Islamic Development Bank

Transcription

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2 Islamic Development Bank KEY SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATISTICS ON IDB MEMBER COUNTRIES STATISTICAL MONOGRAPH NO. 25 ECONOMIC POLICY AND STRATEGIN PLANNING DEPARTMENT Rabi II 1426H (May 2005)

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4 PREFACE This 25 th Edition of the Statistical Monograph, Key Socio-Economic Statistics on IDB Member Countries, presents social, economic, and financial data on IDB member countries. The Monograph primarily provides data and aggregate statistics on socio-economic indicators of IDB member countries with the view to assisting IDB in monitoring developments in its member countries. Recent international initiatives such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) -- which call for setting targets and benchmarks, and the development of statistical indicators for measuring progress and results, for evaluating success and failures, and for evaluating policies and responses have made the Monograph an important source for data that could be used to monitor progress and performance of member countries in achieving the targets set in the MDGs. The Monograph contains a set of 200 indicators which are grouped under three main headings: Demographic and Human Development Indicators (Part 1), Macro-economic Indicators (Part II) and External Sector Economic Indicators (Part III). Part 1 provides indicators on demography, population structure, vital statistic, health, education, poverty and human development, information and communication technology, employment, wage, productivity and competitiveness, environment, land use, food and agricultural production, which are used to assess progress in social and human development. Part II provides information on national accounts, government finance, inflation, money supply, and exchange rates and interest rate. National accounts data provide essential information on the economic performance in terms of growth and structure of output, investments, and savings. Part III provides indicators on external trade, balance of payments, external debt and financial flows. Each part presents highlights of major trends and analysis of the indicators covered. In addition, the Tables show the performances of IDB and OIC economies for various years, together with, for comparative purposes, those of developing countries, least developed countries, high-income countries, and the world. The data presented in the Monograph are sourced from the IDB Live Database (which was set up by the World Bank in December 2002) and from online databases, publications and CD ROMs of several international institutions including the IMF, UNCTAD, FAO, UNDP, WRI, and OECD. We would like to register our thanks and appreciation to all these institutions for their cooperation and continuous exchange of data with IDB. In particular, the IDB is especially grateful to the Data Group of the World Bank for their continuous support in updating data for and troubleshooting the IDB Live Database. This Monograph was prepared in the Statistics Section of the Economic Policy and Strategic Planning (EPSP) Department of the Islamic Development Bank by a team of Statisticians led by Dr. Abdullateef Bello. The team members comprised Aamir Ghani, Abdinasir Nur, Azam Ali and Brahim Lgui. ECONOMIC POLICY AND STRATEGIC PLANNING DEPARTMENT iii

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6 CONTENTS Symbols, Acronyms and Abbreviations... xi Data Sources... xii PART I: DEMOGRAPHIC AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Highlights Demographic Statistics... 9 Mid-Year Population... 9 Population Growth rate Population structure Gender Population age composition Dependency ratios Vital Statistics Population Density Crude Birth Rate Crude Death Rate Total Fertility Rate Mortality Under-5 Mortality Rate Infant Mortality Rate Maternal Mortality Rate Education Adult Illiteracy Rate Primary School Enrolment Ratio Secondary School Enrolment Ratio Health Life Expectancy at birth Access to Safe Water Access to Sanitation Access to Drugs Physicians Hospital Beds Health Expenditure Total health expenditure (% GDP) Public expenditure on health (% GDP Private expenditure on health (% GDP) Health expenditure per capita (US$) v

7 1.8 Poverty and Human Development Population below national poverty line Population below $1 a day and $2 a day Human Poverty Index Gini Index Human Development Index Information and Communication Technology Indicators Daily Newspapers Radio Television sets Telephone mainlines Personal Computers Internet Users ICT expenditure Science and Technology Scientists and engineers in R&D Technicians in R&D Science and technical journal articles Expenditures for R&D High-technology exports Patent applications filed Trademark applications filed Employment Labour force Percentage of labour force in Agriculture Percentage of labour force in Industry Percentage of labour force in Services Wage, Productivity, and Competitiveness Average hours worked Minimum wage Labour cost per worker in manufacturing Value-added per worker in manufacturing World Competitiveness Ranking Environment Forest area Deforestation CO 2 emissions Land Use Arable Land (% Land Area) Cropped Land (% Land Area) Others (% Land Area) Arable Land per capita vi

8 1.15 Food Production Wheat Maize Rice Agricultural and Per Capita Production Indices Food and Per Capita Production Indices PART II: MACRO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS Highlights Output (Gross Domestic Product) Growth of Output Structure of Output Agriculture Industry Manufacturing Services Sectoral Growth Rates Agriculture Industry Manufacturing Services Per Capita Output and Income Gross National Income (GNI) Per Capita GNI Per Capita GDP Structure of Demand Private Consumption Government Consumption Gross Domestic Investment Export of Goods & Services Import of Goods & Services Investment, Saving, and Resource Gap Gross National Savings Gross Domestic Investment Gross Domestic Savings Resource Gap vii

9 2.8 Growth of Demand Private Consumption Government Consumption Gross Domestic Investment Export of Goods & Services Government Finance Current Revenue Expenditure and net lending Budget Surplus/Deficit Inflation All Items Annual Average Food Annual Average GDP Implicit Deflator Annual percentage change Growth Rate Relative Prices and Exchange Rates Exchange Rate arrangements Official exchange rate Ratio of PPP to official exchange rate Real effective exchange rate Purchasing power parity conversion factor Interest rate Deposit Lending Real Money Supply Narrow Money (M1) Broad Money (M2) Financial Depth and Efficiency Domestic credit by banking sector Liquid liabilities Quasi-liquid liabilities Ratio of bank liquid reserves to bank assets Interest rate spread Risk premium on lending viii

10 PART III: EXTERNAL SECTOR ECONOMIC INDICATORS Highlight Merchandise Exports (f.o.b) Growth rate Merchandise Import (c.i.f) Growth rate Terms of Trade Structure of merchandise exports Structure of merchandise imports Tariff All products Primary products Manufactured products Intra-IDB Countries Trade Intra-IDB countries Exports Intra-IDB Countries Imports Openness of economy Direction of Trade: Exports Direction of Trade: Imports Intra-Trade by Regional groupings Exports of Five Core Commodities Exports Concentration & Diversification Imports Concentration & Diversification Balance of Payments Goods and Services Net Income Net current transfer Current account balance International Reserves and Ratio to Imports Debt Indicators Present value of debt ix

11 Percentage of GNP Percentage of Exports Total External Debt Percentage of GNP Percentage of Exports Debt Service Percentage of GNP Percentage of Exports Net Financial Flows Net Resource Flows Official Development Assistance Foreign Direct Investment Investment Climate Business Environment Private Sector Development Net projects financing of the IDB Group IDB Group Trade Financing, Special Assistance Operations, and Total Operations Technical Note Glossary x

12 SYMBOLS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Symbols.. Data not available. 0.0 The figure exists, but in rounding is set equal to zero. -- Aggregate is not computed because more than one-third of the observations in the series are missing in a given year. % Percentage '000 Thousands Acronyms and Abbreviations c.i.f f.o.b FAO GDP GNI IDB IMF LDCs MCs MFIs ODA OECD OIC UNCTAD UNDP WRI XGS Cost, insurance, and freight Free on board Food and Agricultural Organization Gross Domestic Product Gross National Income Islamic Development Bank International Monetary Fund Least Developed Countries Member Countries Multilateral Financial Institutions Official Development Assistance Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Organization of the Islamic Conference United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Development Programme World Resources Institute Export of goods and services xi

13 Data Sources 1. FAO, FAOSTAT Online, May IDB Live Database, May IMF, Direction of Trade Statistic, CD-ROM, March IMF, International Financial Statistics Online, May IMF, Global Development Finance, OECD, International Development Statistics Online, May UNCTAD, Handbook of Statistics, CD-ROM UNDP, Human Development Report, World Bank, Global Development Finance, CD-ROM World Bank, World Development Indicators, Online, May WRI, World Resources CD-ROM xii

14 PART I DEMOGRAPHIC AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

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16 1. DEMOGRAPHIC AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS 1.1 Population The 55 IDB member countries have a combined population that represents about twenty per cent of the world s population in In the last 25 years, the member countries population has almost doubled in size to 1.2 billion in 2004 from 0.7 billion in Three member countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Pakistan) have a combined population of 0.5 billion which represents fifty per cent of the total population of IDB member countries in 2004; while seven member countries (Bahrain, Brunei, Comoros, Djibouti, Maldives, Qatar, and Suriname) have population of less than one million each. The average annual population growth rate for member countries has decreased from 2.3 per cent over the period to 1.9 per cent in More than two-thirds (about 70 per cent) of member countries have average annual population growth rates that are higher than the average for the member countries in However, from the period to , more than three-quarters of member countries recorded a decline in population growth rate ranging from -0.1 per cent in Guinea-Bissau to -2.8 per cent in Djibouti; while one-fifth of member countries has registered increase in population growth with Kuwait recording the highest rate of 3.7 per cent. Assuming the determinants of population growth of member countries in would remain constant in the future, it is expected that the population of IDB member countries as a group would double in 37 years. The population of IDB member countries is composed of 51 percent males and 49 per cent females in Over 50 per cent of member countries have more males than females and the gap in gender structure is more pronounced in three countries (Kuwait with 22 per cent excess males; Palestine 28 per cent, and Uganda 30 per cent) whilst Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, and Mozambique have proportion of females exceeding the males by at least two percentage points. About 61 per cent of the IDB member countries population are in the working age group (15-64 years) in 2004 with the youths (aged 0-14 years) constituting 36 per cent, and the old age group (65+ years) representing the remaining 4 per cent. Youth population is burgeoning: More than half of member countries have more youths than the average for the IDB member countries. By contrast, about two-fifths of member countries have working age group that exceeded the average for member countries while only one-thirds of member countries have excess of average old age group for member countries. The total dependency burden on people who are of working and productive age in member countries varies according to age structure. Every 100 persons of the working age group in the IDB member countries are responsible for the support of between 36 persons (in Kuwait) and 108 persons (in Uganda) in Vital Statistics and Mortality Surface areas covered by various member countries, which are spread over four major continents, are uneven. Population density in IDB member countries as a group has increased from 35 persons per square kilometers in 1990 to 40 persons per square kilometers in This trend is not congruent with developing countries and the world where population density has inched down, respectively, from 57 in 1990 to 53 persons per square kilometers in 2003 and from 49 in 1990 to 48 persons per square kilometers in About two-thirds of member countries have population density that are higher than the average for the member countries. Individual country reveals wide population density disparity ranging from 3 persons per square kilometers in Libya, Mauritania, and Suriname to about 1,000 persons per square kilometers in Bahrain, Bangladesh, and Maldives. 3

17 The average crude birth rate for member countries has inched down to 27 per 1,000 persons in 2003 from 34 per 1,000 persons in The average crude death rate for member countries has also dropped from 11 per 1,000 persons in 1990 to 10 per 1,000 persons in Accordingly, the natural growth rate of population ---the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate--- has decreased from 23 per 1,000 persons in 1990 to 17 per 1,000 persons in Total fertility rate for IDB member countries as a whole has decreased marginally from 5 births per woman in 1990 to 3 births per woman in 2003; these figures are relatively and slightly more than the averages for developing countries' and world's at 3 birth per woman in Indeed, the average birth per woman for member countries is twice as high as those experienced in high income countries at 2 births per woman. Nearly half of member countries have births per woman that exceeded the average for the member countries. For every 1,000 live births in IDB member countries in 1990, about 114 died before reaching the age of 5. By 2003, the average mortality rate of under-5 for member countries has dropped significantly to 76 per 1,000 live births. In contrast, the average infant mortality rate for member countries which was 79 per 1,000 live births in 1990 has also dropped to 54 per 1,000 live births in Education Universal primary education for the world's population is embedded in the Millennium development goals which call for reduction in illiteracy rate at country level. The adult illiteracy rate for member countries has declined from 43 per cent in 1990 to 32 per cent in At individual country level, illiteracy rate varies from 1 per cent in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to 83 per cent in Niger in However, in terms of enrollment in primary and secondary schools, the average ratios for the member countries have almost remain unchanged at around 90 per cent and 40 per cent respectively since At the country level, 10 member countries witnessed a decline in both gross primary school enrolment ratio and gross secondary school enrolment ratio since Health A child born in 2003 in IDB member countries is expected to have an average life span of 63 years whereas he or she would have had an average life expectancy of 60 years in Thus over 12 years, the average life expectancy for member countries has increased by 3 years; this trend contrasted sharply with those observed in the developing countries and the World which, respectively, have life expectancy at 65 years and 67 years in At country level, the life expectancy range from 37 years in Sierra-Leone to 77 years in Brunei and Kuwait. The percentage of population in member countries with access to safe water, sanitation, and drugs has increased generally in most of the years for which data are available. During 2003, the population with access to improved safe water in member countries ranges from 13 per cent in Afghanistan to 100 per cent in Lebanon and Qatar whilst the population with access to sanitation also ranges from 12 per cent in Afghanistan to 100 per cent in Kyrgyz Republic and Saudi Arabia. For every 1,000 persons in member countries, there are 0.7 physicians in Individual country has physicians that vary from 0.1 to 3.5 physicians per 1,000 people in Azerbaijan. During 2002, the IDB member countries as a group expended 4.6 per cent of their total output (GDP) in health as compared to 3.7 per cent in The figure for 2002 is unfortunately not at par with the share for the world at 10 per cent, high-income countries at 11 per cent, and 4

18 developing countries at 5.9 per cent. The individual member country's share of health expenditure in 2002 varies from 1.5 per cent of GDP in Iraq to 11.5 per cent of the GDP in Lebanon. The shares of the public and private expenditures on health in IDB member countries are respectively 2.5 and 2.2 per cent of the GDP in 2002 as compared to the world's at 5.8 per cent and 4.2 per cent of GDP respectively. The average per capita health expenditure for the IDB member countries has dropped from US$71 in 1990 to US$56 in 2002 while the figures for other economic groupings recorded an upward trend (developing countries from US$43 in 1990 to US$75 in 2002; high-income countries from US$1,742 in 1990 to US$3,039 in 2002; and the world from US$359 in 1990 to US$524 in 2002). 1.5 Poverty and Human Development The population of IDB member countries who are below the national poverty line ranges from 7.6 per cent in Tunisia to 69 per cent in Mozambique. At the international level, the proportion of population below $1 a day in IDB member countries ranges from less than 2 per cent (Albania, Algeria, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey) to 72.8 per cent (Mali). In contrast, the proportion of population below $2 a day in member countries ranges from 6.6 per cent (Tunisia) to 96.6 per cent (Uganda). Similarly, the proportion of people who are left out of progress (i.e. deprived) in member countries, measured by human poverty index, ranges from 7.2 per cent (Jordan) to 65.5 per cent (Burkina Faso) in However, in terms of human development index (HDI) of 2002, 5 IDB member countries (Brunei with rank 33, Bahrain with rank 40, Kuwait with rank 44, Qatar with rank 47, and UAE with rank 49) are in high human development category, while 28 countries are in medium human development category (with ranks ranging from 58 to 141), and 18 countries are classified into low medium development category with ranks ranging from 142 to 177. The countries at the bottom of HDI ranking are all from IDB member countries (Mali at rank 174, Burkina Faso at rank 175, Niger at rank 176, and Sierra Leone at rank 177). 1.6 Information and Communication technology Information and communication technology (ICT) is an engine for economic growth. The reason for this is not far-fetched: ICT creates jobs and enables country to leapfrog development as well as attracts investments. The IDB member countries as a group has an average of 41 daily newspapers, 211 radios, and 165 television per 1,000 people in Compared to the world's average of 183 telephone mainlines per 1,000 people, the member countries have 73 telephone mainlines per 1,000 people in IDB member countries as a group has an average of 27 personal computers (PCs) per 1,000 people in 2002 as compared to the world's average of 101 PCs per 1,000 people. In terms of internet users, there are 44 internet users per 1,000 people in 2002 as compared to 75 per 1,000 people in developing countries. These figures, although impressive, show that most member countries are still lagging behind in adopting and diffusing ICT for development. 1.7 Employment indicators Science and technology are the driving force for innovation and creativity. In this age of technology, a country's ability to meet its technology needs depend on strengthening indigenous technology and producing more human capital in R&D. Between 1990 and 2002, the number of scientists and engineers in R&D in the individual member country has ranged from 2 per million people (Senegal) to 1,977 per million people (Azerbaijan). In 2003, IDB member countries' high technology exports range from US$ 1 million (Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Suriname, and Uganda) to US$47,042 million (Malaysia). In contrast, the 5

19 patent applications filed by people resident in member countries vary from 2 (Kazakhstan and Sudan) to 717 (Uzbekistan) in Employment indicators The average labour force for member countries as per cent of the working age group has remained unchanged at 73 per cent since Between 1990 and 2002, the annual average growth rate of the labour force range from -0.8 in Bangladesh to 1.1 per cent in Algeria. During the period , the percentage of labour force in agriculture varies from 6 per cent in Morocco and Suriname to 62 per cent in Bangladesh. Similarly, the percentage of labour force in industry varies from 10 percent (Bangladesh) to 33 per cent (Morocco and U.A.E). Also the percentage of labour force in services sector varies from 24 per cent in Bangladesh to 59 per cent in Morocco. 1.9 Wage, Productivity, and Competitiveness The average hours worked per week in member countries range from 43 (Indonesia) to 52 (Bangladesh) during the period and the minimum wage during the same period range from US$65 per year (Kyrgyz) to US$ 8,244 per year (Kuwait). Productivity, proxied by labor cost per worker or value added per worker in manufacturing, has generally inched up in I member countries between the periods and except in few countries where productivity (i.e. labor cost per worker) has declined: Algeria (from US$ 6242 in to US$2638 in ), Egypt (from US$2210 in to US$1863 in ), Jordan (from US$4643 in to US$2082 in ), Kyrgyz (from US$2287 in to US$687 in ) and Yemen (from US$4492 in to US$1291 in ). In terms of competitiveness, only four IDB member countries have data out of the 60 countries reported in the World Competitiveness Yearbook Of the four member countries, Malaysia and Indonesia have slipped from rank 16 and 58 in 2004 to rank 28 and 59 respectively in 2005, while Jordan and Turkey have improved their competitiveness performance from 48 and 55 in 2004 to 44 and 48 in Land Use and Environment The share of arable land of member countries as a group in total land area has increased marginally by about 0.6 percent point from 7.1 per cent in 1990 to 7.7 per cent in The permanent crop land of member countries, however, has remained at 1.4 per cent of the total land area since 1990s. Non-agricultural land (i.e. others) of member countries has accounted for the lion's share of the total land area at around 90 per cent since 1990s. The forest area of member countries occupies 13 per cent of the total land area in 2000, which is considerably less than the corresponding figures for the low-income countries at 27 per cent, the developing countries at 31 per cent and the world s at 30 per cent. The total forest area of member countries covers 4,039 thousand square km in 2000, which represents 13 per cent of the forest area of the developing countries and 11 per cent of the world's forest area. Average annual deforestation for member countries has been 0.9 per cent over the period Carbon dioxide emissions per capita for member countries as a group is at 1.9 metric tons in 1990 and down to 2.1 metric tons in

20 1.11 Food and Agricultural Production The rice production of member countries as a group represents 19 per cent of world's total rice production. Wheat accounts for 16 per cent of the world's wheat production, while maize constitutes about 5 per cent of the world's maize production. Agricultural and food production indices have generally shown an upward trend. In particular, agricultural production indices for IDB member countries as a group have increased from 72.1 in 1990 to 107 in 2004; and the food production indices have also increased similarly from 71.6 in 1990 to 107 in However, the par capita agricultural and food production indices have shown downward trend during

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22 Table 1.1: Population Mid-Year Population (million) Growth Rate (%) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB Countries , , , , , , Memo: OIC Countries , , , , , , , Least Developed Countries Developing Countries 3, , , , , , , High Income Countries World 4, , , , , , , * Figures for Afghanistan and UAE for 2004 were projected. 9

23 Table 1.2: Population Structure Gender Structure Population age composition Dependency ratios* Male Female 0-14 yrs yrs 65+ yrs Young Old Total % % (%) (%) (%) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB Countries Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World *dependents as proportion of working age population 10

24 Table 1.3: Vital Statistics Population Density Crude Birth Rate Crude Death Rate Total Fertility Rate (person/square km) (per 1,000 persons) (per 1,000 persons) (birth per woman) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain , Bangladesh 845 1,007 1, Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB Countries Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World

25 Table 1.4: Mortality Indicators Under-5 Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100,000 live births) Country a Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB Member Countries Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World a. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specifie 12

26 Table 1.5 : Education Indicators Adult IIliteracy Rate (%) Primary School Enrollment Secondary School Enrollment (% gross) (% gross) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World

27 Table 1.6: Health Indicators Life Expectancy Population with access to Physicians Hospital beds at birth Safe Water Sanitation Drugs Per 1,000 Per 1,000 (Year) (%) (%) (%) People People Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB Countries Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Coun High Income Coun World

28 Table 1.7: Health Expenditures Total Health Expenditure (% of GDP) Public Expenditure on Health (% of GDP) Private Expenditure on Health (% of GDP) Health Expenditure per capita (US$) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Coun High Income Coun ,742 2, World

29 Table 1.8: Poverty and Human Development Indicators Population below the Population Human UNDP Human national poverty line below Poverty Index Gini c Development (%) a $1 a day $2 a day (HPI) b Index Index Survey (%) (Latest (HDI) Country Year Total Urban Rural % % 2002 Rank Year) 2002 Rank Afghanistan Albania < Algeria < Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan < Kazakhstan < Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia < Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco < Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia < Turkey < Turkmenistan Uganda U.A.E Uzbekistan Yemen Rep IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Coun High Income Coun World a Refers to headcount ratio or proportion of the household (population) falling below the poverty line to total household (population) b Measures the extent of deprivation, the proportion of people in the community who are left out of progress. c A value of zero implies perfect equality while a value of 100 implies perfect inequality. 16

30 Table 1.9: Information and Communication Technology Indicators Daily Radio Television Telephone Personal Internet ICT newspapers sets mainlines computers Users expenditure (per 1,000 (per 1,000 (per 1,000 (per 1,000 (per 1,000 (per 1,000 people) people) people) people) people) people) % GDP Country a Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda U.A.E Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries Low income Developing Coun High Income Coun World a. Data are for the latest year available. 17

31 Table 1.10: Science and technology Scientists Techni- Science Expendi- High-technology Patent Tradeand cians in and tures exports applications mark engineers R&D technical for fileda applicain R&D journal R&D % of tions articles manufa- filed per million per million $ ctured Non- Country people people % of GDP millions exports Residents residents Total a a a a Afghanistan Albania ,821 1,758 Algeria ,839 4,401 Azerbaijan 1, ,337 2,195 Bahrain ,372 Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt , ,496 Gabon Gambia ,146.. Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia , ,922.. Iran Iraq Jordan 1, Kazakhstan ,421 4,711 Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep ,357 1,917 Lebanon Libya Malaysia , Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco ,300 2,849 Mozambique , Niger Oman ,825.. Pakistan ,902 Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone , Somalia Sudan , Suriname Syria Tajikistan ,352 1,522 Togo Tunisia 1, ,604.. Turkey , ,492 35,820 Turkmenistan ,333 1,648 Uganda ,305.. U.A.E ,666.. Uzbekistan 1, ,902 2,922 Yemen Rep IDB MCs , , Memo: OIC Countries.... 9, Low Income C , Developing C , ,023 7,794, ,980 High Income C. 3, , , ,607 5,087,930 1,038,481 World 1, , ,043, ,630 12,882,100 1,921,461 a. Data are for the latest year available. 18

32 Table 1.11: Employment Indicators Percentage of labour force in Labor force Agriculture Industry Services (as % of population Average annual (%) (%) (%) ages 15-64) growth rate (%) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries Low income countries Developing Countries High Income Countries World a. Data are for the most recent year available. 19

33 Table 1.12: Wage, Productivity, and Competitiveness Average hours worked per week Minimum Wage $ per year Labor cost per worker in manufacturing $ per year Value added per worker in manufacturing $ per year World Competitiveness Ranking (out of 60) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname.... Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic

34 Table 1.13: Environment Indicators Forest area Average Annual a deforestation Carbon dioxide emissions % of thousand total Total Per capita sq. km land area Sq. km. % million metric tons metric tons Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon , Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire , Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia 1, , Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan , Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya Malaysia , Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan , Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda U.A.E Uzbekistan Yemen Rep IDB MCs 4, , , , Memo: OIC Countries 4, , , , Low Income C. 7, , , , Dev'ping C. 30, , , , High Income C. 7, , , , World 38, , , , a Positive numbers indicate loss of forest area; negative numbers indicate gain in forest are 21

35 Table 1.14: Land Use Indicators Share in Total Land Area (%) Permanent Arable Land (hectares per Arable Land a Cropland Others person) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Côte d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries Low Income countries Developing Countries High Income Countries World a Arable land refers to cultivated land which includes all types of registered and unregistered land, including reclaimed river bed, reclaimed tidal land, slope-land, and virgin land, which have been used for farming purpos 22

36 Table 1.15: Food Production Wheat Maize Rice (thousand metic tons) (thousand metic tons) (thousand metic tons) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda U.A.E Uzbekistan Yemen Rep IDB MCs ,310 28,585 31,959 32,994 87, , , IDB/World (%) Memo: OIC Countries ,081 32,696 37,113 38,148 89, , , ,294 LDCs 5,144 6,482 9,526 7,570 14,041 17,968 20,181 19,461 54,648 76,510 82,921 80,406 Developing C 234, , , , , , , , , , , ,123 Developed C 357, , , , , , , ,186 25,701 25,333 23,135 26,373 World 592, , , , , , , , , , , ,496 23

37 Table 1.16: Agricultural Production Indices Agricultural Production Indices Per Capita Agricultural Production Indices ( =100) ( =100) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries Developed Countries World

38 Table 1.17: Food Production Indices Food Production Indices Per Capita Food Production Indices ( =100) ( =100) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda U.A.E Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries Developed Countries World

39

40 PART II MACRO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS

41

42 2. MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS 2.1 Growth of Output Total real output for the member countries as a group has increased from 0.9 trillion in 1990 to over 1.4 trillion in 2004, which is about 4 per cent of the World's and 20 per cent of developing countries' output. Turkey has the largest economy among the member countries and its real GDP has exceeded the combined output of the Least Developed Countries since Two-thirds of the real output for the member countries as a group are accounted by five countries (Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, and Turkey). Annual real GDP growth for IDB member countries as group has shown cyclical trend peaking at 13 per cent in 1990, decreasing to 5 per cent in the mid-1990s and 2000 and to 1.4 in 2001 before picking up to 5.4 per cent in The average annual real output growth for member countries varies widely from one decade to another: recording 5.1 per cent growth during period and edging down to 1.5 per cent in During , the real GDP growth rate for member countries was sufficient to compensate for the population growth of 2.5 per cent but the growth achieved in could hardly offset the corresponding average population growth of 1.9. In , four countries (Albania, Cameroon, Sierra-Leone, and Tajikistan) recorded negative real output growth but turned around their economies in subsequent decade by recording positive average annual growth rate of up to five per cent. Guinea-Bissau is the only country that reversed its positive annual real output growth of about 4 per cent in to a negative annual growth of 2 per cent. During , three-quarters of member countries had average annual real output growth that exceeded the average growth for the member countries. 2.2 Per Capita Income Standard of living, proxied by output per capita, in member countries as a group is below the average level achieved in developing countries. In the 1990s, the average per capita GDP for member countries was less than US$1,000, crossing this level only in recent years to reach US$1,151 in The per capita GDP for individual member country ranges from US$134 in Guinea-Bissau to US$4,218 in Malaysia. Only 11 member countries (Albania, Algeria, Egypt, Gabon, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Tunisia, and Turkey) have per capita GDP exceeding the average for the developing countries in Structure of Output The average share of agriculture in the member countries' GDP has decreased from 16.5 per cent in 1990 to 13 per cent in Individual country shares vary from 2 per cent in Jordan to 71 per cent in Guinea-Bissau in Industry sector has registered an increase in its share of GDP from 34 per cent in 1990 to 36 per cent in At the IDB country level, the share of industry in GDP in 2004 varies from 8.6 per cent in Chad to 74 per cent in Algeria. 29

43 Manufacturing, as a share of GDP, has inched up from 14 per cent in 1990 to 15 per cent in Individual country shares range from 4 per cent in Guinea to 25 per cent in Syria in Services sector has also increased from 43 per cent of GDP in 1990 to 46 per cent of GDP in Services sector in fourteen member countries accounts for more half of their GDP in Individual country shares in services sector vary from 14 per cent of GDP in Algeria to 73 per cent in Jordan in Sectoral Growth Rates Almost all member countries have recorded positive average annual growth in agriculture sector over the decade, Nineteen member countries have achieved industrial growth rate of more than 3 per cent during period, while one country (Cote d'ivoire) has experienced contraction in industrial output during the same period. Thirteen member countries have recorded manufacturing growth rates in excess of 3 per cent while 2 countries have also experienced a downward manufacturing output during the period. Out of 22 countries for which data are available on services sector for two decades ( , and ), 17 countries have recovered from low growth rates, while the remaining 5 countries witnessed regression in services output. 2.5 Structure of demand The share of household final consumption (i.e. private consumption) in the GDP for member countries as a group has decreased from 58 per cent in 1990 to 56 per cent in 2000 while the share of the general government consumption has dropped from 15 per cent in 1990 to 14 per cent of GDP in The gross domestic savings rate has inched up from to 22 per cent of GDP in 1990 to 24 per cent of GDP in Similarly the gross national savings rate has also increased from 21 per cent of GDP in 1990 to 23 per cent of GDP in The share of gross capital formation in GDP has dropped marginally from 20 per cent in the 1990 to 18 per cent in The share of exports of goods and services has increased from 28 per cent of GDP in 1990 to 36 per cent of GDP in 2000, while the share of imports of goods and services in GDP has also increased to 31 per cent in 2000 from 29 per cent in Government Finance Budget deficit is a ubiquitous phenomenon among member countries since 1990s. The magnitude of the deficit varies from one country to another and from one region to another. In some countries, both revenue and expenditure as per cent of the GDP have decreased during the period , while in others, expenditure continuously outpaced revenue, giving rise to persistent fiscal deficits. 30

44 2.7 Inflation, Money Supply and Exchange rate The inflation rate for all items in the IDB member countries as a group, measured by consumer price index and expressed as a percentage change, has decreased to an average of 2.8 per cent in 2002 from 4.1 per cent in Over the period , the individual country inflation rate varies from -0.1 per cent in Saudi Arabia to 70 per cent in Turkey. Changes in broad money supply (M2) in member countries have generally fluctuated without any obvious trend to describe the pattern. With exception of six countries (Benin, Chad, Comoros, Code d Ivoire, Gabon and Niger) all other countries recorded expansion in broad money supply in During the period , the average annual change in money supply varies from 1 percent in Niger to 267 percent in Turkmenistan. IDB member countries have different exchange rate arrangements which can be classified as follows: 6 countries have independent floating arrangement (IF), 17 with managed floating (MF), 12 with pegged arrangement (P), and 11 with their currencies pegged to Euro (or several exchange arrangements). In terms of exchange rate structures, 5 countries have dual exchange rate (D), 41 with unitary exchange rate (U), and 1 with multiple exchange rate (M). 31

45

46 Table 2.1: Output Gross Domestic Product (constant 2000) ( US$ Million) Country Afghanistan.... 2,699 2,445 3,144 3,867.. Albania 3,223 2,832 3,694 3,975 4,162 4,411 4,685 Algeria 45,148 45,730 53,455 54,845 57,093 60,975 64,543 Azerbaijan 8,954 3,748 5,273 5,795 6,406 7,123 7,771 Bahrain 4,647 6,453 7,971 7,971 8, Bangladesh 29,525 36,602 47,181 49,670 51,863 54,589 57,600 Benin 1,412 1,739 2,255 2,368 2,510 2,631 2,710 Brunei Burkina Faso 1,750 2,108 2,601 2,754 2,875 3,062 3,182 Cameroon 7,749 7,042 8,879 9,350 9,743 10,200 10,711 Chad 1,134 1,244 1,390 1,528 1,679 1,869 2,448 Comoros Côte d'ivoire 8,319 8,948 10,599 10,611 10,444 10,050 10,230 Djibouti Egypt 65,039 76,847 99, , , , ,312 Gabon 3,904 4,540 4,932 5,055 5,055 5,197 5,301 Gambia Guinea 2,113 2,537 3,112 3,231 3,366 3,407 3,495 Guinea-Bissau Indonesia 99, , , , , , ,266 Iran 65,052 80,923 96,209 99, , , ,288 Iraq Jordan 5,148 7,255 8,466 8,826 9,267 9,560 10,057 Kazakhstan 26,348 16,178 18,292 20,761 22,796 24,893 26,916 Kuwait.. 35,672 37,024 36,644 36,497 40,111.. Kyrgyz Republic 2,056 1,043 1,370 1,443 1,442 1,539 1,615 Lebanon 8,286 14,727 16,488 16,813 17,190 17,654 17,810 Libya Malaysia 45,459 71,475 90,320 90,607 94,365 99, ,330 Maldives Mali 1,630 1,882 2,422 2,716 2,835 3,005 3,145 Mauritania ,010 1,060 1,112 Morocco 26,717 27,971 33,334 35,433 36,563 38,480 39,762 Mozambique 2,143 2,518 3,685 4,164 4,472 4,789 5,192 Niger 1,507 1,563 1,798 1,926 1,984 2,090 2,175 Oman 12,643 16,849 19,867 21,715 21, Pakistan 49,820 62,463 73,321 74,685 77,089 81,059 85,930 Palestine.. 3,591 4,278 3,593 2,906 2,857.. Qatar Saudi Arabia 144, , , , , ,608.. Senegal 3,136 3,378 4,373 4,617 4,670 4,971 5,267 Sierra-Leone 1, Somalia Sudan 7,000 8,979 12,191 12,935 13,711 14,534 15,406 Suriname Syria 10,928 16,021 18,043 18,651 19,253 19,734 20,445 Tajikistan 2, ,092 1,191 1,313 1,425 Togo 1,071 1,075 1,329 1,327 1,382 1,419 1,461 Tunisia 12,255 14,827 19,468 20,415 20,757 21,913 23,074 Turkey 140, , , , , , ,501 Turkmenistan 3,740 2,332 2,853 3,435 4,115 4,810 5,171 Uganda 3,070 4,307 5,889 6,248 6,675 6,991 7,391 United Arab Emirates 47,533 52,572 70,252 72,711 74, Uzbekistan 14,044 11,390 13,760 14,338 14,941 15,598 15,988 Yemen Republic 5,382 7,056 9,415 9,858 10,210 10,598 11,064 IDB MCs 928,086 1,146,965 1,361,533 1,381,036 1,434,606 1,405,009.. IDB/World(%) Memo: OIC Countries 960,904 1,184,189 1,404,324 1,425,155 1,479,389 1,454,499.. LDCs 129, , , , , , ,507 Developing Countries 4,301,525 4,996,312 6,112,621 6,285,036 6,491,960 6,829,917 7,266,631 High Income Countries 19,615,288 21,819,795 25,474,477 25,736,797 26,121,494 26,707, World 23,920,772 26,816,744 31,583,338 32,016,330 32,606,341 33,527,651 --

47 Table 2.2: Growth of Output 10-Year Period Annual Output Growth Rate (% Output Growth Rate (%) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Côte d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World

48 Table 2.3: Structure of Output Share of GDP (%) Agriculture Industry Manufacturing Services Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Côte d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda U.A.E Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing C High Income C World

49 Table 2.4: Sectoral Growth Rates Average Annual % growth Agriculture Industry Manufacturing Services Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Côte d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World

50 Table 2.5: Per Capita Output and Income Gross National Income (GNI) Per Capita GNI Per Capita GDP (Curent US$ billion) (Current US$) (Constant 2000 US$) Country Afghanistan Albania ,587 1,988 2, ,321 1,392 1,470 Algeria ,398 1,715 2,029 2,391 1,804 1,823 1,915 1,994 Azerbaijan , Bahrain ,958 10, ,239 12, Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Côte d'ivoire Djibouti , Egypt ,356 1,218 1,058 1,240 1,600 1,622 1,663 Gabon ,561 3,193 3,868 3,858 4,097 3,843 3,866 3,859 Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran ,221 1,738 2,068 2,410 1,196 1,630 1,715 1,812 Iraq , Jordan ,199 1,798 1,846 1,949 1,624 1,792 1,801 1,849 Kazakhstan ,645 1,587 1,882 2,407 1,612 1,533 1,673 1,799 Kuwait ,094 16,489 18, ,631 16,738.. Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon ,053 4,024 4,238 2,280 3,871 3,925 3,911 Libya Malaysia ,318 3,645 3, ,497 3,883 4,011 4,218 Maldives ,093 2, ,386 2,549.. Mali Mauritania Morocco ,031 1,194 1,428 1,543 1,111 1,234 1,278 1,300 Mozambique Niger Oman ,331 7, ,771 8, Pakistan Palestine ,176 1, Qatar , Saudi Arabia ,897 8,631 9, ,132 8,680 9,038.. Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname ,076 2, ,000 2,169 2,257.. Syria ,119 1,185 1, ,133 1,135 1,150 Tajikistan Togo Tunisia ,459 2,045 2,415 2,647 1,503 2,122 2,215 2,305 Turkey ,710 2,617 3, ,497 2,858 2,977 3,144 Turkmenistan , , ,049 Uganda U.A.E , ,809 19, Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs ,088 1,093 1, ,197 1, Memo: OIC Countries ,037 1,044 1, ,110 1, LDCs Developing C ,180 1,280 1, ,241 1,289 1,403 High Income C ,760 26,570 28, ,110 27,017 27, World ,060 5,130 5, ,553 5,259 5,

51 Table 2.6: Structure of Demand Household final consumption expenditure General government Gross fixed final consumption capital expenditure formation Export of Goods and Services Import of Goods and Services (% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World

52 Table 2.7: Investment, Saving, and Resource Gap Gross National Savings (% of GDP) Gross fixed Gross Domestic capital formation Savings Resource Gap* (% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: 16.7 OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World * Gross Domestic Savings minus Gross capital formation 39

53 Table 2.8: Growth of Demand Household final consumption expenditure (ave. annual % growth) General government Gross capital Export of Goods Import of Goods final consumption formation & Services & Services expenditure (average annual % growth) (average annual % growth) (average annual % growth) (average annual % growth) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World

54 Table 2.9: Government Finance Current Revenue (excl. grants) Expenditure Budget* Suplus (+) / Deficit(-) (% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda U.A.E Uzbekistan Yemen Rep IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing C High Income C World * including grants 41

55 Table 2.10: Inflation (CPI) All Items (2000=100) Food (2000=100) (%) Growth (%) Growth (%) (%) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda U.A.E Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDMCs Developing C High Income C World

56 Table 2.11: GDP Implicit Deflator Annual Percentage Change (% Growth Rate (%) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda U.A.E Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDMCs Developing C High Income C World

57 Table 2.12: Prices and Exchange Rates arrangements a Ratio of PPP Real Purchasing power parity Exchange Rate Official conversion effective conversion factor Interest rate exchange rate factor to exchange local currency units Deposit Lending Real Classification Structure local currency official rate to international $ units to $ exchange rate 2000=100 (%) (%) (%) (period aver.) Country Afghanistan MF U 3, Albania IF U Algeria MF U Azerbaijan MF U 4, , Bahrain Bangladesh MF U Benin EA/Euro U Brunei Burkina Faso EA/Euro U Cameroon EA/Euro U Chad EA/Euro U Comoros Cote d'ivoire EA/Euro U Djibouti Egypt MF U Gabon EA/Euro U Gambia MF U Guinea P D 1, Guinea-Bissau EA/Euro U Indonesia MF U 8, , Iran MF D 8, , Iraq MF U Jordan P U Kazakhstan MF U Kuwait P U Kyrgyz Rep. MF U Lebanon P U 1, , Libya P U Malaysia P U Maldives Mali EA/Euro U Mauritania MF U Morocco P U Mozambique MF U 23, , Niger EA/Euro U Oman P U Pakistan MF U Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia P U Senegal EA/Euro U Sierra-Leone IF D 2, Somalia IF D Sudan MF U Suriname Syria P M Tajikistan MF U Togo EA/Euro U Tunisia P U Turkey IF U 1,500, , , Turkmenistan P D , Uganda IF U 1, U.A.E. P U Uzbekistan MF U Yemen Rep. IF U a. Exchange rate classifications: independent floating (IF), managed floating (MF), pegged (P), currency board (CB), and several exchange arrangements (EA): EU that the currency is pegged to the euro, and other that the currency of anot country is used as legal tender Exchange rate structures include dual exchange rates (D), multiple exchange rates (M), and Unitary rate (U). 44

58 Table 2.13: Money Supply Narrow Money (M1) Broad Money (M2) (%) Annual (%) Annual Average Average Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic

59 Table 2.14: Financial depth and Efficiency Domestic credit Liquid Quasi-liquid Ratio of bank Interest rate Risk premium provided by liabilities liabilities liquid reserves spread* on lending** banking sector % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % to bank assets Percentage Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan S i points Percentage points 46

60 PART III EXTERNAL SECTOR ECONOMIC INDICATORS

61

62 3. EXTERNAL SECTOR ECONOMIC INDICATORS 3.1 Balance of Payments and International Reserves The current account for member countries as a group has recorded surplus of US$56.7 billion in 2003 as compared to US$46.7 billion in 2000 reversing the deficit of US$3.7 billion recorded in At country level, 18 member countries recorded current account deficits while 16 countries have achieved current account surpluses in The net income for the member countries as a group has continued to record negative values, widening from a negative US$2.8 billion in 1990 to a negative $26 billion in Conversely, the net current transfer steadily increased from US$7.4 billion in 1990 to US$7.9 billion in The gross international reserves (including gold) for member countries as a group have reached US$297 billion in 2003 from a low value of US$62 billion in In 2003, 21 countries had more than US$1 billion each in reserves while at individual country level the reserves range from US$67 million in Sierra-Leone to US$45 billion in Malaysia. The reserves in months of imports for member countries as a group have shown an upward trend at 4 months in 1990 compared to 9 months in Only 29 countries, out of the number of countries with available data, have reserves that could cover more than 4 months of imports in Individual country has reserves in months of imports that range from 2 months in Gabon to 36 months in Libya in External Trade The average annual merchandise exports and imports growth rates for member countries respectively vary markedly during two decades ( and ). In monetary terms, exports generally surpassed imports on a year-on-year comparison, making the IDB member countries a group of net exporters. Exports of IDB member countries as a group nearly doubled from US$254 billion in 1990 to US$605 billion in Likewise, the average annual exports growth rate of 5.6 per cent recorded by the member countries as a group during has increased to 7.1 per cent during Equally, the total imports of the IDB member countries as a group have also more than doubled to US$462 billion in 2003 from US$224 billion in On the contrary, the average annual imports growth rate for IDB member countries as a group has decreasedl from 6.2 per cent during to 3.6 per cent during The terms of trade for the member countries as a group have fluctuated over the years. When the terms of trade increase, that means exports of member countries as a group are more valuable or its imports are cheaper. At country level, 11 member countries have recorded an improvement in their terms of trade from 2001 to Intra-IDB member countries trade, which is a good proxy for measuring the extent of cooperation and integration, has recorded an upward trend during the period Intra-IDB exports reached US$55 billion in 2001 and continued its upward trend to US$72 billion in Similarly, intra-idb imports have also increased to US$76 billion in 2003 from US$55 billion in In relative terms, the shares of intra-idb exports and intra-idb imports of IDB member countries as a group in their respective total exports and imports are 12.2 per cent and 14.4 per cent in With regard to direction of trade, the share of exports of IDB member countries as a group in their total exports to industrial countries has dropped from 62 per cent in 1990 to 50 per cent in 2003 whilst the share to oil-exporting countries has hovered around 5 per cent since

63 On the other hand, the share of exports of IDB member countries as a group in their total exports to non-oil developing countries has increased from 28 per cent in 1990 to 36 per cent in In terms of direction of imports, the share of imports of member countries as a group in their total imports from industrial countries has dropped from 64 per cent in 1990 to 52 per cent in 2003 while their share of imports from oil-exporting countries has increased from 7.6 per cent in 1990 to 9.3 per cent in The share of imports of I member countries as a group in their total imports from non-oil developing countries has increased from 24 per cent in 1990 to 44 per cent in External Debt Using the degree of indebtedness measure of the World Bank, 18 member countries are classified as severely indebted, 11 countries are moderately indebted, and 12 countries are less indebted. All the 18 severely indebted member countries are qualified for the HIPC program of the IMF/World Bank. Total external debt for member countries as a group has increased sharply to US$ 657 billion in Individual country external debts range from US$0.6 billion in Gambia to US$146 billion in Turkey in Similarly, the debt-to-gni ratio for member countries as a group has increased 43 per cent in On the other hand, the debt-to-exports ratio for member countries as a group has decreased from 134 per cent in 1990 to 115 per cent in The debt-service-to-gni ratio for member countries as a group has decreased to 3.9 per cent in However, at country level, the debt-service-to-export ratio ranges from 0.9 per cent (Sudan) to 66 per cent (Lebanon) in Financial Flows The net resource flows to member countries have increased from $28 billion in 1990 to US$33 billion in Resource flows to 12 member countries (Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, and Morocco) exceeded 1 billion each in Total net financing of IDB Group, since its inception up to the end of 1425H, amounted to US$38.3 billion. Of this figure, US$267 million went to non-idb member countries. The composition of the total net financing of IDB Group is as follows: Trade financing operations account for 61 per cent, ordinary financing operations represent 38 per cent (mainly through loans, leasing, and installment sale) while special assistance operations account for the remainder. The share of concessional flows (official development assistance and official aid) in total net resource flows to member countries have declined from an average of 87 per cent in 1990 to 68 percent in 2001, 76 per cent in 2002, and 68 per cent in In particular, in 2003, only 7 Imember countries received concessional flows above US$1 billion namely (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Mozambique, and Pakistan). In terms of net FDI, nine member countries received more than 1 billion of FDI each in The countries are: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Morocco, Sudan, Syria, and Turkey. 50

64 Table 3.1: Merchandise Exports Merchandise Exports (f.o.b) Growth Rate (%) (US $ millions) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria 12,930 10,240 12,525 22,031 19,133 18,832 24, Azerbaijan ,745 2,314 2,168 2, Bahrain 3,761 4,112 4,363 6,195 5,577 5,786 6, Bangladesh 1,671 3,733 5,458 6,399 6,085 6,078 6, Benin Brunei 2,213 2,402 2,754 4,213 3,921 3,817 4, Burkina Faso Cameroon 2,002 1,651 1,601 1,833 1,749 1,802 2, Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire 3,072 3,806 4,661 3,888 3,946 5,275 5, Djibouti Egypt 3,477 3,450 3,559 4,689 4,128 4,708 6, Gabon 2,204 2,713 2,394 2,462 2,649 2,160 2, Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia 25,675 45,417 48,665 62,124 56,447 57,159 60, Iran 19,305 18,360 21,030 28,345 23,904 28,186 36, Iraq 12, ,800 20,603 15,905 13,344 12, Jordan 1,064 1,769 1,832 1,899 2,293 2,770 3, Kazakhstan.. 5,250 5,872 8,812 8,639 9,709 12, Kuwait 7,042 12,785 12,164 19,436 16,203 15,369 19, Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon ,046 1, Libya 13,225 8,975 7,947 12,697 11,246 11,681 14, Malaysia 29,452 73,914 84,455 98,229 88,005 93,265 99, Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco 4,265 6,881 7,367 7,432 7,144 7,851 8, Mozambique Niger Oman 5,508 6,068 7,231 10,852 11,037 11,172 11, Pakistan 5,615 8,029 8,491 9,028 9,238 9,913 11, Palestine Qatar 3,890 3,651 7,214 11,594 10,870 11,032 12, Saudi Arabia 44,417 50,040 50,761 77,583 73,403 71,947 88, Senegal , ,003 1,067 1, Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan ,807 1,699 1,949 2, Suriname Syria 4,212 3,563 3,464 4,634 5,248 6,230 5, Tajikistan Togo Tunisia 3,526 5,475 5,872 5,850 6,609 6,874 8, Turkey 12,959 21,637 26,588 27,775 31,334 36,059 46, Turkmenistan.. 1,880 1,187 2,506 2,700 2,850 3, Uganda U.A.E. 23,544 27,753 36,474 49,835 48,773 52,163 65, Uzbekistan.. 3,430 3,235 3,230 3,110 2,650 3, Yemen Rep 692 1,945 2,440 4,079 3,215 3,456 3, IDB MCs 254, , , , , , , Memo: OIC Countries 267, , , , , , , LDCs 18,384 23,979 28,659 35,711 35,837 38,737 43, Developing C 667,368 1,048,345 1,261,782 1,566,362 1,541,020 1,661,282 1,996, High Income C. 2,837,237 4,166,831 4,505,338 4,944,379 4,717,381 4,883,786 5,579, World 3,505,243 5,212,816 5,765,813 6,511,071 6,259,169 6,546,502 7,578,

65 Table 3.2: Merchandise Imports Merchandise Imports (c.i.f) (US $ millions) Growth Rate (%) Country Afghanistan , Albania ,140 1,091 1,331 1,504 1, Algeria 9,780 10,250 9,162 9,152 9,899 12,007 13, Azerbaijan ,036 1,172 1,431 1,666 2, Bahrain 3,712 3,716 3,698 4,633 4,306 4,985 5, Bangladesh 3,618 6,502 7,694 8,360 8,350 7,914 9, Benin Brunei 1,001 2,091 1,475 1,230 1,267 1,605 1, Burkina Faso Cameroon 1,400 1,199 1,318 1,489 1,852 1,866 2, Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire 2,097 2,931 3,252 2,785 2,633 3,783 4, Djibouti Egypt 12,412 11,760 16,022 14,010 12,756 12,552 10, Gabon , Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia 21,837 40,630 24,004 33,515 31,010 31,289 32, Iran 20,322 13,882 12,683 14,347 17,627 22,275 25, Iraq 7, ,900 13,384 13,200 9,611 7, Jordan 2,600 3,697 3,717 4,597 4,844 5,020 5, Kazakhstan.. 3,807 3,655 5,040 6,446 6,584 8, Kuwait 3,972 7,790 7,617 7,157 7,869 9,001 10, Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon 2,529 7,278 6,207 6,230 7,293 6,447 7, Libya 5,336 5,392 3,861 3,732 4,397 4,617 5, Malaysia 29,258 77,691 64,966 81,963 73,866 79,869 81, Maldives Mali , Mauritania Morocco 6,922 10,023 9,925 11,534 11,038 11,879 14, Mozambique ,139 1,158 1,063 1,350 1, Niger Oman 2,681 4,247 4,674 5,040 5,798 6,005 6, Pakistan 7,411 11,515 10,297 10,864 10,191 11,233 13, Palestine Qatar 1,695 3,398 2,500 3,252 3,758 4,800 5, Saudi Arabia 24,069 28,091 28,011 30,238 31,223 32,312 36, Senegal 1,219 1,412 1,564 1,519 1,730 1,953 2, Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan 618 1,218 1,415 1,553 2,342 2,493 2, Suriname Syria 2,400 4,709 3,832 3,815 4,050 4,278 4, Tajikistan Togo Tunisia 5,513 7,902 8,474 8,567 9,529 9,526 10, Turkey 22,302 35,709 40,671 54,503 41,399 51,554 69, Turkmenistan.. 1,365 1,478 1,786 2,250 2,120 2, Uganda 288 1,056 1,342 1,536 1,594 1,111 1, U.A.E. 11,199 20,984 24,972 26,717 30,075 32,536 36, Uzbekistan.. 2,750 3,110 2,850 3,020 2,450 2, Yemen Rep 1,571 1,582 2,008 2,324 2,310 2,605 3, IDB MCs 223, , , , , , , Memo: OIC Countries 229, , , , , , , LDCs 26,160 34,320 40,901 42,398 45,725 46,144 55, Developing C 619,291 1,103,953 1,227,053 1,452,597 1,476,389 1,571,187 1,885, High Income C. 2,954,445 4,165,016 4,668,235 5,255,577 4,973,612 5,116,922 5,870, World 3,584,865 5,268,278 5,894,410 6,707,890 6,450,737 6,689,383 7,758,

66 Table 3.3: Terms of Trade Terms of Trade (2000=100) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC countries

67 Table 3.4: Structure of Merchandise Exports Percentage of merchandise exports Food Agricultural raw Fuel Ores and metals Manufactures Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda U.A.E Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World

68 Table 3.5: Structure of Merchandise Imports g Percentage of merchandise imports Food materials Fuel Ores and metals Manufactures (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Coun World

69 Table 3.6: Tariff All products Primary products Manufactured products Simple Simple Simple Binding Mean Weighted Mean Weighted Mean Weighted Coverage tariff mean tariff tariff mean tariff tariff mean tariff Country Year % % % % % % % Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senega Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic

70 Table 3.7: Intra-IDB Trade Intra-IDB Exports Intra-IDB Imports Openess of the US $ million % of total exports US $ million % of total Imports economy* Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria 1,788 1,609 1, ,131 1, Azerbaijan Bahrain , ,499 1,598 2, Bangladesh , Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt 761 1,102 1, ,683 2,637 2, Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia 4,763 5,166 5, ,286 3,702 4, Iran 2,113 2,064 2, ,062 3,966 6, Iraq 1,050 1, ,094 1,274 1, Jordan 1,187 1,337 1, ,417 1,567 1, Kazakhstan 1,045 1,397 1, Kuwait 2,068 2,010 2, ,719 1,796 2, Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon ,126 1,183 1, Libya 1,299 1,215 1, , Malaysia 4,952 5,610 7, ,205 4,101 4, Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco ,890 1,981 1, Mozambique Niger Oman 2,223 2,350 2, ,232 2,287 2, Pakistan 1,989 2,331 3, ,414 4,856 5, Palestine Qatar 584 1, , Saudi Arabia 9,440 9,701 12, ,898 4,154 5, Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria 1,952 1,893 2, ,027 1, Tajikistan Togo Tunisia , ,143 1,053 1, Turkey 4,125 4,661 7, ,312 5,890 7, Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates 6,667 7,424 8, ,450 4,028 8, Uzbekistan Yemen Republic ,114 1,386 1, IDB MCs 54,754 59,637 71, ,500 58,707 76, Memo: OIC countries 55,969 61,564 73, LDCs Developing C Industrial C World * Total trade (exports + imports) as % of GDP 57

71 Table 3.8: Direction of Trade: Exports Industrial Countries Oil-Exporting countries Non-oil Developing countries US$ million US$ million US$ million Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria 9,939 15,173 15,477 21, ,046 2,627 2,728 3,201 Azerbaijan.. 1,718 1,537 1, Bahrain 207 1, ,223 1,222 1,266 Bangladesh 1,193 4,273 4,033 4, Benin Brunei 1,396 2,210 2,112 2, ,088 1,294 1,662 Burkina Faso Cameroon 1,699 1,256 1,402 1, Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire 1,725 1,983 2,846 3, ,009 1,758 1,488 1,726 Djibouti Egypt 1,342 1,745 4,223 4, ,003 1,197 1,447 1,893 Gabon 2,008 2,560 2,104 2, Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia 18,040 31,056 30,081 31, ,919 1,883 1,838 6,887 23,268 25,130 27,706 Iran 13,712 10,297 9,469 14, ,834 8,745 7,667 11,096 Iraq 6,376 9,217 6,668 6, ,743 1,786 2,355 1,198 Jordan ,038 1, Kazakhstan.. 2,602 2,485 3, ,490 6,203 7,856 Kuwait 4,168 8,189 7,389 8, ,112 7,234 7,750 9,459 Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya 11,723 9,674 8,487 11, ,120 1,631 1,389 1,907 Malaysia 14,879 44,689 44,123 48, ,233 3,720 4,377 13,741 40,239 45,519 52,270 Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco 3,110 5,802 6,363 7, ,061 1,647 1,766 Mozambique Niger Oman 861 2,911 2,889 2,303 2,851 1,601 1,898 1, ,170 6,339 6,368 Pakistan 3,400 5,254 5,634 6, ,342 1,582 1,980 1,695 2,609 2,666 3,309 Palestine Qatar 2,105 6,268 5,741 6, ,156 4,002 5,099 Saudi Arabia 28,098 36,258 35,105 45,894 1,742 3,260 3,247 3,850 14,514 28,683 28,607 36,047 Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan ,240 1,425 1,523 Suriname Syria 1,815 3,564 3,688 3, , ,941 1,353 1,709 1,845 Tajikistan Togo Tunisia 2,790 5,400 5,557 6, Turkey 8,831 19,959 22,715 29,315 1,747 1,992 2,318 3,974 2,755 7,572 9,101 11,849 Turkmenistan ,657 1,769 1,823 Uganda U.A.E 11,624 15,791 14,383 18,839 1,708 4,199 4,700 5,128 5,787 13,862 13,937 18,416 Uzbekistan ,474 1,031 1,475 Yemen Rep 1, ,747 2,624 3,138 IDB MCs 156, , , ,807 13,690 25,596 28,763 33,100 70, , , ,864 Memo: OIC countries 165, , , ,542 13,697 26,249 29,745 33,874 71, , , ,750 LDCs Developing C 570,864 1,263,850 1,325,000 1,550,440 32,823 77,229 85, , , , ,302 1,164,670 Industrial C. 1,864,150 2,809,020 2,877,490 3,287,700 79, , , , , ,017 1,018,910 1,186,510 World 2,435,960 4,073,920 4,203,570 4,839, , , , , ,668 1,818,340 1,964,470 2,352,450 58

72 Table 3.9: Direction of Trade: Imports Industrial Countries Oil-Exporting countries Non-oil Developing countries US $ millions US $ millions US $ millions Country Afghanistan ,140 Albania 218 1,028 1,113 1, Algeria 8,393 7,459 8,696 11, ,116 2,142 2,901 4,164 Azerbaijan , ,585 Bahrain 1,282 1,727 1,939 2,318 1,978 1,328 1,414 1, Bangladesh 1,570 2,288 1,995 2, ,351 4,794 4,395 5,753 Benin ,034 Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon 1,255 1,143 1,137 1, Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire 1,230 1,353 1,332 2, Djibouti Egypt 6,377 6,890 11,278 11, ,073 1,614 1,642 2,160 3,885 5,989 6,630 Gabon 706 1, , Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia 14,470 14,535 13,301 12,879 1,045 3,244 3,363 3,502 6,357 12,911 14,389 15,861 Iran 12,065 8,715 12,468 14,464 1,120 1,994 2,647 3,487 3,776 6,847 7,095 12,521 Iraq 4,481 2,698 2,670 1, ,357 2,720 3,079 2,972 Jordan 1,427 2,110 2,171 2, ,017 1,107 1, ,543 1,746 2,178 Kazakhstan.. 2,173 2,323 2, ,243 4,179 5,443 Kuwait 2,475 4,888 5,652 7, ,158 1,132 1, ,691 1,983 2,811 Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon 1,399 3,776 3,775 4, ,011 2,124 2,006 2,224 Libya 4,262 3,110 3,824 4, ,321 1,229 1,539 1,775 Malaysia 18,557 38,739 39,261 39, ,683 3,576 4,465 9,909 30,062 35,559 38,281 Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco 4,783 7,233 7,757 9, ,556 1,587 1,200 1,358 2,682 2,469 3,379 Mozambique Niger Oman 1,635 2,735 2,904 3, ,970 1,965 1, ,092 1,136 1,607 Pakistan 4,075 3,321 3,856 4,472 1,375 3,666 3,939 4,314 1,932 3,178 3,441 4,261 Palestine Qatar 1,216 2,452 2,519 3, ,132 Saudi Arabia 18,577 25,994 27,664 28, ,598 1,570 1,622 4,860 14,977 18,591 23,519 Senegal 902 1,042 1,184 1, Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan ,106 1,123 Suriname Syria 1,436 2,603 2,828 3, ,335 2,708 3,380 Tajikistan Togo Tunisia 4,511 7,485 7,400 8, ,014 1,384 1,479 1,605 Turkey 14,253 24,688 31,024 41,007 3,523 4,108 4,254 5,929 5,364 11,547 14,705 21,280 Turkmenistan ,243 1,190 1,674 Uganda U.A.E. 6,913 16,827 17,553 29, ,138 2,255 3,823 3,226 10,643 10,545 26,466 Uzbekistan ,555 1,423 1,639 Yemen Rep. 1, , ,068 1, ,756 IDB MCs 145, , , ,410 17,227 34,481 36,709 44,063 54, , , ,630 Memo: OIC countries 148, , , ,572 17,246 34,701 36,917 44,612 55, , , ,142 LDCs Developing C. 576,998 1,161,630 1,201,460 1,388,120 59, , , , , , ,593 1,146,400 Industrial C. 1,909,510 2,762,250 2,813,510 3,222, , , , , ,996 1,225,660 1,297,120 1,525,580 World 2,488,310 3,927,120 4,017,110 4,613, , , , , ,263 2,052,080 2,224,020 2,674,480 59

73 Table 3.10: Intra-Trade by Regional Groupings US $ millions (2003) Exports to AMU ASEAN CIS ECO ECOWAS GCC UDEAC IDB WORLD ===> AMU 1,535 1, ,048 58,338 ASEAN 266 5, , , , ,383 CIS , ,143 3,763 21,604 ECO 1, ,280 7, , , ,493 ECOWAS 1, , ,741 8,978 GCC 1,105 3, , , , ,557 UDEAC ,999 IDB 5,082 10,028 2,325 20,591 1,782 19, , ,413 Percentage (2003) Exports to AMU ASEAN CIS ECO ECOWAS GCC UDEAC IDB WORLD ===> AMU ASEAN CIS ECO ECOWAS GCC UDEAC IDB US $ millions (2003) Imports from AMU ASEAN CIS ECO ECOWAS GCC UDEAC IDB WORLD ===> AMU 1,689 1, ,710 49,823 ASEAN 261 4, , , , ,612 CIS , ,358 3,065 17,881 ECO 2,457 2,434 3,351 8, , , ,727 ECOWAS 1, , ,931 13,257 GCC 169 3, , , , ,925 UDEAC ,454 IDB 5,466 13,014 3,574 17, , , ,351 Percentage (2003) Import from AMU ASEAN CIS ECO ECOWAS GCC UDEAC IDB WORLD ===> AMU ASEAN CIS ECO ECOWAS GCC UDEAC IDB

74 Table 3.11a: Exports of Five Core Commodities Value Share in Share in US$ mill. country World Country Code Commodity Name total total Afghanistan Albania 612 Leather, etc, manufactures Men's outwear non-kni Women's outwear non-kni Outer garments knit nonelastic Under garments non-knitted Algeria 333 Crude petroleum 6, Gas, natural and manufactured 5, Petroleum products, refined 2, Resdiual petroleum prdts nes Inorg chem elmnt. oxides, etc Azerbaijan 333 Crude petroleum 1, Petroleum products, refined Fruit, nuts, fresh, dried Cotton Polymerization, etc, prdts Bahrain 334 Petroleum products, refined 3, Aluminium Women's outwear non-kni Iron ore and concentrates Fertilizers, manufactured Bangladesh 842 Men's outwear non-knit Under garments non-kni Women's outwear non-kni Under garments non-knitted Outer garments knit nonelastic Benin 263 Cotton Meat, fresh, chilled, frozen Gold, non-monetary nes Fruits, nuts, fresh, dried Cotton fabrics, woven Brunei 333 Crude petroleum 1, Gas, natural and manufactured 1, Outer garments knit nonelastic Under garments non-knitted Gold, silver ware, jewellery Burkina Faso 263 Cotton Live animals for food Seeds for soft fixed oils Seeds for other fixed oils Textile yarn Cameroon 333 Crude petroleum Cocoa Wood, shaped, rail sleepers Cotton Aluminium Chad 263 Cotton Crude vegetb materials nes Aircraft, etc Special transactions Measuring, controlg instruments

75 Table 3.11b: Exports of Five Core Commodities Value Share in Share in US$ mill. country World Country Code Commodity Name total total Comoros 075 Spices Essential oils, perfume, etc Special transactions Heating, cooling equipmen Lorries, spec motor vehicl nes Cote d'ivore 072 Cocoa 2, Petroleum products, refined Ships, boats, etc Fruit, nuts, fresh, dried Wood, shaped, rail sleepers Djibouti 781 Passengr motor vehicl, exc bus Vegtb etc fresh, simply prsrvd Sugar and honey Petroleum products, refined Zoo animals, pets, etc Egypt 334 Petroleum products, refined 1, Special tranasactions Cotton Crude petroleum Lime, cement and building prdts Gabon 333 Crude petroleum 2, Other wood rough, squared Petroleum products, refined Base metals oreas, conc nes Veneers, plywood,etc Gambia 554 Soap, cleansing, etc, preps Seeds for soft fixed oils Vegetables etc fresh, simply prsrvd Shell fish fresh, frozen Fish, fresh, chilled, frozen Guinea 287 Base metals oreas, conc nes Gold, non-monetary nes Inorg chem elmnt, oxides, etc Natural abrasives nes Silver, platinum, etc Guinea-Bissau 057 Fruit, nuts, fresh, dried Crude petroleum Fish, fresh, chilled, frozen Aircraft, etc Cotton Indonesia 341 Gas, natural and manufactured 5, Crude petroleum 5, Other fixed vegetable oils 2, Veeners, plywood,etc 2, Base metals oreas, conc nes 1, Iran 333 Crude petroleum 23, Fruits, nuts, fresh, dried Floor covering, etc Gas, natural and manufactured Iron, steel primary forms Iraq Jordan 271 Fertilizers, crude Men's outwear non-kni Medicinal, pharmaceutical prdts Gold, non-monetary nes Vegtb etc fresh, simply prsrvd

76 62

77 Table 3.11c: Exports of Five Core Commodities Value Share in Share in US$ mill. country World Country Code Commodity Name total total Kazakhstan 333 Crude petroleum 4, Copper Iron, steel univ. plate, shee Wheat etc. unmilled Base metals ores, conc nes Kuwait 333 Crude petroleum 8, Petroleum products, refined 4, Gas, natural and manufactured Polymerization, etc, prdts Alcohols, phenols, etc Kyrgyzstan 971 Gold, non-monetary nes Cotton Petroleum products, refined Electric current Tobacco, unmanufactured, refuse Lebanon 971 Gold, non-monetary nes Gold, silver ware, jeweller Printed matter Lime, cement and building prdts Inorg chem elmnt, oxides, etc Libya 333 Crude petroleum 8, Petroleum products, refined 1, Gas, natural and manufactured Alcohols, phenols, etc Iron, steel primary forms Malaysia 776 Transistors, valves, etc 19, Office, adp machy parts, acces 9, Automatic data processing equip 7, Telecom equip, parts, acess 5, Other fixed vegetable oils 3, Maldives 034 Fish, fresh, chilled, frozen Under garments knitted Fish, salted, dried, smoked Fish etc prepd, prsrvd nes Men's outwear non-kni Mali 263 Cotton Leather Transistors, valves, etc Automatic data processing equip Works of art, etc Mauritania 281 Iron ore and concentrates Fish, fresh, chilled, frozen Shell fish fresh, frozen Feeding stuff for animals Men's outwear non-kni Morocco 843 Women's outwear non-kni Men's outwear non-kni Shell fish fresh, frozen Transistors, valves, etc Inorg chem elmnt, oxides, etc Mozambique 684 Aluminium Shell fish fresh, frozen Electric current Feeding stuff for animals Cotton

78 63

79 Table 3.11d: Exports of Five Core Commodities Value Share in Share in US$ mill. country World Country Code Commodity Name total total Niger 286 Uranium, thorium ores, conc Live animals for food Vegtb etc fresh, simply prsrvd Cotton fabrics, woven Tobacco, manufactured Oman 333 Crude petroleum 7, Gas, natural and manufactured 1, Passenger motor vehicle,exc bus Tobacco, manufactured Motor vehicle parts, access nes Pakistan 658 Textile articles nes 1, Cotton fabrics, woven 1, Textile yarn Under garments knitted Rice Palestine Qatar 341 Gas, natural and manufactured 3, Crude petroleum 2, Petroleum products, refined Polymerization, etc. prdts Fertilizers, manufactured Saudi Arabia 333 Crude petroleum 53, Polymerization, etc, prdts 1, Alcohols, phenols, etc 1, Hydrocarbons nes, derivives Other organic chemicals Senegal 522 Inorg chem elmnt. oxides, etc Petroleum products, refined Fixed vegetales oils, etc Fertilizers, manufactured Feeding stuff for animals Sierra Leone 071 Coffee and substitutes Cocoa Articles of plastic nes Musical instruments and parts Rotating electric plan Somalia 251 Pulp and waste pape Live animals for food Fuel wood nes, charcoa Hides skins, exc furs, raw Fish, fresh, chilled, frozen Sudan 334 Petroleum products, refined Crude petroleum Live animals for food Gold, non-monetary nes Seeds for soft fixed oils Suriname 287 Base metals ores, conc nes Gold, non-monetary nes Shell fish fresh, frozen Crude petroleum Petroleum products, refined

80 64

81 Table 3.11e: Exports of Five Core Commodities Value Share in Share in US$ mill. country World Country Code Commodity Name total total Syria 333 Crude petroleum 4, Petroleum products, refined Live animals for food Special transactions Cotton Tajikistan 684 Aluminium Electric current Cotton Aircraft, etc Gold, non-monetary nes Togo 661 Lime, cement and building prdts Fertilizers, crude Cotton Wheat etc, meal or flour Fish, fresh, chilled, frozen Tunisia 842 Men's outwear non-knit 1, Women's outwear non-kni Crude petroleum Under garments knitted Outer garments knit nonelastic Turkey 845 Outer garments knit nonelastic 2, Women's outwear non-kni 2, Under garments knitted 2, Television receivers 1, Passengr motor vehicl, exc bus 1, Turkmenistan 341 Gas, natural and manufactured Petroleum products, refined Crude petroleum Cotton Textile yarn Uganda 071 Coffee and substitutes Fish, fresh, chilled, frozen Gold, non-monetary nes Tobacco, unmanufactured, refuse Tea and mate United Arab Emirates 333 Crude petroleum 17, Petroleum products, refined 3, Gas, natural and manufactured 1, Aluminium Woven man-made fib fabric Uzbekistan Yemen 333 Crude petroleum 2, Petroleum products, refined Fish, fresh, chilled, frozen Gas, natural and manufactured Residual petroleum prdts nes

82 Table 3.12: Exports Concentration and Diversification Number of commodities exported Diversification Index Concentration Index Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World

83 Table 3.13: Imports Concentration and Diversification Number of commodities imported Diversification Index Concentration Index Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries High Income Countries World

84 Table 3.14: Balance of Payments Goods and Services Net Income Net current transfer Current account balance (US $ millions) Exports Imports (US $ millions) (US $ millions) (US $ millions) Country Afghanistan Albania 354 1, , Algeria 13, , , , Azerbaijan.. 3, , ,021 Bahrain 4,119 7,758 3,999 5, , Bangladesh 2,064 7,907 3,960 11, ,613 2,420 3, Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon 2, , Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire 3,503 6,557 3,445 5,048-1, , Djibouti Egypt 9,895 20,060 14,091 19,662-1, ,545 4,172 3,599 2, ,743 Gabon 2, , Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia 29,295 68,547 27,511 56,663-5,190-8,443-6, ,816 1,869-2,988 7,992 7,534 Iran 19,741 40,254 22,292 39, ,195 2, , ,645 2,063 Iraq Jordan 2,511 4,575 3,569 6, ,045 2,184 3, Kazakhstan.. 15, , ,142-1, Kuwait 8,268 22,875 7,169 16,254 7,738 6,699 3,325-4,951-1,956-2,379 3,886 14,672 7,567 Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon 511 3,687 2,836 7, , , ,046-3,382 Libya 11, , , Malaysia 32, ,577 31,765 96,820-1,872-7,608-5, ,924-2, ,488 13,381 Maldives Mali , Mauritania Morocco 6,239 14,250 7,783 15, ,336 2,483 4, ,582 Mozambique 229 1, , Niger Oman 5,577 12,127 3,342 8, ,451-1,672 1,106 3,263 1,446 Pakistan 6,835 14,837 10,205 15,272-1,084-2,218-2,225 2,794 4,162 6,233-1, ,573 Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia 47, ,715 43,939 54,713 7, ,285-15,637-15,511-14,903-4,152 14,336 29,815 Senegal 1,453 1,854 1,840 2, Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan 499 2, , Suriname Syria 5,030 7,093 2,955 6, ,762 1, Tajikistan , Togo Tunisia 5,203 10,964 6,039 11, , , Turkey 21,042 70,292 25,524 73,797-2,508-4,002-5,427 4,365 4,774 1,027-2,625-9,819-7,905 Turkmenistan.. 3, , Uganda , U.A.E Uzbekistan.. 3, , Yemen Republic 1,490 4,252 2,170 4, ,790 1,399 1, , IDB MCs 249, , , ,695-2,809-22,403-26,296 7,425 6,465 7,926-3,677 46,735 56,702 Memo: OIC Countries 264, , , ,472-5,547-22,461-26,348 7,509 6,512 7,967 1,311 46,620 56,612 LDCs 19,830 49,979 32,235 65,623-2, Dev'ping Cont. 753,768 2,377, ,891 2,209,363-65, , , Developed Cont. 3,538,257 6,893,753 3,570,269 7,019, World 4,299,347 9,272,788 4,313,731 9,230,166-58,931-78,515-67,

85 Table 3.15: International Reserves and Ratio to Imports Gross International Reserves* (US $ millions) In months of Imports (months) Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria 725 2,005 12,024 18,081 23,237 33, Azerbaijan Bahrain 1,235 1,280 1,564 1,684 1,726 1, Bangladesh 629 2,340 1,486 1,275 1,683 2, Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire ,019 1,863 2, Djibouti Egypt 2,684 16,181 13,118 12,926 13,242 13, Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia 7,459 13,708 28,502 27,246 30,969 34, Iran Iraq Jordan 849 1,973 3,331 3,062 3,976 5, Kazakhstan Kuwait 1,952 3,561 7,082 9,897 9,208 7, Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon 660 4,533 5,944 5,014 7,244 12, Libya 5, ,461 14,801 14,307 19, Malaysia 9,754 23,774 29,523 30,474 34,222 44, Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco 2,067 3,601 4,823 8,474 10,133 13, Mozambique Niger Oman 1,672 1,831 2,380 2,365 3,173 3, Pakistan 296 1,733 1,513 3,640 8,078 10, Palestine Qatar ,158 1,313 1,567 2, Saudi Arabia 11,668 8,622 19,585 17,596 20,610 22, Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia 795 1,605 1,811 1,989 2,290 2, Turkey 6,050 12,442 22,488 18,879 27,069 33, Turkmenistan Uganda , U.A.E 4,584 7,471 13,523 14,146 15,219 15, Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs 62, , , , , , Memo: OIC Countries 83, , , , , , LDCs 50, , , , , , Developing C 321, ,415 1,043,504 1,135,495 1,344,070 1,693, Developed C 198, , , , , , World 1,268,634 2,099,738 2,227,526 2,346,681 2,775,325 3,465, *includes gold 69

86 Table 3.16: Debt Indicators Indebtness Category Present value of debt Total External Debt Debt Service % of % of (US $ billion) % of GNI % of XGS % of GNI % of XGS Country GNI XGS Afghanistan Albania L Algeria L Azerbaijan L Bahrain Bangladesh L Benin M Brunei Burkina Faso M Cameroon M Chad S Comoros Cote d'ivoire S Djibouti Egypt L Gabon S Gambia S Guinea S Guinea-Bissau S Indonesia S Iran L Iraq Jordan S Kazakhstan S Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic S Lebanon S Libya Malaysia M Maldives Mali L Mauritania M Morocco L Mozambique L Niger M Oman L Pakistan M Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal L Sierra-Leone S Somalia S Sudan S Suriname Syria S Tajikistan S Togo S Tunisia M Turkey S Turkmenistan M Uganda M U.A.E Uzbekistan M Yemen Rep L IDB MCs Memo: OIC Countries LDCs Developing Countries.... 1, , Developed Countries World * S=severely indebted, M=moderatetely indebted, L=less indebted. 70

87 Table 3.17: Net Financial Flows Net Resource Flows Official development Net Foreign Direct assistance and official aid Investment (US $ million) (US $ million) (US $ million) Country Afghanistan ,285 1, ,285 1, Albania Algeria , Azerbaijan , ,067 2,352 Bahrain 119 2, Bangladesh 2, ,279 2,095 1, , Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon , Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire , Djibouti Egypt 3,303 3,163 1,959 1,651 5,430 1,257 1, Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia 3, ,769 1,722 1,471 1,308 1,743 1,093-2, Iran 702 1,621 3,128 3, Iraq -1, , , Jordan 1, , , Kazakhstan.. 1,866 1,744 1, ,861 2,157 2,210 Kuwait ,923 Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon , ,518 1,766 2,038 Libya Malaysia 1, , , ,299 1,104 Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco 1, ,640 1, , ,295 Mozambique 1,051 1,057 1, , ,054 1, Niger Oman Pakistan 1,718 1,764 1, ,129 1,948 2,138 1, Palestine , , Qatar Saudi Arabia , Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia Sudan ,349 Suriname Syria ,084 Tajikistan Togo Tunisia 618 1, Turkey 2,043 1,416-1, , , ,063 Turkmenistan Uganda United Arab Emirates , Uzbekistan Yemen Republic IDB MCs 28,364 24,940 28,753 32,661 24,698 16,916 21,917 22,295 7, Memo: OIC countries 28,693 26,142 31, ,125 17,198 22,296 22,699 7, LDCs 17,493 15,193 15,351 27,211 15, Developing Countries 82, ,960 68,544 94,065 57,536 57,691 65,326 76,184 21, , ,301.. High Income C , ,397 1,028 1,722 1, World ,933 58,719 67,048 77,453-41,430 70,

88 Table 3.18: Investment Climate Survey Year Policy uncertainty Courts Crime administration Finance Electricity Major constraint % Major Constraint % Lack confidence courts uphold property rights % Major constrai nt % Tax rates as major constraint % Regulation and tax Time dealing with officials % of manageme nt time Average time to clear customs days Major constrai nt % Major constraint % Skills Regulation Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep. 2002/ Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Labor Major constraint % 72

89 Table 3.19: Business Environment Starting a business No. of start-up procedures Time required days Registering Property No. of procedures Time required days Index of borrower and lender legal rights 0 (less access) to 10 (more access) Getting credit Public registry coverage (borrowers per 1,000 adults) Private bureau coverage (borrowers per 1,000 adults) Hiring & Enforcing Protecting Closing firing workers contracts investors a business Rigidity of employment index 0 (less) to 100 (more) No. of procedures Time required days Disclosure index 0 (less ) to 10 (more) Time to resolve insolvency years Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal

90 Table 3.20: Private Sector Investment Domestic credit to private Investment in infrastructure projects with private participation sector Water Telecommunications Energy Transport and sanitation % of GDP US $ millions US$ millions US$ millions US$ millions Afghanistan Albania Algeria , , Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh , , Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt , , , Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia , , , , , , Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan , , Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya Malaysia , , , , , , , ,105.5 Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco , , , ,000.0 Mozambique , Niger Oman , Pakistan , , Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia , Senegal Sierra-Leone Somalia S d

91 Table 3.21a: Net Approvals of IDB Group in ID million (1396H-1425H) ( ) * Country Loan Leasing Installment Equity Combined lines Profit Sharing Istisna a Others Tech. Assist. Sale of financing (Musharaka) (TA) Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan U.A.E Uganda Uzbekistan Yemen Rep Regional Special Prog Non-MCs NET APPROVALs 2, , , , GROSS APPROVALs 2, , , , * Figures are net cancellation and include ICD, UIF, IBP, APIF and Treasury Operations. 75

92 Table 3.21b: Net Approvals of IDB Group in US$ million (1396H-1425H) ( )* Country Loan Leasing Installment Equity Combined lines Profit Sharing Istisna a Others Tech. Assist. Sale of financing (Musharaka) (TA) Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan U.A.E Uganda Uzbekistan Yemen Rep Regional Special Prog Non-MCs NET APPROVALs 3, , , , GROSS APPROVALs 3, , , , * Figures are net cancellation and include ICD, UIF, IBP, APIF and Treasury Operations. 76

93 Table 3.21c: Number of Projects approved by IDB Group (1396H-1425H) ( ) * Country Loan Leasing Installment Equity Combined lines Profit Sharing Istisna a Others Tech. Assist. Sale of financing (Musharaka) (TA) Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan U.A.E Uganda Uzbekistan Yemen Rep Regional Special Prog Non-MCs NET APPROVALs GROSS APPROVALs * Figures are net cancellation and include ICD, UIF, IBP, APIF and Treasury Operations. 77

94 Table 3.22a: Net Trade Approvals and Special Assistance Operations of IDB Group in ID million (1396H- 1425H ) (1 January Feb. 2005) Country T r a d e F i n a n c i n g Special Assist. Grand Total EFS ITFO UIF IBP APIF Treasury oper. ICD Oper. Afghanistan Albania Algeria , Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh , Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt , Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran , Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco , Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan , Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia , Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia , Turkey , Turkmenistan U.A.E Uganda Uzbekistan Yemen Rep Regional Special Prog Non-MCs NET APPR. 1, , , , GROSS APPR. 1, , , ,

95 Table 3.22b: Net Trade Approvals and Special Assistance Operations of IDB Group in US$ million (1396H- 1425H ) (1 January Feb. 2005) Country T r a d e F i n a n c i n g Special Assist. Grand Total EFS ITFO UIF IBP APIF Treasury oper. ICD Oper. Afghanistan Albania Algeria , Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh , Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt , Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia , Iran , Iraq Jordan , Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco , Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan , Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia , Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia , Turkey , Turkmenistan U.A.E Uganda Uzbekistan Yemen Rep Regional Special Prog Non-MCs NET APPR. 1, , , , GROSS APPR. 1, , , ,

96 Table 3.22c: Number of Trade Approvals and Special Assistance Operations financed by IDB Group (1396H- 1425H ) (1 January Feb. 2005) Country T r a d e F i n a n c i n g Special Assist. Grand Total EFS ITFO UIF IBP APIF Treasury oper. ICD Oper. Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Brunei Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyz Rep Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan U.A.E Uganda Uzbekistan Yemen Rep Regional Special Prog Non-MCs NET APPR GROSS APPR

97 TECHNICAL NOTE 81

98

99 Technical Note The purpose of this technical note, following the lead of the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI), is to state some of the statistical estimation procedures used in the Statistical Monograph. In calculating statistical aggregates, the following rules were used: Aggregate data for IDB are either totals or weighted averages. No aggregate values are calculated if missing data account for more than a third of the number of observations in a given year. Aggregates of ratios are calculated as weighted averages of the ratios using the value of the denominator as weight. Most often the average indicated for IDB is weighted according to the relative share of the countries in the group total for that indicator. Aggregate growth rates are calculated using exponential trend function. The resulting growth rates reflect trends that are not unduly influenced by exceptional values. Except where specifically noted growth rates of values are computed from constant price series. Aggregates for income groups (such as LDCs, High Income Countries, Developed countries, and the World) are taken directly from the source of data, except for OIC countries which were computed by IDB staff. 83

100

101 GLOSSARY 85

102 GLOSSARY Adult illiteracy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who cannot, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life. Agricultural raw materials exports or imports comprise crude materials except fuels excluding crude fertilizers and minerals excluding coal, petroleum, and precious stones, and metalliferous ores and scrap. Carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include contributions to the carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Consumer price index (CPI) shows changes (inflation) in the cost of acquisition of a basket of goods and services purchased by the average consumer. Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Current account balance (in the balance of payments table) is the sum of net exports of goods, services, net income, and net current transfers. Daily newspapers: refer to those published at least four times a week, per 1,000 people. Domestic credit provided by the banking sector: includes all credit to various sectors on a gross basis, with the exception of credit to the central government, which is net. The banking sector includes monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other banking institutions where data are available (including institutions that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits). Examples of other banking institutions are savings and mortgage loan institutions and building and loan associations. Equity: A mode of financing used by the IDB to participate in the share capital of enterprises on a long-term basis. Export Financing Scheme (EFS, formerly called Longer-Term Trade Financing Scheme): A trade financing scheme used by IDB to export goods from one OIC country to another. The Scheme was initiated by the OIC Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation (COMCEC) and launched by IDB in 1408(1987) as a special fund to promote export trade of OIC member countries participating in the Scheme. Exports (or imports) of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude labor and property income (formerly called factor services) as well as transfer payments. Food exports or imports comprise food and live animals, beverages and tobacco, and animal and vegetable oils and fats, and oil seeds, oil nuts, and oil kernels. 87

103 Food production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they have no nutritive value. Foreign direct investment is net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other longterm capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. Fuels exports or imports comprise mineral fuels. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. The GDP implicit deflator: is the ratio of GDP in current local currency to GDP in constant local currency. The base year varies by country. General government final consumption expenditure (general government consumption) includes all government current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It also includes most expenditures on national defense and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation. GNP (GNI) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Gross capital formation (gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and work in progress. Gross domestic savings are calculated as GDP less final consumption expenditure (total consumption). Gross national savings including net current a transfer is equal to gross domestic savings plus net income and net current transfers from abroad. Gross Primary School enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music. Gross Secondary School enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, of pupils regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers. 88

104 High-technology exports: are products with high R&D intensity. They include hightechnology products such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases, beds for both acute and chronic care are included. Household final consumption expenditure (private consumption) is the market value of all goods and services, including durable products (such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased by households. It excludes purchases of dwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. It also includes payments and fees to governments to obtain permits and licenses. Here, household consumption expenditure includes the expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households, even when reported separately by the country. IDB Unit Investment Fund: A trust fund managed by IDB and established in 1409H (1989). It is a resource mobilization vehicle that allows IDB to sell completed operations and projects to the UIF which in turn, sells them, in the form of units (shares), to investors. Import Trade Financing Operations (ITFO): A short term trade financing scheme for import of commodities of developmental nature required by member countries while promoting the flow of trade among them. Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year. Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a fixed basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. Instalment Sale: A mode of financing whereby IDB purchases machinery and equipment, then sells them to the beneficiary at a higher price, with repayment to be made by instalments. The ownership of the asset is transferred to the purchaser on delivery. International reserves consist of the country's holding of monetary gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and foreign exchange, as well as its reserve position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Internet users: are people with access to the worldwide network. Islamic Banks Portfolio: A trust fund managed by IDB which was established in 1407H (1987) by 20 Islamic banks and financial institutions (IBFI). Its objective is to mobilize the resources available with IBFI and channel them to finance trade & projects. Islamic Corporation for the Development of the Private Sector (ICD). A private sector entity of the IDB group whose mandate is to address the development needs of its members through private sector interventions. Istisna a: A medium-term mode of financing. It is a contract for manufacturing (or construction) whereby the manufacturer (seller) agrees to provide the buyer with goods 89

105 identified by description after they have been manufactured/constructed in conformity with that description within a pre-determined time-frame and price. Labor force comprises people who meet the ILO definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, the labor force generally includes the armed forces, the unemployed and first-time job seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. Land area (in square kilometers) is a country s total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes. Leasing: A medium-term mode of financing, which involves purchasing equipment and machinery and subsequently transferring their right of use to the beneficiary for a specific period of time, during which the IDB retains the ownership of the asset. Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant is expected to live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. Lines of financing: A financing facility made available to financial institutions in member countries to finance projects and trade operations of small and medium enterprises. Liquid liabilities: are also known as broad money, or M3. They are the sum of currency and deposits in the central bank (M0), plus transferable deposits and electronic currency (M1), plus time and savings deposits, foreign currency transferable deposits, certificates of deposit, and securities repurchase agreements (M2), plus travelers checks, foreign currency time deposits, commercial paper, and shares of mutual funds or market funds held by residents. Loan: A mode of financing used by the IDB to finance projects in member countries, particularly its least developed countries. It carries a service fee intended to cover the actual costs of administering the loan. The repayment period ranges from 15 to 25 years including a grace period of 3-7 years. Manufactures exports or imports comprise chemicals, basic manufactures, machinery and transport equipment, and miscellaneous manufactured goods, excluding non-ferrous metals. Maternal mortality rate is the number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births in a given year. Merchandise exports show the f.o.b. value of goods provided to the rest of the world valued in U.S. dollars. Merchandise imports show the c.i.f. value of goods received from the rest of the world valued in U.S. dollars. Money supply (M1) comprises transferable deposits and currency outside deposit money banks. 90

106 Money supply (M2) (comprises money and quasi money) is the sum of currency outside banks, demand deposits other than those of the central government, and the time, savings, and foreign currency deposits of resident sectors other than the central government. Murabahah: A contract of sale between a buyer and a seller in which a seller purchases the goods needed by a buyer and sells the goods to the buyer on a cost-plus basis. Both the profit (mark-up) and the time of repayment (usually in instalments) are specified in an initial contract. Profit Sharing (Musharaka): A financing technique that involves pooling of funds by two or more parties in order to finance a particular venture. Each partner obtains, in accordance with the terms and conditions of partnership, a percentage of (net) profit accruing from the venture. The profit accrued or loss incurred is shared proportional to each partner's contribution in the capital of the venture. Net current transfers are recorded in the balance of payments whenever an economy provides or receives goods, services, income, or financial items without a quid pro quo. All transfers not considered to be capital are current. Net financial flows refer to gross disbursement of ODA, other official flows and private flows (total amount disbursed over a given period) less any repayments of loan principal during the same period. ODA relates to grants or concessional loans (i.e. with a grant element of at least 25 percent), undertaken by the official sector, whose main objective is the promotion of economic development and welfare. Net income (balance of payments) refers to receipts and payments of employee compensation paid to nonresident workers and investment income (receipts and payments on direct investment, portfolio investment, other investments, and receipts on reserve assets). Income derived from the use of intangible assets is recorded under business services. Official development assistance and net official aid (ODA) record the actual international transfer by the donor of financial resources or of goods or services valued at the cost to the donor, less any repayments of loan principal during the same period. Grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee are included, as are loans with a grant element of at least 25 percent, and technical cooperation and assistance. Official exchange rate ratio to parallel exchange rate measures the premium people must pay, relative to the official exchange rate, to exchange the domestic currency for dollars in the black market. Ores and metals exports or imports comprise crude fertilizer, minerals ores; metalliferous ores, scrap and non-ferrous metals. Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC): It is an inter-governmental organization comprising 57 Countries (Guyana, Nigeria and the 55 IDB member countries). OIC was established in pursuance of a decision taken during the First Summit Conference of Muslim Heads of State, held in Rabat (Morocco) in 1389H (1969). Its objective is to promote Islamic solidarity and cooperation. Overall budget deficit is current and capital revenue and official grants received less total expenditure and lending minus repayments. Personal computers: are self-contained computers designed to be used by a single individual, per 1,000 people. 91

107 Physicians are defined as graduates of any facility or school of medicine who are working in the country in any medical field (practice, teaching, research). Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population with access to safe drinking water is the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of safe drinking water (including treaed surface and untreated water from protected springs, boreholes, and sanitary wells). Population with access to sanitation is the percentage of the population with at least adequate excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Present value of debt is the sum of short-term external debt plus the discounted sum of total debt service payments due on public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed longterm external debt over the life of existing loans. Profit-sharing: It is a form of partnership which involves the pooling of funds between two or more parties in order to finance a particular venture, each partner obtaining, in accordance with the terms and conditions of partnership, a percentage of (net) profit accruing from the venture. The profit accruing to or loss incurred by each partner is proportional to each partner's share in the capital of the venture. Public registry coverage and private bureau coverage measure the number of borrowers with records contained in either the public credit registry or private credit bureau, expressed as a percentage of the adult population. A score of 0 indicates that a public registry or private bureau does not operate in the country. The maximum score is 1,000. Purchasing power parity conversion factor is the number of units of a country s currency required to buy the same amounts of goods and services in the domestic market as U.S. dollar would buy in the United States. Quasi-liquid liabilities: are the sum of currency and deposits in the central bank (M0), plus time and savings deposits, foreign currency transferable deposits, certificates of deposit, and securities repurchase agreements, plus travelers checks, foreign currency time deposits, commercial paper, and shares of mutual funds or market funds held by residents. They equal the M3 money supply less transferable deposits and electronic currency (M1). Real effective exchange rate is the nominal effective exchange rate (a measure of the value of a currency against a weighted average of several foreign currencies) divided by a price deflator or index of costs. Spread over LIBOR (London Interbank Offer Rate): is the interest rate charged by banks on loans to prime customers minus LIBOR. LIBOR is the most commonly recognized international interest rate and is quoted in several currencies. The average three-month LIBOR on U.S. dollar deposits is used here. Technical Assistance: This mode of financing is provided by the IDB for conducting feasibility studies, detailed design and preparation of tender documents, as well as consultancy services for the supervision of projects. Television sets: refer to those in use, per 1,000 people. 92

108 Terms of trade is the ratio of the export unit value index to the import unit value index. Total debt service is the sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or services on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF. Total expenditure includes both current and capital expenditures. It does not include government lending or repayments to the government or government acquisition of equity for public purposes. Total external debt is debt owed to nonresidents repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services. Total external debt is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on longterm debt. Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates. Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditures. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation. Total health expenditure per capita is the sum of public and private health expenditures as a ratio of total population. Total population is the number of people living in a country regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Under-5 mortality rate is the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. The probability is expressed as a rate per 1,000. Waqf Fund: A trust fund set up in 1399H for financing Special Assistance operations, Scholarship Programme, Technical Cooperation Programme (TCP), the Islamic Research and Training Institute (IRTI), Technical Assistance, LDMCs Special Account, and Saudi Arabia Sacrificial Meat Project. 93

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