Amendments. Updated: April 23, Added:

Transcription

1 Amendments Added: - Arrival and Departure Procedure pg. 9 - Checkpoint ID pg Degree Entry Procedure pg Dispatch and solo sign out information pg Added OU risk assessment tool pg Applicable PRFs to Cross Country Flight planning section o PRF 30 Cross Country Procedures pg. 62 o PRF 29 Establishing Sequence of Events pg. 65 o PRF 16 Time/Distance/Fuel calculation pg. 69 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FOR FLIGHT STUDENTS 1

2 This pamphlet provides information to assist flight students in learning standardized procedures at the University of Oklahoma Aviation Department and guidance on performing procedures and maneuvers that are a part of flight training. Contents This page was intentionally left blank 6 Section I: Attachments 7 9 Density Altitude Chart 8 Arrival and Departure Procedures Checkpoint ID Degree Entry Procedures 11 Dispatch and Solo Sign out forms 12 Aircraft V Sppeds 13 Other Calculations 14 OU Risk Assessment Tool 15 Section II: Briefings 17 Passenger Briefing 17 Pre-Takeoff Briefing 18 Section III: Radio Procedures 19 Frequencies to Know 19 General Radio Procedures 20 Radio Procedures at Max Westheimer Airport 20 Radio Procedures at Uncontrolled Airports 22 Radio Procedures at Major Airports 23 Section IV: Cockpit Management 26 Cockpit Management 26 Section V: Takeoffs 27 Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb 27 2

3 Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb 28 Short-Field Takeoff and Climb 29 SECTION VI: Landings 30 Forward Slips to Landing 30 Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing 31 Soft-Field Approach and Landing 32 Short-Field Approach and Landing 33 Power-Off 180 Degree Accuracy Approach and Landing 34 Go Around From a Rejected (Balked) Landing 35 SECTION VII: Traffic Patterns 36 Traffic Pattern Operations 36 Max Westheimer Airport Diagram 38 Max Westheimer Runway 03 Traffic Pattern 39 Max Westheimer Runway 21 Traffic Pattern 40 Max Westheimer Runway 36 Traffic Pattern 41 Max Westheimer Runway 18 Traffic Pattern 42 SECTION VIII: Emergencies 43 Emergency Approach and Landing 43 Emergency Approach (Downwind Approach to Field) 44 Emergency Approach (Upwind Approach to Field) 45 Unusual Flight Attitudes 46 Emergency Descent (PA Warrior) 47 Emergency Descent (PA-28R-200 Arrow) 48 SECTION IX: Slow Flight, Stalls and Spins 49 Maneuvering During Slow Flight 49 Power-Off Stalls 50 Power-On Stalls 51 Spins 52 Accelerated Stalls 53 SECTION X: Performance Maneuvers 54 Steep Turns 54 Chandelles 55 Lazy Eights 56 Steep Spirals 57 3

4 SECTION XI: Ground Reference Maneuvers 58 Eights-On-Pylons 58 Rectangular Course 59 S-Turns Across a Road 60 Turns Around a Point 61 SECTION XII: Cross Country Flight Planning/Applicable PRFs 62 VFR Cross Country Flight Planning 70 IFR Cross Country Flight Planning 73 Lost Procedures 74 SECTION XIII: Instrument Procedures 76 Instrument Cockpit Check 76 Constant Airspeed Climbs 78 Constant Airspeed Descents 79 Constant Rate Climbs 80 Constant Rate Descents 81 Magnetic Compass Turns 82 Timed Turns to Magnetic Compass Headings 83 IFR Departure Procedures 84 VOR Tracking 85 VOR Intercepts 86 NDB Tracking 87 NDB Intercepts 88 DME Arc Procedures 89 Holding Procedures 90 ILS Approach 91 RNAV Approach Non Precision 93 VOR Approach 94 NDB Approach 95 Terminal Approach 96 No-Gyro Radar Vector Approach 97 SECTION XIV: Multi-Engine Maneuvers 98 Slow Flight 98 Power-Off Stall 99 Power-On Stall 100 4

5 Steep Turn 101 Emergency Descent 102 Drag Demonstration 103 Vmc Demonstration 104 SECTION XV: Flight Test Checklist 105 Flight Test Checklist 105 5

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7 This page was intentionally left blank Section I: Attachments 7

8 Crosswind Components Computer Density Altitude Chart 8

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10 OU Departure / Arrival Procedures OU Checkpoint Identification On North flow days (wind from North) Fly to spots 5-9 & 3 first -- then 10 last; 1 next to last; 2 & 4 10

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12 Updated: April 23, Degree entry procedures When OU Tower gives clearance: CRM X Enter 45 to Rwy 18 or Enter 45 Rwy 21 you are Expected to fly DIRECT to the ground ref starting point and then proceed via the depicted ground track. Any? query ATC. 12

13 Updated: April 23, 2018 Dispatch and Solo Sign out procedures When students arrive for their flight they shall meet with their CFI and review weight and balance and syllabus ticket for the days flight. Once complete, they shall present their signed syllabus ticket to the dispatcher and sign out the appropriate aircraft by following the checklist provided with the aircraft. The dispatcher will review the ticket for both signatures, assign a practice area if applicable, and issue the aircraft key. SOLO Sign out procedures. For ALL Solo flights the student will also need to complete a solo sign out form. For ALL Solo XC flights the student must also complete the solo Cross-Country form 13

14 Aircraft V-Speeds: 14

15 ! Updated: April 23, 2018 Other Calculations: Va: Weight Shift Formula: Weight of Item shifted Δ C.G. = Total Weight Distance item is moved 15

16 Pivotal Altitude: Knots 2 / or- mph 2 / 15 16

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18 This page was intentionally left blank Section II: Briefings Passenger Briefing PASSENGER BRIEFING (To be performed on every flight) 18

19 (A) (B) (C) SEATBELTS a. Explain how to use them. They should plug the receptor end into the receiving end and pull snugly across the hips. Show passengers how to latch and unlatch. Also show them how to pull the harness over their shoulder, across the chest, and attach it. b. Explain that seatbelts must be worn AT ALL TIMES. EXITS a. Explain how to lock and unlock the door and overhead latches. b. In the event of an emergency, the baggage door could be used as an emergency exit. c. Advise your passengers that in the event of a forced landing, they should wait for the aircraft to come to a complete stop, then the door should be unlatched to allow the passengers in the rear to exit first, followed by those sitting up front. d. Window to the left and right can be kicked out if door gets jammed. PERTINENT INFORMATION to include: a. Positive exchange of flight controls b. A sterile cockpit will be imposed during critical phases of flight (i.e. only flight-related conversations will take place). c. In the event of an emergency, follow my instructions and remain calm. Pre-Takeoff Briefing PRE-TAKEOFF BRIEF (To be performed on every flight) Make a final review of your aircraft performance sheet including VR, takeoff distance, and landing distance. Then brief your crew members on the following scenarios: *First, brief who will be the PIC in an actual emergency and who will back up the PIC with the appropriate checklists. 19

20 Engine failure on takeoff roll: Explain that you will bring the power to idle and apply brakes as necessary ο Follow up by shutting off mixture, ignition, and anything else associated with fuel. ο Request assistance from tower (this will likely be in the form of towing as you DO NOT want to attempt restarting the aircraft to move it). ο Complete Engine Secure checklist. Engine failure on takeoff with runway remaining: " Explain that you will pitch for best glide (_) kts and land on the remaining runway. Use flaps as necessary. ο Follow up by shutting off mixture, ignition, and anything else associated with fuel. ο Request assistance from tower (this will likely be in the form of towing as you DO NOT want to attempt restarting the aircraft to move it). ο Complete Engine Secure checklist. Engine failure on takeoff without runway remaining and without adequate altitude to turn back for the runway: " Explain that you will pitch for best glide (_ kts) and land straight ahead within the windscreen. Prepare for an emergency landing. Attempt emergency restart procedures as time permits - see checklist. Use flaps as necessary once landing is assured. ο Follow up by shutting off mixture, ignition, and anything else associated with fuel. ο ο Complete Engine Secure checklist. Request assistance from ATC unless contact is lost, then try 121.5, and call OU Mobile at (405) Engine failure on takeoff without runway remaining but possibly enough altitude to turn back for the airport: Generally, this is not a recommended procedure and requires judgment. The usual problem is you don't have enough altitude to make the turn back to the field, so you would have a plan of action ahead of time and have an idea where open areas are so you can land straight ahead, or with minimal maneuvering left or right. Should you be high enough (we won't say what high enough is), you should pitch for best glide, turn towards any runway, set up for an emergency landing, and naturally communicate your intentions on the radio to ATC. Again, it is strongly emphasized that MANY PILOTS GET THEMSELVES KILLED BY THINKING THEY CAN MAKE THE TURN BACK TO THE AIRPORT AND LAND THE AIRPLANE AFTER LOSING AN ENGINE. 20

21 Section III: Radio Procedures Frequencies to Know FREQUENCIES TO KNOW! Emergency Max Westheimer AWOS Max Westheimer Ground Max Westheimer Tower Max Westheimer Unicom Cruise Aviation Unicom (Fuel) OU Base & OU Traffic Multicom at Uncontrolled Airports Multicom Inflight OTHER FREQUENCIES IN THE OKC AREA OKC Approach ( ) OKC Approach ( ) OKC Approach ( ) Will Rogers ATIS Will Rogers Tower Will Rogers Ground Will Rogers Clearance Deliver Will Rogers VOT (VOR check) Wiley Post ATIS Wiley Post Tower Wiley Post Ground Wiley Post Unicom General Radio Procedures A. Basic radio calls contain (in order): a. Who you are calling 21

22 b. Who you are c. Where you are d. Your intentions B. Listen to what is said to you and respond appropriately. C. If in doubt about what was said in whole, or in part, ask the controller to "Say again," or "Say again, (misunderstood item). D. Always use correct phraseology (AIM glossary). Read Section 2 of the AIM Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures. E. Be ADAPTABLE, be ready to respond as the situation dictates, and always listen for the controller s call. Respond promptly, accurately, and as tersely as possible. Radio Procedures at Max Westheimer Airport Prior to taxi, monitor AWOS and note information. TAXI CALL: "Westheimer Ground." "Crimson 5." "At the South ramp (or North ramp) "With the number ready to taxi." "Geographical direction of departure." (i.e. North departure, Southwest departure) The controller will respond with a clearance to taxi to the active runway. Should the taxi path cross an active runway, you may be instructed to "hold short" of the runway. Always read back your clearance including any "hold short" instructions. TAKE-OFF CALL: "Westheimer Tower." "Crimson 5." "Holding short or (enter appropriate runway number) Ready for take-off, runway (insert appropriate number)." "(Direction) departure." The controller will respond with a clearance to depart unless other traffic requires him/her to instruct you to "hold short." After cleared for take-off, monitor the tower frequency until out of the Class D airspace or call tower to request a frequency change. INBOUND CALL: "Westheimer Tower." "Crimson 5." "Number of miles, geographic direction." (i.e. 8 miles, southwest) - this information describes your position relative to the airport of intended landing. "Inbound (type of landing)." (i.e. full stop, touch and go) This call should be made within 10 miles of the airport, but prior to reaching 5 miles. The controller will respond with directions to enter the traffic pattern for a specific runway, and advise of the current winds and altimeter. He/she will also instruct you to report your position at a certain point during your approach to the airport. 22

23 Again, always read back your clearances, including reporting positions. LANDING CALL: "Westheimer Tower." "Crimson 5." "Your position." (in the traffic pattern - i.e. on the 45, left/right downwind, base - always report your actual position even if it differs from where you were told to report) "Runway #." (the runway for which you were advised to report) "Type of landing." (i.e. full stop, touch and go) The controller will clear you for the type of landing requested, unless unable or misunderstood. Ensure you do not touch down without a clearance to do so! 23

24 AFTER - LANDING CALL: "Westheimer Ground." "Crimson 5." "Clear of runway (runway #) at (taxiway location)" "Taxi to University parking." (Listen carefully for any hold-short instructions) All approaches to an airport will be made so as to enter the downwind leg of the traffic pattern at a 45 angle to the midpoint of the downwind leg. Straight-in approaches will not be requested. Instructions from the air traffic controller on entering the airport traffic pattern will be obeyed. Question the controller if you believe he/she has misunderstood your radio call. Ensure that you are aware of what the different clearance phraseology means: " Cleared to land - you will land, roll straight ahead and exit the runway on the first suitable taxiway. " Cleared for touch and go - you will land, continue your roll, apply power and take off again. " Cleared for stop and go - you will land, come to a full stop, apply power and take off again. " Cleared for the option - you may do any of the above at your discretion. Remember that a clearance to "taxi to" a runway gives the pilot the permission to taxi to the assigned runway, crossing any runways and taxiways enroute. The exception to these instructions is the addition of the term "hold-short. Then you are only cleared to a certain position at which you must hold short until advised to cross. In all situations the pilot in command must maintain vigilance for other traffic and make all decisions with safety in mind. It is highly recommended that you read Ch. 4, Sections 1, 2, and 3 in the Airman's Information Manual: Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures. Radio Procedures at Uncontrolled Airports Prior to taxi, monitor AWOS and note information. TAXI CALL: "(Airport name) Traffic." "Crimson 5." "Taxiing to runway (insert appropriate number)." "(Airport name)." Example: "Purcell Traffic, Crimson 5, taxiing to runway one seven, Purcell." TAKE-OFF CALL: "(Airport name) Traffic." "Crimson 5. "Departing runway (insert appropriate number)." "(Direction) departure." Listen to CTAF and visually scan the approach area for other traffic. Make position reports on CTAF while in the traffic pattern and departing. INBOUND CALL: "(Airport name) Traffic." "Crimson 5." 24

25 "Number of miles, geographic direction" (i.e. 8 miles, southwest) - this information describes your position relative to the airport of intended landing. "Inbound for (type of landing) The inbound radio call should first be made when within 10 statute miles of the airport. If the airport is served by a "Unicom" facility, the pilot should address the inbound call to "Unicom" instead of "Traffic" and add the statement "request airport advisory" to the final line of the inbound radio call, after the word "Inbound. TRAFFIC PATTERN AND LANDING CALLS: "(Airport name) Traffic." "Crimson 5." "(Turn direction) (leg of traffic pattern) (runway number)." Example: "Purcell Traffic, Crimson 5, on the forty-five to a left-downwind, runway, one-seven, Purcell." (followed by a report on each leg of the pattern) " When established on final approach, change the third line of the landing radio call to read: "(Distance from the runway) final, runway (number), (type of landing)." Example: "Purcell Traffic, Crimson 5, one mile final, runway one seven, touch and go, Purcell." AFTER - LANDING CALL: "(Airport name) Traffic." "Crimson 5." "Clear of runway (insert appropriate number)" "(Airport name). Radio Procedures at Major Airports I. ATIS a. Before calling Tower or Approach Control, b. Listen for the following: 1. Ceiling & visibility: Do you need a SVFR or IFR clearance? ii. Winds: Visualize crosswind and landing runway iii. Altimeter setting: Check and set iv. Instrument approach: Review which runway and approach to expect v. Frequencies: Set appropriate frequencies for comm and nav Vi. Notams: Listen and determine how they will affect you Vii. Alphabetical code: Listen for broadcast name II. OKE CITY APPROACH a. Initial call: i. "Oke city approach." ii. "Crimson 5." iii. "(Distance) miles (direction from airport) at (altitude)." iv. "With (state ATIS broadcast name)." Example: "Oke City approach, Crimson 5, 15 miles northwest, four thousand, with Bravo." v. The controller will acknowledge your call and assign you a transponder (squawk) code. Respond by repeating the code and your call sign. b. Follow-up call: i. The controller will call and acknowledge that radar contact has been established. Give the controller your intentions, direction of flight, and altitude to which you are climbing or descending. c. On subsequent calls: i. Answer or acknowledge any request from ATC, and end transmission 25

26 with your call sign as ATC uses it (it may be abbreviated). ii. Example: "Right turn, three five zero, Crimson 1." III. FINAL CONTROLLER a. ATC will initiate hand off to the final controller i. Example: "Crimson 5, contact Oke City approach on " ii. The proper response is "one two four six, Crimson 5." b. Switch to the assigned frequency. c. "Oke City approach." d. "Crimson 5." e. "With you at (state altitude and change, if any)." IV. WILL ROGERS TOWER a. ATC will initiate the hand off: i. "Crimson 5, contact Rogers Tower on " ii. The proper response is "one, one, niner, three, five, Crimson 5" b. To call tower, use a standard inbound radio call: i. "Rogers tower." ii. "Crimson 5. iii. "Inbound." iv. "(State type) landing." c. When the tower responds, or makes requests, the pilot should respond and acknowledge with the aircraft call sign. V. GROUND CONTROL a. Do not contact ground control until advised by tower and you are clear of the active runway (past the hold line). b. Make a taxi call to the ground controller: i. "Rogers ground." ii. "Cherokee three niner one zero uniform." iii. "Clear of runway (insert appropriate number). (i.e. three five right) iv. "Taxi to (state desired location on airport, such as name of FBO)." c. Follow the controller's instructions in his response. Acknowledge your understanding by repeating, and hold short instructions and your call sign. VI. CLEARANCE DELIVERY a. Listen to ATIS first, and be ready to write down information and clearance. If VFR, know your departure direction (heading) and altitude. i. "Rogers Clearance Delivery." ii. "Crimson 5." iii. "VFR/IFR to (state destination), with (ATIS broadcast name)." b. Clearance Delivery will provide your IFR clearance or departure instructions for a VFR departure, including a transponder code and departure frequency. c. Read back your clearance and get affirmation from controller that your read-back was correct. Then switch to ground control for taxi instructions. VII. DEPARTURE CONTROL a. After take-off, the tower will advise when to contact departure control and the appropriate frequency. Do not change frequencies without being instructed to do so. However, if you believe your hand off may have been forgotten, query the tower controller. b. Initial call: i. "Oke City approach." ii. "Crimson 5." iii. "With you, (state current altitude and what you're climbing to per your clearance)." 1. Example: "Oke City approach, Crimson 5, with you at two thousand two hundred, climbing three thousand." 26

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28 Section IV: Cockpit Management Cockpit Management DESCRIPTION: OBJECTIVE: A systematic method for organizing materials and equipment so they are ready, available and adequate for ensuring crew coordination and briefing of passengers. To develop the ability to efficiently organize and manage the cockpit environment both prior to and during flight. PROCEDURES: 1) Arriving at the airplane, verify that all equipment and materials needed for the flight are accounted for. This may include: operating manual, pen and paper, charts, crosscountry materials, hood, survival kit, navigation equipment (radios), checklists, airplane certificates, flashlight, flight case, baggage, etc. 2) Verify that all required inspections (100 hr., annual, IFR, MEL, VORs) as appropriate for the flight are current. 3) Organize and carefully secure all items, making sure they are readily available. 4) Brief all occupants on seat adjustment. Seat belt use, airplane exits, emergency equipment, air vents and if appropriate oxygen. 5) Ensure that all occupants are properly seated and doors closed properly. 6) Carefully adjust your seat and seat belts so as to allow easy access to all controls and equipment. 7) If appropriate determine who will be PIC and what, if any, duties you expect the co-pilot to perform. 8) During the flight, remain well-organized and alert to the needs of the passengers. REFERENCES: FAA Private and Commercial Airmen Certification Standards, Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 28

29 Section V: Takeoffs Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb Objective: The airplane will be aligned with the runway centerline and the ailerons held into the wind. Takeoff power will be applied and the airplane is allowed to accelerate to rotation speed at which time the pitch attitude is increased to establish a positive lift-off and a Vy? airspeed. Once airborne a crab angle will be established to maintain a ground track that is aligned with the runway centerline. To develop the student's ability to safely accomplish a takeoff and departure under normal and crosswind conditions. Procedures: 1) Set the flaps to the manufacturer s recommended takeoff position, check for traffic (clear final and runway for obstructions) and taxi into position on the runway. 2) Align the airplane with the runway centerline and apply full aileron into the wind with the elevator in the neutral position. 3) Smoothly apply full power and check the engine instruments. 4) As the airplane accelerates, adjust the ailerons as necessary to control drift and maintain runway alignment with the rudder. 5) At manufacturer s recommended airspeed apply back elevator pressure to liftoff and then adjust the pitch altitude to establish the proper initial climb speed. 6) If a significant crosswind exists, the airplane should be kept on the ground slightly longer than normal and a firm and definite liftoff accomplished. 7) As the airplane leaves the runway, Aileron deflection into the wind might result in the downwind wing and main gear lifting off first. 8) After liftoff in crosswind conditions initiate a crab angle into the wind. 9) At a safe flap retraction speed and altitude, retract flaps (if extended) and establish by airspeed. 10) During climb out, maintain a ground track aligned with the runway centerline. References: FAA Private and Commercial Airmen Certification Standards, Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 29

30 Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb A nose high pitch attitude is maintained during the takeoff roll in order to quickly transfer the airplane's weight to the wings and then lift off as soon as possible. After liftoff, the airplane is flown in ground effect until a safe climb out speed is attained. Objective: To develop the student's ability to obtain maximum performance from the airplane when taking off from a soft or rough field. Procedure: 1) Extend the flaps to the recommended takeoff setting. 2) Hold the elevator control full up and use aileron to correct for crosswind. 3) Check for traffic and keep the airplane moving at a brisk pace while taxiing on to the runway and don t use brakes unless it is necessary. 4) Smoothly apply full power and check the engine instruments. Hold full up elevator until the nose begins to rise. As the pitch attitude approaches approximately Vx, adjust elevator control pressure to maintain this altitude. 5) Once airborne, adjust the pitch altitude as necessary in order to remain in ground effect while the airplane accelerates to a safe climb speed. 6) As the airplane speed approaches Vx, establish a Vx or Vy airspeed and achieve a positive rate of climb. 7) Upon achieving a positive rate of climb and clear of obstacles establish and maintain Vy pitch attitude. 8) After reaching a safe airspeed and altitude retract the flaps. 9) Establish cruise climb above a minimum safe altitude. Reference: FAA Private and Commercial Airmen Certification Standards, Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 30

31 Short-Field Takeoff and Climb The airplane is accelerated to liftoff speed in the shortest distance possible and established in a maximum angle climb until all obstacles are cleared. Objective: To develop the students ability to obtain maximum performance from the airplane while executing a short field takeoff and safely clearing all obstacles in the departure path. Procedure: 1) Extend the flaps to the recommended take off setting. 2) Check for traffic and taxi into position at the end of the runway so that maximum runway length is available for takeoff. Use appropriate control deflections to correct for crosswind conditions. 3) Hold the brakes and apply full power. 4) Check the engine instruments. 5) Release the brakes after obtaining full power indications. 6) Adjust the elevator control approximately neutral to maintain a level pitch attitude until just prior to rotation. 7) Accelerate to rotation speed and rotate to a pitch attitude that produces a Vx climb speed. 8) Maintain Vx until clear of obstacles. 9) After clearing obstacles, accelerate to Vy and retract the flaps (one at a time). 10) Maintain Vy until a safe altitude is reached (normally 500 AGL) then accelerate to cruise climb and set climb power. Reference: FAA Private and Commercial Airmen Certification Standards, Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 31

32 SECTION VI: Landings Forward Slips to Landing Objective: Procedures: During a forward slip, one wing on the airplane is lowered and the airplane is yawed in the opposite direction so that the airplane s longitudinal axis is at an angle to the airplane s flight path. To teach the student a method of steepening the final approach path without increasing airspeed. Note: CONSULT THE PILOT S INFORMATION HANDBOOK FOR INFORMATION REGARDING USE OF FLAPS OR ANY OTHER LIMITATIONS WHILE PERFORMING SLIPS. 1) One wing is lowered (normally the upwind wing when a crosswind exists) using aileron. 2) Adjust airspeed to compensate for airspeed indicator error caused by static air disturbances. 3) Use enough rudder to maintain the original ground track. 4) The airplane is now flying at an angle to the relative wind and is in a high drag situation. Therefore, an appropriate pitch attitude must be maintained so that an approach to a stall is avoided and sufficient control is available to make the round out and flare safely. 5) Prior to the flare, the forward slip must be discontinued and the longitudinal axis must be aligned with the runway. 6) After discontinuing the forward slip, execute the appropriate landing procedure. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA Private and Commercial Pilot Airmen Certification Standards (ACS) Advanced Pilot's Flight Manual- Kershner 32

33 Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing Objective: After entering the traffic pattern, the airplane is aligned with the runway centerline on final approach. The landing flap setting is made and a crab angle is established if necessary. A stabilized (airspeed, approach descent angle, and airplane configuration) final approach is established. At an appropriate altitude, a transition to landing pitch attitude is begun in a manner that will allow the airplane to touch down in the proper power off stall pitch attitude. After touchdown, the airplane is slowed to a normal taxi speed on the runway centerline and then taxied clear of the runway. Appropriate crosswind control is maintained throughout the final approach, landing, and rollout. To develop the student s ability to safely and accurately execute an approach, landing, and rollout, in normal and crosswind conditions. Procedures: 1) Complete the appropriate traffic pattern. 2) Achieve a stabilized, power on approach and the final flap setting prior to descending below 300 AGL. Use normal approach speed plus ½ the wind gust factor, if appropriate. 3) Make coordinated changes in pitch attitude and power so that a touchdown can be made at the appropriate point on the runway. NOTE: Crosswind conditions may require a reduced flap setting for approach and landing. Care must be exercised to ensure adequate runway length. 4) Prior to beginning the round out and flare, correct for drift by using the wing-low method and establishing a sideslip. Use aileron to correct for drift and use rudder to keep the airplane s longitudinal axis aligned with the runway. 5) At the appropriate flare altitude, increase the pitch attitude and reduce power at a rate that will allow a slow decrease in rate of descent and airspeed so that touchdown occurs just as the power reaches idle and the pitch attitude reaches the power off stall attitude. Use of proper crosswind technique will result in touchdown on the upwind main gear first, followed by the downwind main gear, and then the nose gear. 6) Gusty wind conditions may require a touchdown at a slightly higher speed than normal (5-10 KIAS above power off stall speed) and a slightly lower than normal pitch attitude. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA Private and Commercial Pilot Airmen Certification Standards (ACS) 33

34 Soft-Field Approach and Landing Objective: An approach to, and landing on, a soft or rough runway. Power is used during the round out and flare to provide a high degree of control so that the touchdown is as gentle and slow as possible. The nose gear can be lowered gently to the runway surface after the main gear is on the runway. To develop the student s ability to obtain maximum performance from the airplane so that a soft touchdown at the slowest possible airspeed can be made. Procedures: 1) Establish a stabilized power on approach and the final flap setting prior to descending below 300 above runway elevation at normal or short field approach speed, as appropriate, with flaps extended to the landing position. Add the wind gust factor to the approach speed as appropriate. 2) Select the touchdown area on the runway. 3) Make adjustments in the power setting to remain on the proper glide path. 4) Make adjustments to the airplane pitch attitude to maintain the proper airspeed. 5) At the appropriate flare altitude, increase the pitch attitude to touchdown as descent is continued to a height of 1 to 2 feet above the runway. Use power throughout the flare so that a smooth and gentle touchdown on the main gear can be achieved at the slowest possible airspeed. 6) After touchdown, keep the weight off the nose gear as long as possible, and then gently lower the nose gear to the runway while maintaining back elevator pressure. 7) Use power as necessary to taxi. 8) Use brakes only as necessary. 9) Slow to normal taxi speed before clearing the runway. 10) Complete the after landing checklist when clear of the runway. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA Private and Commercial Pilot Airmen Certification Standards (ACS) 34

35 Short-Field Approach and Landing Objective: An approach and landing is accomplished at an airport with a restricted runway length due to obstacles on the approach path, short runway, unfavorable runway gradient, required downwind landing, high density altitude, or a combination of these factors. The approach is stabilized no lower than 300 above runway elevation. The round out and flare is accomplished in a manner that allows the airplane to reach the power off stall pitch attitude as the main landing gear touches the runway with power reaching idle at the same time. The roll out is minimized by proper use of aerodynamic deceleration and airplane wheel brakes. To develop the student s ability to safely and accurately accomplish maximum performance approaches and landings. Procedures: 1) Select and plan the appropriate flight path and touchdown point on the runway. 2) Establish a stabilized power on approach prior to descending below 300 above runway elevation at the manufacturer s recommended short field approach speed with flaps extended to the landing position. Add ½ the wind gust factor to the approach speed as appropriate. 3) Make adjustment in the power setting to remain on the proper glide path and to avoid obstacles. 4) Make adjustments to the airplane pitch attitude to maintain the proper airspeed. 5) At the appropriate flare altitude, increase the pitch attitude and reduce power to a setting that will allow a slow decrease in rate of descent and airspeed so that touchdown occurs just as the power reaches idle and the pitch attitude reaches the power off stall attitude. (NOTE: Touchdown point for a runway that has threshold markings should be the numbers. Touchdown point for a runway that does not have threshold markings should be the first centerline stripe beyond the numbers) 6) After touchdown, and after achieving maximum aerodynamic deceleration, retract the flaps and apply full aft stabilator to achieve maximum aerodynamic braking without skidding the tires. 7) Slow to normal taxi speed before clearing the runway. 8) Complete the after landing checklist after the airplane clears the runway and comes to a complete stop. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA Private and Commercial Pilot Airmen Certification Standards (ACS) 35

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37 Power-Off 180 Degree Accuracy Approach and Landing Objective: In the landing configuration, with the power at idle, the airplane is maneuvered from downwind, abeam the touchdown point to a landing no more than 200 feet beyond a point specified by the examiner To develop the student s ability to maneuver with the power at idle, from downwind, abeam the touchdown point to a landing no more than 200 feet beyond a point on the runway specified by the examiner Procedures: 1) Enter the traffic pattern at a 45 degree to the downwind 2) Make all appropriate radio calls 3) Clear the base and final for any traffic 4) Establish an altitude of 1000 AGL or TPA, whichever is higher 5) Before midfield, select gear down 6) Abeam touchdown point Power idle 7) Slow to best glide speed (105 MPH arrow, 73KIAS Warrior) 8) Adjust glide path with flaps and /or by slipping and/or adjusting airspeed 9) Base and final Verify GUMPS 10) Short final slow to touchdown airspeed of approx. 1.2Vso 11) Touch down no more than 200 beyond predetermined point. 12) After touchdown, take a deep breath, retract flaps and then begin applying brakes as necessary References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA Commercial Pilot Airmen Certification Standards FAA-S-ACS-7 (Changes 1&2) 37

38 Go Around From a Rejected (Balked) Landing Objective: The landing approach is abandoned and the airplane is transitioned to a climb To develop the student s ability to safely perform a go-around/ rejected landing procedure Procedures: 1) Smoothly, apply full power (mixture as required) 2) Adjust the pitch attitude to stop the descent 3) Retract the flaps gradually to the takeoff position, adjust the pitch attitude to climb at Vy or Vx as appropriate 4) Trim the aircraft 5) After clearing obstacles establish a Vy climb 6) Use appropriate collision avoidance techniques throughout the entire procedure 7) Radio intentions as appropriate References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA Commercial Pilot Airmen Certification Standards FAA-S-ACS-7 (Changes 1&2) 38

39 SECTION VII: Traffic Patterns Traffic Pattern Operations 39

40 Objective: The traffic pattern is used to establish an orderly flow of traffic for airplanes arriving, departing and operating in the vicinity of airports. The pattern consists of arrival to and departure from an airport while executing proper cockpit duties. To develop the ability to conduct safe and efficient airport arrival and departure procedures. 40

41 Procedures: 1) Determine the active runway by an appropriate method. (wind direction or NOTAMs) 2) Establish the airplane on a 45 ground track toward the midpoint of the downwind leg unless otherwise directed by the control tower. Pattern altitude must be established 2 miles prior to reaching the downwind entry point. Slow to traffic pattern airspeed before turning downwind. 3) Maintain strict vigilance for other airplanes established in the pattern or in the vicinity of the airport. 4) Complete the pre-landing checklist. 5) Turn the airplane onto the downwind leg approximately ½ miles to 1 mile out from the active runway. Estimate wind direction and velocity by observing the windsock and make appropriate pattern adjustments. Maintain pattern altitude and airspeed unless traffic separation or ATC instructions dictate otherwise. 6) When abeam the point of intended landing check speed below Vfe, extend the flaps to an appropriate position and begin descent at an appropriate point considering traffic, terrain, obstacles, traffic pattern size, and ATC instructions. 7) Clear for traffic and turn base leg when 45 from touchdown point. 8) Coordinate the pitch and power to maintain the desired approach angle and base leg airspeed. 9) Visually clear the final approach path and turn on to final approach with the airplane aligned with the runway. 10) Extend flaps to the landing position (normally full down). Make coordinated pitch attitude and power adjustments to maintain the desired approach angle and final approach airspeed. 11) Adjust the final approach airspeed by adding ½ the gust factor if appropriate. 12) Achieve a stabilized final approach no lower than 300 AGL 13) Execute the appropriate landing procedure 14) After liftoff, maintain runway alignment and appropriate climb airspeed (Vx if obstacle or Vy) 15) After reaching a safe airspeed and altitude, retract the flaps if extended 16) Upon reaching a safe altitude, clear of obstacles but not less than 500 AGL, accelerate to cruise climb airspeed 17) Continue straight out or exit with a 45 turn in the direction of the traffic pattern when beyond the departure end of the runway and at or above traffic pattern altitude. 18) Continue climb to appropriate altitude and proceed on course when clear of the airport and traffic 19) Closed pattern operation: clear for traffic and begin the turn to the crosswind leg beyond the departure end of the runway and within 300 feet of pattern altitude. 20) Upon reaching traffic pattern altitude, accelerate to traffic pattern airspeed and set power 21) Initiate the pre-landing checklist after completing the turn 41

42 References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA Commercial Pilot Airmen Certification Standards FAA-S-ACS-7 (Changes 1&2) AIM (current Revision) 42

43 Updated: April 23, 2018 Max Westheimer Airport Diagram 43

44 Updated: April 23, 2018 Max Westheimer Runway 03 Traffic Pattern 44

45 Max Westheimer Runway 21 Traffic Pattern 45

46 Updated: April 23, 2018 Max Westheimer Runway 36 Traffic Pattern 46

47 Updated: April 23, 2018 Max Westheimer Runway 18 Traffic Pattern 47

48 SECTION VIII: Emergencies Emergency Approach and Landing Objective: The airplane is maneuvered, power-off, to the best available landing site. Time and altitude permitting, cockpit procedures are completed. To develop the skill and proficiency necessary to accomplish a power-off emergency approach and landing to the best available site. Procedures: 1) Establish and trim for best glide speed. 2) Select best available landing site within glide range --Look first for a site downwind this will extend your glide range. -- Pick a site as close as possible. (preferably plowed in the direction of landing) 3) Maneuver the airplane to the key position left or right downwind, abeam the touchdown point. 4) Complete the engine failure check list TIME AND ALTITUDE PERMITTING. (unless there is an actual emergency, this step is simulated) 5) Squawk 7700 and declare an emergency on frequency (or to ATC if in contact with ATC) Note: Unless there is an actual emergency, this step is simulated. 6) Upon arrival at the key position execute 360 turns at 30 of bank until reaching an altitude of AGL 7) Ignition off, fuel selector off, mixture lean Note: unless there is an actual emergency, this step is simulated. 8) Master switch off when radio communication is no longer required. Note: unless there is an actual emergency, this step is simulated. 9) Unlatch door. Note: unless there is an actual emergency, this step is simulated. 10) From the key position fly an abbreviated downwind base and final to the field. 11) When landing is assured, extend flaps and gear if appropriate and touch down at the slowest possible airspeed using a nose high attitude in the flare. 12) *Initiate recovery to avoid descent below 500 AGL unless over an approved landing point (i.e. runway) References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-A B 48

49 Updated: April 23, 2018 Emergency Approach (Downwind Approach to Field) 49

50 Updated: April 23, 2018 Emergency Approach (Upwind Approach to Field) 50

51 Unusual Flight Attitudes Objective: The instructor or student will place the airplane in an unexpected attitude. When told to recover, the student will assume control, stabilize the airplane, and return it to its original flight path by reference to available flight instruments. To learn to recognize and properly recover from unusual attitudes by reference to both full and partial instrument panels. Procedures: 1) The student is instructed to take her/his hands and feet off the controls and close her/his eyes. 2) The instructor clears the area for other airplane traffic and ensures that the altitude is adequate for the safe conduct of the maneuvers. 3) The instructor then puts the airplane into a critical flight attitude. 4) Then, the instructor will clearly say, open your eyes and recover. 5) The student will look at the flight instruments to determine what kind of critical attitude the airplane is in, and how best to recover. 6) Recovery is initiated and the airplane is stabilized. 7) Return to original flight path and altitude as rapidly as practicable. Note: while space does not allow for a discussion of all possible situations, two common situations and their respective recovery procedures are: Nose High airspeed low, trend decreasing: 1) Lower the nose and simultaneously apply full power while leveling the wings. 2) Establish straight and level flight at cruise power on original flight path and altitude. Nose Low airspeed high, trend increasing: 1) Reduce power. 2) Level the wings. 3) Smoothly raise the nose to level flight altitude. 4) Establish straight and level flight at cruise power on original flight path and altitude. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B Instrument Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA instrument Rating Airmen Certification Standards (ACS) 51

52 Emergency Descent (PA Warrior) Objective: A descent from a higher altitude in the case of an emergency such as: incapacitated passenger, smoke filling the cockpit, and fire. To descend from a higher altitude in the shortest amount of time as safely as possible. Procedures: 1) Perform clearing turns 2) Position report including: location, altitude, heading, airspeed, and intentions. 3) Power idle 4) Pitch for flap operation speed 103KIAS 5) Configure flaps full (airspeed will decrease further, continue pitching for 103 kts) 6) Establish bang angle between ) Allow for maximum descent Note: Airspeed not to exceed 103KIAS 8) Execute applicable checklist as appropriate (engine fire, electrical fire etc.) Recovery (500 AGL) 1) Roll wings level 2) Pitch for the horizon 3) Add full power 4) Retract flaps (one by one as necessary) 5) Continue to climb t desired altitude) 6) Set power to cruise power 7) Fuel pump off Note: transition to emergency approach and landing procedures if required. Note: steps 1-3 are designed to maximize safety and avoid collisions with aircraft at lower altitudes. In a real world situation requiring an emergency descent, the priority is to initiate the descent as soon as possible while still practicing anti-collision precautions to maximum extent possible. Note: In real world engine fire situation, the fuel pump would not be turned on. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 52

53 Emergency Descent (PA-28R-200 Arrow) Objective: A descent from a higher altitude in the case of an emergency such as: incapacitated passenger, smoke filling the cockpit, and fire. To descend from a higher altitude in the shortest amount of time as safely as possible. Procedures: 1) Perform clearing turns 2) Position report including: location, altitude, heading and airspeed. 3) Turn fuel pump on 4) Power idle 5) Propeller forward 6) Extend the landing gear below 150MPH 7) Pitch for flap operation speed 125MPH 8) Configure full flaps (airspeed will decrease further) 9) Establish bank angle between ) Allow for maximum descent Note: Airspeed not to exceed 125MPH 11) Execute applicable checklist as appropriate (engine fire, electrical fire etc.) Recovery (500 AGL) 1) Roll wings level 2) Pitch for the horizon 3) Add full power 4) Retract 3 rd notch of flaps 5) Retract gear 6) Retract remaining flaps 7) Set power to cruise power 8) Fuel pump off Note: transition to emergency approach and landing procedures if required. Note: steps 1-3 is designed to maximize safety and avoid collisions with aircraft at lower altitudes. In a real world situation requiring an emergency descent, the priority is to initiate the descent as soon as possible while still practicing anti-collision precautions to maximum extent possible. Note: In real world engine fire situation, the fuel pump would not be turned on. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 53

54 SECTION IX: Slow Flight, Stalls and Spins Maneuvering During Slow Flight Objective: After clearing turns are completed, the airplane is maneuvered at an airspeed such that controllability is minimized to the point where the aircraft is operated in the area of reverse command, typically 5-10 knots above 1G stall speed. The maneuver should be accomplished in straight flight, turns, climbs, and descents using various flap configurations. To teach the student to recognize changes in airplane flight characteristics and control effectiveness at critically slow airspeeds in various configurations while maintaining positive airplane control at all times. Procedures: 1) Clear the area by performing clearing turns. 2) After completing clearing turns, reduce power to 1500 RPM (or 15 MP in Arrow); maintain heading and altitude while slowing to the critically slow airspeed. 3) Extend flaps below Vfe 4) As airspeed approaches Vso +5-10, power is adjusted to control altitude and pitch is adjusted to maintain airspeed. 5) Turn, climbs, and descents using bank angles of no greater than standard rate are performed as directed by the instructor while maintaining a critically slow airspeed. 6) Recovery is initiated by applying takeoff power and adjusting pitch attitude to maintain altitude while retracting flaps. 7) Resume normal cruise or as directed. References: FAA Private and Commercial Airmen Certification Standards Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B Note: Flight with continued or repeated stall horn/annunciator alerts will be avoided. Upon stall horn/ annunciator activation, stall recovery procedures will be implemented. 54

55 Power-Off Stalls Objective: The airplane is maneuvered to a critically slow airspeed in straight flight or turning flight in a power-off configuration. A descent is established and the angle of attack is then increased until an imminent stall (initial buffet or loss of control effectiveness) or the full stall occurs. To develop the student s ability to recognize the indications leading to an imminent or full stall while making an approach to landing and to make prompt, positive and effective recoveries with a minimum loss of altitude. Procedures: 1) Perform clearing turns and make a radio call on OU traffic prior to starting the maneuver 2) Reduce power to RPM (15 MP), maintain heading and altitude while slowing to normal approach speed. 3) Extend flaps to the landing position below Vfe. 4) Upon reaching normal approach speed, establish fpm descent. 5) Smoothly adjust the pitch to an attitude that will induce an imminent stall. 6) Maintain coordinated flight 7) Maintain a pitch attitude that will induce an imminent or full stall (as directed). For imminent stalls, maintain pitch attitude until the initial buffet or a rapid decay of control effectiveness is experienced. For full stalls, maintain pitch attitude until a sudden loss of control effectiveness, excessive sink rate with full up elevator, or uncontrollable pitch down occurs. 8) Recover by decreasing the angle of attack, leveling the wings with coordinated use of aileron, rudder, and applying full power. 9) Retract the flaps while adjusting the pitch attitude to minimize altitude loss. 10) Accelerate to the normal cruise or climb as necessary to an appropriate altitude. References: FAA Private and commercial Airmen Certification Standards Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 55

56 Power-On Stalls Objective: The airplane is maneuvering to a critically slow airspeed in straight flight or turning flight in a power-on configuration. The angle of attack is then increased until an imminent stall (initial buffet or loss of control effectiveness) or the full stall occurs. To develop the student s ability to recognize the indications leading to an imminent or full stall in power on situations and to make prompt and effective recoveries with a minimum loss of altitude. Procedures: 1) Perform clearing turns and make a radio call on OU traffic prior to starting the maneuver 2) Reduce power and maintain heading and altitude while establishing a takeoff or climb configuration and airspeed as directed. 3) At Vr, simultaneously increase the pitch attitude to a stall attitude and apply full power. Note: Avoid excessively high pitch attitudes. 4) Maintain coordinated flight. 5) For imminent stalls, maintain the stall pitch attitude until the initial buffet or a rapid decay of control effectiveness is experienced. For full stalls maintain the stall pitch attitude until a sudden loss of control effectiveness is experienced, excessive sink rate with full up elevator, or uncontrollable pitching occurs. 6) Recover by decreasing the angle of attack, leveling the wings with coordinated use of aileron and rudder and applying full power. 7) After recovery is complete, accelerate to normal cruise or climb as necessary. References: FAA Private and Commercial Airmen Certification Standards Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 56

57 Spins Note: This maneuver is not authorized in any OU airplane except the Cessna A152 aerobat and on dual flights only. Objective: Procedures: The airplane is maneuvered into an aggravated stall condition during which uncoordinated control use is accomplished in a manner that produces a spin entry. To develop the student s ability to recognize flight situations that lead to spin entries and to recover from spin entries and spins. Entry Procedures: 1) Climb to at least 6000 AGL and clear the area by performing clearing turns. 2) Set up a power off stall entry (power on stall entry may also be used) 3) As the airspeed and pitch attitude approach stall conditions, smoothly apply full aft elevator control with ailerons neutral. 4) Just prior to stall break, apply full rudder in desired direction of spin. 5) A slight burst of power may assist spin entry. 6) Hold the rudder and elevator fully deflected until initiating recovery. 7) Initiate recovery after one to three turns. Note: Recovery must be completed no lower than 4000 AGL Recovery Procedures: 1) Retard power to idle. 2) Neutralized ailerons. 3) Apply and hold full opposite rudder. 4) Briskly apply positive forward-elevator movement to break the stall. 5) Hold these control inputs until rotation stops. 6) As rotation stops, neutralize the rudder. 7) Smoothly return to level flight from the resulting dive. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA CFI Airmen Certification Standards (ACS) C-152A Information Manual 57

58 Accelerated Stalls Objective: The Airplane is maneuvered to an airspeed that is below Va. A constant bank is established and angle of attack is adjusted to maintain altitude inducing an imminent stall. To develop the students ability to determine the stall characteristics of the airplane and develop the ability to instinctively recover at the onset of a stall at other-than-normal stall speeds or flight attitudes. Procedure: 1) Select altitude that allows maneuver to be completed no lower than 3000 AGL. 2) Perform clearing turns, fuel selector to appropriate position. 3) Reduce power to 19 MP (arrow)/2000rpm(warrior) slowing down to 100MPH (arrow)/85kts (warrior). 4) Upon reaching entry speed, establish a 45 bank either direction. 5) Smoothly and firmly adjust pitch to maintain altitude and induce stall. 6) Maintain coordinated flight. 7) Maintain stall pitch attitude until the initial buffet or rapid decay of control effectiveness is experienced. 8) Recover by simultaneously decreasing back pressure, increasing power, and leveling the wings. 9) After recovery is complete, accelerate to normal cruise or climb as necessary. Reference: FAA Commercial Airmen Certification Standards. Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 58

59 SECTION X: Performance Maneuvers Steep Turns Objective: 360 turns are performed in both directions using a steep bank angle. To develop the student s smoothness, coordination, orientation, division of attention, and control techniques while executing high performance turns. Procedures: 1) Clear the area of other traffic. 2) Establish an appropriate altitude and Va airspeed (mixture as required). 3) As the bank angle steepens, adjust back elevator pressure to maintain a level altitude and adjust power to maintain airspeed. 4) Maintain a 50 bank angle, altitude, and airspeed during the turn. 5) Be constantly alert for other traffic while performing this maneuver. 6) Plan to lead the rollout so the turn is stopped after 360 of heading change and immediately initiate a 360 turn in the opposite direction. 7) After completion of the second turn, return to straight and level flight at cruise airspeed. References: FAA Private and Commercial Airmen Certification Standards Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 59

60 Chandelles Objective: A 180 maximum performance climbing turn. To develop the student s control techniques at varying airspeeds and altitudes while remaining oriented and coordinated. Procedures: 1) Clear the area of other traffic. 2) Establish an appropriate airspeed at or below Va. 3) Select a prominent reference point off the wing tip. Consider wind direction. 4) Smoothly apply full power 5) Enter a coordinated 30 bank turn into the direction of the reference point and wind. 6) Once a 30 bank is established, simultaneously increase pitch attitude at a constant rate so as to obtain a maximum pitch attitude at the 90 point which, when maintained, will result in the airplane slowing to just above stalling speed at the completion of 180 turn. 7) Maintain coordinated control inputs throughout maneuver. 8) Maintain a constant 30 bank angle during the first 90 of the turn. 9) After passing the 90 point, begin a slow, constant rate roll out in order to arrive at the wings-level position just as the 180 turn is completed. 10) After the 90 point, back pressure should be added as required to maintain a constant pitch attitude until reaching the 180 point. 11) Upon reaching the 180 point, the airplane should be held momentarily within 5 knots of stalling speed with the wings level. 12) Maintain altitude and accelerate to cruise by decreasing pitch attitude to the horizon. Note: This maneuver should be done into the wind to avoid drifting away from the reference point and/or the practice area. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA Commercial Pilot Airmen Certification Standards (ACS) 60

61 Lazy Eights Objective: Two 180 turns are completed in opposite directions. Each turn includes a climb and a descent in a symmetrical pattern; the nose of the airplane scribing a horizontal eight on the horizon. To develop the proper coordination of the flight controls across a wide range of airspeed and attitudes. Procedures: 1) Clear the area for other traffic. 2) Establish an appropriate attitude at or below Va. 3) Select reference points and consider wind direction. 4) Begin a gradual climbing turn in the direction of the 45 reference point. Plan a climbing turn so that at the 45 point, the airplane is at its maximum pitch attitude and a 15 bank angle is rolled in with the bank slowly and steadily increasing. 5) The bank angle should continue to increase until it reaches a 30 bank angle at the 90 visual reference point. The pitch attitude should be slowly decreasing. 6) As the airplane passes through the 90 reference point on the horizon. The bank angle should be at 30 and the airspeed should be 5-10 KIAS above stall. 7) Both the pitch attitude and the bank angle continue to decrease so that, at the 135 point, the pitch attitude reaches its lowest point and approximately 15 bank angle remains. 8) As the airplane passes through the 135 point, the roll out is continued and the pitch attitude is slowly increased so that the airplane returns to straight and level flight at the entry altitude and airspeed at the 180 point. 9) Continue immediately into a similar turn in the opposite direction. Note: this maneuver should be done into the wind to avoid drifting away from the reference point and/or the practice area. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B FAA Commercial Pilot Airmen Certification Standards (ACS) 61

62 Steep Spirals Objective: The airplane is maneuvered in a descending turn, around a point on the ground that causes the ground track to be a circle. To develop the student s ability to make a descending turn maneuvering the airplane around a point on the ground in a manner that causes the ground track to be a circle. Procedures: 1) Perform clearing turns and radio calls 2) Establish an altitude of at least 4500 AGL. 3) Check gear and flaps up. 4) Determine wind direction and set-up for downwind entry 5) Select a small but prominent reference in a sparsely populated area. 6) Crossing point, apply carb heat ( Warrior only, as required) reduce power to idle, slow to best glide (105 MPH Arrow, 73 KIAS Warrior) and roll into a maximum of 60 of bank. 7) Vary bank angle to maintain constant ground track of about 1/8 mile radius from your center point. 8) Make at least three turns recovering on the entry heading and an altitude of more than 1500 AGL. 9) During each up-wind turn clear the engine by briefly advancing the throttle to at least 1700 RPM 10) Be constantly on the alert for traffic while performing this or any maneuver. 11) Plan to depart on entry heading unless otherwise instructed. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-h B FAA Commercial Pilot Airman Certification Standards (ACS) 62

63 SECTION XI: Ground Reference Maneuvers Eights-On-Pylons Objective: Procedures: The airplane is maneuvered between and then around two prominent reference points (pylons) in the form of a figure 8. During the turn portion the pylon is kept in the same position relative to the airplane s lateral axis by adjusting both altitude and bank angle. To develop the student s ability to maneuver the airplane accurately while dividing his/her attention between the flight path and the selected points on the ground. Note: consideration must be given to the possibility of a low altitude engine failure while performing this maneuver. Select an area with an adequate landing site. 1) Perform clearing turns and make radio calls 2) Establish pivotal altitude and airspeed below Va 3) Determine the wind direction. 4) Select two prominent reference points (pylons). They should be on a line perpendicular to the wind and far enough apart to allow 3-5 seconds of straight-and-level flight between turns. 5) Enter the 8 at the pivotal altitude by flying diagonally downwind between the pylons. The first turn is made into the wind. 6) As the line of sight reference approaches the pylon enter a bank as necessary to properly position the reference line on the pylon. 7) As the turn is continued, hold the line of sight reference on the pylon by adjusting bank and altitude. (lower altitude upwind and higher altitude downwind.) 8) Begin rolling out from the left when diagonally downwind to the right. 9) Once wings level, fly 3-5 seconds until reference line crosses right wing. 10) Complete maneuver to the right. 11) Be constantly alert for other traffic and obstacles while performing this maneuver. 12) To complete the maneuver, exit on 45 degrees downwind to the left. Note: pivotal altitude may be approximated by squaring ground speed, then dividing by 15 for MPH, or 11.3 for Knots. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-h B FAA Commercial Pilot Airman Certification Standards (ACS) 63

64 Rectangular Course Objective: Procedures: The airplane is maneuvered over a predetermined rectangular ground path. The pilot will maneuver the airplane utilizing necessary wind corrections so as to parallel the sides of the rectangle at a uniform distance. Turns at the corners of the rectangle are constant radius turns. To develop the student s ability to maneuver the airplane over a predetermined ground path while dividing attention inside and outside the airplane. Note: consideration must be given to the possibility of a low altitude engine failure while performing this maneuver. Select an area with adequate landing site available. 1) Perform clearing turns and radio calls 2) Establish an altitude between AGL and establish cruise power and airspeed. 3) Select a prominent rectangular field bound by four section lines whose sides are approximately equal to a typical traffic pattern. 4) The field should be in a sparsely populated area. 5) Enter the maneuver on downwind. 6) Establish the proper crab angle to maintain a uniform distance from the field boundaries. (about ½ - ¾ mile) 7) Be constantly alert for other traffic while performing this maneuver. 8) Vary the bank angle to maintain a constant radius during the turns. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-h B FAA Private Pilot Airman Certification Standards (ACS) 64

65 S-Turns Across a Road Objective: Procedures: The airplane is maneuvered through a series of 180 turns in opposite directions over a predetermined reference line. The ground path should be a series of half circles of equal size alternately executed on the upwind side and the downwind side of the reference line. To develop the student s ability to maneuver the airplane over a predetermined ground path while dividing attention inside and outside the airplane. Note: consideration must be given to the possibility of low altitude engine failure while performing this maneuver. Select an area with adequate landing site available. 1) Perform clearing turns and radio calls. 2) Establish an altitude between 600 and 1000 AGL that is at least 500 above obstacles and establish cruise airspeed. 3) Determine the wind direction. 4) Select a road or other straight reference line running approximately perpendicular to the wind (in a sparsely populated area). 5) Enter the maneuver downwind on a ground track perpendicular to the reference line. 6) At a point directly over the reference line, initiate a 180 constant radius turn, modifying the bank angle as necessary to compensate for wind drift. At the completion of the turn, the airplane will be directly over and perpendicular to the reference line with wings level. 7) Immediately upon completion of the first turn, an identical turn is begun on the upwind side of the reference line in the opposite direction. (The airplane should roll through level flight as the reference line is passed). Do not stop in the wings level position. 8) Be constantly alert for other traffic while performing this maneuver. 9) The bank angle should be adjusted as necessary throughout the maneuver to achieve two complete semicircles of equal radius. Bank angle should not exceed 45. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-h B FAA Private Pilot Airman Certification Standards (ACS) 65

66 Turns Around a Point Objective: Procedures: The airplane is maneuvered around a point on the ground in a manner that causes the ground track to be a circle. To develop the student s ability to maneuver the airplane over a predetermined ground path while dividing attention inside and outside the airplane. Note: consideration must be given to the possibility of low altitude engine failure while performing this maneuver. Select an area with an adequate landing site available. 1) Perform clearing turns and radio calls. 2) Establish an altitude between 600 and 1000 AGL that is at least 500 above obstacles and establish cruise airspeed (mixture as required). 3) Determine the wind direction. 4) Select a small but prominent reference point in a sparsely populated area. 5) Enter downwind and start a turn around the point. 6) Adjust the bank angle as necessary to correct for the effects of wind in order to maintain a constant radius. 7) Be constantly alert for other traffic while performing this maneuver. 8) Plan to depart on the entry heading unless otherwise instructed. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-h B FAA Private Pilot Airman Certification Standards (ACS) 66

67 SECTION XII: Cross Country Flight Planning PRF 30 OU Aviation Department Cross Country Procedures Chg 2 21 Mar 1430L ADDED to Those Found in Student Procedures Handout The purpose of cross country flying with OU Aviation Department is for training. Within our Procedures handout we have published procedures on all phases of flight through aircraft key turn-in and down safe call to OU Mobile. These procedures exist because they are either required by the FAA, AABI criteria, or our Safety / Risk Management program. OU aircraft will be used strictly in support of syllabus training for all cross-country flights. All existing procedures will be followed but this PRF is to further clarify some processes and articulate reasons behind them. 1) Cross country scheduling will be allowed the following flight slots in AIMS: 1. Hour 1 Slot 2. Hour 2 Slots 3. Hour 3 Slots 4. Hour 4 Slots 5. Hour 4 Slots 6. Hour 5 Slots All cross-country flights will follow the cross-country procedures in the student procedures handout plus follow all checklist steps in the Dept cross country Sequence of Events for Cross Country checklists (Day before; Day of; Arrival at Airport checklists). These were issued on March 18, 2018 and a copy is in each hand held checklist and also paper copies are available for students by the PRF file for personal use at home. Flight students should always arrive on time and prepared and then proceed to update the items that must be checked at the airport. i.e. Weather update, risk assessment update, etc. Timely departures require proper time management of preparing for the cross country flight per the Department s published SOE for cross country flights checklists. There are ample areas at the airport for your pre flight planning upon your arrival to include: o o o o 3 computers and desks in the airport lobby hallway (across the men s restroom) 3 computers and desks in the Director Hangar lobby 4 computers and desks in NC210 Student Study Area Upstairs terminal classroom (when not in use) Critical Sequence of Events: Students should arrive early enough to have all planning task items complete by the beginning of their first scheduled slot. This is a student s professional responsibility. 67

68 Flight students must have engine running by 30 minutes after the start of their first flight slot. If they are unable to have engine started by the first 30 minutes, they should: 1) Contact Supervisor of Ops in person or via OU Mobile to ask for extension. a. Many times there may be reasons out of the student s control (plane not available; time to make a plane available etc). CFI, Dispatchers and Dept leadership desire for you to fly so we will do what we can to accommodate but it is a two way street for preparedness. b. During M-F duty hours coordination should be through CFI Dispatcher or the students CFI c. If due to student not being prepared /ready to go and gets behind the SOE student / CFI will cancel the sortie/mission. 2) The following ground times apply to all cross countries: 1, 2, & 3-hour flights 0 ground time should be planned. 4-hour flight -.5 hours maximum 5-hour flight 1.0 hour maximum 6-hour flight 1.0 hour maximum The CFI dispatching solo cross-country flights is responsible for ensuring take-off times, flight planning, ground times and, down times can be met. It is the responsibility of the PIC to ensure to fly the plan. Obviously, if one must go to the bathroom for 2 or 3 hour flights this is understood. One should fly the plan as approved by the CFI unless PIC needs to divert for weather, or other explainable reasons, etc. Once the plan is set that plan should be followed. Any planned change for non emergency reasons would require Supervisor of Ops approval. Any divert from plan for whatever reason -- a call will be made to OU mobile. If at any time a PIC must land divert because of a concern or need they should. Students failing to.. - make down times, - have late departures, - have excessive ground times, - or fail to call supervisor of ops for deviations or down safe, in addition to published procedures, will be placed on flight hold until the Chief Flight Instructor has reviewed the (mission infractions/deviations) These measures are no way intending to encourage or require any unsafe practices, discourage fuel stops or place undue time pressure on students. In fact through a disciplined, time management approach one improve predictability and thus safety and performance. As a professional training school, we will teach 68

69 and enforce; time management, policy and procedure adherence, proper use of aircraft for training mission, and proper flight /fuel planning. A weak area which we have identified over the last few semesters is thorough and timely preflight preparation by students and a focus on a commitment to preparedness using their time wisely. We are a professional, AABI accredited, University Aviation Department, not a private flying club. Scheduling, Dispatching and the pilots/crew following Sequence of Event rigor is part of any professional flight organization (airline, armed forces, corporate). Our Sequence of Events and timeliness expectations are representative of what professional pilots must manage and aspire to. As such a PRF was released releasing a new SOE for all cross country flight planning and flight execution. Using such SOE ensures: 1) standardization of procedures across all of our CFIs and students 2) but most importantly emboldens safety by having an orderly and predictable flow of pre departure activity tasks / events. Remember: It is the responsibility of the PIC to visually confirm fuel load before every takeoff from any airport. You should leave OU with full tanks on cross country flight requiring such. Visually checking fuel would be one of the first things you check when you arrive at the aircraft (per the OU Arriving at the Aircraft SoE checklist) PRF 29 Issued March 16 4 PM Subject: OU Aviation Sequence of Events (SoE) for Cross Country Flights 69

70 Replaces Dispatch Checklist Cross Country flights All OU students and CFI s will use our OU SOE to help ensure PICs are prepared for missions/ flights in a safe and orderly manner. Just like the championship excellence found in OU athletics and other programs excellence in our flight lab comes from practice and following established sequence of events before flight. Championship Excellence comes from taking care of the little things in an orderly plan and sequence (which pilots have done since WWII using checklists). Our OU SOE allows you to most efficiently plan your missions while ensuring all required and optionally required items are done and or considered. The goal of mission planning is to properly conduct preparation considering all factors of the flight coupled with an orderly flow so that time is not wasted once you show at the airport on preflight items one should / could have done sooner. These checklists will be located in each aircraft handheld checklist but they will also be included as an attachment in the Student Procedures Handout each semester. Students should USE this checklist at home. Extra copies are found by the PRF file. The OU SOE is not necessarily inclusive of all required FAA preflight planning. The Pilot in Command is always the sole person responsible for the planning and execution of a flight/ mission. All Flight students are reminded there are 9 spots where you can access a computer and desk/table to do pre flight activity at any time M-F 7 AM to 6 PM - 3 computers & tables in the auxiliary student computer room (across from men s bathroom/coke machine) in terminal lobby - 3 computers and 5 tables in Director Lobby (available 24/7) - 3 computers and tables in NC210 Student Study Room 70

71 DAY BEFORE Cross Country FLIGHT Before you start flight planning: 1. Confirm airport is on Master OU airport list (master list on AVIA website) 2. Call the FBO and CONFIRM via talking to them that the FBO will be: 1) Open for REFUELING at your transient times 2) Has AV100 LL fuel 3) Can Take the OU credit card - Multi-Serve or EPIC 3. Coordinate with your Flight Instructor if you require/need a specific aircraft (for instance glass) 4. Look at Weather 5. Check NOTAMS 6. Confirm Personal Documents & Nav Personal Bag Photo ID; Medical, FAA lic, Syllabus,Flashlight; Extra batteries/back up light; headset, 7. Assess temperatures/precip for dress 8. Weight and Balance 9. Do the cross country flight plan - Determine suitable alternates - Is alternate on the OU airport list and does it have an FBO? 10. Complete Risk Assessment Checklist Phase #1 of 3 and Review If red or yellow confer with CFI 11. Review PRF* 12. Confirm FOREFLIGHT and NAV products - Chart Supp; Charts; Xerox of Airfield diagrams - IFR Low charts and Approach plates (check TCN if half way through cycle) 13. Ensure FOREFLIGHT data base is current (if used) 14. Ensure battery on any EFB devices are charged and you have backup battery - What is your backup plan if EFB dies/fails? Ensure you have paper back ups for destination and key alternate airports 15. Possibly Meet with or talk to CFI * NOTE: As a personal technique many students take a photo of each PRF so they have their own handy PRF file they can reference 24/7 Personal Reminders (list): 71

72 Day of flight (before showing up to airport) Optimally just before leaving your residence for the airport: 1. Confirm Personal Documents & Nav Personal Bag Photo ID; Medical, FAA lic, Syllabus Flashlight; Extra batteries/back up light; headset, 2. Look at temperature dress appropriately (layers if cold) 3. Check Master Schedule / Confirm Aircraft 4. Recheck weather get official weather brief 5. (re) Check NOTAMS 6. Refine -cross country flight plan if necessary 7. Finalize Weight and Balance 8. Complete Flight Plan 9. Complete Risk Assessment Checklist Phase #2 of 3 and Review If red or yellow note: May call CFI 10. Confirm FOREFLIGHT and NAV products - Chart Supp; Charts; Xerox of Airfield diagrams - IFR Low charts and Approach plates (TCN if half way through cycle) 72

73 AT AIRPORT just before flight Get to airport as early as you can before your scheduled time block. - RECHECK WEATHER! o o call and get Abbreviated / update brief if necessary Look at Dispatch Weather Boards - Review REAL TIME WX TOOLS -- OK Mesonet winds, local radar, satellite photo - DISPATCH AIRCRAFT/MISSION: o o o o o o o o o Fill out cross country SIGN OUT SHEET Obtain FUEL CARD Solo flights (instructor sign syllabus) File Flight Plan Complete / Fill out OU PLASTIC Flight Plan CARD & post SIGN OUT SHEET to clip Sign out DISPATCH SHEET Personal BAG & Equipment GET AIRCRAFT KEY (turn in risk mgt checklist) TAKE OU CROSS COUNTRY BAG (on way out) - Risk Mgt Checklist #3 of 3 sign off o o o Finalize Weather and other PAVE elements Sum total for Risk Score If yellow or Red Discuss high risk areas with CFI If RED must get Supervisor of Ops OK to launch NOTES: - Students must FILE, ACTIVTE and CLOSE VFR flight plans - All flights will utilize VFR Flight Following with ATC - OU aircraft will NOT fly through an ACTIVE MOA (military operations areas) 73

74 PRF 16 Time/Distance/Fuel calculation procedures for the Warrior III. The procedure shown below. Please tape into page 5-21 in your POH TIME/DISTANCE/FUEL TO DECEND Parameters: Descent Rate: 500 FPM Descent Speed: 90 KTS Power Setting: 2100 RPM Time: (Cruise ALT TPA)/ 500 Distance: (90kts x Descent time) + 2 * Fuel burn (9.2 GPH) x Descent time *Allows traffic pattern entry 2 miles from airport WHY this method? Example: Cruise ALT = 4500 feet TPA = 2200 feet Time: ( ) / 500 fpm = 4.6 min Distance E6B : Set speed at 90, Above 4.6 read 7 NM, add 2 to get 9 NM Fuel Set Fuel to 9.2, Above 4.6 read.7 gallons The POH has you begin your descent fairly far out from the destination. The OU method has the pilot maintain cruise airspeed until closer to the destination and then descent at a slower airspeed. The OU method also keep the aircraft at or under Va for all phases of flight. 74

75 VFR Cross Country Flight Planning Materials Needed: Sectional, plotter, E6B, pencil, Chart supplement, X-C log, aircraft POH, and W&B I) Sectional Chart a. Plan to use a new flight log for each leg of your cross country b. Plot a straight line course from center of the departure airport to the center of the arrival airport. c. Select checkpoints along the course, preferably on your side of the aircraft, within 5 nm of the course, about every miles (warrior). Good checkpoints are easily identifiable; i.e. towns, hard-surface airports, industrial plants, major highways, large rivers and lakes. Bad checkpoints would be using the windfarm which has no identifiable boundary. d. Record checkpoints, nm between them and total leg lengths on the flight log. e. Choose the best altitude based on the hemispherical rule, winds, and elevation along the route. f. Record wind direction and speed and temperature at chosen altitude (may require interpolation) g. Find an intersection of the course and a line of longitude and measure the true course. h. Using an E6B, determine TH, MH, CH, GS. i. Using the calculated GS, fill in the ETE between checkpoints and total for the leg. j. Using the ETE and leg lengths, fill in GPH between checkpoints and total for the leg II) Airport Facility Directory a. Note the following information on the flight log for each airport you will be flying to: i) All communication frequencies in order of their use ii) All navigation frequencies in order of their use (Ex: VORs along your route) iii) Arrival airport field elevation, traffic pattern altitudes (and if it is standard or nonstandard) iv) All other pertinent data such as runway lengths, FSS frequencies, TFRs, forecast weather, remarks, etc. III) Weight and Balance a. Calculate a complete weight and balance using the assigned aircraft, ensure you are within CG and weight limits (remember that is not always possible to completely fill the fuel tanks on every flight) b. Use actual passenger weights when possible, otherwise use standard weight values. c. Fill in all values on the weight and balance form IV) Weather briefings a. Call FSS at WX-BRIEF( ) b. Dial 1 at the end of the recording to speak to a briefer. c. Ask for a standard weather briefing, and give him/her to following information: (having a completed flight plan form in front of you will simplify this process) i) Type of flight plan (VFR/IFR) ii) Aircraft identification 75

76 iii) Aircraft type iv) Departure airport v) Route of flight vi) Destination vii) Altitude to be flown viii)estimated departure time ix) Estimated time en route x) Advise the briefer you are a student pilot (note during poor weather conditions the briefer will be reluctant to provide a complete briefing if this happens just tell them your instructor requires you to receive a full briefing). d. Obtain actual weather conditions and forecasts for your departure airport, en route and destination airport e. Obtain winds aloft at 3000 MSL, 6000; MSL, and 9000 MSL and temperatures aloft at 6000 MSL and 9000 MSL (use higher if necessary) f. Obtain current altimeter setting and surface temperature closest to your departure airport g. Ask for NOTAMs, PIREPs, and military advisories V) Pressure/density altitude a. Obtain current altimeter setting and surface temperature from Westheimer AWOS if possible ((405) ), Cruise Aviation s WSI terminal, or a briefer b. Compare the current altimeter setting with in hg. and compute the difference i) If the current altimeter setting is less than in hg, a positive correction factor exists. Multiply the difference by 1000 and add this value to your planned cruise altitude to determine pressure altitude aloft. Add this value to the field elevation to determine field pressure altitude. ii) Example: today s altimeter setting is in hg (1) Subtract this from in hg = 1.13, then multiply this by 1000 =1130, and add this number to 1182 to get pressure altitude of 2300 at the surface iii) If the current altimeter setting is greater than in hg, a negative correction factor exists. Multiply the difference by 1000 and subtract this value from you planned cruise altitude to determine pressure altitude aloft. Subtract this value from the field elevation to determine field pressure altitude. iv) Example: Today s altimeter setting is in hg (1) Subtract this from =.35 then multiply this by 1000 = 350 and subtract this number from 1182 to get a pressure altitude of 800 at the surface (note these figures are rounded for simplicity) c. Compare the field temperature with the temperature aloft and determine if the temperature lapse rate is standard or non-standard. If nonstandard compute/interpolate the temperatures at the altitudes to be used and use these temperatures in your planning. d. Be sure to include density altitude computations in your aircraft performance calculations if temperature is above standard e. Density altitude can be determined by using pressure altitude and today s temperature from an E6B or a density altitude chart VI) Aircraft Performance a. Take-off Distance i) Add or subtract your pressure altitude correction factor to/from field elevation to get field pressure altitude ii) Determine surface temperature and headwind/crosswind component. iii) Determine density altitude iv) Compute take-off distance using the chart which best computes take-off performance over a 50 barrier using zero degrees flaps. v) Note computed distance on sheet 76

77 b. True airspeed i) Add or subtract your pressure altitude correction factor to/from your cruising altitude to get pressure altitude in cruise flight ii) Correct surface temperature or the winds aloft temperature to get an outside air temperature at your cruising altitude. (Remember air temperature decreases 2 degrees Celsius or 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit per 1000 of altitude gain.) Determine density altitude at your cruising altitude. iii) Compute true airspeed using a 65% power setting iv) Note calculated true airspeed on flight log and weight & balance form v) Compute fuel flow from chart using 65% power and record on flight log c. Power Setting i) Using a flight computer, determine the density altitude at your cruising level based on previously computed pressure altitude and temperature at your cruising altitude. Use this density altitude figure if outside air temperature is not a computed variable on chart. ii) From the power setting/engine performance chart, compute power setting in cruise flight at 65% power and note on flight log. d. Landing Distance i) Add or subtract correction factor to the field elevation to get field pressure altitude. Compute field density altitude if necessary, or if large temperature rise is expected before landing. ii) Use known/estimated surface temperature and surface winds iii) Using the landing distance 50 obstacle chart, compute the landing distance required. iv) Note distance on weight and balance form VII) Flight Computer a. Wind side i) Using True course and True airspeed, compute WCA (wind correction angle) and ground speed for each leg of the flight ii) Note ground speed and wind correction angle for each let on flight log b. Calculator Side i) Determine time for each leg using G.S. and distance, and note on flight log ii) Determine time between each checkpoint for ETE and note on flight log iii) Add 5 minutes for each takeoff and landing to allow for pattern entry iv) Determine total time for each leg and note on flight log v) Determine total fuel to be used using previously computed total time and GPH; note on flight log vi) Determine endurance using usable gallons on board and GPH; note on flight log VIII) Flight Plan a. Fill out remainder of flight plan form (see AIM Ch. 5) b. Call FSS at WX BRIEF. Advise the briefer you want to file a VFR flight plan and read the information from the flight plan from to him/her. 77

78 IFR Cross Country Flight Planning Note: the pilot should monitor weather information during the 12 hours prior to the flight. Develop a mental picture of the weather covering the area of the flight. Determine, using the rule, if an alternate airport will be needed. If so, including the alternate airport in you flight planning. I) Route Planning/Enroute Chart a) Use the Airport Facility Directory to determine if a preferred route exists for your route of flight. If so, this should be your 1 st choice for your route of flight. (Note: whether it is a High or Low altitude route.) b) Review your departure and destination airport for DPs and STARs. These should be your 2 nd choice for your route of flight. c) Should a preferred route or DP/STAR not be available, determine route to be used using airway routes whenever available. Use the most direct route when possible and/or practical. d) List the fixes/checkpoints for each leg along the route on a flight log. Note each one that is also a compulsory reporting point. e) Determine the course for each leg and note on flight log. Also note the navigation aid and frequency to be used for each leg. f) Note the distance between each fix or checkpoint on the flight log. g) Note any en route weather service facilities and their frequencies along the route of flight on flight log h) Check all NOTAMs thoroughly ensuring no navigation aid outages or approach plate changes. II) Approach Plates a) Determine which approach plates are necessary and verify you have a current set. b) Study the plates for your departure, arrival, and alternate airports. i) Note the IAF for your desired approaches, missed approach procedures, initial altitudes, approach facilities, and their frequencies, approach category and times for your aircraft, directions for each approach, and minimum altitude and visibility for each approach. c) Note any en route facilities and frequencies as well as feeder routes shown on the chart. d) Be familiar with fixes along your route and the expected approaches based on the most recent weather data available. III) Follow steps II-III under CFR cross-country planning 78

79 Lost Procedures Objective: The pilot becomes aware that the airplane is off course and in an unknown position. Procedures are initiated that will determine the new location and correct back on course. To develop the skills and proficiency necessary to determine airplane position and the corrections needed to re-establish the airplane on the proper course. Lost procedures: " Confess " Climb " Conserve " Communicate " Comply Procedures: 1) Maintain positive airplane control at all times. 2) Use topographical features and /or navaids to determine position: Topographical features: Navaids: 1) Reset the heading indicator. 2) Turn the sectional chart to match airplane heading. 3) Look outside the airplane for prominent landmarks. 4) Match the landmarks to the chart. 1) Reset the heading indicator to the magnetic compass while in straight and level flight. 2) Tune and identify available stations VOR/NDB. 3) Locate the airplane s current position using radials/ bearings/dme. 4) Plot a course to proceed directly to the destination or to intercept the planned course as appropriate. 3) In the event the above procedures fail to determine airplane position, contact the nearest ATC facility or FAA for radar assistance or DF steer. Note: consideration must be given to alternatives other than continuing to the planned destination considering the amount of time that has elapsed and the distance off course. Remaining fuel available and weather conditions must also be considered when determining action to be taken. References: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H B 79

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