Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and GLOF

Transcription

1 Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and GLOF N Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal

2 Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and GLOF in the Himalaya Afghanistan INDUS 9 Large River Basins Pakistan HP China UA Nepal SK Bhutan India 1.3 billion people depend on the water tower

3 Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and GLOF in the Himalaya Glaciers and Glacial lakes of Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan and selected basins of India and TAR/China

4 Melting of Himalayan Glaciers Some examples

5 Melting of Glaciers in China Himalaya All the glaciers (Valley) in the Himalaya have retreated by approximately a kilometer since the Little Ice Age [AD ], the Chinese Academy of Sciences has reported that during the last 24 years there has been a 5.5 % shrinkage of China s glaciers, The study predicts that if climate continues to change at the present rate, two-thirds of China s glaciers would disappear by 2050, and almost all would be gone by 2100 (China Daily, 23 September 2004).

6 Melting of Glaciers in China Himalaya China Poiqu Basin Gangxi Co lake at the tongue of Glacier 50191C0009 in 1987 Lumu Chimi lake at the tongue of Glacier 50191B0029 in 1987 Nepal 153 glaciers 244 km2 in km2 in % loss in 12yrs. Glaciers and glacial lakes in Poiqu Basin (Source: Mool et.al. 2004)

7 Melting of Glaciers in China Himalaya Glacier 5O191C m/yr Glacier 5O191B0029 Gangxi Co Lake Glacier retreat and growth of lakes in Poiqu Basin, Tibet Autonomous Region of Peoples Republic of China 45m/yr Lumu Chimi Lake Glacier on 5 Dec, 2003 Glacial Lake on 1 Jan 1977 Glacial Lake on 9 April, 1984 Glacial Lake on 21 Dec, 1990 Glacial Lake on 18 Oct, 1996 Glacial Lake on 22 Nov, 2000 Glacial Lake on 5 Dec, Km

8 Melting of Glaciers Indian Himalaya Siachen glacier Bara Shigri Pindari glaciers Gangotri glacier Dokriani glacier Milam glacier Chhota Shigri Gara, Gor Garang, Shaune Garang, Nagpo Tokpo Glaciers m/year m/year m/year - 18 m/year m/year m/year m/year m/year Glacier retreat Janapa Glacier, Jorya Garang m Naradu Garang m Bilare Bange - 90 m Karu Garang m Baspa Bamak m Parbati glacier km Retreat of the Gangotri Glacier snout during the last 220 years (Source: Jeff Kargel, USGS) (Source: various literatures)

9 Melting of Glaciers in Pakistan Astor River basin, Pakistan Landsat-5 TM in 14th July, 1993 Landsat-7 ETM+ 30th Sept SPOT- 4 XS 1st Sept., 2005

10 Melting of Glaciers in Bhutan Himalaya Glaciers shrunk by around 8% between 1963 to , SPOT Raphstreng glacier retreated 42m/yr from 1968 to 2001 Luggye glacier retreated 57m/yr from 1988 to 1998

11 Adaptation of GLOF risk in Nepal

12 Kdugr 67 Kdugr 54 Kdugr 100 Kdugr 52 Ngzumpa gr Kdugr 48 Kdugr 47 Kdugr 133 Kdugr 152 Kdugr 156 Mt. Everest Kdugr 153 Most glaciers shrunk by 10 to 60 m/yr Kdugr 120 Kdugr 160 Kdugr 40 Kdugr 170 Kdugr 167 Kdugr 169 Kdugr 21 Namche Bazar Kdugr 202 Kdugr 205 Kdugr 264 About 6% area loss in the period 1970 to 2000 Kdugr 233

13 Lake area is increasing with the retreat of glaciers

14 Dig Tsho GLOF in 4 August 1985 Breaching of Lake Dig Tsho and debris in the valley (Photo in 1991,WECS) Namche Small Hydel Project at Thame Village destroyed due to Dig Tsho GLOF on 4 August 1985

15 Active landslides and erosion scars

16 Marginal Settlements

17 Imja Glacier Repeat Photography 1956 photograph of Imja glacier (Photo: Fritz Muller; courtesy of Jack Ives) 2006 photograph of Imja glacier (Photo: Giovanni Kappenberger courtesy of Alton C Byers)

18 GLOF Hazards in Nepal Himalaya Chhubung GLOF in 1991 Landsat image of 2000 Bedding Village Naa Village Chhubung GLOF 1991 Boulders deposited on the football ground of Bedding Village 10km downstream from Chhubung GLOF Breaching of moraine dam and fan deposited from Chhubung GLOF

19 Study in Imja in Simulation of GLOF 2. Vulnerability and risk assessment 3. Near real time monitoring 4. Real time monitoring 5. networking of field sensor and transmission station 6. Rural wireless internet connectivity 7. Create awareness global to local 8. Early Warning Systems

20 Simulation of GLOF scenario Place Flood arrival time and discharge from Imja GLOF Ch (km) Time (min) Discharge (m 3 s -1 ) Lake outlet Flood Depth (m) Dingboche Orso Pangboche Larja Dovan Bengkar Ghat GLOF hydrograph of Imja Peak flow and peak flood depth along the rivers

21 GLOF Vulnerability at Dingboche If Imja breaks Dingboche Village

22 Real time Monitoring of Imja Tsho Wi-Fi Mesh-network Web Server Measurement Device Control Sensors (up to 24ch) Air temp. Humidity Solar Radiation, UV CO 2 concentration tolerate the cold weather Camera (0.3-8M Pixels) Solar-cell LED Lighting

23 Networking of field sensor and transmission in Mt. Everest region for the real time monitoring of Lake Imja Tsho Everest Kalapathar Gorakshep Everest base camp Khumbu Glacier Loboche (Pyramid) Chhukung Ri Island Peak Pheriche Dingboche Imja lake 25 Km Phortse Pangboche Tengboche Namche bazaar Quangde

24

25 Installation of Wireless Internet in Dingboche Village Chhukung Pangboche Tengboche Dingboche

26

27 Information Center Press conference at EBC

28

29 Thank you for your attention