Table of Contents. Preface...iii
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1 Table of Contents Preface...iii Acknowledgments...v Table of Contents...vii Chapter 1 Gliders and Sailplanes Introduction Gliders The Early Years Glider or Sailplane? Glider Pilot Schools CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools CFR Part 61 Instruction Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements Common Glider Concepts Terminology Converting Metric Distance to Feet Chapter 2 Components and Systems Introduction Glider Design The Fuselage Wings and Components Lift/Drag Devices Empennage Towhook Devices Powerplant Self-Launching Gliders Sustainer Engines Landing Gear Wheel Brakes Chapter 3 Aerodynamics of Flight Introduction Forces of Flight Newton s Third Law of Motion Lift The Effects of Drag on a Glider Parasite Drag Form Drag Skin Friction Drag Interference Drag Total Drag Wing Planform Elliptical Wing Rectangular Wing Tapered Wing Swept-Forward Wing Washout Glide Ratio Aspect Ratio Weight Thrust Three Axes of Rotation Stability Flutter Lateral Stability Turning Flight Load Factors Radius of Turn Turn Coordination Slips Forward Slip Sideslip Spins Ground Effect Chapter 4 Flight Instruments Introduction Pitot-Static Instruments Impact and Static Pressure Lines Airspeed Indicator The Effects of Altitude on the Airspeed Indicator Types of Airspeed vii
2 Airspeed Indicator Markings Other Airspeed Limitations Altimeter Principles of Operation Effect of Nonstandard Pressure and Temperature Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) Types of Altitude Variometer Total Energy System Netto Electronic Flight Computers Magnetic Compass Yaw String Inclinometer Gyroscopic Instruments G-Meter FLARM Collision Avoidance System Chapter 5 Glider Performance Introduction Factors Affecting Performance High and Low Density Altitude Conditions Atmospheric Pressure Altitude Temperature Wind Weight Rate of Climb Flight Manuals and Placards Placards Performance Information Glider Polars Weight and Balance Information Limitations Weight and Balance Center of Gravity Problems Associated With CG Forward of Forward Limit Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit Sample Weight and Balance Problems Ballast Chapter 6 Preflight and Ground Operations Introduction Assembly and Storage Techniques Trailering Tiedown and Securing Water Ballast Ground Handling Launch Equipment Inspection Glider Preflight Inspection Prelaunch Checklist Glider Care Preventive Maintenance Chapter 7 Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers Introduction Aerotow Takeoff Procedures Signals Prelaunch Signals Inflight Signals Takeoff Procedures and Techniques Normal Assisted Takeoff Unassisted Takeoff Crosswind Takeoff Assisted Unassisted Aerotow Climb-Out Aerotow Release Slack Line Boxing the Wake Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures CG Hooks Signals Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) Inflight Signals Tow Speeds Automobile Launch Crosswind Takeoff and Climb Normal Into-the-Wind Launch Climb-Out and Release Procedures Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures Preparation and Engine Start Taxiing Pretakeoff Check Normal Takeoff Crosswind Takeoff Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures Landing Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations Normal Approach and Landing Crosswind Landing Slips Downwind Landing After Landing and Securing viii
3 Performance Maneuvers Straight Glides Turns Roll-In Roll-Out Steep Turns Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed Stall Recognition and Recovery Secondary Stalls Accelerated Stalls Crossed-Control Stalls Operating Airspeeds Minimum Sink Airspeed Best Glide Airspeed Speed to Fly Chapter 8 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures Introduction Porpoising Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) PIOs During Launch Factors Influencing PIOs Improper Elevator Trim Setting Improper Wing Flaps Setting Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch Gust-Induced Oscillations Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing Glider-Induced Oscillations Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures Abnormal Procedures Towing Failures Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop Tow Failure Without Runway To Land Below Returning Altitude Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude Tow Failure Above 800' AGL Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude Slack Line Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures Abnormal Procedures Emergency Procedures Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures Emergency Procedures Spiral Dives Spins Entry Phase Incipient Phase Developed Phase Recovery Phase Off-Field Landing Procedures Afterlanding Off Field Off-Field Landing Without Injury Off-Field Landing With Injury System and Equipment Malfunctions Flight Instrument Malfunctions Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions Altimeter Malfunctions Variometer Malfunctions Compass Malfunctions Glider Canopy Malfunctions Broken Glider Canopy Frosted Glider Canopy Water Ballast Malfunctions Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions Primary Flight Control Systems Elevator Malfunctions Aileron Malfunctions Rudder Malfunctions Secondary Flight Controls Systems Elevator Trim Malfunctions Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions Towhook Malfunctions Oxygen System Malfunctions Drogue Chute Malfunctions Self-Launching Gliders Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine While Airborne Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions In-flight Fire Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear Survival Gear Checklists Food and Water ix
4 Clothing Communication Navigation Equipment Medical Equipment Stowage Parachute Oxygen System Malfunctions Accident Prevention Chapter 9 Soaring Weather Introduction The Atmosphere Composition Properties Temperature Density Pressure Standard Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere Scale of Weather Events Thermal Soaring Weather Thermal Shape and Structure Atmospheric Stability Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring Cloud Streets Thermal Waves Thunderstorms Lifted Index K-Index Weather for Slope Soaring Mechanism for Wave Formation Lift Due to Convergence Obtaining Weather Information Preflight Weather Briefing Weather-ReIated Information Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, and Forecasts Graphic Weather Charts Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast Composite Moisture Stability Chart Chapter 10 Soaring Techniques Introduction Thermal Soaring Locating Thermals Cumulus Clouds Other Indicators of Thermals Wind The Big Picture Entering a Thermal Inside a Thermal Bank Angle Speed Centering Collision Avoidance Exiting a Thermal Atypical Thermals Ridge/Slope Soaring Traps Procedures for Safe Flying Bowls and Spurs Slope Lift Obstructions Tips and Techniques Wave Soaring Preflight Preparation Getting Into the Wave Flying in the Wave Soaring Convergence Zones Combined Sources of Updrafts Chapter 11 Cross-Country Soaring Introduction Flight Preparation and Planning Personal and Special Equipment Navigation Using the Plotter A Sample Cross-Country Flight Navigation Using GPS Cross-Country Techniques Soaring Faster and Farther Height Bands Tips and Techniques Special Situations Course Deviations Lost Procedures Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations Glider Complexity Water Ballast Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources Chapter 12 Towing Introduction Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks Tow Hook Schweizer Tow Hook x
5 Tost Tow Hook Tow Ring Inspection Tow Rope Inspection Tow Rope Strength Requirements Take Off Planning On the Airport Ground Signals Takeoff and Climb Tow Positions, Turns, and Release Glider Tow Positions Turns on Tow Approaching a Thermal Release Descent, Approach and Landing Descent Approach and Landing Cross-Country Aerotow Emergencies Takeoff Emergencies Tow Plane Power Failure on the Runway During Takeoff Roll Glider Releases During Takeoff With Tow Plane Operation Normal Tow Plane Power Failure or Tow Rope Break After Takeoff but Below 200 Feet Above Ground Level Tow Plane Power Failure or Tow Rope Break After Takeoff Above 200 Feet Glider Climbs Excessively High During Takeoff Airborne Emergencies Glider Release Failure Glider Problem Immediate Release Inner Ear Discomfort Spatial Disorientation Dehydration Heatstroke Cold Weather Cockpit Management Personal Equipment Oxygen System Transponder Code Definitions Risk Management Safety Management System (SMS) Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) Appendix A Soaring Safety Foundation (SSF): Safety Advisory 00-1, Glider Critical Assembly Procedures...A-1 Introduction...A-1 History...A-1 Ensuring Airworthiness...A-2 Critical Items...A-2 Glossary...G-1 Index...I-1 Chapter 13 Human Factors Introduction Learning from Past Mistakes Recognizing Hazardous Attitudes Complacency Indiscipline Overconfidence Human Error Types of Errors Unintentional Intentional Human and Physiological Factors that Affect Flight Fatigue Hyperventilation xi
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