glacial drift: all deposits associated with glaciation; covers 8% of Earth s surface above sealevel, and 25% of North America
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1 Glacial depositional features glacial drift: all deposits associated with glaciation; covers 8% of Earth s surface above sealevel, and 25% of North America i) nonstratified drift till: transported & deposited by ice itself; unsorted; many lithologies; angular basal or lodgement till: deposited in subglacial environment under pressure of overlying ice ablation till: debris concentrated at or near the surface & dropped as ice melts Type of till & mode of emplacement are determined from texture of deposit & arrangement of particles, or fabric (eg. orientation of clasts through motion = lodgement till)
2 Pinedale till over Bull Lake till, MT
3 ii) stratified drift sediment transported by moving water before final deposition & thus stratified, sorted, & rounded; also called fluvioglacial sediments deposited beyond the terminal margin of the ice in the proglacial environment form outwash well sorted, rounded sands & gravels from bedload of stream channels Also classify drift & depositional landforms by location relative to ice: ice-contact environment: stratified, non-stratified, or combination marginal: stagnant ice in front of active glacial zone & end moraines interior moraines: depositional features with form independent of subjacent topography, constructed by accumulation of drift which is mostly ice-deposited proglacial: stratified
4 glacier-outburst flood & mass movements from cirque, Ama Dablam, Nepal outwash fans, Glacier Bay, Alaska
5
6 Stratified Marginal Features kames: moundlike hills of layered sand & gravel from minor swells to 50 m high kame terraces: drift deposited in narrow lake or stream channels between the valley side & lateral edge of stagnating ice kettle holes: circular depressions from burial of isolated ice blocks by stratified drift; ice melts & drift collapses esker: ridges of fluvioglacial drift formed in tunnels beneath the ice, in crevasses, or in supraglacial channels
7 kettles, Wind River Range, Wyoming kame terrace, Scotland mountain front kame terrace, nw MT
8 Moraines (marginal) end: at or near edges of active glaciers terminal: end moraine at farthest point of advance lateral: sides of valley interlobate: at junction of two lobes medial: at junction of two valley glaciers ground: beneath glacier Interior features ground moraine: smoothly undulating plains < 10 m total relief fluted surfaces: narrow, regularly spaced, parallel ridges & grooves < 5m high & several hundred m long drumlins: elongated parallel to ice flow, 1-2 km long, m wide, 5-50 m high, tend to cluster together; may be erosional (streamline pre-existing drift), or depositional (ice deposits & molds material as it moves)
9 Glacier Bay, Alaska
10 Talkeetna, Alaska
11 lateral moraine, Rocky Mountain National Park Nepal lateral moraine, Jasper National Park, Canada
12 moraine-dammed lake & lateral moraines, Wind River Range, Wyoming Holocene moraines, Longs Peak, CO recent moraine, Great Basin N.P., Nevada
13 Moraine Park, Rocky Mountain NP
14 medial & recessional moraines, Storjuvbreein Glacier, Norway
15 Greenland
16 Sawtooth Mountains, Idaho
17
18 recessional moraines, Mt. Rainier, WA recessional moraines, Athabaska Glacier, Canada
19 Proglacial sandur (plural sandar): large plain of outwash; similar to alluvial fans valley sandur: created by one main river & anabranches (called valley trains in US) plain sandur: coalescence of many braided rivers (called outwash plain in US) sandar are composed of sand & gravel (fines deflated) Three zones of sandar are proximal: close to ice, rivers entrenched, pitted surface (kettled sandar) due to kettleholes intermediate: channels wide, shallow, braided & rapidly laterally shifting distal: channels so shallow that rivers merge to a single sheet of water at high flow Sandar form via a large sediment supply & high floods such as jokulhlaups sudden release of lake water dammed within ice
20 Vatnajokul Iceland
21
22 sandur, s. Iceland
23 Matanuska Glacier & braided river, Alaska glacial outwash fan, Yoho National Park, Canada outwash fan, Glacier Bay, Alaska
24 Fairweather Range, Alaska glacial lacustrine sediments, Nepal river with glacial flour, Yoho National Park, Canada
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