Intra-European Flights and Rail
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1 Final Report Intra-European Flights and Rail Short Study Commissioned by Transport & Environment Brussels Contact Stephan Kritzinger Sven Altenburg Amadeus Barth # Berlin 28 February 2017
2 About Prognos Executive Director Christian Böllhoff President of the Supervisory Board Dr. Jan Giller Commercial Register Number Berlin HRB B Legal Form AG (Aktiengesellschaft) under Swiss Law Founded 1959 in Basel, Switzerland Field of Business Activity Prognos develops practical strategies for firms, organizations and public sector authorities across Europe on the basis of rigorous and objective analyses. Working Languages German, English, French Headquarters Other Locations Prognos AG Prognos AG Henric Petri-Strasse 9 Goethestrasse Basel Switzerland Berlin Germany Phone Phone Fax Fax Prognos AG Prognos AG Domshof 21 Résidence Palace, Block C Bremen Germany Rue de la Loi 155 Phone Brussels Belgium Fax Phone Prognos AG Prognos AG Schwanenmarkt 21 Heinrich-von-Stephan-Str Düsseldorf Germany Freiburg Germany Phone Phone Fax Fax Prognos AG Prognos AG Nymphenburger Strasse 14 (2. OG) Eberhardstrasse Germany Stuttgart Germany Phone Phone Fax Fax Web info@prognos.com twitter.com/prognos_ag
3 Content 1 Background and Objectives 1 2 Methodology Data Sources Approach 4 3 Intra EU Flights and Alternative Rail Connections Intra EU Flights km ,137 km Alternative Rail Connections km ,137 km Comparison of Travel Times km ,137 km Operators Rail Operators km Rail Operators 601 1,137 km Aviation Operators km Aviation Operators 601 1,137 km 16 4 Top EU Passenger Rail Connections km ,137 km 18 I
4 1 Background and Objectives Passenger demand for aviation continues to grow, including for intra-eu journeys. This demand has partly been stimulated by cheap flights leading to an increase in the transport sector s greenhouse gas emissions. Advantages in travel time, ticket prices and reliability partly explains why environmentally friendly alternatives (i.e. train) have been unable to compete with aviation. One option for the transport sector to decarbonise, short haul flights should be substituted by this less carbon intensive mode, repectivly by train or other landbased modes of transport. Some 880 million passengers were carried by air in 2014 in the EU-28. The United Kingdom reported the highest number of air passengers in 2014, with 220 million or an average of 3.4 assengers per inhabitant (which was double the EU-28 average). Based on the latest data available (generally for 2014), there were 381 billion passenger-kilometres travelled on national railway networks of the EU-28. This figure was considerably higher than the 22 billion passenger-kilometres travelled on international journeys. Railway transport demand is still primarily domestic transport. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview on the most popular flight and rail journeys in EU-Europe in terms of passenger demand. This information will allow a better understanding of the present market shares and will aid in developing measures aimed at shifting shares of passengers from plane to train. The overview consists of the following scope of flight and air connections: Top 10 inter EU flight paths with the most passengers up to 600 km in distance (chapter 3.1.1) Top 10 inter EU flight paths with the most passengers between 600 and 1,137 km (chapter 3.1.2) Number of passengers traveling by rail for the routes listed above (chapter 3.2). Top 10 EU railway connections with the most passengers up to 600 km distance (chapter 4.1) Top 10 EU railway connections with the most passengers between 600 and 1,000 km (chapter 4.2). 1
5 Travel time comparisons for both 10 top EU flight paths are shown in chapter 3.3. Complementary to the ranking of flight and city-pairs the undertakings operating these services presently are listed in chapter
6 2 Methodology 2.1 Data Sources Air Transport Air transport is comparably well documented. The main statistic is the Eurostat "Statistical pocketbook 2016" (Eurostat 2016), where in section 2.4 the "main intra-eu airport pairs" can be identified by using the number of passengers for Sources used: Cokasova (2003): Air-rail intermodality from the passenger perspective, Eurocontrol Research Centre. _123_SS.pdf Eurostat (2016): Statistical Pocket Book Eurostat (2017): Online Database. Flight Connections (2017): SkyScanner (2017): Rail Transport A comparable database does not exist for rail transport as the number of passengers travelling between distinct stations is not officially recorded. In contrast to the total number of railway passengers published in annual reports of railway undertakings, the number of long distance passenger transport from point to point is confidential as it is considered to be commercially sensitive information. So, the number of passengers on specific point-topoint-connections what is attempted in this short study can only be estimated by approximations. However, passenger data for some EU countries are reported or could be derived from national transport model data. If no specific demand figues were at hand, the number of trains circulating between the two cities, their capacities and the average occupancy rates were used to get a range of passengers travelling on the selected paths. 3
7 Sources used: Cokasova (2003): Air-rail intermodality from the passenger perspective, Eurocontrol Research Centre. _123_SS.pdf Deutsche Bahn (2017): Online Timetable. EEA European Environment Agency (2010): Train Occupancy Rates. EMISIA (2013): Transport data collection supporting the quantitative analysis of measures relating to transport and climate change (TRACCS). Eurostat (2017): Online Database. Go Euro (2017): Intraplan Consult GmbH (2005): Origin-destination matrix [Verkehrsverflechtungsprognose 2030: Personenverkehrsverflechtungsmatrix]. On behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Transport. Ministerio de Fomento de España (2014): OFE Observatorio del Ferrocarril en Enpaña. _OFE2014.pdf Sauter-Servaes, Thomas; Krautscheid, Thomas: Mythos Billigflieger systematischer Vergleich zeigt Preisvorteil der Bahn; In: Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau 2016, No 9, p Approach Definition Rail and Air Transport EU flight paths: Flights from one international airfield to another international airfield. The passengers reported could be point-topoint travellers or passengers changing to, or coming from, a long haul flight. Rail connections Rail journeys from one city to another. Rail connections are either the same relations 4
8 by train as by plane or constitute a connection for which the flights are not in the Top 10 intra EU flights paths. Travel time Travel times were caculated by adding the process times (i.e. for boarding and time taken to move from the city center to the airport or the railway station) to the flight or train journey time. To note that EU flight paths as well as rail connections do not necessarily reflect the real origins and destinations of the passengers. Rail connections do not cover intermediate journeys between the start and the end. Example: The number of pasengers between Frankfurt Berlin do not contain passengers between Frankfurt and Kassel (a stop between both cities). They may include trips starting and/or ending beyond the start and the end (example: Mannheim Frankfurt Berlin). Reference Years Air transport: 2014 Rail transport: 2017 Air Passenger Demand Air passenger transport demand was adopted from the EUROSTAT Statistical Pocketbook 2016, section 2.4. Flight paths between 600 and 1,000 km were extended to 1,137 km due to the fact, that only 8 flight paths between 600 and 1,000 km could be found. Railway Passenger Demand The railway passenger demand figures presented in this report are largely based on own approximations and our professional judgement. Nevertheless, the magnitude of passengers and the order of intra-eu intercity journeys appear to be plausible. The reason for this approach is that railway undertakings are not obliged to reveal point-to-point railway passenger data. Thus, our figures are based on the following rationale: A gravity model was applied to establish a ranking of city-pairs with the highest attraction in EU-Europe. For this, data on population and economy as well as train supply conditions (travel time, frequence) were considered. More than 100 potential city-pairs were analysed. 5
9 The top 20 of this analysis were cross-checked by a qualitative assessment (comparison, consistency with other statistics, plausibility of order). After this assessment, the top 10 were retained for further calculation. In order to get the number of passengers for the top 10 destinations, a mix of approaches and sources was used: For all city-pairs involving German cities the numbers of the origin-destination matrix for the German Transport Master Plan 2004 (Base year Forecast 2025) published by the German Federal Ministry of Transport were adopted and interpolated for the year For the city-pair Barcelona Madrid statistical figures exist and were adopted. All other: Approximation by time tables (2017), the number of seats offered by the train type used on the selected route and an avererage occupancy rate (derived from the sources listed above for Italy and France or, if failure, based on professional judgements). Finally, a share of passengers travelling between the two reference points (own estimation) was taken as a basis (to exclude those passengers leaving the train in between). There are various underlying assumptions for calculating the number of passengers between the reference points of the selected connections. The most important are: If there were direct train connections between two cities, only the train connections with a maximum of one change were taken into account (those with no change and one change). If there was at least one change necessary, only connections with a maximum of two changes were considered and so forth. Only those train connections were considered, whose duration was not more than 20% of the fastest connection on a specific route. The number of passengers travelling between the two reference points (cities) is a function of the economic role of these cities, the travel time, the number of stops and the frequence. In order to secure the estimated figures, plausibility checks were undertaken for all connections analysed. 6
10 3 Intra EU Flights and Alternative Rail Connections 3.1 Intra EU Flights km From To Passengers Flight 2014 in 1,000 Distance in km As the Crow Flies Toulouse Blagnac Madrid Barajas Catania Fontanarossa Franz-Josef-Strauß Frankfurt Airport Dublin Bhaile Átha Cliath Dusseldorf Düsseldorf Airport Heathrow Rome Fiumicino Edinburgh Edinburgh Airport Orly Barcelona El-Prat Rome Fiumicino Berlin Tegel Berlin Tegel Heathrow Franz-Josef-Strauß Amsterdam Schiphol Palermo Punta Raisi Heathrow 2, , , , , , , , , , Sources: Eurostat (2016) and own calculation of the distances (based on a GIS-based analysis) 7
11 ,137 km From To Passengers Flight 2014 in 1,000 Distance in km As the Crow Flies Nice Côte d'azur Franz-Josef-Strauß Heathrow Barcelona El-Prat Heathrow Barcelona El-Prat Rome Fiumicino Madrid Barajas Stockholm Arlanda Barcelona El-Prat Orly Hamburg Fuhlsbüttel Frankfurt Airport Gatwick Franz-Josef-Strauß Charles de Gaulle Charles de Gaulle Orly Lulea Kallax Frankfurt Airport 2, , , , ,137 1, , , ,105 1, ,052 1, , ,092 Sources: Eurostat (2016) and own calculations of the distances (based on a GIS-based analysis) 8
12 3.2 Alternative Rail Connections km From To Passengers Rail 2017 in 1,000 Connections Per Day Both Ways on 02/14/ Toulouse Matabiau Madrid Puerta de Atocha Catania Centrale 5 6 Dublin Dusseldorf Rome Termini Edinburgh Gare de Lyon Gare Montparnasse Gare d Austerlitz Barcelona Sants Rome Termini Berlin Berlin Amsterdam Centraal/Zuid Palermo Centrale , Sources: own estimations based on Deutsche Bahn (2017), European Environment Agency (2010), EMISIA (2013), Eurostat (2017), Go Euro (2017), Intraplan Consult GmbH (2005), Ministerio de Fomento de España (2014) and Sauter-Servaes et al (2016). Own calculation of the distances (based on a GIS-based analysis). 9
13 ,137 km From To Passengers Rail 2017 in 1,000 Connections Per Day Both Ways on 02/14/ Nice Ville Barcelona Sants Gare de Lyon Hamburg Barcelona Sants 7 Rome Termini 8 Madrid Puerta de Atocha 9 Stockholm Central 10 Barcelona Sants Gare de Lyon Gare d Est Gare de Lyon Lulea Central Termini Sources: own estimations based on Deutsche Bahn (2017), European Environment Agency (2010), EMISIA (2013), Eurostat (2017), Go Euro (2017), Intraplan Consult GmbH (2005), Ministerio de Fomento de España (2014) and Sauter-Servaes et al (2016). Own calculation of the distances (based on a GIS-based analysis). 10
14 3.3 Comparison of Travel Times km From To Passengers Flight 2014 In 1,000 Passengers Rail 2017 In 1,000 Average Travel Time Flight (in min) From/To City Centre, incl. Process Time at Airport Average Travel Time Rail (in min) From/To City Centre, incl. Process Time at Departuring Station Time Difference Rail-Flight in min Toulouse 2, Madrid Barcelona 2,205 3, Catania Rome 1, Berlin 1, Frankfurt Berlin 1, Dublin 1, Dusseldorf 1, Amsterdam 1, Rome Palermo 1, Edinburgh 1, Sources for travel times: own estimations based on Deutsche Bahn (2017), Go Euro (2017) and Sky Scanner (2017) Notes: The average travel times for flights were calculated by summing up The individual flight time (source: official flight times) the specific time (public transport) needed to get from city center A to airport A (e.g. Westminster Station to Heathrow) the specific time needed (public transport) to get from airport B to city center B (e.g. - Orly to Saint Michel Notre-Dame) and an average duration of stay at both the start and destination airport of 80 minutes (i.e. check-in, security cehcks, boarding, baggage drop-off and baggage claim etc.) (Cokasova 2003) The average travel times for rail journeys were calculated by summing up the average travel time from main station A to main station B (official time tables) the specific time (public transport) needed to get from city center A to main station A (e.g. Westminster Station to ) the specific time (public transport) needed to get from main station B to city center B (e.g. Gare du Nord to Saint Michel Notre-Dame) and an average duration of stay at the departuring station of 10 minutes (going to platform, finding the right section etc.) (Cokasova 2003) 11
15 ,137 km From To Passengers Flight 2014 In 1,000 Passengers Rail 2017 In 1,000 Average Travel Time Flight (in min) From/To City Centre, incl. Process Time at Airport Average Travel Time Rail (in min) From/To City Centre, incl. Process Time at Departuring Station Time Difference Rail-Flight in min Nice 2, Hamburg 1, Frankfurt 1, , Rome 1, Barcelona 1, Stockholm Lulea 1, Barcelona 1, Barcelona Rome 1, , Madrid 1, Sources for travel times: own estimations based on Deutsche Bahn (2017), Go Euro (2017) and Sky Scanner (2017) Notes: The average travel times for flights were calculated by summing up The individual flight time (source: official flight times) the specific time (public transport) needed to get from city center A to airport A (e.g. Westminster Station to Heathrow) the specific time needed (public transport) to get from airport B to city center B (e.g. - Orly to Saint Michel Notre-Dame) and an average duration of stay at both the start and destination airport of 80 minutes (i.e. check-in, security cehcks, boarding, baggage drop-off and baggage claim etc.) (Cokasova 2003) The average travel times for rail journeys were calculated by summing up the average travel time from main station A to main station B (official time tables) the specific time (public transport) needed to get from city center A to main station A (e.g. Westminster Station to ) the specific time (public transport) needed to get from main station B to city center B (e.g. Gare du Nord to Saint Michel Notre-Dame) and an average duration of stay at the departuring station of 10 minutes (going to platform, finding the right section etc.) (Cokasova 2003) 12
16 3.4 Operators Rail Operators km From To Rail-Operators Rome Termini Madrid Puerta de Atocha Toulouse Matabiau Edinburgh 8 Amsterdam Centraal 9 Gare de l Est 10 Milan Centrale Barcelona Sants Gare du Nord Montparnasse/ Gare de Lyon Amsterdam Centraal/Zuid Berlin Gare du Nord Sources: Deutsche Bahn (2017) and Go Euro (2017) Trenitalia Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles Eurostar International Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français Eurostar International Thalys International Deutsche Bahn Virgin Trains (East Coast) Thalys International Deutsche Bahn Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français Deutsche Bahn 13
17 3.4.2 Rail Operators 601 1,137 km From To Rail-Operators Nice Ville 4 5 Rome Termini 6 Barcelona Sants 7 Stockholm Central 8 Barcelona Sants 9 Barcelona Sants 10 Madrid Puerta de Atocha Gare de Lyon Hamburg Gare de Lyon Lulea Central Gare de Lyon Rome Termini Gare de Lyon Sources: Deutsche Bahn (2017) and Go Euro (2017) Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français Deutsche Bahn Eurostar International Thalys International Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français Eurostar International Thalys International Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français Trenitalia Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français Eurostar International SJ AB Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français Trenitalia Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français 14
18 3.4.3 Aviation Operators km From To Aviation-Operators Toulouse Blagnac Madrid Barajas Catania Fontanarossa Franz-Josef-Strauß Frankfurt Airport Dublin Bhaile Átha Cliath Dusseldorf Düsseldorf Airport Heathrow Rome Fiumicino Edinburgh Edinburgh Airport Orly Barcelona El-Prat Rome Fiumicino Berlin Tegel Berlin Tegel Heathrow Franz-Josef-Strauß Amsterdam Schiphol Palermo Punta Raisi Heathrow Sources: Flight Connections (2017) and Sky Scanner (2017) easyjet AirFrance Vueling AirEuropa Iberia Ryanair Vueling Alitalia Airberlin Lufthansa Airberlin Lufthansa Aer Lingus British Airways Airberlin Lufthansa KLM British Airways Ryanair Vueling Alitalia British Airways 15
19 3.4.4 Aviation Operators 601 1,137 km From To Aviation-Operators Nice Côte d'azur Franz-Josef-Strauß Heathrow Barcelona El-Prat Heathrow Barcelona El-Prat Rome Fiumicino Madrid Barajas Stockholm Arlanda Barcelona El-Prat Orly Hamburg Fuhlsbüttel Frankfurt Airport Gatwick Franz-Josef-Strauß Charles de Gaulle Charles de Gaulle Orly Lulea Kallax Frankfurt Airport Sources: Flight Connections (2017) and Sky Scanner (2017) easyjet AirFrance Airberlin Lufthansa British Airways Lufthansa easyjet Monarch Norwegian Vueling British Airways British Airways Lufthansa easyjet vueling AirFrance AirFrance Alitalia AirEurope Iberia Transavia Norwegian SAS Vueling Lufthansa 16
20 4 Top EU Passenger Rail Connections km From To Connections Per Day Both Ways on 02/14/2017 Passengers Rail 2017 in 1,000 Top10 Flight- Route Yes / No 1 Milan Rome 110 4,000 No 2 Madrid Barcelona 42 3,900 Yes 3 Lyon 46 3,400 No ,400 No 5 Brussels 44 1,500 No 6 Berlin Hamburg 48 1,100 No 7 Brussels No 8 Toulouse Yes 9 Amsterdam Yes 10 Berlin Yes Sources: own estimations based on Deutsche Bahn (2017), European Environment Agency (2010), EMISIA (2013), Eurostat (2017), Go Euro (2017), Intraplan Consult GmbH (2005), Ministerio de Fomento de España (2014) and Sauter-Servaes et al (2016). Own calculation of the distances (based on a GIS-based analysis). 17
21 ,137 km From To Connections Per Day Both Ways on 02/14/2017 Passengers Rail 2017 in 1,000 Top10 Flight-Route Yes / No 1 Marseille 26 1,300 No 2 Lyon No 3 Nice Yes 4 Hamburg Yes 5 Berlin No 6 Hamburg No Yes No 9 Rome Stuttgart No 10 Berlin Budapest 6 60 No Sources: own estimations based on Deutsche Bahn (2017), European Environment Agency (2010), EMISIA (2013), Eurostat (2017), Go Euro (2017), Intraplan Consult GmbH (2005), Ministerio de Fomento de España (2014) and Sauter-Servaes et al (2016). Own calculation of the distances (based on a GIS-based analysis). 18
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