Aircraft Noise and Business Aviation. Business Airport World Expo 2012: Cannes, France

Transcription

1 Aircraft Noise and Business Aviation Business Airport World Expo 2012: Cannes, France

2 Sounds, Noise and Loudness Sound is a travelling wave, an oscillation of pressure. Noise is the general word applied equally to soft or loud, confused or inharmonious sounds, especially those of a loud, harsh nature. Loudness (or sound pressure level), measured in decibels (db), represents a time-averaged sound pressure to a reference sound pressure. 2 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

3 Decibels and Loudness Loudness db Examples +54,775% 191 Theoretical Upper Limit +18,00% 175 Stun Grenade +8,950% 165 Rocket Launch +956% 134 Threshold of Pain +465% 125 Jet 100m Baseline 100 Discotheque -65% 85 10m -97% 50 Normal 1m -99.8% 10 Calm Breathing -99.9% 0 Auditory Threshold Noise Standard Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 db Loudness % % A change of 10 db equals a 50% change in loudness! 3 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

4 Certification (Sideline) GEAR RETRACTED BEGIN MAXIMUM PWR CLIMB PWR CUTBACK NOT ALLOWED FOR SIDELINE EVALUATION BEGIN TAKE- OFF ROLL LIFT OFF CONSTANT CLIMB AT MAXIMUM PWR SETTING LOCATION OF MICROPHONE(S) REFERENCE ALTITUDE = 300 meters 450 meters EXTENDED RUNWAY CENTERLINE 4 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

5 Noise Certification Standards Summary of ICAO and U.S. Aircraft Noise Standards Reference Document: ICAO Annex 16, Vol. 1, Amendment 7 FAR 36.1, App B.36.5 Maximum Noise Levels in EPNdB for Jet Aircraft Weighing Less 75,000 pounds Lateral Takeoff Approach Cumulative Other Limitations Stage 1 > 102 > 93 > 102 >297 Stage a. Banned after December 31, 1999 in US by Airport Noise and Capacity Act of a. Banned after December 31, 1999 in US by Airport Noise and Capacity Act of Chapter/Stage a. Maximum Exceedence allowed is 2 db at any one point. b. Cumulative Exceedances must be zero or less. Chapter/Stage a. Chapter 3 not exceeded at any point. b. Cumulative Margin 10 db c. Sum of Differences at any two points between max noise levels and Ch 3 max noise levels 2dB 5 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

6 The Chapter 3 Certificate The STC declares an equipped aircraft to be identified as a Chapter 3 (or other) aircraft. Certification noise values have no relationship nor guarantee regarding operational noise emissions. The noise-reduction effectiveness should preclude exceedance of the certification standards by altering cockpit procedures. If an aircraft is capable of exceeding the certificated noise levels, pilots always balance the tradeoffs. 6 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

7 European Council Regulations EC Decision-Making Concerning Aircraft Noise Current (2002): Balanced Approach process by ICAO which repealed the Hushkit Regulation that was intended to ban registration of aircraft equipped with noise-reducing devices. Solving Noise on an Airport-by-Airport basis by balancing: Setting noise standards at the source Managing land around airports Adapting operation procedures Introducing operating restrictions. 7 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

8 EC Regulations (Continued) Proposed (December 2011): European Commission proposed rules to make the decision-making process more transparent and the resulting restrictions the most cost-effective. Restrictions are duly justified and are evidence-driven. Residents are entitled to be protected from excess noise from airports but it is necessary to take into account costs in terms of lost capacity and the impact on economic growth in a region. Late 2013 time frame for adoption. Impact of New EC Regulations: Allow authorities to more easily phase out the very noisiest aircraft Initial focus will be on marginally-compliant aircraft > 75,000 lbs. Provide Commission a scrutinizing role Include practical steps to support the implementation of measures. 8 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

9 Conflicts of Interests Abound! Safety Convenience Simplicity AIRCREW Performance Time PASSENGERS Cost Standardization Security Jobs Environment Safety Revenue COMMUNITY AIRPORT Safety Revenue Federal Aid Community 9 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

10 Business Aviation is Good Business Community Benefits Local industries provide jobs and support service revenues which pass down to other local businesses. Airport Benefits Support-service jobs and increased revenue to fund operating and facility upgrades. Personal Benefits Personal security, availability and in-flight office benefits. Travelers fly directly to destinations, often where scheduled service is infrequent or not available. 10 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

11 Bizjet Operations are Significant Top 10 EU Airports Business Jet Daily Departures Top 10 US Airports Business Jet Daily Departures Le Bourget, FR 109 Teterboro, NJ 197 Milan, Linate, IT 58 White Plains, NY 107 Rome, Ciampino, IT 55 Dulles Int l, DC 102 London, Luton, UK 47 McCarran Las Vegas, NV 90 Geneva, Cointrin, CH 41 Dallas Love, TX 81 Farnborough, UK 30 Palm Beach Int l, FL 73 Madrid, Torrejon, SP 29 Chicago Midway, IL 71 Zurich, CH 27 Houston Hobby, TX 69 Nice, FR 27 Atlanta Peachtree, GA 65 Vienna, AU 26 Van Nuys, CA Business Airport World Expo /21/12

12 Older Aircraft Is There a Future? Consider Second-Generation Gulfstreams (G-II & G-III) Airframe life offers many more years of safe, efficient operation. Avionics upgrades are available to provide a modern cockpit and compliance with strict navigational and safety standards. Large cabin offers comfort, convenience and ability to move more passengers per operation and per unit of fuel. Proper noise-reduction technologies with EASA certification provides real Chapter 3 noise reduction. G-III has excellent range performance and cost-effectiveness due to low acquisition costs and high availability. Environment-friendly solution when all factors are considered. 12 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

13 Hushkits: First Aid or Viable Solution? Chapter 3 Hushkits: Regulations in place at time of application for STC apply. Certification is not perfect. Operating or configuration limits are permissible. Piloting techniques can override the potential effectiveness of some hushkits. Hushkits are often viewed as unfavorable or a non-solution. 13 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

14 Noise-Reducing STCs are Not Equal 14 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

15 New Technologies Can Restore Value Extend useful service of otherwise capable aircraft Capable of reducing noise beyond mandatory levels Durable, reliable and maintainable On-airport noise can be reduced. Capital Efficient Investment versus Alternative. 15 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

16 Gulfstream Environmentals Business aviation represents approximately 0.2% of all global emissions. Flight Distance G-II SP Fuel G-III Fuel G-IV Fuel 1,400 km 6,331 lbs 6,014 lbs 5,240 lbs 4,150 km 17,249 lbs 15,991lbs 14,349 lbs 6,500 km Flight G-II SP Carbon G-III Carbon G-IV Carbon Carbon Offset 35.1 Credits 35.9 Credits 37.8 Credits C-Offset Credit Fuel Cost 11,434 10,600 9,511 Fuel: C-Offset Ratio 36:1 33:1 28:1 The cost of carbon offset credit is generally insignificant in comparison to fuel cost. 1. Source: Universal Flight Support 16 Business Airport World Expo /21/12

17 Hubbard Aviation Technologies: the science of quiet Bernard Weiss, President & Chief Operating Officer 17 Business Airport World Expo /21/12