) integration ( ); (iii) multiculturalism ( ); and (iv) post-multiculturalism (1996-present). Multiculturalism became an official government policy in In the last decade or so, the issue of multiculturalism has been brought into question by various political leaders concerned that cultural diversity may be undermining the social fabric of so-called liberal democracies. Such concerns are often articulated in the run-up to government elections as evidenced recently in the USA and the UK, and also in PER CENT GROWTH RATE (CHANGE), ' India China (excl. SARs & Taiwan) Iraq Thailand France, the Netherlands, Germany and Australia. Despite such politicisation, recent research by the Scanlon Foundation (216) shows that Australians emphatically support the idea of multiculturalism with 83.1 per cent (41.1 per cent Strongly Agree; 42 per cent Agree) agreeing that multiculturalism has been good for Australia. This is down slightly from 85.7 per cent (43.3 per cent and 42.4 per cent). Unlike the UK and the US, the Australian census does not collect data on peoples ethnic and/or racial origin. Instead, country of birth is generally used as the main indicator of the extent of cultural diversity. Census data shows that 21.9 per cent of the Australian population in 21 were born overseas; this increased to 24.6 per cent by 211. Notably Western Australia had the highest proportion of overseas born population in 21 (27 per cent) and 211 (3.6 per cent) compared to South Australia (2.3 per cent; 22.1 per cent), Victoria (23.4 per cent; 26.4 per cent) and New South Wales (23.4 per cent; 25.8 per cent). Korea, Republic of (South) Philippines South Africa Australia Perth Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Sri Lanka A Diverse Community? Australia is a multicultural nation. Whilst many people may think that multiculturalism is a 2th century phenomena, Australia has always been a culturally diverse nation, even prior to settlement in Whilst the Indigenous population tend to be seen as a homogenous community, it is important to note the multitude of language groups within and the geographical distribution of the wider Indigenous community. Since colonisation, although the English can lay claim to having settled Australia, both the settler and convict populations actually came from a diverse mix of national, cultural and religious backgrounds. Although many of the settler and convict populations were largely white and Christian there were also convicts from New Zealand (including Maori), Hong Kong and the Caribbean. TOP 5 FASTEST GROWING OVERSEAS BORN COMMUNITIES THE TOP 5 FASTEST GROWING OVERSEAS BORN GROUPS WITHIN AUSTRALIA BETWEEN WERE: (I) INDIAN (29 PER CENT); (II) CHINESE (123 PER CENT); (III) IRAQI (94 PER CENT); (IV) THAI (93 PER CENT) AND (V) KOREAN (92 PER CENT). THESE WERE ALSO THE FASTER GROWING GROUPS IN MELBOURNE AND SYDNEY, ALTHOUGH GROWTH RATES FOR THESE GROUPS TENDED TO BE HIGHEST IN MELBOURNE. WHILST PERTH HAD THREE OF THE NATIONAL TOP 5 FASTEST GROWING OVERSEAS BORN GROUPS INDIAN, CHINESE AND KOREAN - IT DIFFERED FROM THE NATIONAL TREND IN THAT POPULATION GROWTH WAS STRONGEST AMONGST THE FILIPINO (29 PER CENT) AND SOUTH AFRICAN (117 PER CENT) COMMUNITIES

22 A Diverse Community?... continued Country of Birth % Pop 21 (N=18.76m) Australia Perth Adelaide Melbourne Sydney % Pop 211 (N=21.5m) % Pop 21 (N=1.37m) % Pop 211 (N=1.7m) % Pop 21 (N=1.11m) % Pop 211 (N=1.21m) % Pop 21 (N=3.38m) % Pop 211 (N=3.97m) % Pop 21 (N=3.94m) Australia Born Overseas (excl country not stated) United Kingdom Born elsewhere New Zealand China (excl. SARs and Taiwan) Greece Vietnam Italy Poland Germany United States of America South Africa Philippines Malaysia Netherlands India Hong Kong (SAR of China) Lebanon Fiji Korea, Republic of (South) South Eastern Europe, nfd Croatia Malta Turkey Singapore Ireland Fmr Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Canada Indonesia Sri Lanka Egypt Bosnia and Herzegovina Iraq Thailand Japan Cambodia Country of birth not stated Total % Pop 211 (N=4.37m) Source: Adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) PERTH: AUSTRALIA'S MOST DIVERSE METROPOLITAN REGION? THE MAJORITY (8 PER CENT) OF AUSTRALIANS LIVE WITHIN THE KEY METROPOLITAN CAPITAL CITY REGIONS. METROPOLITAN AUSTRALIA IS ALSO HOME TO THE MAJORITY OF OVERSEAS BORN POPULATION SINCE CITIES OFFER THE GREATEST ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES. SYDNEY HAD THE MOST DIVERSE POPULATION IN 21 WITH ALMOST ONE-THIRD (31.2 PER CENT) OF ITS POPULATION BORN OVERSEAS WITH PERTH A CLOSE SECOND ON 31.1 PER CENT. BY 211, PERTH (34.6 PER CENT) HAD EMERGED AS THE MOST DIVERSE METROPOLITAN REGION, JUST AHEAD OF SYDNEY (34.3 PER CENT). 4 41

23 Human and Social Capital INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL THROUGH EDUCATION AND SKILLS TRAINING CAN BRING ECONOMIC DIVIDENDS TO CITIES BY CONTRIBUTING TO INNOVATION, CREATIVITY AND URBAN COMPETITIVENESS. Over the past decade, Perth s human capital stock measured in terms of non-school qualifications (certificates, advanced diplomas and university degrees) has improved, indicating an increased potential to drive innovation, competitiveness and economic growth. Given Perth s economic prowess in the extractive industries, a stable and qualified workforce, particularly in the trade skills is paramount to maintain its competitive edge. During the resource boom, Perth experienced both a high-demand and shortage of skilled professionals, technicians and trades workers, machinery operators and drivers. Consequently, high-paying wages in the mining industry drew a large number of workers and qualified individuals away from other sectors to create a general labour shortfall. Now that NO. OF APPRENTICES Wholesale, Retail and Personal Services Utilities, Electrotechnology and Printing Process Manufacturing Primary Industry Metals, Manufacturing and Services 212 Light Manufacturing Hospitality and Tourism Food Electrical Community Services, Health and Education APPRENTICESHIP COMPLETED IN PERTH BY TRADE CATEGORY the boom is over, Perth s labour market conditions have tightened. Yet, there is continued concern that Perth will experience a general shortage in labour, particularly in the number of qualified young apprentices and trainees in the trades and technical occupations in the short and medium terms. Trade skills are also significant in accommodating for the everyday needs of Perth s growing population, such as housing and infrastructure construction, plumbing, welding, automotive repair and much more. Looking forward, formal university qualifications and active research hubs centred on engineering and related technology and the sciences will encourage innovation and new knowledge production, bringing Perth a step closer towards becoming a smart city. A key to increasing Perth s human capital then is to understand Perth s workforce characteristics and issues, together with broader lifestyle aspects such as Perth s connectivity, vibrancy and liveability in attracting and retaining workforce in the longer term. Data is based on 12 months to 31 Dec 21, 211, 212, 213, 214, and Building and Construction Automotive Arts, Sports and Recreation A RAPID DECLINE IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF COMPLETED APPRENTICESHIPS WAS RECORDED IN PERTH FROM 21 TO 212. THE NUMBER OF COMPLETED APPRENTICESHIPS THEN STABILISED BEFORE RISING MODESTLY IN 214, FOLLOWED BY A DROP IN NUMBERS IN 215. ACROSS THIS PERIOD, THE SECTORS OF METALS, MANUFACTURING AND SERVICES, BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION AND AUTOMOTIVE HAD THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF COMPLETION. Total Source: adapted from Department of Training and Workforce Development (various years). Source: adapted from Department of Training and Workforce Development (various years) Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) NO. OF TRAINEES NO. OF NON-SCHOOL QUALIFICATIONS Data is based on 12 months to 31 Dec 21, 211, 212, 213, 214, and Wholesale, Retail & Personal Services Utilities, Electrotechnology & Printing Transport & Storage Public Administration Process Manufacturing Primary Industry 21 Postgraduate Degree Level Graduate Diploma and Graduate Certificate Level Other Mining Industry Metals, Manufacturing & Services Light Manufacturing Hospitality & Tourism Food 26 Bachelor Degree Level Advanced Diploma and Diploma Level NO. OF QUALIFICATIONS IN 'S Finance, Property & Business Services Community Services, Health & Education Building & Construction Automotive Arts, Sports & Recreation Total Certificate Level 211 Natural and physical sciences Information technology Architecture and building Health Education Management and commerce Society and culture Creative arts Food, hospitality and personal services Mixed field programmes Field of study inadequately described Field of study not stated Engineering and related technologies Agriculture, environmental and related studies TRAINEESHIPS COMPLETED IN PERTH BY TRADE CATEGORY THE TOTAL NUMBER OF TRAINEESHIPS COMPLETED IN PERTH ROSE GRADUALLY FROM 21 TO 212 BEFORE PEAKING IN 213, AND THEN DECLINING IN 214 AND 215. FINANCE, PROPERTY AND BUSINESS SERVICES, COMMUNITY SERVICES, HEALTH AND EDUCATION, AND TRANSPORT AND STORAGE HAD THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF TRAINEESHIPS COMPLETED IN THIS PERIOD. NON-SCHOOL QUALIFICATIONS IN GREATER PERTH REGION BETWEEN 21 AND 211, PERTH S EDUCATION ATTAINMENT ROSE IN THE NUMBERS OF CERTIFICATE LEVELS, ADVANCED DIPLOMAS AND FORMAL UNIVERSITY DEGREE QUALIFICATIONS. FIELD OF STUDY IN GREATER PERTH REGION IN THE LAST DECADE, ENGINEERING AND RELATED TECHNOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AND COMMERCE AND HEALTH WERE THE MOST POPULAR FIELDS OF STUDY IN GREATER PERTH. THESE FIELDS OF STUDY ARE IMPORTANT SECTORS THAT CAN DRIVE NEW KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION, WHICH ARE ALSO THE HEART OF NEW KNOWLEDGE ECONOMIES

24 Human and Social Capital... continued PERTH S SPECIALISATION IN THE RESOURCE SECTOR MAKES IT SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLUCTUATIONS IN THE GLOBAL COMMODITY MARKETS. Comparatively, Perth s mining boom during that period was matched by a rise in the mean taxable income which was accompanied by an increase in charitable donations. Perth residents showed they are socially-minded and engaged in community activities through volunteering. 25 Females 211 What social and cultural traits might improve Perth s resilience to enable it to overcome economic stressors and shocks, adapt and continue to thrive? Social capital describes the shared norms and values, cooperation and networks established between individuals that can promote a shared sense of community, identity and place. Just as human capital can bring long-term economic gains through education, skills and knowledge, so too can trust, reciprocity and social connections between individuals can increase productivity. Volunteering rates and charity donations provide useful measurements for assessing social capital. Perth residents exhibit much generosity through charitable giving. For the periods of 27/8 and 211/12, Perth ranked third against the other metropolitan city regions in terms of average donations per giver and fourth for average donations per taxpayer. While Sydney retained its top ranking in donations, the average amount of donations declined after its economy was hard hit by the 28 global financial crisis. In the past ten years, voluntary rates rose slightly in the Perth and Peel region and varied by sex and age. Females outnumbered males a trend similarly observable in the other major Australian cities. The highest proportion of volunteerism was amongst elderly males aged years and 7-74 years in 26 and 211 respectively. Comparatively, middle-aged females of 4-44 years and years had the highest rate of participation in voluntary work. Volunteer rates among youths aged years significantly increased and were above the national average. Taken broadly, social capital can reinforce community cohesion. High youth volunteer rates positively demonstrate that Perth youths are actively participating in community life, developing social ties and building networks which may contribute to Perth s resilience in the longer term. That the older age cohorts are more likely to volunteer than the young possibly reflects a variety of differences associated with life stages, but it also suggests that communities stand to benefit from the time, skills and services offered by an ageing population. PERCENTAGE OF VOLUNTEERS Males 211 Females 26 Males 26 DOLLARS ($) Perth Adelaide Sydney Melbourne Hobart Darwin Canberra Brisbane Source: adapted from Australian Taxation Office (various years) Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) AGE COHORTS Average Given/Donated per Giver Average Given/Donated per Taxpayer VOLUNTEER RATES IN PERTH BY SEX AND AGE 26 AND 211 GIFTS AND DONATIONS IN MAJOR AUSTRALIAN CITIES 211/12 PERTH WAS RANKED THIRD MOST GENEROUS IN TERMS OF AVERAGE DONATIONS PER GIVER AT $556 AFTER MELBOURNE ($565) AND SYDNEY ($75). ON A PER TAXPAYER BASIS, PERTH RANKED FOURTH MOST GENEROUS AT $26 AFTER CANBERRA, MELBOURNE ($258) AND SYDNEY ($35). DESPITE NOT COMING IN TOP POSITION, PERTH HAD IN FACT RECORDED A PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN DONATIONS FOR AVERAGE PER GIVER BY 16.5 PER CENT (FROM $477) AND 27.1 PER CENT (FROM $162) FOR AVERAGE PER TAXPAYER FROM 27/8. VOLUNTEER RATES VARIED BY SEX AND AGE, ALTHOUGH A SLIGHT INCREASE IN VOLUNTEER RATES WAS RECORDED FOR BOTH MALES AND FEMALES BETWEEN THE TWO CENSUS PERIODS, 26 AND 211. FEMALES (19.1 PER CENT, 19.4 PER CENT) OUTNUMBERED MALES (14.3 PER CENT, 14.6 PER CENT) IN VOLUNTEERING - A TREND SIMILARLY OBSERVABLE IN THE OTHER MAJOR AUSTRALIAN CITIES. THE HIGHEST PROPORTION OF VOLUNTEERISM WAS AMONGST ELDERLY MALES AGED YEARS (18.9 PER CENT, 18.3 PER CENT) AND 7-74 YEARS (18.2 PER CENT, 19.1 PER CENT). COMPARATIVELY, MIDDLE-AGED FEMALES OF 4-44 YEARS (24.6 PER CENT, 24.3 PER CENT) AND YEARS (23.7 PER CENT, 22.2 PER CENT) HAD THE HIGHEST RATE OF PARTICIPATION IN VOLUNTARY WORK. VOLUNTEER RATES AMONGST YOUTHS AGED YEARS IN PERTH AND PEEL INCREASED FROM 15.4 PER CENT TO 19.8 PER CENT, WHICH WAS ABOVE THE NATIONAL AVERAGE

25 Reconciliation in Western Australia RECONCILIATION IS AN IMPORTANT PROCESS THAT CONTRIBUTES TOWARDS FORMALLY ACKNOWLEDGING AND CELEBRATING THE DIVERSE CULTURES OF THE ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER PEOPLE AS A VALUED ASPECT OF AUSTRALIAN HERITAGE AND ACTS TO HARMONISE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDIGENOUS AND NON-INDIGENOUS PEOPLE 1 Since 27, the Committee for Perth has taken a leadership position in reconciliation, with the first step being our stated commitment to the celebration and respect of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures and histories throughout Perth. We believe Perth should be the city in Australia that acknowledges, respects and celebrates its Indigenous Australian cultures. At that time, we appointed Noongar man, Dr Richard Walley OAM as the Committee s Indigenous Cultural Advisor and he has provided advice and guidance since then. Following extensive consultation in 28 with individuals and groups from cultural, community and business groups across Perth, including culturally appropriate consultation with members of the Noongar community, we published A Cultural Compact for Western Australia the 1 year challenge. One of the key recommendations of this report proposes that WA make its acknowledgement and respect of its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures and heritage visible at all times across the State. As a first step in acknowledging and respecting Western Australia s Indigenous people, we published a Welcome to Country Guide in 29. This Guide is distributed to all Committee for Perth members so as to encourage organisations throughout Perth to properly acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as the Traditional Owners of country and celebrate their connection with the land. The Committee s commitment to reconciliation culminated in the launch of our inaugural Reconciliation Action Plan (RAP) in 21 and subsequent RAPs in , and The RAP program was established by Reconciliation Australia in 26 to provide a framework in which organisations can realise their vision for reconciliation. The Committee for Perth is a small organisation with a wide external influence. Our respected and recognised advocacy voice affords us great opportunities to encourage reconciliation practices through our member and stakeholder organisations. Some of our significant achievements that have progressed Perth s journey towards reconciliation have been: The release of a significant publication following extensive research, study tours and consultation, World Centre for Indigenous Culture, which calls for a World Centre for Indigenous Culture in Perth. A site has been earmarked at Elizabeth Quay for future development and remains on the Committee s advocacy agenda. Hosting a number of events related to reconciliation, including a Food for Thought luncheon with the Hon. Fred Chaney AO and the then CEO of the South West Land and Sea Council, Glen Kelly in order to discuss traditional ownership and the settlement of Native Title. Regular promotion of reconciliation related activities in our monthly newsletters, which is distributed to over 6 of our members across industry and government. Continuous support offered to all member companies to embark upon a journey towards reconciliation through ongoing assistance and guidance in development of their own RAP. DR RICHARD WALLEY OAM, DIRECTOR, ABORIGINAL PRODUCTIONS NUMBER Relationships achieved Relationships target Respect achieved Respect target Opportunities achieved Opportunities target COMMITTEE FOR PERTH RECONCILIATION COMMITMENT: THROUGH THE COMMITTEE S OWN RAP WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO PROGRESS A NUMBER OF ACTIONS RELATED TO BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS, RESPECTING CULTURE AND PROVIDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANISATIONS. EACH YEAR WE HAVE MADE SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE INITIATIVES OUTLINED IN ALL OF OUR RAPS

26 Diversity in Leadership Australia is a representative democracy. That is, we vote for political candidates during Federal, State and local elections in the belief that they will represent the views, needs and wants of their constituents. However, it is difficult at times to discern whether our politicians are actively representing the views of their constituents or the political party that they belong to. The extent to which our democracy is representative of the diversity of the wider population is also questionable. The demographic profile of our elected representatives, especially at the Federal and State government level, in terms of social markers such as age, gender, class, race/ ethnicity and sexuality does not seem to reflect the Australian population. Stereotypically, the overall perception of elected officials and those who hold key positions of political power and authority tends to be one of white, middle-aged males. This is no mere stereotype however. The predominantly male, pale and stale character of elected officials brings into focus questions about the integrity of our democracy in terms of: (i) why women and other minority groups are under-represented in political circles; (ii) the entrenched and concentrated patterns of political power; and, (ii) the ability of elected officials to be sensitised and responsive to the needs/wants of a multicultural society such as Australia. Since local government is the level of government closest to the people, plus the fact that candidates for local councils do not have to run the gauntlet of political party nomination and selection processes, it might ordinarily be expected that NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES % 3% % 33% 443 WHO STANDS TO WIN IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS? % % % 3% this level of government would be more demographically representative of the population than Federal and State politics. Curiously, however, there is no systematic historical data on the demographic profile of local councillors in Western Australia. This is currently being rectified in that researchers from UWA have recently completed the first Census of Elected Members. Emerging data confirms that women, young people and those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds (CALD) are seriously under-represented within local government. TOWARDS A MORE ROBUST AND DYNAMIC LOCAL DEMOCRACY Local government is a vital component of the democratic landscape in Australia. If local councils are to play a more innovative and effective role in the planning and governance of their own jurisdictions, as well as the Perth metropolitan area, then they need to become more diverse and reflective of the people they serve. The relative absence of women, young people, Indigenous communities and people from CALD backgrounds in local councils is a missed opportunity in terms of alternative ways of seeing the world and responding to the issues and problems within it. Furthermore, claims that these various groups are disinterested or apathetic towards getting involved in local politics is short-sighted and a denial that things might be wrong with local government and democracy itself. More creative, flexible and innovative measures need to be introduced in order to incentivise under-represented groups and communities to play a more active role in local politics. GENDER DIVERSITY, OR THE LACK THEREOF, HAS LONG BEEN A MAJOR CONCERN IN DEBATES ABOUT THE REPRESENTATIVENESS OF ELECTED OFFICIALS. DATA ON THE SHARE OF MEN AND WOMEN WHO STOOD FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS BETWEEN 1999 AND 213 SHOWS A 7/3 SPLIT IN FAVOUR OF MALES. THIS IS DESPITE THE FACT THAT WOMEN ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE POPULATION Male Female No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 72% 28% % 34% % % 26% 25% % 177 3% PER CENT Source: Adapted from WA Electoral Commission (various years) Source: Adapted from WA Electoral Commission (various years) NUMBER OF COUNCILLORS No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % % FEMALE COUNCILLORS: A (MARGINAL) SUCCESS STORY? Local Government Area 68% % 33% 32% 34% WOMEN ARE MARGINALLY MORE SUCCESSFUL IN WINNING LOCAL GOVERNMENT SEATS RELATIVE TO THE PROPORTION OF FEMALES WHO ACTUALLY STAND FOR ELECTION. CONTESTED ELECTED No. Males Percent No. Females Percent No. Males Percent Males Females Males No. Females Armadale City Bassendean Town Bayswater City Belmont City Cambridge Town Canning Claremont Town Cockburn City Cottesloe Town Fremantle City Gosnells City Joondalup City Kalamunda Shire Kwinana City Mandurah City Melville City Mosman Park Town Mundaring Shire Nedlands City Peppermint Grove Shire Perth City Rockingham City Serpentine-Jarrahdale Shire South Perth City Stirling City Subiaco City Swan City Victoria Park Town Vincent City Wanneroo City TOTAL 1, GEOGRAPHY OF LOCAL REPRESENTATION % 31% ONLY A VERY SMALL NUMBER OF COUNCILS HAVE HAD FEMALE PARTICIPATION LEVELS BELOW 2 PER CENT. NO COUNCIL HAS HAD A MAJORITY OF FEMALE CANDIDATES, ALTHOUGH IN TWO COUNCILS BASSENDEAN AND COCKBURN FEMALE PARTICIPATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ABOVE THE 3 PER CENT AVERAGE % 31% % 33% % 3% Male Female 71% 29% % 32% Percent Females PER CENT

27 Filling the Pool HAVING A DIVERSITY OF THOUGHT IS CRITICAL TO DISCUSSIONS ABOUT PERTH S FUTURE. Filling the Pool was undertaken as a research project to things that must be working in concert so that a woman understand and propose solutions so that more women with caring responsibilities can have a successful career would be participating and progressing in corporate life in the 4 pillars. Perth and around decision making tables. Filling the Pool outlines a roadmap of 31 interlocking Researchers Dr Terry Fitzsimmons and Prof. Victor Callan from recommendations for government, businesses and their the University of Queensland interviewed 173 people from leaders and women too. If enacted together, more women Chairs of Boards and senior and executive level women right would be in leadership roles influencing and making decisions through to graduates, as well as women who had opted out for the betterment of their organisations and Perth too. of corporate life. Since the report s release in mid-215, change has been The resulting report contains a large body of evidence as to occurring and gender equality is now on the agenda in why women in Perth are not getting ahead. It details the earnest, along with action to achieve it, for organisations wanting to attract and retain a diverse workforce. THE REPORT FOUND: WORKPLACE FINDINGS WORK-LIFE CONFLICT WHAT'S UNIQUE TO WA? The State of the Pool THE STATE OF THE POOL With a poor track record in Western Australia of women making it into corporate leadership roles, the aim of the Committee for Perth's Filling the Pool project was to investigate what could be done to increase the participation and rates of progression in order to fill the pool of female leaders in decision making and influencing roles so as to address the current imbalance. THE FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS ROADMAP 54. % 46. % The Australian Workforce 55% of Australian graduates are female In Australia In W A Company Company Company CEOs CEOs Company Directors Chairs Directors Chairs 96% male 84% male 95% male 98% male 92% male 99% male 6 Gender Parity Year If the current rate of progress continues, Australia will not achieve gender parity in CEO roles for more than 3 years in the year

28 7. LIVEABILITY AND VITALITY Surf School by Kyle Gillespie, entrant in Committee for Perth 216 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition. 1. Vancouver 2. Melbourne 3. Vienna 4. Perth 5. Toronto 6. Adelaide 7. Syndey 8. Copenhagen 9. Geneva 1. Zurich Vancouver 2. Vienna 3. Melbourne 4. Toronto 5. Perth 6. Calgary 7. Helsinki 8. Geneva 9. Syndey 1. Zurich 1. Melbourne 2. Vienna 3. Vancouver 4. Toronto 5. Calgary 6. Sydney 7. Helsinki 8. Perth 9. Adelaide 1. Auckland Melbourne 2. Vienna 3. Vancouver 4. Toronto 5. Calgary 6. Adelaide 7. Sydney 8. Helsinki 9. Perth 1. Auckland HISTORIC LIVEABILITY SCORES Melbourne 2. Vienna 3. Vancouver 4. Toronto 5. Adelaide 6. Calgary 7. Sydney 8. Helsinki 9. Perth 1. Auckland Melbourne 2. Vienna 3. Vancouver 4. Toronto 5. Calgary and Adelaide 7. Sydney 8. Perth 9. Auckland 1.Helsinki and Zurich Melbourne 2. Vienna 3. Vancouver 4. Toronto 5. Calgary 6. Adelaide 7. Perth 8. Auckland 9. Helsinki 1. Hamburg 216 THE PAST DECADE HAS SEEN A GROWING INTEREST IN VARIOUS INDICATORS AND RANKINGS OF LIVEABILITY. SINCE 26, FOUR AUSTRALIAN CITIES HAVE CONSISTENTLY RANKED IN THE TOP 1 GLOBALLY FOR LIVEABILITY ON THE EIU GLOBAL LIVEABILITY RANKING: ADELAIDE, PERTH, MELBOURNE AND SYDNEY. PERTH S RANKING DECLINED FROM FOURTH TO NINTH BETWEEN 26 AND 214, BUT IMPROVED TO SEVENTH BY 216. City Rank Overall Rating Stability Healthcare Culture & Environment Education Melbourne Vienna Infrastrcture Source: FACTBase 43 Source: Economist Intelligence Unit (216) The Liveability Game The past decade has seen a growing interest in various indicators and rankings of liveability. Liveability indices rank cities based on certain attributes which generally include healthcare, amenity, the economy, culture, the environment, education, quality of life and infrastructure, yet there is no certainty or agreement upon the most important qualities that should define a city. One of the most influential comparative measures is the Economist Intelligence Unit s (EIU) Global Liveability Ranking. Over the past 1 years, Perth has been consistently ranked in the top 1 cities for liveability, along with a number of other Australian capitals. Australia s cities perform particularly well in a number of areas, and are bolstered by strengths in healthcare, education, infrastructure and stability. Vancouver Toronto Adelaide Calgary Sydney Helsinki Perth Auckland GLOBAL RANKINGS ARE TYPICALLY COMPRISED OF A NUMBER OF INDICATORS THAT ARE USED TO ESTABLISH A SINGLE INDEX. THE AMOUNT OF VARIABILITY IN THESE INDICATORS IS VERY SMALL IN THE TOP 1 CITIES IN THE EIU GLOBAL LIVEABILITY RANKING. A CLOSE LOOK AT THE 214 EIU CATEGORICAL BREAKDOWN SHOWS THAT PERTH PERFORMED WELL IN ALL AREAS, HOWEVER LAGGED BEHIND OTHER CITIES IN THE AREA OF CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT

29 The Liveability Game... continued 'Two Joggers by Carly Donohue, winner of Committee for Perth 211 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition. Global rankings are typically comprised of a number of indicators that are used to establish a single index. The amount of variability in these indicators is very small in the top 1 cities in the EIU Global Liveability Ranking. A close look at the 214 EIU categorical breakdown shows that Perth performed well in all areas, however lagged behind other cities in the area of culture and environment. Comparing this to the Mercer Quality of Living City Rankings for 216 offers a different outcome. Mercer examines 23 cities according to 39 factors that fall into the categories of political and social environment; economic environment; socio-cultural environment; medical and health considerations; schools and education; public services and transportation; recreation; consumer goods; housing; and natural environment. The Mercer ranking is used to assess the relative quality of living in cities around the world and is used by employers to determine hardship allowances for employees being sent overseas. Perth ranked lower in the Mercer City Rankings, placed at position 21 behind other Australian cities Sydney (1) and Melbourne (15). This indicates the significant variation between ranking systems and the emphasis placed on various quality of life factors. The importance of global rankings has often been discussed in terms of their role in promoting a city s competitive advantage in attracting investment, new industries and skilled migrants. For example, StudyPerth, an organisation that seeks to build Perth s profile to attract international students, uses the EIU's Index to build the profile of Perth s international education opportunities, highlighting the city s natural assets and strong education offerings. While these rankings can be useful, especially in the global promotion and positioning of Perth, where they fall down is in their lack of ability to capture the unique and more difficult to measure attributes of a city. This includes social inclusiveness, sense of place, sense of belonging and cultural acceptance. Another issue with such rankings is that the attributes people seek or value are not consistent across a city s demography, and vary considerably according to age, gender, ethnicity and income status. From a policy perspective, this raises a number of concerns. First, are the ways in which the various rankings of cities define liveability useful to an individual city given the importance of local environmental, social and economic contexts? In a sense, global rankings fail to take account of unique local conditions that shape liveability. Second, should urban policy and planning be in any way shaped by a set of generic global rankings? Third, can policymakers realistically influence these rankings to make meaningful differences to the lives of people living in cities? For example, across the five categories used to determine the liveability of cities by the EIU, Perth and Melbourne are separated in only one category, culture and environment with scores of 89 and 95. Further investigation identified climate as the only category out of 3 that differentiated these cities. Perth s humidity/temperature was rated tolerable compared to Melbourne s acceptable and discomfort to travellers is uncomfortable in Perth compared with tolerable in Melbourne. SOCIAL INCLUSIVENESS, SENSE OF PLACE, SENSE OF BELONGING AND CULTURAL ACCEPTANCE Clearly, both cities offer largely different qualities of life for their residents not only based on climate but infrastructure, amenity, access to services and lifestyle choices. A drive to one of Perth s pristine beaches may outweigh a tram journey to a world class art gallery, yet this depends on personal preference and motivations. It is therefore important to consider not only liveability in the context of city planning and policymaking, but to incorporate interests that are diverse and wide ranging. Creating a world class city requires the necessary hard elements of infrastructure, healthcare systems, educational institutions and economic prosperity, yet also means catering to a diverse group of people with varying wants and needs. UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA 54 55

30 What Makes a City Liveable: Global Reflections CITIES RANGE FROM SMALL TO LARGE TO HEAVING - ANYTHING FROM THOUSANDS TO MILLIONS OF PEOPLE. EACH COMPETE GLOBALLY FOR A SKILLED WORKFORCE, INVESTMENT DOLLARS AND TOURISTS. In order to inform the Committee for Perth s research into Perth s growth and development, study tours are undertaken annually. Since 27, visits to more than 3 cities across the developed world have provided opportunities to explore the truth in the hype around cities and their liveability and EDINBURGH Light Rail, Waterfronts, Governances, Arts & Culture, City Brands & Visions, Stadia, Urban Renewal DUBLIN Light Rail, Waterfronts, Governances, Arts & Culture, City Brands & Visions 28, 29, 211, 213, & BARCELONA Light Rail, Waterfronts, Governances, Arts & Culture, City Brands & Visions LONDON Affordable Housing, Arts & Culture, City Brands & Visions, Cultural Centres & Experiences, Cultural Precincts, Governances, Light Rail, Public 211 Development, Urban Renewal, Waterfronts, Active, Gender, Technology, Innovation NOTTINGHAM, SHEFFIELD MANCHESTER, BLACKPOOL Transit Oriented Development, Light Urban Renewal 28 Updated September 216 LIVERPOOL Cultural Centres & Experiences, Waterfronts THE HAGUE, VIENNA, 215 AMSTERDAM Light Rail, Urban Renewal, & Affordable Housing SINGAPORE Waterfronts, Governance PERTH vibrancy. Choosing which cities to study is a complex matrix of criteria including those that have: a liveability rating in the top 5 cities in the world; a population between 2-4 million and/or fast growing; a resources economy; a west coast location; invested in transport infrastructure; undertaken large scale urban renewal; redeveloped their waterfronts; housing options; and / or, a vibrant cultural life. On-the-ground Study Tours by City from 27 to date SHANGHAI ULI World Cities Conference BRISBANE Stadia, Urban Renewal, Light Rail, Governance 212, , 212 MELBOURNE Light Rail, Governance, Public Transport, Decentratlisation, 211, 216 GOLD COAST Waterfronts, Governance 212, 214 SYDNEY 21 AUCKLAND Waterfronts, Governance VANCOUVER Light Rail, Waterfronts, Governances, Arts & Culture, City Brands & Visions, Public Transport, Affordable Housing, Cultural Centres & Experiences, City Branding, Renewal SEATTLE, CHICAGO, SAN FRANCISCO, LOS ANGELES Public Transport, Affordable Housing, Cultural Centres & Experiences, City Branding, Urban Renewal 21 NAPIER, WELLINGTON, CHRISTCHURCH Indigenous Culture Waterfronts, Cultural Institutions, Public Transport, Decentratlisation, ,213 TORONTO Light Rail, Waterfronts, Governances, Arts & Culture, City Brands & Visions BOSTON Public Transport, Affordable Housing, Cultural Centres & Experiences, City & Urban Renewal, Light Rail PHILADELPHIA Public Transport, Affordable Housing, Cultural Centres & Experiences, City & Urban Renewal 21 WASHINGTON Cultural Centres & Experiences, Waterfronts NEW YORK Cultural Centres & Experiences, Waterfronts, Public Transport, Affordable Housing, Cultural Centres & Experiences, City Branding, Renewal, Light Rail , 213, Each study tour is focused on key topics and research questions. A schedule is developed that includes meeting with civic leaders, academics, developers, policy makers, project managers and commentators. Walking the streets early in the morning, during the day and late at night along with riding public transport gives an hour-by-hour and day-by-day experience. Inner city renewal Renewal of inner city areas is progressing at a fast pace due to increasing urbanisation. Redeveloping former industrial sites or blighted areas provides opportunities for urban renewal. Cities that are grappling with increasing traffic congestion due to growing populations are integrating transport and land use strategies. Light rail is a transport solution that is a driver of urban regeneration. Because it gets people out of the car and creates new transport users, housing models can be rethought and this leads to diverse housing options including affordable housing solutions. Vancouver in British Columbia is a city that has been setting the benchmark internationally through its redevelopment of disused railway yards into a vibrant waterfront area known as False Creek. The area is home to thousands of residents living in high-rise towers, with three storey podiums known as Vancouver style that create vibrant, people-friendly environments on the ground. Vancouver s vision to have a densely populated city so as to allow the green belt areas to remain has stood the test of time. Portland, Oregon has the famous large scale renewal project area the Pearl District which has created more living opportunities downtown and is well serviced by public transport options including light rail and streetcar. Learnings for Perth: Inner city revitalisation is an opportunity to increase density with a range of housing types and is underpinned by public and active transport options. PODIUM AT THE HUMAN SCALE WITH 2+ STOREYS AT THE CORE KNOWN AS 'VANCOUVER STYLE' INCREASED POPULATION DENSITY IN DOWNTOWN PORTLAND, OREGON IS SUPPORTED BY THE STREETCAR THE PEARL DISTRICT IN PORTLAND, OREGON 56 57

31 What Makes a City Liveable: Global Reflections... continued Cultural Offerings The cultural life of cities is important for vibrancy, attractiveness and amenity. Cultural offerings create destinations for local and visitors alike and some have global recognition because of the quality or uniqueness of their collections and/or experiences. The Scottish city of Edinburgh comes alive and is heaving with people from all walks of life when the traditional Military Tattoo at Edinburgh Castle collides with its radical Fringe Festival held at venues throughout the city. Recognition of the First Nation People is an important part of cultural life in Vancouver. The Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia holds collections of art and artefacts of the First Nation Peoples of the Pacific Northwest. It is also a place of teaching and learning. EDINBURGH S MILITARY TATTOO HELD AT EDINBUGH CASTLE Washington, DC has a vast collection of museums and cultural institutions that are very popular with tourists and LEARNINGS FOR PERTH: OPPORTUNITIES LIE IN CREATING MORE URBAN LIVING OPTIONS THROUGH THE RENEWAL OF THE CITY AND ITS SURROUNDING VILLAGES UNDERPINNED BY PUBLIC AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS. Waterfront Revitalisation Revitalisation of waterfront areas has become commonplace as cities reclaim space for people. Waterfronts that give the community and its visitors opportunities to learn and engage achieve a cultural-led vibrancy. The best are those with cultural anchors. 28 European Capital of Culture, Liverpool has reclaimed the dock area to create a destination for locals and visitors. It has significant cultural appeal with both the Beatles Story Exhibition and the International Slavery Museum. The renewal of the quayside along the River Tyne on the banks of the cities of Newcastle and Gateshead in the UK were brought about by the repurposing of a former mill to create the Baltic Museum of Contemporary Art along with the newly built Sage Gateshead which is a concert and music education facility. THE BEATLES STORY EXHIBITION BRINGS SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL APPEAL TO LIVERPOOL'S DOCK AREA school groups alike. The Smithsonian Museum of the Native American Indian was designed in conjunction with Native American Indians and has collections of antiquities as well as pop culture. It also houses Mitsitam Café which means Let s Eat! The café enhances the museum experience by offering indigenous cuisine. Learnings for Perth: Showcasing Aboriginal people, their art, culture and dreamtime stories could make Perth the city in Australia that acknowledges, respects and celebrates Aboriginal people and their culture. EDINBURGH S FRINGE FESTIVAL WHERE ANYTHING GOES MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN VANCOUVER Learnings for Perth: Elizabeth Quay can become a worldclass destination with a range of cultural offerings including a World Centre for Indigenous Culture. THE QUAYSIDE REDEVELOPMENT INCLUDING THE BALTIC MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART IN THE FOREGROUND, SAGE GATESHEAD BEHIND AND THE MILLENNIUM BRIDGE CONNECTING THE CITIES OF NEWCASTLE AND GATESHEAD THE SMITHSONIAN MUSEUM OF THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN 58 59

32 Big Giant in the City by Julius Shaka, entrant in Committee for Perth 215 Passion for Perth photographic competition. The Creative City WA RECORDED THE HIGHEST GROWTH RATE IN THE ATTENDANCE OF PERFORMING ARTS EVENTS IN AUSTRALIA IN 213 THE PERTH INTERNATIONAL ARTS FESTIVAL IS THE LONGEST RUNNING INTERNATIONAL ARTS FESTIVAL IN AUSTRALIA. THE GIANTS PRODUCTION TRANSFORMED PERTH S CBD INTO AN OUTDOOR THEATRE, CAPTURING AN AUDIENCE OF MORE THAN 1.4 MILLION PEOPLE OVER THREE DAYS IN FEBRUARY 215. THE EVENT ALONE GENERATED AN EXTRA $1 MILLION IN REVENUE FOR THE CITY S BUSINESSES. There are intrinsic links between the creative arts sector and the economic and social life of a city. A thriving arts and cultural scene can attract people, businesses and investment while encouraging community participation and social inclusion. In the past decade, a state-wide expansion in the creative arts has accompanied Perth s economic boom and population growth. Perth is comparable to other major cities in the number of performing arts venues, with the newly-built Perth Arena meeting the growing demands of an active performance arts sector. However, the city continues to lack in large multi-purpose venues, concert halls and contemporary music venues. The high demand for arts and culture has been matched by the State government s increased funding towards this sector. The large proportion of the budget allocated to capital works and recurrent services means most creative arts and cultural events and activities are heavily dependent on local government resources, business sponsorship, philanthropic donations, as well as the dedication and labour of local volunteers. Hotels, pubs and restaurants nestled within Perth s suburbs have always formed the heart of the local live music scene, hosting and supporting both local and international artists, which acts to bring communities together and foster a sense of place. A flourishing arts and cultural scene can bring flowon benefits into the community by shaping a city s image into one of vibrancy and liveability, and contribute to urban renewal. Considering Perth and its surrounds are already renowned for its pristinel natural environments, high-profile arts and cultural events have the potential to further add value to the tourism sector through cultural tourism. The Perth International Arts Festival, Sculptures by the Sea, and the Fringe World Festival are increasingly drawing large numbers of local residents, regional, inter-state and international tourists, at the same time, these high-profile events inject significant tourist dollars into the city s economy. Perth is evolving into a culture-conscious city with its increasingly diverse ethnic, language and religious demographics. The Indigenous Noongar culture forms a critical aspect of Perth s distinct cultural identity, and the establishment of the Indigenous heritage centre on the city s foreshore marks a formal acknowledgement and celebration of Perth s Indigenous cultures. The heritage centre will create an important space of inclusion for the Noongar people whose culture were historically excluded from the urban public space. The arts and culture can therefore also promote cross-cultural awareness and social cohesion. Source: adapted from Government of Western Australia (various years) Source: adapted from Australian Bureau of Statistics (21; 215) PER CENT (%) RATE SELECTED CULTURAL VENUES/ACTIVITIES FUNDING IN 'S (AUD) Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory (a) Queensland South Australia Tasmania STATES AND TERRITORIES Victoria Western Australia 29/1 213/14 Australia Note: Data used refers to total attending at least one venue or event and refers to people aged 15 years and over. (a) Refers to mainly urban areas only. Art galleries Museums Zoological parks & aquariums Botanic gardens Libraries Archives Classical music concerts Popular music concerts Theatre performances Dance performances Musicals and operas Other performing arts Cinemas 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Culture & Arts PER CENT (%) RATE YEAR Sports & Recreation (est.) (est.) ATTENDANCE AT CULTURAL VENUES OR EVENTS BY STATES AND TERRITORIES THE TOTAL CULTURAL VENUES AND EVENTS ATTENDANCE IN WA ROSE FROM 86.2 PER CENT TO 87.8 PER CENT BETWEEN 29/1 AND 213/14 PERIOD. IN BOTH PERIODS, TOTAL ATTENDANCE RATES WERE HIGHER THAN THE NATIONAL AVERAGE OF 85.8 PER CENT AND 86.2 PER CENT RESPECTIVELY. ATTENDANCE AT SELECTED CULTURAL VENUES (WA) A MODEST INCREASE WAS RECORDED IN WA FOR ATTENDANCE AT SELECTED CULTURAL VENUES AND ACTIVITIES IN THE PERIOD FROM 29/1 TO 213/14. ACROSS THE TWO PERIODS, CINEMAS, ZOOLOGICAL PARKS AND AQUARIUMS, AND POPULAR MUSIC CONCERTS ATTRACTED THE HIGHEST AUDIENCE ATTENDANCE. WA STATE BUDGET (25-217) FOR CULTURE AND ARTS AND SPORTS AND RECREATION IN THE LAST DECADE, THE WA STATE GOVERNMENT ALMOST DOUBLED ITS SPENDING IN CULTURE AND THE ARTS, GROWING FROM $125.3 MILLION IN TO $217.7 MILLION IN BY COMPARISON, STATE FUNDING FOR SPORTS AND RECREATION REMAINED LOW DESPITE RISING FROM $72,9 IN TO $8,862 IN IN OVERALL BUDGET ALLOCATION. 6 61

33 Reform IT HAS LONG BEEN CONTENDED THAT RESTRICTIVE RETAIL TRADING HOURS HAD A DIRECT IMPACT ON THE VITALITY OF THE CITY, PARTICULARLY IN CENTRAL PERTH. Retail Trading The issue of retail trading hours has been a subject of considerable debate in Perth since the 198s, although it has been in the past decade that substantial reform has occurred in the retailing landscape. It has long been contended that restrictive retail trading hours had a direct impact on the vitality of the city, particularly in central Perth. Moreover, they were seen as an imposition on personal freedoms and a barrier to job creation and economic growth. Counter to these views, however, are those that have argued that more relaxed retail trading hours might have deleterious effects on community organisations, amateur sporting clubs, family life, churches and social wellbeing more generally. One of the central claims was that longer retail trading hours promoted a more materialistic and consumerist culture. A review of evidence from across the developed world as part of the FACTBase research showed that similar arguments for and against deregulated trading hours had also been central to debates in Europe, North America and other parts of Australia. The Kangas by Kay Cypher, finalist in Committee for Perth 215 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition. The past decade has seen incremental reform in retail trading hours: 29 - all general retail shops were allowed to trade from 8am until 9pm on all weekdays, rather than close at 6pm designated tourism and other special trading precincts were able to trade on Sundays and most public holidays all general retail shops were allowed to trade on Sundays between 11am and 5pm. These reforms have changed the character of many parts of Perth, bringing life to areas that had little activity once shops had closed. While there remain some concerns about the social impacts of deregulation and increasing competition by smaller traders from larger firms, much more attention is now being placed on the broader advantages for vitality and liveability. More relaxed trading hours has been widely embraced by tourists and local consumers, and has activated many of the city s retailing areas. PERTH AND PEEL CURRENTLY HAVE A COMPLEX SYSTEM OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT CONSISTING OF OVER 3 AUTHORITIES. Local Government One of the most challenging areas of public policy reform in Perth is local government. The Perth metropolitan area and Peel region have a complex system comprising more than 3 local governments. While by and large these have the same suite of responsibilities, they vary enormously in size and population. Some of the smallest local governments have less than 1, people (e.g. Shire of Peppermint Grove and the Town of Cottesloe), while the largest have more 15, (e.g. City of Wanneroo and City of Stirling). The majority of Perth and Peel s local governments were established in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century in response to population growth and the spread of rural and urban land uses. However, the 199s represented a period of considerable reform in local government, with the creation of four local governments out of City of Perth (Perth, Cambridge, Victoria Park and Vincent) and the splitting of the City of Wanneroo into two (Wanneroo and Joondalup) in More recently, there has been increasing policy discussion focused on the benefits of reducing fragmentation in local government through amalgamations. The focus has been on increasing consistency in urban policy and land use regulations, increasing the capacity of smaller local governments to deliver services and infrastructure, and increased economies of scale associated with larger entities. As part of the FACTBase research, a comparative assessment of different models of local government was completed in 29 and underscored the need for a review of the system operating in Western Australia. Compared to local governments in cities such as Brisbane and Auckland, Perth and Peel were highly fragmented and inconsistent. The 212 Robson report into local government recommended significant changes in boundaries, and while some councils were keen to pursue change, many remained opposed. This was typically focused on the possible diminution of local representation and a view that the economic and other benefits of amalgamation were not clear. After nearly two years of debate, in 215, the Premier announced that planned changes to local government boundaries would be abandoned. Notwithstanding this, one of the most significant developments has been the passing of the City of Perth Act, which resulted in an expansion of the City to include The University of Western Australia, the Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre and the Royal Perth Yacht Club. This provides the basis for a stronger urban policy focus on the capital and greater consistency across central Perth

34 8. THE FUTURE IN LATE 216, THE RESOURCE BOOM IS WELL AND TRULY A DISTANT MEMORY. Splendour in South Perth by Imogen Brand-Rakers, finalist in Committee for Perth 215 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition. The decade or so of rapid economic expansion, population growth, and what seemed to be an endless optimism about the future has been replaced by a more pessimistic view. Western Australia now has one of the slowest rates of economic growth in the nation, unemployment is rising, and there are few new major projects on the horizon. Yet, the history of both Perth and Western Australia is one of resilience and adaptation. The long run economic history of the State shows that while there have been numerous cyclical downturns, these are typically followed by sustained recoveries. In part, this is because the economy is more diversified than many acknowledge. While it is true that Western Australia, and by extension Perth, are resource-led economies, there is considerable diversity across the commodity base, spanning energy, base metals, precious metals and so on. The State also has one of the world s most innovative and productive agricultural sectors. Importantly, the past decade has delivered enormous new expertise related to resources in fields as diverse as geosciences, engineering, computer sciences, and a range of service industries. The challenge is to harness these knowledge intensive sectors as part of a strategy that drives innovation, further diversification, and a high value add to the economy. The next decade is one in which the transformation of the economy is likely to be matched by significant changes in the social and cultural fabric of the city. Major urban renewal and infrastructure projects will begin to reshape both the experience of being in Perth, and the city s identity more generally. Emerging landmarks, such as Yagan s Square, Elizabeth Quay and the new sports stadium are creating new places and experiences. When coupled with the increasingly vibrant spaces in central Perth, Northbridge and suburban nodes, the city is taking on new life and character. Of course, in the context of managing major challenges around transport congestion, urban sprawl, and spatial inequality. The balancing act that the city needs to engage in is ensuring, on the one hand, a diverse and vibrant city and, on the other, one that is efficient, liveable and socially just. The global liveability rankings and more qualitative observations of comparator cities suggest Perth is performing relatively well in achieving this balance, though has much it can learn from other parts of the world. It is this global engagement where Perth has been an outstanding success story in the past decade. Perth has taken a central position in national and global corporate networks, being just 1-15 years ago a peripheral player. This has not only brought power and prestige to the city, but also talented, innovative people. Importantly, it has also become engaged in international policy debates about the future of cities. Through global political and practice networks, Perth has learned a considerable amount about innovative ways to plan for its future in a creative and innovative way. Moreover, it has become a source of interest for those in other parts of the world on how cities manage rapid growth, reshape themselves, and remain adaptive. Remaining globally engaged in these ways is critical to ensuring Perth continues to be one of the world s most liveable cities

35 Bulletin 32 Economic Specialisation in mining - a spatial assessment, March 214 Bulletin 33 Connectivity of Perth's migrant diasporas, March 214 Bulletin 34 The Profile and Spatial Distribution of Perth s Ageing Population, May 214 Bulletin 35 Volunteerism and Social Capital - a preliminary assessment, May 214 Bulletin 36 Perth's prosperity through the 28 global financial crisis, June 214 Bulletin 37 Spatial Inequality across Perth and Peel, July 214 Bulletin 38 Economic Stress in Perth - a matter of geography August 214 Bulletin 39 The Geography of Perth's Youth Employment, September 214 Bulletin 4 The Geography of Perth's Youth Unemployment, October 214 Bulletin 41 Generosity: A comparative view of Perth, November 214 Bulletin 42 Perth s Human Capital Base: An Essential Element for the Region s Continued Growth and Competitiveness, February 215 Bulletin 43 Investigation into the Reliability of Liveability Indices, March 215 Bulletin 44 Gender Participation and Representativeness of Local Government in Metropolitan Perth, May 215 Bulletin 45 Internal Migration Patterns and Trends within Metro Perth and Peel, September 215 Bulletin 46 Commuting across Perth and Peel- unpacking patterns, measures and policy Implications, March 216 Bulletin 47 The Attraction of Perth and Peel Centres for Global Firms and Local Commuters, April 216 Bulletin 48 The Impacts of Employment Decentralisation on Commuting in the Perth and Peel Regions, May 216 Bulletin 49 The Dilemma in Sub-Regional Commuting - Matching Resident Jobs Skills to Workplace Location, June 216 Bulletin 5 Examining 6 Years Of Strategic Planning In Metropolitan Perth And Peel, June 216 Bulletin 51 The Relationship Between Transport Spatial Form And Economic Growth A Comparison And Analysis Of Sydney Melbourne And Perth, August 216 FACTSheets FACTSheet 1, August 212 FACTSheet 2, March 213 FACTSheet 3, August 213 FACTSheet 4, March 214 FACTSheet 5, September 214 FACTSheet 6, March 215 FACTSheet 7, September 215 FACTSheet 8, February 216 FACTSheet 9, September 216 RESEARCH LIST 'Ghost Gums' By Kay Cypher, Finalist in Committee for Perth 212 Passion for Perth Photographic Competition Special Research Reports and Papers 1 year compendium to be released in December 216 FACTBase 51 Research Bulletins published: Get a Move On! A landmark report to get Perth moving, November 216 Bulletin 1 Westward Bound, July 29 Bulletin 17 Exploring Understandings of Liveability for Perth, FACTBase Special Report - Fremantle as a re-connected city, December 215 Bulletin 2 Economic Stress in Perth, October 29 November 21 Filling the Pool A landmark report to achieve gender equality in Western Australia, June 215 Bulletin 3 Perth s Decade of Prosperity, November 29 Bulletin 18 Perceptions of Urban Elites on 4 Australian Cities, FACTBase Special Report Perth as a Spatially Transforming City, Volume 1, March 215 Bulletin 4 Can a Resource Economy be a Knowledge Economy?, November 21 FACTBase Special Report Perth as a Spatially Transforming City, Volume 2, March 215 November 29 Bulletin 19 Perth s Geography of Financial Generosity, FACTBase Special Report Perth as a globally connected city, November 213 Bulletin 5 Is Perth Becoming More Unequal?, April 21 December 21 FACTBase Special Report - Perth as a global mineral and energy hub, November 212 Bulletin 6 Successful Local and Metropolitan Governance Models Bulletin 2 Tourist Perspectives of Perth in Social Media, July 211 Towards a Bright Future a vision for Perth as a region of 3.5 million people, January 29 Elsewhere, May 21 Bulletin 21 Connectivity Infrastructure, July Million Discussion Paper No.1, August 211 Bulletin 7 Impacts of Retail Trade Deregulation, June 21 Bulletin 22 Employment 211, October Million Discussion Paper No.2, March 212 Bulletin 8 Overview of Perth s Retail Landscape, June 21 Bulletin 23 Managing Boomtown Perth, October 211 Liveable Cities Compilation, October 215 Bulletin 9 Perth s Economic Base: A Comparative Assessment, June 21 Bulletin 24 Perth s Changing Population, November 211 Bulletin 25 Perth s Human Capital Base, March 212 Discussion Paper: Alternate Funding Mechanisms for Public Transport Cultural Compact: the 1 year challenge for Western Australia, November 28 Bulletin 1 Perth s Most Competitive Sectors A Comparative Bulletin 26 Perth s Continuing Population Growth, March 212 Research Report Vision statement for Perth Study, June 21 Bulletin 27 Perth s Migration Trends, August 212 Findings from the CEO s 28 to 211 Study Tours Bulletin 11 Gender Representation of Australian Mayors, June 21 Bulletin 28 Perth s Cultural Diversity, January 213 Welcome to Country Guide, July 29 Bulletin 12 Perth s Energy Economy, October 21 Bulletin 29 Changes and Trends in Perth s Cultural Diversity: World Centre for Culture and Cultural Experience Centres Report. Bulletin 13 Global Competitiveness, October 21 Country of Birth Change and Diversity 21 Bulletin 14 Smart Cities, November , January 213 Filling the Pool Bulletin 15 Perth s Decade of Prosperity, November 21 Bulletin 3 The Profile and Spatial Distribution of Perth s Overseas Bulletin 16 Is Perth Becoming More Unequal An Update, Born Population, May 213 November 21 Bulletin 31 Perth's Global Connectivity in Energy, June 213 Get a Move On!

36 BIBLIOGRAPHY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Atkins, M. and Tonts, M. (216) Exploring Cities Through a Population Ageing Matrix: a spatial and temporal analysis of older adult population trends in Perth, Western Australia. Australian Geographer, 47(1), Australian Bureau of Statistics (211) 211 Census of Population and Housing. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics (213a) International Investment Positions, Australia: Supplementary Statistics, 212. ABS Cat. No ABS: Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics (213b) Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly, Aug 213. Cat. No ABS: Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics (21; 215) Attendance at Selected Cultural Venues and Events, Australia. Catalogue ABS: Canberra. Australian Securities Exchange (213) Corporate List. Australian Taxation Office (various years) Taxation Statistics. ATO, Canberra. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (Australia) Western Australia Office & Western Australia. Government Statistician s Office (1913) Statistical Register of Western Australia for and Previous Years. Government Printer, Perth, WA. Department of Training and Workplace Development (various years) Commencements and completions by region (employer site) and trade category. Government of Western Australia: Perth. Department of Planning and Western Australia Planning Commission (21) Directions 231 and Beyond. Department of Planning and Western Australia Planning Commission, Perth. Department of Immigration and Border Protection (213; 216) Subclass 457 quarterly report. Government of Australia: Canberra. Department of Training and Workforce Development (various years). Department of Transport (212) Western Australian Regional Freight Transport Network Plan. WA Department of Transport, Perth, WA. Economic Intelligence Unit (216) Global Liveability Ranking 216. Accessed November 21, 216 from: public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=liveability216 Id. (various years) National Economic Indicators Series: National Economic Indicators of Local Government Areas. Accessed November 3, 216 from Ipsos (212) Perth Perceptions Survey, Committee for Perth Ipsos (215) Perth Perceptions Survey, Committee for Perth. Maginn, P.J. and Hamnett, S. (216) Multiculturalism and metropolitan Australia: demographic change and implications for strategic planning. Built Environment 42(1), Markus, A. (216) Mapping Social Cohesion: The Scanlon Foundation Surveys 216. Accessed December 1, 216, from uploads/216/11/216-mapping-social-cohesion-report- FINAL-with-covers.pdf Mercer (216) 216 Quality of Living Rankings. Accessed November 25, 216 from: mobility/quality-of-living-city-rankings.html Office of the Government Chief Information Officer (various years) WA innovator of the Year. Government of Western Australia. Accessed November 3, 216 from wa.gov.au/initiatives/wa-ioty/ Study Perth (214) Perth in top ten most liveable cities again! Study Perth News Feeds, 19 August. Accessed November 21, 216 from: WA Electoral Commission (various years) Local Government Election Reports. Government of Western Australia: Perth. The authors acknowledge the contribution, including photos and images*, provided by the following individuals in the preparation of this report: Jacqueline Larsen Proofing Sarah Royle Pulse Design, for graphic design work Sharyn Hickey PhD Candidate, School of Earth and Environment, for GIS maps Sharon Biermann Professor, Planning and Transport Research Centre, for commuting maps Thomas Sigler Dr, The University of Queensland, for Australian city global connectivity maps Veronica Huddleston Dr, for provision of graphs from previous FACTBases *All reasonable effort has been made to source credits for photos and images used in this report

37 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Kirsten Martinus is a Research Fellow of geography at the UWA Centre of Regional Development, School of Agriculture and Environment, specialising in socio-economic analysis, as well as urban and regional planning. Her research interests focus on impact of globalisation and technology advancements. This includes increased labour mobility and connectedness, global industry networks, knowledge economies and public policy. Georgia Harford-Mills is a Research Officer with the Committee for Perth, joining the organisation in 214. She holds a Bachelor of Science, Geography and received First Class Honours in Urban and Regional Planning from The University of Western Australia. In addition, Georgia received the 215 Patrick Armstrong Prize in Geography for her research thesis. Matthew Tonts (Economic Development, Labour Markets, Public Policy) is Professor of Geography and incoming Pro Vice Chancellor and Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Business, Law and Education. His research is focused on urban and regional development, with much of his recent work concerned with the shifting geography of corporate power, spatial labour markets and economic development, and regional policy. Paul Maginn is Associate Professor at the UWA Centre of Regional Development, School of Agriculture and Environment. He is Programme Co-ordinator for the Masters in Urban and Regional Planning programme. His research interests lie in strategic planning and planning reform, representativeness in local government, suburbia and the regulation of the sex industry. His most recent book, (Sub)Urban Sexscapes, won the 216 PIA (National) Award for Cutting Edge Research and Teaching. Pyone Myat Thu is a Research Fellow at the UWA Centre of Regional Development, School of Agriculture and Environment. She is a Human Geographer with research interests in international development, migration and rural livelihoods. Mariana Atkins is a PhD candidate at the School of Agriculture and Environment, UWA, focusing on the geography of ageing and urban planning. She has extensive international research and planning experience with a Master s degree in Social Policy and Planning from the London School of Economics and an Honour s degree in Geography from University College London. Marion Fulker is the inaugural Chief Executive of the Committee for Perth Ltd. She took up the position in January 27 having previously been the Executive Director of the Urban Development Institute of Australia (UDIA) WA Division. Marion is an Adjunct Senior Research Fellow at the University of Western Australia and holds an MBA from Curtin Graduate School of Business. Gemma Davis is a consultant for the Committee for Perth and is an Honorary Research Fellow with the University of Western Australia. She is a policy and Strategic Planning Professional with 19 years of experience and until recently was the Committee's Manager of Research and Strategy. Gemma has prepared research and strategy reports for the Committee since 27, while working as a consultant in Australia and New Zealand. 7 71

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