CRYOSPHERE NEPAL. BIKRAM SHRESTHA ZOOWA Sr. Hydrologist Department of Hydrology and Meteorology NEPAL 2016

Transcription

1 CRYOSPHERE NEPAL BIKRAM SHRESTHA ZOOWA Sr. Hydrologist Department of Hydrology and Meteorology NEPAL 2016

2 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment DEPARTMENT OF HYDROLOGY AND METEOROLOGY

3 OBJECTIVE OF SNOW SECTION The main objective of snow section is to collect the hydro meteorological data in Nepal Himalayas, process data, publish and disseminate data to users ACTIVITIES I. Snow, Glacial Lake and Glacier Lake Survey, Study and Monitoring II. Snow Melt Evaluation III. Water Quality and Sediment Survey, Data Collection, Processing and Publication IV. Water Resource and Environmental Study V. Climate Change Impact Assessment on Glacial Lake, Glacier and overall Water Resource

4 CRYOSPHERE STATION NETWORK

5 CRYOSPHERE STUDY REGULAR OBSERVATIONS A. HDROLOGICAL PARAMETER Water Level Discharge Sediment Water Quality including other staton network OTHER OBSERVATIONS Glacier Mass Balance Bathymetric Survey of Glacial Lakes Inventory of Glacial Lakes and Glaciers B. METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETER Rainfall Temperature Humidity Solar Radiation Wind Snow Depth AWS station at Rika Samba and Glacier Expedition October 2015: Source: Sunny Maharjan, DHM

6 CRYOSPHERE MONITORING STATION Makalu Humla Station Elevation (m) River Station Elevation (m) River Langtang 3800 Langtang Humla 3500 Panchamukhi Khola Khumbu 4335 Imja Syangboche 3800 Annapurna 3470 Modi Tshorolpa 4580 Rolwaling Makalu 3980 Barun Ngozumpa 4800 Dudh Kosi Kanjiroba 3770 Sanu Bheri Thulagi 2000 Dona Khola Gokyo

7 CRYOSPHERE STUDY INSTRUMENTS A. MANUAL Rain Gauge Totalizer Thermometer Staff Gauge MODERNISATION B. SEMI-AUTOMATIC Thermohygrograph Actinograph Anemograph C. AUTOMATIC AWS TELEMETRY Pluvio Meter Gynoptic Sensor Bubbler WL Radar WL Community Based Early Warning System

8 INITIAL PHASE OF CRYOSPHERE STUDY A to 1973 ACTIVITIES Nagoya University, Japan Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University 1. Collection of photographs of glaciers taken by members of mountaineering parties and other travelers in Nepal. 2. Collection of data on the topography and climate in the glacier area in Nepal. 3. Request to mountaineering parties and other travelers to collect data on glaciers in areas of Nepal where the data obtained on regular scientific expedition are poor. 4. Observations of glaciers by taking oblique photographs from the air in the remote area where few mountaineering parties and travelers have visited.

9 INITIAL PHASE OF CRYOSPHERE STUDY A to 1973 STUDY AREA Nagoya University, Japan Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University 1967 Kanchanjunga region 1968 Rolwaling region 1969 Khumbu region 1970 Khumbu, Langtang and Rolwaling regions 1971 Khumbu and Rolwaling regions

10 INITIAL PHASE OF CRYOSPHERE STUDY B to 1974 OBJECTIVE Glaciological Expedition to Nepal (GEN), JAPAN 1. Establish relation between glaciers and climate 2. Quantify amount, distribution and variation of glaciers and their melting processes in the glaciated area ACTIVITIES 1. Observe the change of state of glaciers in the Himalayas.

11 INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION SNOW AND GLACIER HYDROLOGY PROJECT (SGHP) 1. Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), Nepal initiated snow and glacier hydrological activities in the year 1987 with the technical cooperation of GTZ, Germany as a pilot project for 2 years. 2. Full fledge project was started in the year 1990 and completed in ACTIVITIES 1. 6 hydroclimatic stations were established in high Himalayas of Nepal 2. Introduced tracer technology for determination of river discharge and Established a tracer laboratory 3. Carried out Snow measurement in Langtang, Khumbu and Annapurna regions and application of snow melt runoff model for Langtang Khola, Modi Khola and Imja Khola was initiated.

12 Tsho Rolpa Glacier Lake Outburst Flood Early Warning System Project Funded by World Bank, 1998 Study on: Topographical Geophysical (ERS, GPR) Geological Glaciological Hydrometorological System: - 2 Sensing stations - Meteoburst and ELOS transmission - 19 warning stations (17 villages) - 2 Data Management Centers

13 Lake Drawdown and Warning Process Lake Drawdown by 3m 15KW micro-hydro power plant installed Warning System installed

14 OTHER MAJOR ACTIVITIES 1. International Symposium on Snow and Glacier Hydrology was organized in Kathmandu (Nov. 1992) 2. Investigation of Thulagi Glacier Lake in 1996 and 2000 funded by German Government Multidisciplinary (glaciology, topography, hydrology, geophysics, etc) Multi-institutional (DHM, BGR, DMG, NEA, TU, SILT) Installed automatic water level recorder at the outlet of Thulagi lake 3. Studies and surveys on Imja Glacier Lake (i) Topographical survey of Imja Glacier Lake (1999,2001) (ii) Bathymetric Survey of Imja Glacier Lake (1999) (iii) Hydrological study of Imja Glacier Lake(1999) (iv) Climatological studies in the vicinity of the Imja Glacier lake (1999) (v) Study of the monitoring the growth rate of Imja Glacier Lake (vi) GPR survey of end moraine of Imja Glacier Lake(2000)

15 CRYOSPHERE STUDY COLLABORATIVE APPROACH Glaciological Expedition to Nepal (GEN), JAPAN-(2005 to 2010) OBJECTIVE 1. To select a glacier to be monitored for a) mass balance b) energy balance and c) hydrology. 2. Monitoring a glacier on a long term has mainly three goals in the Himalayas a. To study the evolution of glaciers and the climate change in remote and high- altitude places of the Nepal Himalayas, b. To study the water resources available from glaciers and their future changes c. to assess the glacial hazards linked to present glacier shrinkage. 3. To make an inventory of potential dangerous proglacial lakes (GLOFs Glacial Lakes Outburst Floods) in the Hinku-Hunku region. 4. To define strategies to conduct glaciological research jointly in Nepal.

16 CRYOSPHERE STUDY COLLABORATIVE APPROACH Glaciological Expedition to Nepal (GEN), JAPAN-(2005 to 2010) STUDY AREA Trambau Glacier, Rolwaling region (2010) OBJECTIVE 1. Survey of surface height by differential GPS 2. Obtaining shallow ice core (~20m) to understand recent climate ACTIVITIES 1. Topographical survey with carrier-phase differential GPS system 2. Drilling shallow ice core (~20m)

17 CRYOSPHERE STUDY COLLABORATIVE APPROACH Glaciological Expedition to Nepal (GEN), JAPAN-(2005 to 2010) STUDY AREA Rika Samba Glacier (Hidden Valley, 2009) OBJECTIVE 1. Survey of glacier and peripheral topography height by differential GPS 2. Obtaining flow velocity and ice thickness of the glacier to understand glacier dynamics ACTIVITIES 1. Topographical survey with carrier-phase differential GPS system 2. Surface flow velocity measurement by carrier-phase differential GPS system 3. Measurement of ice thickness by GPR radar

18 CRYOSPHERE STUDY COLLABORATIVE APPROACH Glaciological Expedition to Nepal (GEN), JAPAN-(2005 to 2010) STUDY AREA Rika Samba Glacier (Hidden Valley, 2009) OBJECTIVE 1. Survey of glacier and peripheral topography height by differential GPS 2. Obtaining flow velocity and ice thickness of the glacier to understand glacier dynamics ACTIVITIES 1. Topographical survey with carrier-phase differential GPS system 2. Surface flow velocity measurement by carrier-phase differential GPS system 3. Measurement of ice thickness by GPR radar

19 CRYOSPHERE STUDY COLLABORATIVE APPROACH Ev-K2-CNR : Joint High Altitude Scientific and Technological Research Project, Italy STUDY AREA Khumbu valley (Mt. Everest Region) OBJECTIVE 1. Research based on in-situ observations at high altitude in the Khumbu region of Nepal Himalayas and environmental modeling in the areas related to meteorology, hydrology, air quality and climate. 2. Studying climate change impacts by facilitating scientific collaboration and data exchange. ACTIVITIES 1. Management of the Pyramid International Laboratory-Observatory (hereafter referred to as Pyramid) located above the settlement of Lobuche, Nepal, at 5,050 m. a.s.l. 2. Technical scientific equipment used in field data collection at the Pyramid and in the Khumbu valley, including Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) and atmospheric pollution monitoring equipment

20 CRYOSPHERE STUDY COLLABORATIVE APPROACH Ev-K2-CNR : Joint High Altitude Scientific and Technological Research Project, Italy AWS Pyramid (September 2000) Latitude: 27 57' 33" N Longitude: 86 48' 46" E Elevation: m a.s.l AWS Changri Nup (February 2010) Latitude: 27 58' 54.5" N Longitude: 86 45' 53.8" E Elevation: 5,700 m a.s.l Pyramid Station Khumbu Valley Hydrological Station at Pheriche (July 2012 ) Latitude: 27 52' N Longitude: 86 49' E Elevation: 4229 m a.s.l

21 Further development of snow and glacier hydrology activities DHM WWF. Nepal: Study on the Climate Change Impact on Glaciers in Khumbu Region and Identifying Impacts to Various Sectors, 2005 DHM UNESCO : Study on snow cover mapping for Langtang and Khumbu regions DHM IRD, France: - Mass Balance Measurement in Mera Glacier, Khumbu region, 2007 ICIMOD HKH Cryosphere Monitoring Project (CMP): Monitoring and assessment of changes in Glaciers, Snow and Glacio-hydrology in the Hindu Kush Himalayas with a special focus on strengthening the capacity of Nepalese organizations, Involvement of DHM: As a national partner CFGORRP: Community Based Flood and Glacial Lake Outburst Risk Reduction Project, UNDP Lowering down of Imja Glacial Lake by 3 m and setting early warning system

22 Further development of snow and glacier hydrology activities ERT & GPR survey of Imja Lake to determine the possible zone of lowering

23 Thank you!! BIKRAM SHRESTHA ZOOWA Sr. Hydrologist Department of Hydrology and Meteorology NEPAL