Implications of the Ice Melt: A Global Overview

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1 Implications of the Ice Melt: A Global Overview Hindu Kush Himalayas International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal Our Ice Dependent World The 6th Open Assembly of the Northern Research Forum Hótel Örk, Hveragerdi, Iceland 3rd - 6th September 2011 Pradeep Mool International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development

2 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development ICIMOD - an intergovernmental organisation with 8 member countries A mountain learning and knowledge centre bridging research and policy Vision: The mountain population of the greater Himalayas enjoys improved well-being in a sustainable global environment Mission: Enabling and facilitating equitable and sustainable well-being of the people of the greater Himalayas supporting sustainable mountain development and regional co-operation

3 The Hindu Kush Himalayas The third pole on earth - an area of extraordinary beauty and a world heritage site for biodiversity Ecological buffer between Tibetan Plateau and South Asia Himalayan glaciers are sources of freshwater reserves providing headwaters for 10 major river systems in Asia a lifeline for almost one third of humanity.

4 Changing Glacier Environment ISRO:75% of Himalayan glaciers retreating (ToI ToI, 16 May 2011) Fast retreating Gangapurna glacier at the northern slope of Annapurna Range, Manang Lake and Manang Village, Nepal 1957 Tony Hagen 2010 Nabin Baral, ICIMOD Rothlishberger, 1980 Nabin Baral, 2007

5 Data gap in the HKH region Himalayas: A blank spot in IPCC AR4

6 Glacier No.1 Urumqi, Tien Shan, China 43 07' N E; m asl Longest recorded glacier mass balance monitoring in ICIMOD RMCs Morphological changes of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in the years 1962, 1988, 1993,1996, 2001 and Source: Zhongqin et al., 2008 Name Lat (N) Long (E) Elevation Length Area Monitoring (m) (km) (km sq) Dates Glacier No ; (a) Based on topographic map in 1962; (b) Based on terrestrial phograpmmetry map in 1994 ; Source: Shi Yafeng et.al. 2008, Glaciers and related environments in China Institute Observations CAREERI mass balance, climate, hydrology, velocity

7 Glacier Mass Balance Study Areas in HKH (India, China and Nepal) Fragmented, uncoordinated and generally very short term measurement series Glacier z-max [m a.s.l.] Area [km 2 ] Record years (#) Changmekhan (India) (6) Dunagiri (India) (5) Shaune Garang (India) (9) Gor Garang (India) (8) Tipra Bank (India) (3) Neh Nar (India) (5) Kolahoi (India) (1) Shishram (India) (1) Dokriani Glacier (India) (6) Chhota Shigri (India) (4) Langtang (Nepal) (11) Rika Samba (Nepal) (1) AX010 (Nepal) (4) Meikuang (China) (9) Chongce i.c. (China) (1) Xiaodongkemadi (China) , (10) Dyurgerov & Meier (2005) - INSTAAR 58; Wagnon et al. (2007) J.Glac. 53(183) Kaser, G; Innsbruck University, Climate & Cryosphere; 2009 June 08 Tromsø, Norway

8 Under-representation representation of meteorological observation in the High Himalayas No of Stations < Elevation, km

9 Glacier monitoring in Nepal Himalayas S No. Glacier Name Latitude (N) Longitude (E) 1 Rika Samba, Hidden Valley, Dhaulagiri 2 AX010, Dudh Kosi region of Shorong Himal Elevations (masl) Area (km sq) monitoring times Institute Station name/ Observation 28 49'60.00"N 83 29'60.00"E GEN / DHM mass balance 27 42'0.01"N 86 33'59.99"E GEN / DHM mass balance 3 Mera 27 43'23.17"N 86 52'52.13"E DHM, Nepal / IRD, France 4 Yala, Langtang 28 14'60.00"N 85 36'60.00"E CDHM/TU and ITP mass balance; climate; hydrology; mass balance; climate; Rika Samba AX010 Yala Mera

10 Capacity Development Cryosphere Monitoring Programme Remote sensing Global Field Measurements Modelling HKH region Basin Sub-basin Glacier Glacier Mass Balance Monitoring Hydro -Meteorological Observations Regional Cryosphere Knowledge Hub

11 Regional Focus Regional Cryosphere Knowledge Hub for storage, analysis, sharing and disseminating knowledge for relevant operational services and research in the HKH region and internationally Regional snow and glacier mapping using remote sensing data Regular field based glacier and glacio- hydrological monitoring Global, Regional and National linkages: WGMS/Zurich, NSIDC/Colorado, TPE/China, CAREERI/China, CoG/India, GCISC/Pakistan, HiCCDRC/Nepal

12 Melting of Glaciers in Himalaya and formation of glacial lakes China Poiqu Basin Gangxi Co lake at the tongue of Glacier 50191C0009 in 1987 Lumu Chimi lake at the tongue of Glacier 50191B0029 in 1987 Nepal 153 glaciers 244 km2 in km2 in % loss in 12yrs. Glaciers and glacial lakes in Poiqu Basin (Source: Mool et.al. 2004)

13 Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Impact of climate change is well observed in the Himalaya Several studies show that most of glaciers in Himalaya are shrinking at accelerated rates in recent decades Glacial lakes formed by rapid retreat of glaciers Water volume increase in these lakes from the glacier melt Lakes retained by unconsolidated moraine dams and ice core Moraine failure due to piping and overtopping Triggered by many factors Damaging impact downstream Common in Nepal, Tibet/China, Bhutan and other parts of HKH

14 Comprehensive report on glacial lakes and GLOF of the HKH region Ives, JD; Shrestha, RB; Mool, PK (2010) Formation of glacial lakes in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas and GLOF risk assessment. Kathmandu: ICIMOD Comprehensive report on glacial lakes and GLOF of Nepal ICIMOD (2011) Glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods in Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

15 Glacial lake mapping of five river basins of HKH region Basin Name Lake Number Lake Area (sq km) Basin and Percent and percent Code No % Area % Amu Darya Am Brahmaputra Br Ganges Ga Indus In Irrawaddy Ir Total

16 Growth of Lakes (Tsho Rolpa, Imja &Thulagi) Surface Area (km2) Tsho Rolpa Lake Growth Imja Lake Development Thulagi Lake Development Lakes Expansion Rate per Year Length (m) Area (sq km) Imja Tsho Rolpa Thulagi Year

17 Past GLOF events in the HKH region About 56 past GLOF events in the HKH Region (Bhutan - 4, China - 29, Nepal - 14, Pakistan - 9) recorded with about 10 of them of trans-boundary nature.

18 GLOF events from Tibet/China affecting also inside Nepal in downstream area

19 GLOF Risk Management

20 Thank you International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal

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