Pumped Storage Schemes & imported hydroelectricity
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- Derick McKenzie
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1 Pumped Storage Schemes & imported hydroelectricity Date 11 May 2011 Role of pumped storage Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme Some important design criteria ydropower potential in Southern Africa Frans Louwinger Role of pumped storage Summer Winter MW Monday Friday our 2011/05/14 2 1
2 Role of pumped storage OCGT Generating Summer Winter MW Monday Pumping Friday our 2011/05/14 3 Role of pumped storage OCGT PSS Mid merit - Peaking RTS Stations and ydro Gas (Combined Cycle) Base load - Mid merit Coal Fired Nuclear Load factor (%) 2011/05/14 4 2
3 Cost comparison of pumped storage Levelised costs of investigated hydro schemes Practical limit of PSS Possible opportunity for conventional hydro 2011/05/14 5 Indentification studies for possible pumped storage sites 2011/05/14 6 3
4 Indentification studies for possible pumped storage sites Mutale Tubatse Strijdom Ingula Waayhoek Impendle ogsback 2011/05/14 7 Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme Approximately 23km north-east from Van Reenen S C INGULA PUMPED STORAGE SCEME 2011/05/14 8 4
5 Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme 4 Units of 333 MW each = 1332 MW Rated ead = 441 m Energy storage = MWh (15,9 hours) Distance between reservoirs = ~6km 2011/05/14 9 Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme - Layout 2011/05/
6 Ingula PSS Reservoirs Size of active volume The largest of: 1) Optimum dam size determined from capital plus operating cost of total system 2) 20% Weekly load factor (for 7 hours daily pumping) plus 4 hours emergency generation Cost (Capital WL (masl) + Operating) Bedford Dam WL vs Time Optimum Reservoir Size % Discount rate % Discount rate No Emergency 4h Emergency 21 GWh Active volume Time (h)(in GWh) Note 21 GWh dam size at Ingula provides: - 6,8 h daily generation OR - 7,6 h daily generation - 4 h emergency generation - 0 h emergency generation - 23,5% weekly load factor - 25,8% weekly load factor 2011/05/14 11 Ingula PSS Upper Reservoir Fossils CFRD and rock fill with clay core L=810m =41m!00m emergency spillway 2011/05/
7 Ingula PSS Upper Reservoir 2011/05/14 13 Ingula PSS Lower reservoir RCC L=310m =39m 40m ogee crest spillway 2011/05/
8 Ingula PSS Lower reservoir 2011/05/14 15 Ingula PSS Lower reservoir 2011/05/
9 Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme Ingula PSS Waterways 2011/05/14 17 Ingula PSS - Waterways Advantages of Alternative Contractor has done it before Construction time shorter Contractor claims a more safer construction Disadvantages of Alternative Longer tunnel, more steel lining Temporary access road and tunnel required Inspections more difficult and less safe Longer inspections (Loss of generation) 2011/05/
10 Design Criteria of waterways 1) Design velocities Concrete lined - 5,0m/s to 5,5m/s Steel lined - 8,5m/s 2) ydraulic stability Machine starting time/water starting time >3 3) Steel lining Required when: Minimum insitu stress < 1,2 Max. transient pressure, or < 1,3 Max. static pressure Machine starting time Water starting time 2 2 GD.n = P = m li. vi i= 1 g. 4) Design of steel linings CECT Recommendations for the design, manufacture and erection of steel penstocks of welded construction for hydoelectric installations (European committee for boilermaking and kindred steel structures) 2011/05/14 19 Ingula PSS Waterways - Surge Surge Max. Upsurge Stop pumping at T=0 Start Generation at T=173s Trip at T=277s Elevation (m) Surge Shaft Pressure envelope Surge Chamber orizontal Distance (m) Add safety margin of 2m Guide vane opening & closing Opening 20 sec. from 0-100% Closing 23,75 sec from 100-5% 4 sec from 5-0% Advantages of surge tanks Elevation (m) 1770 Improves response time at start-up 1760 Provides hydraulic stability 1750 Reduces water hammer pressures /05/14 Time (s) s 277s 10
11 Ingula PSS Waterways Steel linings Material: ROQ-tuf: Min yield 690 MPa 2011/05/14 21 Ingula PSS Powerhouse complex Intake 2011/05/
12 Ingula PSS Powerhouse complex 2011/05/14 23 Ingula PSS Underground excavations Transformer hall Machine hall 2011/05/14 24 Tailrace tunnel 12
13 Ingula PSS Pump-turbines 2011/05/14 25 Ingula PSS Pump-turbine selection Pump-turbine selection k=n r.q p 0.5 Limit k to (Ingula: k max = 3712) Rated speed n r = rated speed in r.p.m. Q p = pumping flow n r = 50x60/n p (in a 50 z system) n p = number of pairs of poles in the generator (i.e. 4,5,6,7 etc. certain numbers such as 9, 11, 13 are not preferred) (Ingula: n p = 7) 2011/05/
14 Ingula PSS Pump-turbine selection Francis Pumpturbines n s = n.p n s = Specific speed (English) Specific speed Ingula ead 2011/05/14 27 Ingula PSS Pump-turbines Model test Runner blades (9 no.) 2011/05/
15 Ingula PSS Pump-turbines Turbine Mode Guide vanes (19 no.) Rated condition Flow = 85m 3 /s ead = 441m Power = 342MW Efficiency= 93,36% n = 428,57 rpm Pumping Mode Runner dia: = 4,139 m Flow = m 3 /s ead = m Power = MW Efficiency = 93,0-93,2% GD 2 tot = 6126 tm 2 2,5 m dia 2011/05/14 29 Ingula PSS Pump-turbines Stay ring - Dorbyl Draft tube - Kenya eavy Engineering Runner Voith 2011/05/
16 ydro potential in some SADC countries Country Potential (MW) Current Percentage installed (MW) Angola % DRC % Madagascar % Mozambique % Zambia % 2011/05/14 31 Some Southern African hydro projects Inga III (3600MW) Congo Gabon Brazzaville Kinshasa Dem Rep of Congo Rwanda Burundi Tanzania Kenya Nairobi Dar es Salaam Luanda Angola Malawi Kafue Gorge Lower (600 MW) Kariba North bank ext (360MW) Itezhi-Tezhi (120MW) Kalungwishi (220MW) Namibia Zambia Lusaka T arare Zimbabwe Lilongwe T Mozambique Mphanda Nkuwa (1300MW) Cahora Bassa North Bank (850MW) Botswana Windhoek T Gaborone T Pretoria TT T T T T Maputo Kariba South Bank T T T Johannesburg T T Mbabane ext (360MW) T P Swaziland Lesotho South Africa ydro station N P Pumped storage scheme Cape Town P T Thermal Existing 2011/05/14 32 Proposed T 16
17 Some challenges Financial constraints of Eskom and regional utilities Local demand too small to justify the development of large power projects Skills challenge in project preparation. Funding challenges Suppressed and constrained regional demand growth Lack of transmission infrastructure adds substantial premiums to generation costs 2011/05/14 33 Thank you 17
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