The River Nile. Use an atlas to draw on the River Nile. Colour the countries that use the River Nile.

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1 The River Nile Use an atlas to draw on the River Nile. Colour the countries that use the River Nile.

rainfall superimposed) OCR Spec B 1998 Use the key to complete the map to show the areas that receive between 100

2 The start of the River Nile is in the Ethiopian Highlands. Key Word the start of a River = (NB I need a map like the one below but with all the information on one map with rainfall superimposed) OCR Spec B 1998 Use the key to complete the map to show the areas that receive between 100 and 400mm and those areas that receive over mm a year Which of the three countries receives the least rainfall? Egypt Sudan Ethiopia How much rainfall this country receives

3 Describe the relationship between rainfall and topography.

4 The highlands of Ethiopia receive relief rainfall. Complete the diagram below to show how relief rainfall occurs. Describe what is happening in the diagram in 4 sentences: Key Word = Drought a long period where less rain falls than usual. In eastern Ethiopia where there are no mountains, there is much less rainfall. People living in Ethiopia have to learn to live with drought.

5 Causes of drought Short-term effects Long-term effects Rains can fail to arrive Rain arrives but only in heavy storms The rainy season is at the same time as the highest temperatures Deforestation Crops fail People don t have any clean drinking water People migrated in large numbers from remote rural areas Farmers have to take their animals to find new food supplies Farmers have no crops to sell and crops don t grow There are less crops to sell Farmers leave their land So So so So So So so so So So So

6 Answers They will have more chance of surviving and there will be less food shortages There is less soil erosion/desertification and more shade and more transpiration and people earn money. There is less overgrazing Camels and goats need less water so it is easier for the farmer If children are in school they are not out finding wood so there is less deforestation. Also they can learn farming skills to help their parents Farmers can keep farming so there won t be food shortages Surface run-off is reduced and there is more underground water Surface run-off is reduced so there is more water stored in soil and rock They can store water in the wet season for when there is a drought The stored water does not evaporate They can access underground water

7 Case Study - Ethiopia drought 2008/9 Ethiopia has had serious droughts in 1973, 1978, , 1987, 1994, 1997, 2000 and most recently in seasons in a row very low rainfall. 6 million children under 5 at risk of malnutrition. Over 100,000 had to be treated by doctors for malnutrition. 2-3 children died each day of malnutrition in the worst affected areas. 12 million people needed food relief. 60% of cattle died. 50% of goats died. 40% of camels died. There was a slight increase in the death rate but Ethiopia has received international aid and support since 1 m people died in the 1984/5 drought. Managing drought in Ethiopia Farmers can plant more drought tolerant crops so Charities like Band Aid Trust are paying people to plant trees so Divide areas into wet and dry season grazing areas Change livestock from cattle to camels and goats because Charities like Oxfam help to pay for primary education because The United Nations provides seeds, tools and fertiliser to farmers so Farmers can build stone lines so Farmers can terrace hillsides to farm so Farmers could build rock dams so Farmers could build covered stores of water (birkhads) so Farmers could dig wells so

Case Study A River Landform The Blue Nile Falls The start of the River Nile is Lake Tana. Key Word: The start of a river = Blue Nile Falls 30km downstream from Lake Tana is the Blue Nile Falls.

8 Case Study A River Landform The Blue Nile Falls The start of the River Nile is Lake Tana. Key Word: The start of a river = Blue Nile Falls 30km downstream from Lake Tana is the Blue Nile Falls. It is known as Tis Issat or smoking water They are one of Ethiopia s best known tourist attractions. The Waterfall is 400m wide in flood the month after when there is heaviest rainfall (see climate graph above). The Blue Nile Gorge is up to 4000km high. e/countries/ethiopia/map Human Use of the River Nile In 2004, a $63 million HEP station has been built up stream from the waterfall called Tis Abay II. About 75% of the water is being diverted down a canal. The HEP station only works on weekdays so there is normal flow on weekends. On weekdays, tourists can now only see ¼ of the water going down the waterfall so less are going to see it. HEP is important to Ethiopia because large areas have been deforested to produce energy so this will reduce deforestation. Only 4% of people in Ethiopia currently have access to electricity metres Lava/basalt rock Erosion Hydraulic action = Abrasion = Blue Nile Gorge or canyon Sandstone, limestone and granite Unlike most waterfalls which are formed when a layer of rock meets a layer of rock, the Blue Nile Falls was formed by a volcanic uplift which created the sheer cliff over which the waterfall flows.

Sudan flood 2007 Most affected was Khartoum at Confluence of Blue and White Nile. Key Word Confluence = Causes: Heavy summer rains in Ethiopia raised level of Blue Nile.

9 Sudan flood 2007 Most affected was Khartoum at Confluence of Blue and White Nile. Key Word Confluence = Causes: Heavy summer rains in Ethiopia raised level of Blue Nile. Heavy local rainstorms started 3 rd July 2007 and caused flash floods Flat land Silt-clay soil which dissolved quickly with the rain and filled the rivers. _road_map_al_ubayyid_tourist_map_kassala_holiday_map.htm Buildings and roads delayed the rainwater reaching the rivers so the worst flooding happened days and weeks after the rainfall. By the 19 th August the worst of the flooding had happened. Short-term effects 30,000 homes destroyed. Most damage in the refugee camps and squatter settlements because 120,000 houses damaged. Many houses were built from silt/clay soil so Rural to urban migration meant many people forced to live in flood prone areas so drowning and deaths by buildings damaged. People moved to the city because Long-term effects 3.5 million people at risk of disease and waterborne diseases e.g. cholera and typhoid killed one person every 2 weeks. People got waterborne diseases because Total of 90 deaths including 57 from watery diarrhoea because 750,000 people left homeless so 12,000 livestock and 16,000 chickens died so 250 schools destroyed and 56,000 pupils affected so

10 Responses to flooding some action had happened after previous flooding. Within 4 weeks of the flooding (by 6 th August) most aid had arrived and was getting to the people affected. By 28 th August the UN appealed to the world for more help for the flood victims. They asked for US$20. After previous heavy flooding in 1988, stone embankments were built along the river so A drainage ditch was also built close to the river so Settlements have been built on the river terraces away from the floodplain because UNICEF provided clean water because WHO (World Health Organisation) provided 17 mobile medical treatment centres because UN charities provided essentials to 40,000 homeless families e.g. blankets and Aircraft sprayed the city with insecticide, especially any areas of stagnant water because UNICEF paid for radio and TV adverts to advise people on healthcare and the importance of using mosquito nets because Key Word embankment/levée = Key Word floodplain =

11 Higher Tier Case Study - For a named area that has flooded i. Name the area ii. Describe the effects of the flood on different groups of people iii. Explain why the flood took place Candidate A Total = 4/8 marks 1 2 The area of Sudan in The flood effected the people of Sudan because many people as the flood spoiled the water supply became ill and died. Many houses became damaged and were unable to be used. Many also did not have a food supply for days because support was not sent. Other countries were effected as they got asked to help the country with aid and support. The government was effected as they had to solve the problem to stop it happening again and to save the people of Sudan. 3 The flood took place because the rivers surrounding Sudan over flowed and flooded the surrounding area. There was heavy rainfall into the surrounding Rivers causing the Rivers to be more overflowed/flooded. Quality of Written Communication = Level 3 The writing is logical and has structure. Some specialist terms (key words) are used well. Spelling, punctuation (full stops, commas, capital letters at start of sentences etc) and grammar are good. TASKS 1. Use a highlighter to identify anywhere the QWC mark could be improved e.g. spelling errors, missing commas, capital letters that shouldn t be there. 2. Suggest at least 3 key words that could be included in a flooding case study. Geography - Level 2 = 3 marks Appropriate case study named. Provides an account with some specific description and explanation. Must include at least 2 different groups of people affected. Might only answer part of the whole question.

12 Improving paragraph 1 1 The area of Sudan in The flood effected the people of Sudan because many people as the flood spoiled the water supply became ill and died. Many houses became damaged and were unable to be used. Many also did not have a food supply for days because support was not sent. million people were at risk from waterborne diseases e.g. People got these diseases because homes were destroyed. There was most damage in refugee and squatter settlements because Improving paragraph 2 2 Other countries were effected as they got asked to help the country with aid and support. The government was effected as they had to solve the problem to stop it happening again and to save the people of Sudan. 3 The UN children s charity provided clean water because _ UN Charities provided essentials to homeless families e.g. because _ Improving paragraph 3 The flood took place because the rivers surrounding Sudan over flowed and flooded the surrounding area. There was heavy rainfall into the surrounding Rivers causing the Rivers to be more overflowed/flooded. The flood took place in the months of in They were caused by heavy rainfall in which flowed downstream along the River They were made worse by heavy which caused. When rain fell on the hard dry ground it couldn t (key word meaning to soak into the ground) so there was increased (key word meaning water running over the ground)

13 This water flowed into the river and there was increased (key word meaning volume of water flowing in a river in a given time and measured in cumecs) The River burst it s at the city of which is the (key word meaning where 2 rivers join) of the and the

14 Causes of flooding along the River Nile in Egypt The Nile used to flood in Egypt every July and August. The floods were not caused by heavy rainfall in Egypt but by Benefits of flooding Wheat, barley and rice grew fast on land close to the river because The soil next to the river became fertile because 90% of Egypt s food supply has to be imported so farming is important because Because of the fertile land farmer s didn t have to buy fertiliser so Disadvantages of flooding The amount of floodwater was not reliable. Sometimes there was very little summer rain so Egypt has a growing population. Over 95% of Egypt s population live in the narrow strip of land along the Nile where flooding can cause damage. They live here because When the river flooded it destroyed crops so Boats use the river for tourism and transporting goods. Because the river level dropped during the dry season boats could not use the river so The ASWAN DAM Aswan Dam The Aswan High dam was started in 1960 and finished in 1970 and is almost 5km long, 100m high and 1.2km thick at the base. The town of Wadi Halfa in Sudan was flooded to create Lake Nasser and Egypt had to give Sudan 2.5 million to help resettle the people. In total 90,000 people were relocated. The water in the lake is used to irrigate 30% more new farmland. The water is stored in canals and ditches around the farmland and is released whenever it is needed. Hydroelectric power is made at the dam and fed into Egypt s electricity supply which has helped new industry to grow in Egypt.

15 The Villages along the Nile are no longer flooded There is less fishing around the Nile Delta There is more electricity produced by the Aswan Dam for homes and factories Farmers have to spend more money on fertiliser Boats can use the River Nile all year The Nile Delta is shrinking as it is eroded by the sea The people who live along the Nile have a reliable supply of water The water in the soil evaporates and leaves behind salt deposits Farmers can use the River to irrigate their crops all year Lake Nasser (formed by the Aswan Dam) is filling up with silt There are more nutrients in Lake Nasser so more fishing can take place There is more farmland around the Aswan dam There is more standing water around the River Nile which is a breeding ground for snails carrying the parasite bilharzias and mosquitoes More farmers are using chemical fertilisers on their land source of information: A. Because the level of water in the river doesn t rise and fall dramatically. B. Because the river no longer overflows its banks. C. Because the Aswan Dam has an HEP station. D. Because the lake is rich in silt and nutrients. E. Because the water evaporates from the soil quickly. F. Because less of the fertile silt is transported along the river and deposited in the sea. G. Because floodwater no longer washes away breeding snails. H. So silt gets trapped behind the dam, blocking the turbines, which is expensive to clean. I. So there is more water pollution in the river. K. Because the river is bringing less silt to deposit on the delta. L. Because the water from the Ethiopian rains is stored in the dam and released slowly into the river throughout the year. M. Because the river no longer flood farmland, depositing fertile silt. N. Because the river brings more water spread throughout the year. O. There is more water to irrigate land around Lake Nasser. Now colour in the benefits of the dam in green. Colour the problems caused by the dam in red.

16 START This country has heavy rains in July and August which caused the Nile to flood every year. ETHIOPIA Crops grew well on land next to the River Nile because this was deposited by the floodwaters. SILT Farming is important to Egypt because 90% of this is imported. Food Supply Because the amount of floodwater was not reliable there were shortages of this. WATER SUPPLY Because of the lack of fertile land, this percentage of Egypt s people live in a narrow strip of land along the Nile. 95% The River Nile is an important transport route for goods and for this growing service industry. TOURISM The Aswan Dam was completed in this year This town in Sudan was flooded to create Lake Nasser behind the Aswan Dam. WADI HALFA This is how much Sudan received to help resettle the people of Wadi Halfa. 2.5 MILLION This type of power is made by the Aswan Dam and has helped industry to grow. HYDROELECTRIC POWER Farmers have to spend more money on this because the Nile no longer floods their land. FERTILISER When the hot sun evaporates water from the soil in Egypt it leaves this behind which makes the soil less fertile.

17 SALT DEPOSITS This industry has grown on Lake Nasser because it has more silt and nutrients. FISHING This disease is more common because the breeding snails are no longer washed away. BILHARZIA This is shrinking because there is less silt being deposited at the mouth of the River Nile. NILE DELTA FINISH

Key word Distributary = Features of the Nile Delta: 250km wide at the coast 16km from north to south 2 main distributaries Rosetta and Damietta http://www.sln.org.

18 Nile Delta a river and coastal landform When the river reaches the sea the river mouth becomes blocked with sediment. This causes the main river channel to split into smaller channels or distributaries. Key word Distributary = Features of the Nile Delta: 250km wide at the coast 16km from north to south 2 main distributaries Rosetta and Damietta Deltas only form where there is: A high sediment load Weak sea currents and waves which cannot wash away the sediment Shallow river at the mouth Draw a sketch map of the Nile Delta an arcuate delta How does the delta form? 1. The River slows down/loses when it enters the sea. 2. River has less because it has slowed down so it can t carry as much sediment. 3. River or drops the sediment which builds up in layers.

19 4. It forms flat and farmland. It covers 4% of Egypt but supports 99% of the population. Sort out the phrases into the following sections: 1. Location 2. Describing the delta 3. How the delta was made 4. How the delta affects peoples activities 5. How people are changing the delta. 1. Made of silt (alluvium) deposited by the river as it loses energy when entering the sea. 2. The delta has an arcuate or fan shape. 3. Deposited silt provides fertile farmland 4. Located in northern Egypt where the River Nile meets the Mediterranean Sea 5. The land on the delta was not stable earthquakes caused buildings to collapse and land to sink. 6. Weak tides mean the delta is not eroded away. 7. The Aswan Dam traps most of the sediment being transported by the River Nile 9. The Nile Delta is one of the most densely populated parts of Egypt. 8. As the delta gets less sediment it has started to sink. 10. The Aswan Dam was finished in The delta is flat low-lying land 12. Lagoons gradually silt up. 13. Over time the delta builds out to sea 14. Now the delta has stopped building up and the sea is eroding it away. 15. The delta has some salty lagoon lakes. 16. Sea wall defences have been built to try to save the delta. But Climate change and rising sea levels could make things worse. 17. People use the silt to make mud bricks for building. 18. Each year the annual flood added more silt to raise the delta land level. 19. Now the river no longer floods or drops silt. 21. The Nile Delta is located at the mouth of the River Nile. 23. Inland parts of the delta become more solid and dry out. 25. Less nutrients in the sea means less fish. Sardine fisheries declined from 18,000 tonnes a year to nothing so less food. 30,000 fishermen lost their jobs. 27. Lagoons are being poisoned by chemical fertilisers which is killing wildlife. 20. The main river channel splits into a number of small distributaries. 22. Part of the delta erodes at 30 metres a year. 24. The Nile Delta is located North of Cairo, Egypt s capital city. 26. Due to less sediment, farmers have to buy expensive fertiliser. 28. Because the delta is fertile it allows 3 crops cycles a year.

21 Foundation Tier Case Study - For a named river landform: i. Name the landform ii. Describe the main physical features of this river landform iii. Explain how the river landform was formed Name of landform: Nile Delta in Egypt Candidate B - Total marks = 3/5 Tasks 1. Use a highlighter to find any key words that the person has used. 2. Circle any spelling mistakes or anywhere there is not a capital letter at the start of a sentence or a full stop at the end Describe: It has 3 distributaries. It helps local people earn a living as this location is one of the main farming areas of Egypt, therefore crops are grown because of warmth. The Nile Delta is fertile due to the nutrients carried in the deposits. Other Nile Delta features: shaped or arcuate km wide and km from north to south farmers can grow crops a year distributaries called and Explain: The River Nile carries material such as silt, sand and clay so as soon as it meets with the Meditteranien sea, the material is deposited on the sea bed with the heaviest material as close to the shore. When fresh and saltwater meet, this causes, electric energy which drops the material onto the sea bed and when the energy of the water has run out, the material gets deposited. Explain 3. Improve the sketch above to explain how the Nile Delta is formed.

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