Sport Class FAST Ground School

Transcription

1 Sport Class FAST Ground School 0

2 Sport Class Formation Ground School Overview AM Portion Part I: Part II: Part III: Pitchout and Rejoins Part IV: Flying Extended Trail Basic Positions Defined The Core Maneuvers Explained FLY 2 HOPS PM Portion (With Beer) Part V: Basic Formation Principals Part VI: Abnormal/Emergency Procedures Part VII: FAST Policy and Program

3 PART I BASIC CONCEPTS OF CLOSE FORMATION DEFINED 2

4 The Formation Concept Most rewarding way to fly Based on trust and confidence Requires discipline and focus Know The Contract and responsibilities

5 The Contract Flight Lead Brief Communicate Navigate Control the flight maneuvers Monitor flight Terminate maneuvers if flight safety is compromised

6 The Contract Wingman Attend/understand briefing Always maintain visual contact Immediately advise lead if you do loose sight Don t hit flight lead (or anyone else either) Follow briefed formations/positions Maintain listening watch Advise lead if traffic is observed Have exit plan ready

7 TAILORED TRAINING NOTE Sport Class FAST Course is Tailored to Reno Air Race OPS Training Charter: Familiarization with FAST Procedures Specific Procedures To Support Racing 6

8 2-Ship = 1 Element Formation Composition 2-Ship Basic building block #1, Lead #2, Wing Proximity Parade - Close Route More Space Note: Parade and Fingertip are used interchangeably by some 7

9 The Bearing Line vs. Sightlines (Visual Reference Points) 45 8

10 The Bearing Line Measured off of the nose of the lead aircraft 45 for most aircraft Bearing line deviation Acute = forward of the bearing line Sucked = aft of the bearing line 9

11 The Bearing Line You won t see your desired sightlines, i.o.w your visual reference points will not be lined up 10

12 Sample Reference Points Example, RVs: RV Primary line of reference: Outboard aileron hinge on spinner Secondary reference: Tip of opposite elevator behind the rudder 1 2 Primary reference provides bearing and step down Secondary reference sets spacing

13 Formation Composition, 4-Ship 4-Ship (2 elements) #1 Lead #2 Wing #3 Deputy Lead #4 Wing 12

14 Formation Composition: Qualifications Flight Lead: Most experienced, Lead qualified. #2: Wingman #3: Deputy Lead (Lead Capable) #4: Wingman Do not put non-formation qualified pilot or inexperienced pilot as Flight Lead Exception in training! Instructors: may practice lead changes as desired 13

15 Fingertip: Finger Four 14

16 4-Ship Configurations Fingertip Strong Left Fingertip Strong Right Close Trail Echelon Diamond 15

17 FAST RULE ON CONFIGURATION CHANGES Changes to flight configuration are executed from Fingertip/Finger Four position If in other than Fingertip: Lead will regroup in Fingertip before moving to a new configuration Hand Signals/ Aircraft Signals/ Voice Calls Exception is Moving to Extended Trail Echelon to Close Trail is Standard Close Trail to Extended Trail is an option» Must be well-briefed by Lead 16

18 PART II The Core Formation Events and Maneuvers 17

19 PART II - Format Will discuss each maneuver in the normal flight sequence Will cover Position References Visual Signals Radio Calls How to perform the maneuver How Sport Class Tailors the procedures (where applicable) 18

20 Typical Training Profile Formation Takeoff (Interval) Takeoff Rejoin Route Formation Parade Formation Wing-work (station-keeping) Crossunders Echelon turns Pitch-out & Rejoins Extended Trail RTB Recovery (overhead) 19

21 Flight Briefing Most important part of the flight Sets the tone for the whole flight Lead will use the Sport Class Briefing Checklist Brief the plan Listen Up / Ask Questions No one mans up without clear picture of expectations Fly the plan 20

22 Mission Briefing: 7 step briefing format: Manual Appendix C Time Hack Establish Mission Objectives Weather & Environmentals Sequence of Events and standards to be used Contingencies Mission Specifics Details on how to achieve the objectives. Wrap Up & Final Questions 21

23 Briefing Highlight: Communications Always brief a communication plan Brief all frequencies if local flying Initial check-in generally after engine start on Tac-1 Frequency change protocol Use of Go : Acknowledge in sequence ( check out ) Use of Push : Switch without acknowledgment Lead will check flight in on new frequency in either case Sport Class Standard for FAST and PRS Always use GO 22

24 Engine Start Hand Signals Thumbs up passed up the line to Lead when ready to start (or as briefed) Lead points skyward and rotates finger Pass signal down line Lead gives exaggerated head nod Push start button when Lead s chin hits chest 23

25 Taxi Pull forward 5 feet when ready to taxi Check In with Race Number Not 2, 3, 4 (Tailored Ops) Lead will call for taxi if tower in operation Mirrors PRS procedures Taxi In Sequence Spacing: In trail: 4 Ship Lengths Staggered: 2 Ship Lengths Tail Dragger: Extend & Weave as required. 24

26 Run-up Position Aircraft to line up heads May need to make arc in Run-up Area Conduct Run-up Check over aircraft to L & R Pass Thumbs up from Back to Front Look to aircraft behind when ready This will be opposite when a Pace Plane is present Thumbs up goes front to back with a Pace Lead will switch flight to CTAF when thumbs up gets to him Sport Class Standard for FAST/PRS: No auto switch to CTAF/Race Control 25

27 Line Up Options 26

28 Tailored Line Up Procedures 27

29 Interval Takeoff Lead call 60 kts Racers roll in order when previous racer is 1000 ft down the runway Takeoff on Hot side, abort to Cold side Call the Abort Call Cold Last Aircraft call airborne 28

30 Rejoins After Interval Takeoff Straight ahead or turning Which side? Typical FAST (note: Sport Class Tailored differently) #2 always joins on inside of turn #3 and #4 always join opposite #2 Straight ahead as briefed Standard is #2 on left, #3 and #4 on right Tailored: ALL Rejoins in Sport Class FAST / PRS will be EVERYONE JOINS TO THE OUTSIDE Rejoins in Part III of this Ground School 29

31 BREAK 30

32 Parade Station Keeping Find the bearing line & stay on it Scan and maintain sightlines / visual references Wings level with lead Constant Corrections: Stick: slight finger pressure Throttle: Controlled Aggression Don t fixate develop a scan 1 2 Primary reference provides bearing and step down Secondary reference sets spacing 1 2 Example, RVs: RV Primary line of reference: Outboard aileron hinge on spinner Secondary reference: Tip of opposite elevator behind the rudder

33 Station Keeping 101 Establish & Maintain your Sightlines Make constant, small corrections Relax the Death Grip & Wiggle Your Toes Generally correct position in a logical sequence: Correct to the bearing line Correct vertical stack / stepdown Correct lateral spacing Eventually corrections are 3D but remember the basics 32

34 Station Keeping 101 Recognition: Continuously and quickly correct back to THE LINE Think: small, timely corrections Anticipate, anticipate, anticipate Use trim to your advantage Correct Hand Position on stick/throttle Oh yeah Relax, Relax, Relax Breath! 33

35 Parade Turns For the Wingman, relative altitude and radius of turn are changing when rolling into/out of turns Pitch, Bank and Power changes occur Maintain Parade Sight Picture Welded Wing Turns away from Wing: Add power & increase pitch (climb) Turns toward Wing: Decrease power & decrease pitch (descend) 34

36 Route Formation 2 4 ship widths to 500 feet Abeam to no further aft than the bearing line Trend Note: When sent to route, move out, not aft 35

37 Route Formation WHY ROUTE? Checklists and Ops Checks Better lookout Long Cross Country flights to relax Holding airborne during airshows Signal Radio Call Tail Wag or Fishtail (side to side) Wing Pilots move out to maintain lateral separation. 2-4 ship lengths for checklists and frequency changes 36

38 Flying Route Lead use moderate bank turns (60 degrees or less AOB) Wingman on the inside of the turn: Fly route welded wing references Wingman on the outside of the turn: Fly echelon references to avoid large power req. (Stack Level in turn away) Do not creep back to fingertip (common error) or re-form unless directed by lead Use good scan of lead when doing ops checks, to avoid unrecognized closure 37

39 Flying Route Keep your 2-4 ship interval until directed otherwise and don t slide aft 38

40 Cross-Under Used to move aircraft from one side of Lead to the other side Set up flight for pitch out maneuver Get Wingman out of sun Give Wingman a change on cross country trip 39

41 Cross-Under Signals Sport Class Standard is RADIO CALL. Hand Signals Cross-under #2 Single, raised fist Notify #3 first Cross-under #3 & #4 Fist held up & pumped twice Aircraft Signals Wing Dip Dip Direction indicates which wingman moves 40

42 Cross-Under Execution Three part, primarily wings-level maneuver 1. Reduce power, move down and back Add small amount of power to stop rearward movement 2. Change heading to move across to opposite side SLIGHT aileron or rudder pressure to generate SLIGHT heading change NO LARGE BANK OR YAW (should be imperceptible) Maintain nose to tail distance while crossing SLIGHT aileron or rudder pressure to re-align heading and stop cross 3. Add power, move forward & up into position 41

43 Cross-Under Execution 42

44 Cross Under DOWN and back Controlled move ACROSS UP and in Avoid rounding the corners!

45 Echelon 44

46 Echelon All aircraft on the same side of lead Used for: Pitch outs Traffic pattern Airshow Display 45

47 Turning In Echelon Only turns away from wingmen in echelon All aircraft pivot on longitudinal axis Fuselage of Lead aircraft and aircraft ahead split the horizon Do not unload in echelon Training: Up to 45 Degrees AOB 46

48 Line Abreast Formation Flown in the Start Chute Will be practiced in the working area Flown on the 3/9 line (wingtip to wingtip) Lateral Spacing (in/out) is challenging Banking causes spacing difficulties Tendency is to roll where you look (so don t!)

49 Lead Change Perform in route formation Prebrief lead changes Two Options: Radio Visual signal A stabilized platform is most important 48

50 Lead Change Visual Signals Lead will configure the flight in route for the lead change Lead will point at aircraft assuming lead and point repeatedly forward. Wingman will acknowledge, move abeam and confirm lead change by patting head with left (or throttle) hand, followed by a forward pointing motion New lead moves forward and assumes lead Call for check in 49

51 Formation Recovery Single-ship landing recovery options Overhead Pattern entry Break VFR Pattern entry 45 entry to downwind, etc. 2-Ship (element) Formation Landings Not during FAST/PRS 50

52 Recovery Option 1: Overhead Traffic Pattern 51

53 Overhead Pattern Execution Lead configures flight in echelon. Lead points skyward & rotates finger Lead holds up number of fingers to signify break interval in seconds: Nominal is 2-5 seconds (as briefed or signaled) Creates a interval on downwind and final 52

54 Overhead Pattern Execution The Break from Echelon: Lead pitches level over the numbers (no wind), or beyond, as required for spacing, & reduces power Wing Pilots pitch level at interval Lead drops gear on downwind abeam numbers Wing Pilots drop gear when wings level on downwind Maintain spacing throughout pattern 53

55 Overhead Pattern Execution Lead extends flaps at Vfe, or when descending off the perch Wing Pilots match aircraft ahead (speed and configuration aircraft type diff permitting) Lead makes continuous descending turn to final at briefed approach speed Wing Pilots make continuous descending turn to final, establishing landing interval Use same turn point off perch Adjust interval as needed with turn (lead/lag) Do not descend early on downwind Don t chase lead down forces entire pattern down ft 10+ seconds 54

56 Overhead Pattern Hot-Cold Landing Procedure Lead lands long on hot side (or centerline of runway if conditions warrant), then moves to cold side (ramp exit side) Each Wing Pilot does the same feet + spacing at threshold <100 ft wide runway: No clear lane, increase interval All aircraft normally taxi to briefed exit to clear No Early Turnoffs Lead assembles flight for taxi to ramp Or as briefed 55

57 Recovery Option 2: VFR Pattern Several options to Take Spacing: Flight may enter the downwind VFR pattern in echelon Configure in echelon on downwind Radio call: 3 or 4 ship Option for Aircraft or Visual signal: 2 ship Turn base for landing in sequenced interval Note: Tower controlled airports may need clarification of this procedure 56

58 Recovery Notes Trend Item: Confusing AIM VFR Pattern terminology with Sport Class Overhead Procedures VFR (GA) pattern aircraft are not familiar with overhead terminology Do not report Downwind when setting up for the initial for overhead When in doubt of traffic interval Ask for interval s position Fly-through ( spin it ) Hold away from field, or Enter/fly the VFR pattern. 57

59 Taxi In/Shutdown Lead assembles flight clear of runway Flaps retracted as briefed or on Lead s signal Trend: Wingman rushing flap retraction on runway Engine run-up on Lead s signal If so briefed (Aircraft type-dependent) Lead points skyward and rotates finger 58

60 Taxi In/Shut down (cont d) Reduce power & shut down on Lead s signal Hand extended vertically & moved front to back Slashing sign across throat Shut down when Lead s chin hits chest Lead may brief or communicate to shutdown on your own, depending on ramp situation 59

61 Debrief Lead Pilot directs the debrief Critique all aspects of flight with the goal of explaining the what, why and how of the sortie Use race/flight number over pilots name All pilots should feel free to ask questions and give additional information, not already covered, when called upon by the Lead Pilot 60

62 BREAK 61

63 PART III: The Pitch-Out and rejoin 62

64 The Formation Pitch-Out Used to take spacing for Rejoin practice Extended Trail Maneuvering practice Overhead Pattern for landing Executed from echelon configuration 63

65 The Formation Pitch-Out Lead points skyward and rotates finger Lead holds up number of fingers to indicate break interval in seconds Only #2 acknowledges Lead kisses off Subsequent aircraft use same interval 64

66 General Pitch-Out Execution Lead turns away in a level maneuver, up to 60 of bank, 180 turn, G as required (2G typical). Each aircraft breaks away at interval Match lead s roll, G and flight path Rejoins: Last aircraft calls in when level, directly behind preceding aircraft. At completion of 180 turn Extended Trail: Last aircraft calls in when achieving the desired interval and ready for maneuvering (Extended Trail will be covered in next the segment). 65

67 Rejoin Techniques Lead establishes a steady turn (20-25 deg nominal) Wingman turns inside to establish LEAD PURSUIT Rejoin line = 45 deg vertical stab on outside wing Once on the rejoin line, modulate bank to fly up the line Expect to DECREASE bank upon reaching the line. Use angles, not throttle, to control closure (but manage airspeed) If acute, DECREASE bank (giving you less lead/cutoff) If sucked, INCREASE bank (giving you more lead/cutoff)

68 Rejoin Techniques Stay LEVEL with lead it s an in plane maneuver Lead ON Horizon Too much smash (closure)? UNDERRUN! Decrease AOB and G, lower nose Go outside, stabilize, then use radius Never go belly up to lead! 67

69 Managing Your Closure Bank angle controls your pursuit curve, and your pursuit curve changes your closure Increase bank angle (or G) and pull lead pursuit = Increased Closure Reduce bank angle (or G) and ease to lag pursuit = Decreased Closure Airspeed control with Throttle as required Try to minimize throttle use 68

70 Lead Pursuit Nose AHEAD of the target Closes the target QUICKLY

71 Pure Pursuit Nose ON the target Closes the target SLOWLY (if inside the circle), then Stagnates No opening or closing

72 Lag Pursuit Nose BEHIND the target Opens from the target

73 Rejoin: Extended Trail

74 Rejoin: Establishing Cutoff

75 Rejoin: Proper Sight Picture

76 Rejoin: Acute

77 Rejoin: Sucked

78 Rejoin: Finish Fly Bearing Line until positioned to cross 2-3 ship-widths Cross smoothly to outside Requires power as you move outside lead s radius No big plays to outside! Ensure you have other wingmen in sight as you rejoin Too much closure or smash Under-run! NEVER GO BELLY UP TO LEAD Ease AOB and g Pass below and behind lead and entire flight Work back inside back to rejoin line No big plays back to inside! 77

79 PART IV Extended Trail Exercise to manage nose to tail with lead/lag Use pursuit curves, not power to: Control Nose to Tail Control Closure Manage Aspect Fluid position, but avoid flying in lead s six Nose to Tail No closer than 200 feet or KIO/breakout Evaluated using wingovers, max bank angle 90 degrees. Operational Applications: Rejoins and Landing Interval 78

80 Entering (Separating to) Extended Trail Entered from Echelon or from Close Trail Sport Class Standard = Echelon Flight Lead Brief procedures in detail For Extended Trail: Last aircraft calls in when achieving the desired interval and ready for maneuvering Differs from PO/RJ in this respect Lead maneuvers on 4 s In call 79

81 Flying Extended Trail Lead Pure Lag 80

82 Rejoin from Extended Trail Flight Lead flies S&L for short period Large Wingrock Turn for rejoin Standard Rejoin Procedures 81

83 Safety Equipment *Required Intercom system* Ability to transmit from rear cockpit* Parachute (*Aerobatic flight and instruction) Nomex flight suit Sport Class clinic training policy* Protective footwear* Helmet* (required for PRS) 82

84 Collision Avoidance Always keep lead in sight Always maintain separation Always closely monitor closure Always consider wake turbulence Never move ahead of your lead aircraft Never go belly up to your lead aircraft 83

85 Safety Calls* Knock It Off (KIO) When a safety issue is developing Not applicable to immediate hazards to flight (impending collision, etc. in those cases, be directive and/or break out) Who can use it? What do you do if you hear it? 84

86 Safety Calls* Knock It Off (KIO) Anyone can call KIO Sport 5 Knock It Off, Altitude Lead will acknowledge the call and all flight members will mirror his/her call 22 Knock It Off 39 Knock It Off, etc. Clear your flight path and await lead s instructions do not stop flying formation! Smoothly ease g and roll wings level at KIO call 85

87 BREAK Let s Fly! 86

88 PART V Basic Formation Principals 87

89 PART V:TOPICS Covers Pilot Responsibilities for Wing and Lead Flight Safety Topics Formation Communications Fuel Management 88

90 Wing Pilot s Responsibilities Follow and take direction from Lead Maintain position Work to improve formation skills Maintain formation discipline Provide Mutual Support 89

91 All Flight Lead Pilot s Responsibilities Safe conduct of formation flight Situational awareness Above average knowledge of the aircraft, its systems and performance limitations Knowledge of the airspace and ATC environment Knowledge of Wing Pilots qualifications and limitations Operational techniques to smoothly and safely lead a flight 90

92 FAST Lead Pilot s Responsibilities Selection of Wing Pilots to fly in flight Verify credentials Verify condition to fly Verify currency Verify competency in type Verify aircraft is airworthy Verify all pilots have safety equipment 91

93 A good Flight Lead Always sets power as briefed and generally leaves it constant throughout maneuver fly s a smooth aircraft; his/her roll rates are not staggered or never so rapid as to inflict undue pain and frustration on the wingmen thinks of his/her wingman wingman consideration is displayed by the effective leader in setting power, selecting airspeeds, climb rates, etc. strives to maintain SA at all times. Where am I now, where am I going, and how do I get there 92

94 The Flight Lead manages the Debrief Provide Instruction through debriefing What happened Why did it happen How can it be improved 93

95 All Pilots Responsibilities Mutual Support: Back each other up in flight Be alert for malfunctions in other aircraft Be alert for conflicting traffic Be alert for obstacles Know your limitations Call knock it off if danger is imminent Safety, Discipline, Attitude 94

96 Safety Equipment *Required Intercom system* Ability to transmit from rear cockpit* Parachute (*Aerobatic flight and instruction) Nomex flight suit Sport Class clinic training policy* Protective footwear* Helmet* (required for PRS) 95

97 Collision Avoidance Always keep lead in sight Always maintain separation Always closely monitor closure Always consider wake turbulence Never move ahead of your lead aircraft Never go belly up to your lead aircraft 96

98 Safety Calls* Knock It Off (KIO) When a safety issue is developing Not applicable to immediate hazards to flight (impending collision, etc. in those cases, be directive and/or break out) Who can use it? What do you do if you hear it? 97

99 Safety Calls* Knock It Off (KIO) Anyone can call KIO Sport 5 Knock It Off, Altitude Lead will acknowledge the call and all flight members will mirror his/her call 22 Knock It Off 39 Knock It Off, etc. Clear your flight path and await lead s instructions do not stop flying formation! Smoothly ease g and roll wings level at KIO call 98

100 Safety Calls* Terminate Non safety related termination of maneuvering Examples of use Training complete, Airshow Use Who can use it? What do you do if you hear it? 99

101 Safety Calls* Terminate Wingmen use the word request for non-safety related termination calls Sport 22 request terminate, training complete If lead initiates a Termination acknowledgment, mirror the call Sport 5 Flight Terminate 22 Terminate, 39 Terminate, etc Await lead s instructions 100

102 Safety Calls* Blind Sport 22 is blind, 4500 feet If lead has visual, may direct wingman to continue or talk wingman s eyes back on lead Sport 5 is visual, your right two o:clock slightly high If both aircraft are blind, call KIO and direct at least 500 feet altitude separation. 101

103 The Break-Out Four Reasons to Break-Out Lose sight Hazard to the flight You get ahead of Lead If directed to by Lead 102

104 Break-Out Look for blue sky and pull with caution! Radio call example: Sport 22 breaking out, blind 3500 Lead s responsibility to reorganize the flight. If you have the wingman in sight, use the term visual and be directive. 103

105 Flight Safety: The Hard Deck Virtual ground level Minimum maneuvering altitude Should be derived from current charts High enough to allow reasonable chance of bailout or recovery from unusual attitude/aerobatic maneuver as applicable Must be briefed on every formation mission Call KIO if penetrated 104

106 Formation Communications: Who Communicates? LEAD Primarily! Appropriate Wingmen comms: Acknowledging signals or instructions ( 2, 3, 4 ) Any Safety Issue (KIO/Mayday/Terminate) Emergencies or conflicting traffic Operational questions affecting safety If possible, save it for the debrief

107 Formation Communications: Visual Signals Lead s hand signals are acknowledged with an exaggerated head nod. When required to pass signals down (not common), Wing Pilots do not look for acknowledgement If you don t understand the signal do not move, lead will resend the signal. Use a radio call if ambiguity is not resolved. 106

108 Control (Aircraft) Signals Rudder Fishtail Think: being pushed away Go to Route Aileron Wingrock Think: attach yourself to wing Join to Fingertip Elevator Porpoise Think: attach yourself under here (tail) Go to Trail

109 Fist Hand Signals In Flight #2 Cross Under Pumped Fist #3 & #4 Cross Under Finger Twirl, then fingers Pitch Out (fingers set interval in seconds) Four Fingers, then Thumb Back #4 move to the slot

110 Finger Twirl Hand Signals Ground Start (on head nod) or Run Up Cut Throat Shut down (execute on head nod) One Handed Counting Fingers sideways -> Add five

111 Formation Communications: Radio Procedures Sport Class teaches a radio communications policy that is reflective of common practice in general FAST formation flight and strictly follows USAF/USN communication protocols designed for safety and brevity. In all cases, Flight Leaders must brief deviations from this protocol based on the situation and all flight members must be disciplined in the application of proper formation radio procedures. 110

112 Formation Communications: Radio Procedures Use COMM BREVITY on the radios at all times Use FULL CALL SIGN always for: Directing the entire flight SPORT 5 go extended trail With ATC, if Lead or solo wingman Sport 5, 2 mile initial Use RACE NUMBER ONLY when: Responding to simple instructions in-sequence Example: Frequency Changes and Check-In Sport 5 GO , 2, 39 Refer to the Flight Lead by FULL CALL SIGN or RACE NUMBER SPORT 5, not Lead 111

113 Formation Communications: Frequency switching and check-ins Execute frequency switching while in Route. Unless briefed otherwise, Use RACE NUMBER ONLY GO requires acknowledgement Push does not, but Sport Class uses GO as standard Respond in sequence If the wingman ahead of you doesn t respond, wait, then respond Do not leave the frequency until all flight members have acknowledged. Check-in in sequence If the wingman ahead of you doesn t respond, wait, then respond 112

114 Ops Checks and Fuel Management Ops Check All in-flight checks performed in route formation Check fuel, fuel balance and engine parameters Report parameters as required. Fuel State in minutes Include G meter if applicable to flight Flight Lead radio call and acknowledgment: Sport 5 flight Ops Check, 5: 55 22: 45 2: 55 39:

115 Bingo Fuel Management Fuel state at which flight must terminate to return with legal minimums or as briefed by the Flight Lead VFR Day: 30 Minutes Reserve Generally briefed in Time - fuel remaining in minutes in dissimilar aircraft formations Example report: Raven 3 is bingo plus 5 Do not overfly briefed bingo! 114

116 Joker Fuel Management Above Bingo. Fuel state at which Flight Leader must prioritize tasks (mission objectives) to insure flight recovers with adequate fuel. Example: Returning to the pattern with enough fuel for multiple Element Landings Generally briefed in Time. 115

117 PART VI Abnormal & Emergency Procedures 116

118 Emergencies Formation Takeoff: Element Departure No sympathetic aborts unless required for safety Call it out Element aborts: be directive to wingman Formation Takeoff: Interval Staggered: Trailing aircraft will generally abort Radio call is CRITICAL 117

119 Emergencies (cont d) Immediately after takeoff Engine failure / Forced landing Emergency return Chase ship request Plan for these ahead of time Brief them! 118

120 Emergencies (cont d) Airborne / in the practice area Nature of emergency dictates who should lead Often emergency aircraft in front, but may be assisted by chase ship Navigation, Communication, Etc. One aircraft provides support, others may be dispersed by Flight Lead 119

121 Emergencies (cont d) Aircraft Damage Assessment (ADA Check) Sport Class version of the military BDA Check Only when fully coordinated! Two damaged aircraft do not ADA one another Hold position as wing inspects top, sides and bottom for panels, leaks and other damage 120

122 Emergencies (cont d) Chase Ship Procedures Two damaged aircraft should not fly chase on one another! Request assistance if able. Wing fly 45 degree aspect no closer than required and never closer than route unless cleared for inspection purposes Chase aircraft may provide all navigation and communication as required or requested Avoid flying below or aft of damaged/emergency aircraft. 121

123 Emergencies (cont d) NORDO NORDO will be led back to the field/alternate If element landing qualified, land as a formation if able and safe to do so. Alternate: fly a straight in and drop off NORDO no lower than 300 feet with landing clearance. 122

124 Emergencies (cont d) HEFOE signals (nordo only) Hydraulic (Pneumatic for our aircraft) Electrical Fuel Oxygen Engine 123

125 Emergencies (cont d) Bailout/Forced Landing Have a Plan Take Command Mark Position Asses Condition Identify nearest town or major road/highway Communicate with ATC Set a bingo to maximize coverage 124

126 PART VII FAST Organization and Program Policies 125

127 FAST Program Origination Concept started at National Warbird Operators Conference in 1993 Developed standards Set policy Created standardization materials Interface with the FAA (FAST CARD) 126

128 Signatory [Sport Class] Organizational Responsibilities Maintain formation proficiency records (FPRs) and update online formation database Maintain check ride records Track currency Issue annual F.A.S.T formation cards Publish Training Programs, Materials, etc. 127

129 FAST Documents Signatory Approved Formation Manual FAST Foundations and Principles (v 21.3) FAST Maneuvers Guide (v 2.2) FAST Radio Communications and Visual Signals (v 1.2) Pilot Practical Test Guides Wingman / Flight Leader Forms Training Records / Recommendation / Eval / Proficiency Available at 128

130 FAST [Sport Class] Qualification Levels Wingman Flight Lead Check Pilot 129

131 Wingman Qualifications Private pilot 350 hours total time (250 with Comm Lic.) 10 hours of logged formation time Member of signatory organization Flight test recommendation by current Lead or Check Pilot Pass check ride (See FF&P for complete list) 130

132 Flight Lead Qualifications Private pilot 500 hours total time (350 with CFI/Mil IP) 30 hours logged as FAST Wingman Member of signatory organization Complete signatory formal training course Flight test recommendation by current Lead or Check Pilot Pass check ride (See FF&P for complete list) 131

133 FAST Formation Ground School QUESTIONS / FEEDBACK? 132

134