Paper Reference. Paper Reference(s) 1312/4H Edexcel GCSE Geography A Higher Tier. Wednesday 15 June 2005 Afternoon Time: 1 hour 15 minutes

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1 Centre No. Candidate No. Paper Reference H Surname Paper Reference(s) 1312/4H Edexcel GCSE Geography A Higher Tier Paper 4H Wednesday 15 June 2005 Afternoon Time: 1 hour 15 minutes Signature Initial(s) Examiner s use only Team Leader s use only Question Number Blank Materials required for examination Nil Items included with question papers Photograph Booklet Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and signature. Answer two questions. You must choose either Question 1 (Managing the Environment) or Question 2 (Managing Hazards) and either Question 3 (Managing Tourism) or Question 4 (Managing Urban Areas). For each section, indicate which question you are answering by marking the box ( ). If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new question with a cross ( ). Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. Include diagrams in your answers, where these are helpful. Information for Candidates The marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). There are 4 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 60. The following abbreviations are used throughout this paper. LEDC: Less Economically Developed Country MEDC: More Economically Developed Country. Advice to Candidates You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, taking account of your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling. This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy Edexcel Limited. Printer s Log. No. M21222A W850/S1312/ /7/5/4/ *M21222A0124* Total Turn over

2 Answer EITHER Question 1 OR Question 2 If you answer Question 1 put a cross in this box. Question 1: Managing the Environment 1. (a) Study Figure 1. It shows a cliff that is likely to recede quickly. S Figure 1 (i) Explain why cliffs may recede quickly. (4) 2 *M21222A0224*

3 (ii) Beach nourishment is a type of soft engineering. What is soft engineering? (1) (iii) State two advantages of beach nourishment as a type of coastal defence. (2) (iv) Study Photograph A in the Photograph Booklet. It shows a method of coastal management in north Wales. 1. Name the method of coastal management (1) 2. What are the disadvantages of this method of coastal management? (3) *M21222A0324* 3 Turn over

4 (b) Study Figure 2. It shows the effects of flooding. 80,000 people homeless Zimbabwe Mozambique rice crop destroyed 30,000 cattle die Botswana R. Limpopo R. Limpopo R. Save Indian Ocean town of Xai Xai completely submerged landslides block town South Africa North main road is flooded; shops and homes looted km 26 dead in South Africa KEY river country border area of flooding ocean (i) Figure 2 The Beitbridge dam has been built on the Limpopo river. It has been built 130 kilometres west of the Mozambique border. Clearly mark and label this dam on Figure 2. (1) (ii) How many countries in Figure 2 were flooded?... (1) 4 *M21222A0424*

5 (iii) Describe the effects of the flood on the people in the area. Use evidence from Figure 2. (4) (iv) A number of factors can cause a river to flood. Choose a river flood that you have studied. Chosen river flood... What caused the river to flood? (5) *M21222A0524* 5 Turn over

6 (c) Farming can cause damage to fragile environments. Choose a case study of farming which has caused damage to a fragile environment. Chosen study... Describe the causes and effects of the damage to the fragile environment and explain what has been done to manage the problems *M21222A0624*

7 (8) (Total 30 marks) Q1 *M21222A0724* 7 Turn over

8 Answer EITHER Question 1 OR Question 2 If you answer Question 2 put a cross in this box. Question 2: Managing Hazards 2. (a) Study Figure 3. It shows the track and effects of Hurricane Isabel. (i) Hurricane Isabel started as a tropical storm at location 15ºN, 30ºW. Clearly mark and label this point on Figure 3. (1) (ii) How far did Hurricane Isabel travel between 7 September and 8 September? (1) (iii) Describe the effects of the hurricane on the people in the area. Use evidence from Figure 3. (4) 8 *M21222A0824*

9 (iv) There are often hurricanes on the east coast of the USA, an MEDC. Why do people continue to live in this area? (3) 45 N NEW YORK 7,000 flights cancelled 10,000 trees blown over 40 N PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE 3 metre storm surge km 35 N VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA 18 Sept WILMINGTON 17 deaths; 1 million people have no electricity 3 people killed, two of them by falling trees 11,000 people evacuated 30 N Atlantic Ocean 15 Sept 25 N Gulf of Mexico 14 Sept 13 Sept 12 Sept 11 Sept 20 N 8 Sept 7 Sept 15 N Caribbean Sea 6 Sept 10 N 100 W 95 W 90 W 85 W 80 W 75 W 70 W 65 W 60 W 55 W 50 W 45 W 40 W 35 W 30 W KEY state boundary national boundary path of hurricane Figure 3 *M21222A0924* 9 Turn over

10 (b) Study Figure 4. It shows the location of volcanoes erupting in Eurasian Plate Philippine Plate North American Plate Pacific Plate Cocos Plate A Caribbean Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate Indo Australian Plate Antarctic Plate Key Plate boundaries Volcanoes erupting in 2003 Movement of plates Figure 4 (i) Describe the distribution of volcanoes shown on the map. (3) (ii) What type of plate boundary is shown at A in Figure 4? (1) 10 *M21222A01024*

11 (iii) Describe the characteristic features of the plate boundary named in (ii). (4) (iv) MEDCs and LEDCs may prepare for volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in different ways. How are predictions and precautions likely to be different in MEDCs and LEDCs? Use examples from case studies in your answer. (5) *M21222A01124* 11 Turn over

12 (c) Choose one earthquake that you have studied. Name of chosen earthquake... Describe the short-term (immediate) responses made by the people in the area and by aid agencies and explain the long-term problems for people in the area (8) (Total 30 marks) Q2 12 *M21222A01224*

13 Answer EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4 If you answer Question 3 put a cross in this box. Question 3: Managing Tourism 3. (a) Study Figure 5. It shows the ten most popular holiday destinations visited by tourists from Wales in Figure 5 (i) How many tourists from Wales visited Greece? (1) (ii) How will an increase in tourism to Greece help to create jobs in agriculture? (2) *M21222A01324* 13 Turn over

14 (iii) Study Photographs B and C. They show different tourist attractions in Greece. Give two examples of active tourism and one example of passive tourism. Use evidence from the photographs. Active Tourism Passive Tourism 1... (3) (iv) The area in Photograph D has not yet been developed for tourism. Suggest reasons why. (4) 14 *M21222A01424*

15 (v) There are many reasons for the rapid growth in global tourism since What social and economic influences have led to this rapid growth? (4) (b) Read the following information about the Alta Floresta Ecotourism project. Alta Floresta is a settlement in the Amazon rainforest. People from the settlement are trained to work at the tourist centre. The tourist centre educates tourists about the ecology of the rainforest. Tourists learn about the causes and effects of its destruction. Money the tourists spend is used to protect the natural habitat. It has also been used to build a school and hospital. People in the settlement have gained educationally and socially from the school and hospital. The tourist lodges are low-rise. They are made from local materials. People can only get to the lodges by boat. The lodges use solar power for energy. Alta Floresta is an example of sustainable tourism in an LEDC. (i) What is sustainable tourism? (1) *M21222A01524* 15 Turn over

16 (ii) What has been done at Alta Floresta to make it an example of sustainable tourism? (2) (iii) Choose a fragile environment you have studied in an MEDC where tourism is being managed sustainably. Chosen case study... Explain the management strategies used. (5) 16 *M21222A01624*

17 (c) Choose either a coastal area or a mountain area that you have studied in an LEDC. Chosen area... Describe the physical and human attractions that led to the development of tourism and explain the effects of the growth of tourism on different groups of people in the area (8) (Total 30 marks) Q3 *M21222A01724* 17 Turn over

18 Answer EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4 If you answer Question 4 put a cross in this box. Question 4: Managing Urban Areas 4. (a) Study Figure 6. It shows the percentage urban population in LEDCs and MEDCs. s s Figure 6 (i) In 1950, what percentage of the population of MEDCs was urban? (1) (ii) Describe the changes in urban population for LEDCs and MEDCs. Use data from Figure 6. (3) 18 *M21222A01824*

19 (iii) What is urbanisation? (1) (b) Read the following information about pollution in Mexico City. In Mexico City only 75% of rubbish is collected. In some areas there are no sewers. Therefore women collect human excrement to dump in waste pits. Industrial waste is often dumped illegally into the city s main river. Mexico City has more than a million vehicles. Many of the vehicles are old and emit high levels of lead, carbon monoxide and other poisonous gases. These gases can cause asthma and brain damage. 20% of people living in Mexico City have permanent breathing difficulties, headaches, coughs and eye problems. The number of cancer victims is increasing. (i) From this information, give one example of land-based pollution. (1) (ii) State two effects of the pollution on the residents of Mexico City. (2) *M21222A01924* 19 Turn over

20 (iii) Many urban areas are polluted. For an urban area that you have studied, explain how pollution is being managed. Chosen urban area... (5) (c) Study Photograph E. It shows Greenbelt land in Hertfordshire. (i) What is meant by the term Greenbelt land? (2) 20 *M21222A02024*

21 (ii) There is a plan to build homes on this site. Suggest reasons why this site has been chosen. (3) (iii) Some people would be for the plan to build on this land and other people would be against the plan. Explain why. (4) *M21222A02124* 21 Turn over

22 (d) Inner city areas in MEDCs are changing. Choose an inner city area in an MEDC which you have studied. Name of inner city area... Describe the changes in the inner city and explain why renewal and redevelopment have taken place (8) END (Total 30 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER: 60 MARKS Q4 22 *M21222A02224*

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