TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an LIC or NEE: Mumbai.

Transcription

1 How this will come up in your exam: It is likely that this case study will be the subject of one 6 or 9marker in your exam which is likely to include one of the following command words: To what extent Assess Evaluate You may also be able to use it to answer other shorter questions e.g. on migration. TIP: Practice writing the 6/9mark questions at the bottom of the slides on this powerpoint and submit to your teacher for marking and feedback.

2 Slide 1: The location of Mumbai: Describe the location of Mumbai. Mumbai is located on the west coast of India, in Maharashtra State. Why is this location good for a city? Mumbai started life as a collection of fishing villages because of its location next to the sea. It grew into a major port, again because of its location on the coast and the benefits it has for trade. Mumbai is a megacity. What does this mean? It is a city with over 10million people living there. Describe the location of a city in an NEE/LIC you have studied. (2marks) Outline one way in which the location of a city in an LIC/NEE you have studied has helped it grow. (2marks)

3 Slide 2: The regional, national and international importance of the city. Regional means Within the region the city stands in (in this case, Maharashtra State) Examples of how Mumbai is regionally important: Over 3 million people commute to Mumbai from other places in Maharashtra State every day. The city contributes 40% of the income of the state of Maharashtra. Mumbai is a hub for smaller businesses, including design, fashion, jewellery and tourism. Commute means: To travel a long distance to another city to work every day. Outline one way in which a city in an LIC/NEE you have studied is regionally important. (2marks)

4 Slide 3: The regional, national and international importance of the city. National means: Within it s country, in this case, India. Examples of Mumbai s national importance include: Mumbai is the commercial and financial capital of India. It handles approximately 60% of India s sea trade. People in Mumbai pay 33% of India s taxes. Mumbai has the biggest port and airport in India. Commercial means business/shopping. Financial means banking. Sea trade is imports and exports coming in or leaving by boat. Outline one way in which a city in an LIC/NEE you have studied is nationally important. (2marks)

5 Slide 4: The regional, national and international importance of Mumbai. International means: Important to other countries as well as India. Examples of how Mumbai is internationally important are: Mumbai has the largest amount of foreign investment of any city in India. Mumbai is home to the biggest cultural industry in Asia Bollywood (The Indian film industry). Mumbai is a transport hub with transport links to many world cities. Mumbai has the largest number of TNC head quarters of any city in India. Mumbai has a large number of international companies such as Volkswagen and Walt Disney. Foreign investment is where other countries put money into businesses in Mumbai. A transport hub is a place that has many transport links meeting there. A TNC is a Trans-national corporation which is a company that has branches in many different countries. Outline one way in which a city in an LIC/NEE you have studied is internationally important. (2marks) To what extent can a city you have studied in an LIC/NEE be regarded as internationally important. (6marks)

6 Slide 5: Causes of growth: natural increase and migration. The population of Mumbai has nearly doubled since 1991 and is now over 21 million people. There are two main causes for it s growth: These are 1. Natural Increase. This is The growth in population that happens when birth rates are higher than death rates. Birth rate is The number of babies born per 1,000 of the population per year. Death rate is The number of people dying per 1,000 of the population per year. To calculate the natural increase Natural Increase = birth rate death rate. The natural increase is high in Mumbai because many young people of the age to have babies have moved there in search of a better quality of life. Outline one reason that a city in an LIC/NEE that you have studied has grown. (2marks) Define natural increase (1mark)

7 Slide 6: Causes of growth: Natural Increase and Migration 2. Rural urban migration. This is The movement of people from rural areas (the countryside) to urban areas (towns and cities) When explaining migration you MUST talk about PUSH FACTORS and PULL factors. PUSH FACTOR: Something bad happening in the countryside that makes you want to leave it. PULL FACTOR: Something good about the city that makes you want to go there. (This may be perceived you may think it will be good but actually in reality it might not be.) Migration to Mumbai averages 1 person per minute. 70% of migrants to Mumbai come from Maharashtra State. The average age of migrants is % of migrants are male. Define rural-urban migration (1mark) Outline two reasons for rural-urban migration. (4marks) (Remember even if the question does not ask you to use an example you will probably get a better mark if you do!)

8 Slide 7: Causes of growth: Natural Increase and Migration PUSH factors causing people to leave rural areas: Population growth in the countryside has put pressure on land, food and other resources. Most people in rural areas work in farming and it has become increasingly difficult to find jobs because of increasing use of machinery such as tractors. Changes in the law have forced people with small farms to sell to larger landowners. Small scale farmers are vulnerable to poor harvests and bad weather because they are totally reliant on their crops. In bad years they can be forced to sell up and have no alternative than to move to the city. PULL factors pulling people towards the city: In Mumbai there are job opportunities in service industries and the manufacturing industries which pay higher wages. There are also more schools, health care facilities and entertainment in Mumbai than other parts of Maharashtra state. In virtually all cases, the reason for migration was described as economic. Explain why a city in an LIC/NEE you have studied has grown. (6marks)

9 Slide 8: Urban growth has created opportunities Social opportunities created by urban growth are as follows: Access to health services: Most people in Mumbai live closer to healthcare facilities (doctors, nurses and hospitals) than they would have done in rural areas. It is easier to provide access for people when they all live close together. Access to education services: Access to education in rural areas is often inadequate or people have to travel a long way to the nearest school. In Mumbai, education is more readily available and closer because people live close together in one area. Mumbai runs more than 1,000 primary and secondary school with free education up to a certain age. Mumbai has a world renowned university and other important education and research organisations. Literacy rates are high (90%). Even in the slums they are 70% Access to resources: water supply and energy: Because a lot of people live in a small area, it can be easier to supply basic services such as water, sanitation systems and energy. Most people in Mumbai have an electricity and water supply. There are schemes in place to tackle problems to do with water supply and energy such as the Mumbai slum sanitation project and the Mumbai slum electrification project (see later notes.) Explain how urban growth has created opportunities in a LIC/NEE you have studied (6marks) Outline two ways in which urban growth has improved access to services in a NEE/LIC you have studied. (4marks) Outline one way in which urban growth has improved access to resources in a NEE/LIC. (2marks)

10 Slide 9: Urban growth has created opportunities Economic opportunities: How urban growth can be a stimulus for economic development: Mumbai is an important economic hub with 10% of India s factory employment. Many of India s TNCs are based here. There are many specialised, technical industries such as aerospace, medical research, computing and IT development. These provide large numbers of formal jobs (where workers are registered and pay taxes. Many areas are extremely wealthy as a result with some of the most expensive property in the world. One 28 story building is worth 2 billion. Taxes have been invested in infrastructure and Mumbai has the best city transport system in India. All this attracts foreign investment and encourages more growth. Mumbai also has a large, unskilled informal workforce (unregistered and don t pay taxes). Jobs include street sellers, taxi drivers and mechanics. These types of jobs increase the prosperity of places like Dharavi which has thriving industries such as pottery. 85% of people have a job in Dharavi and some have even become millionaires. Explain how urban growth can be a stimulus for economic development. (4marks) To what extent do cities in LICS/NEEs create social and economic opportunities for people. (6marks)

11 Slide 10: Urban growth has created challenges. How to manage urban growth slums and squatter settlements such as Dharavi. What is a squatter settlement? A settlement where buildings have been built by the people living there out of whatever material they can find. People often live there illegally. 62% of the population live in squatter settlements such as Dharavi (the second largest slum in Asia with a population of 1million) These have grown because the high numbers of people migrating to the city means that the settlements have grown too fast to install proper infrastructure and as a consequence of this they are unplanned and access to resources such as water and energy is poor. In addition, access to services such as health care and education are much reduced.

12 Slide 11: Urban growth has created challenges. Challenge: How to provide clean water resources, sanitation and energy resources: What is sanitation? Measures to protect public health such as the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage and waste. Problems: Mumbai has severe water shortages. Water is rationed. Standpipes in Dharavi come on for 2 hours at 5.30am and are shared between many people. In Dharavi, water pipes often run close to sewers. Leakages lead to contamination of water and the spread of water bourn diseases such as typhoid. Lack of sanitation is a major issue. People have to go to the toilet in the street because of the lack of facilities. There is an average of 1 toilet per 1,000 people in the slums. In Dharavi, children play in sewage waste and doctors deal with 4,000 cases a day of typhoid and diptheria. Rubbish is frequently left in the streets. This attracts vermin such as rats. Poisonous liquids may leak and contaminate water supplies. Many slum areas do not have access to electricity and rely on bottled gas for cooking and heating which is expensive and dangerous and can cause explosions. Overcrowding means diseases spread very easily e.g. typhoid. To what extent has urbanisation created challenges in providing people with the essential resources (water and energy) they require in cities in LICs/NEEs? (6marks)

13 Slide 12: Urban growth has created challenges. The challenge of providing access to health and education services. The main problem is the speed of population growth and keeping up with the demand for health and education services especially with regards to health because of the problems to do with water and sanitation described on slide 11. A study of one slum found that 95% households had lower access to clean water than the amount recommended by the World Health Organisation. In addition, education also faces problems: Drop out rates in schools are high, especially in slum areas. This is because Young people must find a job to bring in some money to support their family. There are inadequate resources and therefore declining standards in educational institutions. To what extent has urban growth in cities in LICs/NEEs led to challenges in providing people with services. (6marks)

14 Slide 13: Urban growth has created challenges. The challenge of unemployment and crime: Rapid urbanisation is the main cause of unemployment. Economic growth has not been fast enough to create sufficient jobs for the available workforce. Underemployment is common. (people paid less than they should be for the task that they do).. There tends to be poor working conditions in such jobs. There is a large, informal workforce in the slums who don t pay taxes to the government and have no regulations protecting them from poor working conditions. The government is therefore losing out on money that could be used to improve infrastructure and grow the economy. Those who are unemployed and underemployed may turn to crime to make ends meet which leads to rising crime rates.. Nearly one third of the population of Mumbai have been victims of crime. Because of the lack of government regulation, corruption is rife and 23% of the population have been exposed to bribery. To what extent do cities in LICS/NEEs create social and economic challenges for people. (9marks)

15 Slide 14: Urban growth has created challenges. Challenge: Environmental Issues: 1. Waste Disposal Mumbai produces 7,500 tonnes of waste per day (huge amount). There is no comprehensive system of collection and this poses a hazard to human health as waste builds up in the streets. The slum of Dharavi has a recycling zone where everything is recycled from cosmetics to plastics to computer keyboards. 80% of plastic waste gets recycled in Mumbai (in the UK it is 23%) Despite this, waste remains a huge problem. 2. Air pollution Air pollution is high as old cars emit dirty and harmful fumes (there are over 22million vehicles registered in Mumbai) and there is little regulation of emissions from factories. Levels of PM10 (particulate matter which can cause respiratory diseases such as asthma) are dangerously high. (132mg/sq m when the safe level is 20 mg/sq m)

16 Slide 15: Urban growth has created challenges. Challenge: Environmental Issues: 3. Water pollution: 77% of households suffer from poor water quality in the city which leads to water borne disease (see previous notes.) This is a result of waste and sewage being able to contaminate water supplies and also unregulated industry discharging its chemical waste into rivers. 4. Traffic congestion: 22million vehicles are registered in Mumbai. Population growth has led to rapid increases and the road system is unable to cope. Many people live far from their place of work and are dependent on public transport. Buses, trains and roads are always crammed despite Mumbai having the best train system in India. The movement of traffic is very slow. At peak times journey times can last several hours. Traffic congestion also causes air pollution see notes on slide 14. To what extent has urban growth led to environmental issues in a city in an LIC/NEE you have studied. (9marks)

17 Slide 16: An example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor. Challenge for urban planners: To improve the conditions for the urban poor (those living in squatter settlements) while at the same time protecting communities. Project 1: The Mumbai Slum Sanitation Project funded by the World Bank: Aims: to improve sanitation facilities for up to a million slum dwellers across the city. So far over 300 community toilet blocks have been built housing more than 5100 toilets with separate facilities for men and women. However there is a small fee to use the toilets and once built they are handed over to the local communities to maintain. Local women had a say in the design of the toilets. Projects to improve the lives of the poor always work better when local people have a say in how they are run. Despite the project, sanitation remains a huge issue in Mumbai. Project 2: The Mumbai Slum electrification project: This was put in place to tackle the problem that many slum dwellers were using bottled gas for cooking and heating. This is expensive and dangerous and produces toxic fumes. The project organised by an organisation called GPOBA has provided 10,000 slum dwellers with new or upgraded electricity connections. Despite the project, regular safe energy supplies in slums remain a big issue in Mumbai.. Assess the need for urban planning strategies in cities in LICs/NEEs using an example you have studied.

18 Slide 17: An example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor. Project 3: The Mumbai Slum resettlement scheme: As part of the Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP), a slum area along a railway line (tin shacks near the line with open sewers and lack of a clean water supply) was cleared and residents moved to a new area. Residents had legal rights to their homes and now have water supplies and drains. Rates of disease among the community have fallen and children have better attendance at school. There are local shops and businesses so more employment opportunities. One downside was that parts of the community were separated but most agree quality of life has improved enormously. Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban planning strategy in a LIC/NEE you have studied. (9marks)

19 What should you talk about if asked about 1. Social opportunities? A: Access to health, sanitation and education services. Access to water and energy resources. (Slide 8) 2. Economic opportunities? A: How urban industry can act as a stimulus for growth basically types of jobs available and how this leads to growth. (slide 9) 3. Services? A: Health and education (slide 8 and 12) 4. Resources? A: Water and energy (Slide 8 and 11) 5. Challenges? A: slums, access to resources, access to services, unemployment, crime, environmental issues 6. Environmental challenges? A: waste disposal, air and water pollution, traffic congestion. (Slides 14-15)

20 Facts Quiz 1. Which state is Mumbai in? Maharashtra State. 2. How many people commute to Mumbai from Maharashtra State every day? 3 million (This is an example of Mumbai s regional importance. 3. What % of India s taxes to people in Mumbai pay? 33% (This is an example of Mumbai s national importance.) 4. Give an example of an international company based in Mumbai. Volkswagon or Walt Disney. (This is an example of Mumbai s international importance.) 5. How many people move to Mumbai each minute? 1 6. How many schools are there in Mumbai? What is the literacy rate in A) Mumbai? And B) The slums a) 90% b) 70%

21 Facts Quiz 8) What % of India s factory employment in in Mumbai? 10% 9. What % of Dharavi s population is employed? 85% 10. How long does water come on for in Dharavi per day? 2hours 11. How many toilets are there per 1,000 people in the slums? 1 How many cases of typhoid and diptheria (water borne diseases) do doctors deal with per day in Dharavi? 4,000 How many of the population of Mumbai have been victims of crime? One third. What % of plastic waste gets recycled in Dharavi? 80

22 Facts Quiz How many cars are registered in Mumbai? 22million How many toilet blocks have been built so far by the Mumbai Slum Sanitation Project? 5100 How many households have been provided with electricity by the Mumbai electrification Project? 10,000