Boeing Aircraft and the Impact on Airports

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1 International Civil Aviation Organization on Pavement Management Systems Lima, Peru November 19-22, 2003 Boeing Aircraft and the Impact on Airports Orest Shepson Principal Engineer - Airport Technology - Boeing Commercial Airplanes Shepson

2 The Developing Boeing Airplane Family X Passengers Range, (1,000 nmi) Shepson

3 Shepson

4 General Arrangement ft (28.44 m) 36.9 ft (11.25 m) ft (37.80 m) 29.1 ft (8.87 m) 16.0 ft (4.9 m) 57.8 ft (17.6 m) ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code C/RFF Category Shepson

5 Range Capability From Lima, Peru Full Passenger Payload ,000-lb (49,890-kg) MTOW 106 passengers * 121,000-lb (54,880-kg) TOGW* 106 passengers Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Two-class seating * With 730 USG auxiliary fuel Shepson

6 Aircraft Classification Number Rigid and Flexible Pavement Subgrade codes C D Aircraft classification number (ACN) A B Legend: Flexible pavement Rigid pavement Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Gross weight, lb x 1, Shepson

7 Shepson

8 FAA Airplane Design Group III/ARFF Index B Airplane Design Group III/ARFF Index B Airplane Design Group III/ARFF Index C Airplane Design Group III/ARFF Index C General Arrangement /-700/-800/ Shepson

9 /-700/-800/-900 With Winglets ICAO Size Comparison Aerodrome Reference Code C/RFF Category Aerodrome Reference Code C/RFF Category Aerodrome Reference Code C/RFF Category Aerodrome Reference Code C/RFF Category Shepson

10 Minimum Pavement Width For 180-Deg Turn Notes: 1. Maximum effective steering angle = 75 deg 2. Typical edge clearances are 10 ft (3 m) at each side of pavement turn area Shepson Airplane model Dimension A 60.8 ft (18.5 m) 66.4 ft (20.3 m) 79.1 ft (24.1 m) 85.4 ft (26.0 m)

11 /-900 Aircraft Classification Subgrade codes C D B 40 Aircraft classification number (ACN) 30 A Legend: Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Flexible pavement Rigid pavement Gross weight, lb x 1, Shepson

12 Range Capability From Lima, Peru ,500-lb (65,099-kg) MTOW 110 passengers * 154,500-lb (70,080-kg) MTOW 126 passengers * 174,200-lb (79,010-kg) MTOW 162 passengers * 174,200-lb (79,010-kg) MTOW 177 passengers Full Passenger Payload Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Two-class seating * With optional winglets Shepson

13 Shepson

14 General Arrangement /300 The is 23 ft (7 m) longer than the ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code D/RFF Category Aerodrome Reference Code D/RFF Category Shepson

15 757 Minimum Pavement Width For 180-Deg Turn Nosegear track A Notes: 1. Maximum effective steering angle = 75 deg 2. ICAO/FAA recommends 10 ft (3 m) minimum edge safety distance at each side of pavement turn area (dimension A) between the tire face and pavement edge. Airplane model Dimension A 120 ft (36.6 m) 142 ft (43.3 m) Shepson

16 Runway Loading Comparison Aircraft classification number (ACN) / Two-class seating Flexible pavement, subgrade B Airplanes at maximum takeoff weight Number of passengers Shepson

17 Range Capability From Lima, Peru Full Passenger Payload ,000-lb (115,660-kg) MTOW 200 passengers ,000-lb (123,830-kg) MTOW 243 passengers Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Two-class seating Shepson

18 Twin-Aisle Airplanes Legend: Long-range rules In service Launched Study Passengers ER ER K K LR K 545K MD-11ER 656K ER ER ER 150 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 Range, nmi Shepson

19 Airport Compatibility /-300/-400ER Shepson

20 /-300/-400ER General Arrangement ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code D/RFF Category Aerodrome Reference Code D/RFF Category ER Aerodrome Reference Code D/RFF Category ft 4 in (61.37 m) 180 ft 3 in (54.94 m) 159 ft 2 in (48.51 m) 170 ft 4 in* (52 m) 156 ft 1 in (-200 & -300) (47.57 m) 61 ft 4 in (18.62 m) 55 ft 4 in (16.81 m) 52 ft 0 in (15.85 m) *Fully loaded is 170 ft 7 in (52 m) 30 ft 6 in (9.30 m) 74 ft 8 in (22.76 m) 85 ft 10 in (26.16 m) Shepson

21 Range Capability From Lima, Peru Full Passenger Payload ER 412,000-lb (186,880-kg) MTOW 218 passengers ER 450,000-lb (204,120-kg) MTOW 245 passengers Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Three-class seating Shepson

22 90 ACN Comparison Flexible Pavement ER A ACN A Subgrade - Code C Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1, Shepson

23 70 ACN Comparison ER Rigid Pavement A ACN A Subgrade - Code B Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1, Shepson

24 Shepson

25 General Arrangement /-300 ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code E/RFF Category Aerodrome Reference Code E/RFF Category ft 0 in (11.0 m) 199 ft 11 in (60.9 m) 70 ft 7.5 in (21.5 m) 209 ft 1 in (63.7 m) 242 ft 4 in (73.8 m) 60 ft 9 in (18.5 m) 60 ft 8 in (18.5 m) 209 ft 1 in (63.7 m) 84 ft 11 in (25.9 m) 102 ft 5 in (31.2 m) 242 ft 4 in (73.8 m) Shepson

26 Range Capability From Lima, Peru ,000-lb (247,210-kg) MTOW 305 passengers ER 656,000-lb (297,560-kg) MTOW 301 passengers LR* 766,000-lb (347,450-kg) MTOW 301 passengers ,000-lb (299,370-kg) MTOW 368 passengers ER 759,600-lb (344,540-kg) MTOW 365 passengers Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Three-class seating * With 5,500 USG auxiliary fuel Full Passenger Payload Shepson

27 777 Minimum Pavement Width For 180-Degree Turn Nosegear track A Notes: 1. Maximum effective steering angle = 64 deg 2. FAA/ICAO recommends 15 ft (4.5 m) minimum edge safety distance at each side of pavement turn area (dimension A) between the tire face and pavement edge. Airplane model Dimension A ft (47.5 m) ft (55.4 m) Shepson

28 /-300 Aircraft Classification Number (ACN) Subgrade codes Characteristics C D ACN A B 20 0 Legend: Flexible pavement Rigid pavement Shepson Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1,000

29 Airport Compatibility LR/-300ER Shepson

30 General Arrangement Longer-Range LR ICAO LR Aerodrome Reference Code E/RFF Category Shepson

31 General Arrangement Longer-Range ER ICAO ERAerodrome Reference Code E/RFF Category 9 * Wing span measured at jig position ** Tail height measured at max weight Shepson

32 Range Capability From Los Angeles ,000-lb (247,210-kg) MTOW 305 three-class passenger ER 656,000-lb (297,560-kg) MTOW 301 three-class passenger LR* 750,000-lb (340,200-kg) MTOW 301 three-class passenger ,000-lb (299,370-kg) MTOW 368 three-class passenger ER 750,000-lb (340,200-kg) MTOW 365 three-class passenger Full Passenger Payload Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowances included * Two auxiliary fuel tanks Shepson

33 100 ACN Comparison Flexible Pavement A A ACN LR ER Subgrade - Code C Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1, Shepson

34 ACN Comparison Rigid Pavement LR ER ACN A A Subgrade - Code B Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1, Shepson

35 Airport Compatibility ER Shepson

36 General Arrangement ER (910K) ICAO ERAerodrome Reference Code E/RFF Category Shepson

37 Range Capability From Lima, Peru Full Passenger Payload * 875,000-lb (396,900-kg) MTOW 416 passengers ER 910,000-lb (412,770-kg) MTOW 416 passengers Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Three-class seating * With 3,300 USG auxiliary tail fuel Shepson

38 Aircraft Classification Number ER Rigid and Flexible Pavement (MTW-913K) ACN Code A - CBR 15 (High) Code C - CBR 10 (Medium) Code C - CBR 6 (Low) Code D - CBR 3 (Ultra Low) Code D - K = 75 (Ultra Low) Code C - K = 150 (Low) Code B - K = 300 (Medium) Code A - K = 550 (High) Legend: Flexible pavement Rigid pavement Shepson Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1,000

39 The Developing Boeing Airplane Family X Passengers Range, (1,000 nmi) Shepson

40 PRELIMINARY General Arrangement X Quiet Longer Ranger Shepson PRELIMINARY

41 100 ACN Comparison Flexible Pavement X Stretch ACN Subgrade - Code C A ,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1, Shepson

42 Trends in Pavement Loading Trend in ACN FB ACN Years in service Shepson

43 Trends in Pavement Loading Trend in ACN RB ACN Years in service Shepson

44 Commercial Airplanes Product Development Creating Value for the Future Flexible and Standard Airplanes Advanced Concepts Shepson

45 Airport Planning Manuals Available at: Selecting airport technology data will produce a pop-up window Select planning manuals from pop-up window Select model from following screen to get Adobe Acrobat file Shepson

46 Shepson

47 Shepson

48 ACN Basis Flexible pavement U.S. Corps of Engineers S-77-1 computer program Rigid pavement Portland Cement Association PDILB computer program Calculations are done for defined Standard conditions Four representative subgrade support levels (from very weak to strong) Typical pavement life (10,000 coverages for flexible pavements) Shepson

49 The Standard U.S. Corps of Engineers Flexible Pavement Design Equation t (A) Log = α Log CBR P CBR P Log CBR P The equation considers all loads as an equivalent single wheel load (P). Pavement longevity and the number of applied wheel loads are considered via the a factor Shepson

50 View of the NAPTP Test Vehicle Shepson

51 Runway Loads - Takeoff / Landing Typical Jet Aircraft 100 Runway load % max taxi LANDING TAKEOFF 20 0 Distance Runway pavements are designed for static load. The impact of landing is only about 38% of the takeoff static load Shepson

52 Runway Roughness Shepson

53 What Kind of Roughness are We Concerned About? The kind that leads to: Excessive onboard vibration Instrument visibility Rudder and steering control Maximum oleo compression Landing gear fatigue life Shepson

54 Boeing Runway Roughness Criteria Bump height, cm Unacceptable Excessive 10 Acceptable 5 L RUNWAY ROUGHNESS CRITERIA L L H H H Bump length, m Shepson

55 Airplane Load Exceedances for Fatigue Life Cumulative occurrences per 1,000 flight cycles 500,000 50,000 1, Vertical acceleration at CG (g units) Shepson

56 Shepson

57 Sample Survey Results Frost Heave 5.05 Centerline 4C South N North 3N Runway station, m 4N Shepson

58 Roughness Analysis of a Sample Runway Bump height, cm 14 N = north C = center S = south Unacceptable 1N 4S 4N 1C 4C 2N 2C Acceptable Bump length, m 3S 3C 2S 3N Excessive Shepson

59 Boeing Runway Roughness Criteria Bump height, cm Unacceptable Excessive 10 Acceptable 5 L RUNWAY ROUGHNESS CRITERIA L L H H H Bump length, m Shepson

60 Temporary Ramping Application of Boeing Criteria Bump height, in Bump height, cm /100 slope 1/200 slope Acceptable limit Bump length, m Bump length, (ft) Shepson

61 Runway Ramping Recommendations A. Ramping prior to aircraft traffic Predominant direction of traffic Overlay thickness x Ramp Milled area Old surface Overlay thickness x B. Surface preparation prior to resumption of paving Overlay thickness x y Cut area to depth y Old surface Notes 1. When overlay thickness x < = 5 cm, then ramp slope = 1.0% 2. When overlay thickness x > 5 cm, then ramp slope = 0.5% 3. Depth y should be at least 2 times the maximum aggregate size Shepson

62 Shepson

63 Conclusions Runways may become intolerably rough due to The onset of pavement structural failure Adverse environmental conditions such as freezing and thawing cycles Airport operators are not usually aware of the impact of roughness on aircraft The Boeing criteria will enable the airport operator to Determine the extent of roughness Locate the source of roughness Make rational decisions as to the best course of action Nightime paving can be accomplished with a minimum of downtime by using the Boeing criteria Shepson

64 Shepson

65 Shepson

66 Shepson

67 Shepson

68 FAA Advisory Circular 150/ Guidelines for Procedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements Figure A-26. Airport pavement condition index (PCI) and rating Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor Very Poor Failed Shepson

69 International Civil Aviation Organization on Pavement Management Systems Lima, Peru November 19-22, Shepson

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