12/2/11$ Egypt. Lower Egypt SUMER. Upper Egypt
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1 Egypt Lower Egypt SUMER Upper Egypt 1$
2 ! Giza/ Saqqara! Memphis! Valley of Kings Timeline Ancient Egypt Predynastic SUMER (up to Early Dynastic) Middle Kingdom Archaic / Old Kingdom New Kingdom / Ptolemy Roman Islam 6000 B.C B.C B.C. A.D. 1 What s in a name?! Kemet (KMT)! Black land (referring to rich soil)! Black community (referring to population)! Hwt-ka-Ptah! Aegyptos! Junhuriyah Misr al- Arabiyah 2$
3 The Black Land! Egypt is the gift of the river Hecateus of Miletus! Nile River! 4,800 km (3,000 mi) long! Predictable seasons! Akhet (summer floods)*! Peret (growing season)! Shemu (drought season)*! What do farmers do when there are no crops?! Modern Nile has been damned and regulated and is much wider than in prehistory Origins ( B.C.)! By 5000 B.C. simple farming communities arose along the Nile as far south as Sudan! Archaeological evidence of change: larger settlements and more elaborate burials! Buried in searing hot sand causes natural mummification Early evidence of belief in life after death 3$
4 Tomb 100! Mud-brick sepulcher w/ painted walls! Depicts early ruler in a procession of boats! Fragmented ceremonial mace-head found in Hierakonpolis in 1897! Dates to 3450 B.C.! Depicts a ruler wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt! Next to the ruler is a scorpion - this probably indicates his name! Ruler towers over other figures god status? King Scorpion 4$
5 Unification of North & South! Prior to 3100 B.C. Upper and Lower Egypt existed as separate states! Upper Egypt represented a desert culture! Lower Egypt represented a cosmopolitan culture! Two kingdoms unified under Narmer Narmer Palette 5$
6 Mortality and Life Expectancy Infant mortality Life expectancy Avg. age at death Ancient Egypt Modern Egypt Modern Uganda 30% 4% 11% Literacy 9% 51% 62% Egyptian Attitude Towards Death! Bias towards wealthy class! Lifespan 40 years! Optimistic view of afterlife unique in ancient cultures! Conception of life person continues through death! Fields of the Blessed a perfected version of their former lives! This suggests that in general they were happy with their lives! Obsessed with death? Maybe preservation plays a role! Person s name must survive for immortality Mummification! Was reserved for upper class! Lower class was buried in ground or placed in dry caves! Mummification is possible due to the arid climate! Involves two steps: embalming and wrapping 6$
7 Embalming 7$
8 Wrapping! Large white linen sheet is wrapped around body with depiction of Osiris! Large brown linen sheet is wrapped and tied around entire mummy.! Mummy is placed inside two coffins: one wood and one covered in gold, silver, or bronze (or painted Afterlife sequence! Dead person was taken by Anubis to see Osiris! Anubis (Jackal-head) god of embalming (since jackals hung out in cemeteries! Osiris (Mummified human) god of the dead Sarcophagi 8$
9 ! Most famous was the solid gold mask of Tutankh-amun, from the 18 th dynasty (1324 B.C.) of the New Kingdom! King Tut lived 1200 years after the creation of the pyramids! Note the false beard Burial Mask Book of the Dead Guide to the afterlife 9$
10 Writing! Hieroglyphics (sacred signs) combination of picture and phonetic symbols! Hieratic cursive shorthand! All forms of Egyptian writing lacked vowels (like Hebrew)! Produced in 196 B.C.! Written in two forms of Egyptian and Greek! Basis for all subsequent translations of hieroglyphic Rosetta Stone 10$
11 ! Libation of the Deities! Comprise of six diminishing steps made out of quarried limestone! Maximum height 197 feet! Sides oriented to the cardinal points of the compass! Surrounded by a 1 mile long wall! Important social function: united groups from far flung parts of the state Step Pyramid Bent pyramid! First attempted at a true pyramid (Snofru)! Only pyramid with an angle change partway up! Theories! Angle changed to reduce time and materials! Collapse of another pyramid caused reevaluation! Unconsolidated land surface could not support the weight! Snufru s 3 pyramids moved more stone than was used in the later Great Pyramid 11$
12 ! Ordered by Snofru s son Khufu (2528 B.C.).! Constructed out of 2 million limestone blocks, each weighing more than 2 tons (up to 15 tons)! Estimated 20 years to build! That s 285 blocks quarried, moved, and placed per day! Inner blocks are all that survive; outer blocks recycled! Initially, outside would have be covered in white limestone that was painted various colors over time! Tallest structure in the world for 43 centuries (not surpassed until the 19 th century) Great Pyramid 12$
13 Inside the Great Pyramid Mysteries of the Great Pyramid! Designed by God or aliens?! Pyramid sits at the center of the world! Crazy math?! C/2h= π! Don t have to know π to use it! Σ 4 walls = ! Modern technology cannot duplicate! Three pyramids line up to Orion s belt 10,500 years ago 13$
14 Pyramid construction! During the flood and drought seasons, the government organized the population into work details.! Stone was quarried to the south and then floated up the Nile to the construction site.! A large earthen ramp was constructed around the pyramid and was added to during construction.! Once at the top, workers added casing stones from the top down, removing the ramp as they went. Great Sphinx, ca Great Sphinx! Original name unknown! Largest, but not the only, sphinx in Egypt! Body of lion, head of a pharaoh! Constructed of single block of soft limestone ~ 2520 B.C.! Face may depict an early king (Khafre? or Khufu?)! Excavated in 1425 B.C.! Nose not destroyed by Napoleon but by Arab leader in the 14 th century! Attempts to preserve it have generally failed! Age of Leo 10,500 years ago? 14$
15 Valley of the Kings! Why did pyramid building end in the Old Kingdom?! The goal of the pyramids was to protect the pharaohs for eternity! Instead, they served as giant beacons to bring in tomb raiders from all over the world! New Kingdom solution: Valley of the Kings! Series of non-descript tombs built into the sides of the sandstone cliffs! Ultimately, these were as successful as the pyramids! Only one tomb remained unlooted until the 20 th century King Tut Late Period 500 B.C. 40 B.C. Waves of foreign invaders Egypt loses status and power Poor knock-offs become the standard Romans! Take control of Egypt beginning around 100 B.C.! Solidify control in 40 B.C.! Egypt becomes the breadbasket of the Roman Empire! Food over culture 15$
16 Fayum mummy portraits! Exclusive to the Roman period! Reflect quick cultural change! Mummification becomes a style or fad rather than a necessity 16$
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