4-21/4-68 A-CR-CCP-118/PH-001 CHAPTER 4: LESSON SPECIFICATIONS COURSE TITLE: GREEN STAR COURSE CTS NUMBER: A-CR-CCP-116/PC-001

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1 CHAPTER 4: LESSON SPECIFICATIONS COURSE TITLE: GREEN STAR COURSE ENABLING OBJECTIVE AND TEACHING POINTS CTS NUMBER: A-CR-CCP-116/PC-001 TRAINING DETAILS BUSHCRAFT: TIME: One 30 minute period. 1. PERFORMANCE Demonstrate a concern for the environment. 2. CONDITIONS: a. Given (1) a field exercise; (2) a natural environment; and b. Denied assistance. 6. METHOD/APPROACH Lecture a. Lecture; and b. Discussion. 7. SUBSTANTIATION The cadet must learn how environmental damage is caused and why it ultimately affects us all. 8. REFERENCES Cadet Reference Book (page 3-38 to 3-41) and Master Lesson Plan. 4-21/ STANDARD The cadet must demonstrate a concern for the environment by: a. correctly disposing of waste materials; b. low impact camping; and c. respecting flora and fauna. 4. TEACHING POINTS: 9. TRAINING AIDS NA. 10. TEST DETAILS The cadet must demonstrate an environmental awareness while on field exercises. 11. REMARKS The local newspaper will reflect any number of environmental hot spots that can be used to illustrate the importance of our concern for the natural environment around us. a. low impact camping; b. trail étiquette; and c. cooking; d. human waste; and e. washing. A-CR-CCP-118/PH-001

2 A-CR-CCP-121/PT-001 gather as it will conduct ground current. If your sleeping pad is dry, place it under your feet for insulation. You should take extra care when crossing dangerous terrain. Steep slopes and cliffs, wet rocks, obstacles on a trail, and deep flowing water all create risks to your safety when you try to cross them, or pass near them. For difficult obstacles, pass your rucksack over to a teammate first, then cross. Or use a spotter at the obstacle to assist teammates. Do not try to wade through water when you can not see the bottom. Only attempt to cross water obstacles deeper than knee-deep with supervision and the required safety equipment. If you are required to travel at night, ensure that you can see and be seen. Stay off roads where visibility is limited, and do not try to pass through dense bush where you can lose your way, become separated from your group or walk off a cliff. Reflective, or bright clothing, glowsticks or flashlights are recommended for each team member. EO : DEMONSTRATE A CONCERN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT MINIMUM IMPACT CAMPING The goal of minimum impact camping is to leave behind no trace that you have used or passed through a wilderness area. By acting responsibly and taking a few precautions, you can leave a bivouac or a trail in the same natural condition for the next person to enjoy. You will also help the wildlife and plants to recover faster from your visit. There are three types of locations that you may discover in the wilderness. Pristine areas (places that show no signs of human activity), popular areas, and places that show only some human use. Popular camping areas and trails have obvious and well-worn paths and bivouac sites. The vegetation is often damaged permanently and the earth may be worn smooth. When travelling in the wilderness you will have to choose between staying on established trails and using established bivouac sites, or going out into pristine areas. Avoid areas and trails that show only a little use as they have not been permanently damaged and could grow back to their natural condition if left alone. By using popular areas and 3-37

3 A-CR-CCP-121/PT-001 trails you actually limit the extension of damage to the wilderness. Many trails have been created to allow people to use the wilderness without harming it they have established toilets, water points and bivouac sites that take the environment into consideration for you. Remember that you are not the only one using the wilderness you are a guest in someone else s home. Always clean up after yourself. Any garbage that you bring in, you must bring out. When possible, clean up other garbage that you find along your way or at your biv. Keep noise, and lights at night, to a minimum, and try not to disturb the natural setting by unnecessarily moving or damaging trees, plants or rocks. If you are lucky enough to find artifacts or traces of previous inhabitants, be careful not to disturb or move them. Respect burial sites, private property, local residences and the privacy of other wilderness users. TRAIL ETIQUETTE Wear shoes and boots with shallow treads so you don t rip up the ground in the wilderness, the most widespread type of damage caused by recreational use is caused by people trampling the flora. When following an established trail, avoid taking short cuts or walking around wet or muddy sections. These deviations from the trail widen it or unnecessarily damage the land around it. When walking in pristine areas, spread out and take a slightly different route than the person in front of you you can still follow your leader, but you will not make a permanent trail. Travel in small groups (4-12 people) whenever possible, and be respectful to others you might meet along the way. Check your clothes regularly and remove hitchhiking noxious weed seedlings and burrs. When you leave a bivouac site it should look exactly as when you arrived if not better. COOKING Read EO 403:12 for safe and appropriate methods of starting and using fires. Avoid dropping or draining food on the ground in your cooking area. Waste water from cooking, when cooled, should be evenly distributed 3-38

4 A-CR-CCP-121/PT-001 across the ground away from the cooking area and bivouac site. Do not dump waste water into ground water. Eat all of your meal and pack up any garbage immediately. Pack wet waste in a sealed container or plastic bag. Remember to divide garbage up for recycling cardboard, paper, metal, plastic, glass, etc. HUMAN WASTE Wherever possible you should use an established toilet, outhouse or portable toilet. Your choice for an alternative will depend on your location, the size of the group you are in and the time of year. At your bivouac site, the proper disposal of human waste is important to your health and hygiene, as well as your enjoyment of the outdoors. In small groups, you should use a cat-hole or one-sit hole. Each person selects a private and dry place and digs a small hole only 15 to 20cm deep. Make your deposit and then mix in the dirt from the hole with a stick, covering everything well. In a group of more than 12 people, you should dig a latrine for communal use. A hole about 60cm x 60cm, 30 to 60cm deep will work for about 20 people for one or two days. Cut the covering vegetation in one piece and preserve it for covering the hole later. Leave the pile of loose earth and the shovel beside the hole to allow users to spread some dirt over their deposit. When the hole is full to about 15cm from the top, cover it with the remaining dirt and original natural cover. 3-39

5 A-CR-CCP-121/PT-001 The primary considerations for an appropriate location for a latrine or cat-hole are privacy and the prevention of fecal matter entering ground water. Choose a site at least 100m from a ground water source, on dry ground, in a location away from your bivouac and cooking area, and off trails and roads. Urine is not especially harmful to the environment so if you are on the trail and you have to go, and no facilities are available, you should find a private, dry and sunny place to relieve yourself. In the winter it is often too difficult to dig into the ground, or to ensure that your waste will not pollute ground water. If no established facilities exist, wait for the waste to freeze, then pack it out in a doubled plastic bag. WASHING Soap, body oils, sunscreen, grease and fuel residue can all contribute to ground water pollution if you are not careful. Wash these off before swimming, and don t use soap when bathing. To bathe with soap, carry a pot or basin of water at least 100m away from a ground water source, and sponge bathe. Use as little soap as possible, and ensure the site you select is on high and dry ground. In the winter you can wash using clean snow following the same guidelines. EO : TIE A KNOT TYPES OF ROPES Ropes are made with natural and synthetic fibres. Natural plant fibre from sisal, hemp, manila or cotton can be processed and made into rope. Hemp and manila are the most common natural fibre ropes. They are often used in larger sizes for rope bridging because they don t stretch very much and are easy to grip when wet. Synthetic ropes are usually made from nylon, polyester, polypropylene or dacron. These synthetic ropes are generally stronger and lighter than natural ropes. Nylon is the strongest, but it also stretches significantly and sinks in water. Polypropylene ropes float, but are not as strong as nylon or polyester. They can be manufactured using laid, woven, kernmantle or sash methods. Laid ropes are usually made of three main strands 3-40

6 ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS Star Program Master Lesson Plan GREEN STAR COURSE ENABLING OBJECTIVE(S): : Demonstrate a Concern for the Environment PO: BUSHCRAFT REFERENCE(S): A. A-CR-CCP-118/PH-001 Green Star Course Training Plan; Chapter 4, Page 4-67/4-68; B. A-CR-CCP-121/PT-001 Cadet Reference Book; Pages 3-38 to SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCE(S): N/A TRG AID(S): A. B. STUDENT AID(S): A. Pencil and notebook B. Green Star Handbook METHOD: Lecture and Discussion TIME: 1 x 30 Minutes REVIEW TIME: 3 Minutes I EO : DISCUSS NATURAL HAZARDS IN THE FIELD 1. What is the treatment for contact made with poison ivy? Answer: If contact with the plant is made, clean he affected area with rubbing alcohol, let area dry and then wash gently with soap and water. Do not break blisters if they form. Some people may have allergic reactions so watch for swelling and breathing problems. 2. What is wind chill? Answer: Is the term used to describe heat loss on the human body resulting from the combined effect of low temperature and wind. 3. What action should cadet take when lightning strikes? Answer: ensure safety: When thunderstorms are approaching cadets should stop and take steps to (i) Get out of water and stay off hilltops or open fields; (ii) Stay out from tall single trees, towers, and poles; /5

7 (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) If caught off guard, crouch down as low as possible; Cadets should place themselves in a cluster of trees and spread out at least 10m from other group members; Avoid depressions where water may gather; If their sleeping pad is dry stand on it for insulation INTRODUCTION TIME: 1 Minute WHAT: WHY: WHERE: In this lesson cadets will discuss the various concerns for the environment while in the field. Cadets must learn how environmental damage is caused and why it ultimately affects us all. Cadets will apply the knowledge learned in this lesson while carrying out duties in a field environment. BODY I STAGE 1: LOW IMPACT CAMPING AND TRAIL ETIQUETTE INSTR NOTES TIME: 10 Minutes 1. Low Impact Camping: The goal of low impact camping is to leave no trace that you have used or passed through a wilderness area. By acting responsibly you can leave a bivouac site or trail in the same condition for the next person to enjoy. You will also help the wildlife and plants to recover quickly. 2. There are three types of areas that cadet may discover while traveling in the wilderness: a. Pristine places that show no signs of human activity; b. Popular Areas areas and trails that have obvious and well worn paths and bivouac sites. The vegetation is often damaged and the earth worn smooth; c. Places that show only human use. 3. When traveling you have the choice between staying on established trails and using established bivouac sites, or going into the pristine areas. Avoid areas that show little use as they have been not permanently damaged and could grow back to natural condition if left alone. Many established trails have been developed to let people explore the wilderness without harming it. They usually have established toilets, water points and bivouac sites that take the environment into consideration. 4. Cadets should always remember that they are guests in the 2/5

8 wilderness. You should take ALL garbage with you before leaving and if possible take any garbage you find along the way even if it doesn t belong to you. Keep noise and lights at night to a minimum and try not to disturb the natural setting by unnecessarily moving or damaging trees, plants, or rocks. 5. Trail Etiquette: People trampling the flora cause most widespread damage to the wilderness. Stay on the trail. Always avoid taking short cuts or walking around muddy or wet areas as this widens the trail and cause unnecessary damage to the ground. Hike single file to avoid widening the trail. Limit group sizes to Be respectful to others you may meet along the way. Check you clothes regularly and remove hitchhiking noxious weed seedlings and burrs from you clothing. Remove blown down trees if possible. Respect private property and if you are permitted access make sure to follow the rules. II CONFIRMATION STAGE 1 1. When walking in pristine areas what should you do? Answer (Stage 1, para 5) 2. What are the three types of areas a cadet can come upon when traveling in the wilderness? Answer (Stage 1, para 2a-c) III STAGE 2: COOKING, HUMAN WASTE, WASHING TIME: 11 Minutes 1. Cooking: When cooking in the field you should always be aware of any policies that are in effect concerning fires. When on an expedition within a park there may be no open fires or they may be restricted to certain areas. You also should be aware if you are required to bring wood with you. If you are unable to use a fire or unable to find out from an authority in the park you should bring a stove for cooking purposes. 2. Waste Water: Dispose of waste water from cooking and dishwashing at least 200 feet from water sources and away from your campsite. Let the wastewater percolate through the soil. Food fragments can be strained through cheesecloth and the residue packed out if necessary. 3. Human Waste: Wherever possible you should use an established toilet, outhouse or portable toilet. Your choice for an alternative will depend on your location, the size of the group you are in and the time of year. At your bivouac site, the proper disposal of human waste is important to your health and hygiene, as well as your enjoyment of the outdoors. 3/5

9 4. In small groups, you should use a cat-hole or one-sit hole. Each person selects a private and dry place and digs a small hole only 15 to 20cm deep. Mix in the dirt from the hole with a stick, covering everything well. 5. In a group of more than 12 people, you should dig a latrine for communal use. A hole about 60cm x 60cm, 30 to 60cm deep will work for about 20 people for one or two days. Cut the covering vegetation in one piece and preserve it for covering the hole later. Leave the pile of loose earth and the shovel beside the hole to allow users to spread some dirt over their deposit. When the hole is full to about 15cm from the top, cover it with the remaining dirt and original natural cover. Location of a latrine/cat hole is very important. Always locate it at least 100m from a ground water source and away from your cooking and bivouac area. When in winter it is hard to dig into the ground without being sure you wont pollute ground water. You should wait for the waste to freeze and then pack it out in double plastic bags. 6. Waste: Soap, body oils, sunscreen, grease and fuel residue can all contribute to ground water pollution if you are not careful. Wash these off before swimming, and don t use soap when bathing. To bathe with soap, carry a pot or basin of water at least 100m away from a ground water source, and sponge bathe. Use as little soap as possible, and ensure the site you select is on high and dry ground. Soaps, shampoos and conditioners that do not require rinsing are available. In the winter you can wash using clean snow following the same guidelines. IV CONFIRMATION STAGE 2 1. How should waste be handled in the winter? Answer (Stage 2, para 5) 2. How should wastewater from cooking be disposed? Answer (Stage 2, para 2) PERFORMANCE CHECK TIME: 3 Minutes I Cadets must demonstrate a concern for the environment by: 1. correctly disposing of waste materials; 2. low impact camping; and 3. respecting flora and fauna. 4/5

10 II The cadets should answer the following questions: 1. What is the goal of low impact camping? Answer (Stage 1, para 1) 2. What are the three types of areas cadets will come across in the field? Answer (Stage 1, para 2 a-c) 3. What is a cat hole? Answer (Stage 2, para 4) 4. How should you wash with soap in the field? Answer (Stage 2, para 6) CONCLUSION TIME: 2 Minutes SUMMARY: A. In this lesson cadet have discussed demonstrating a concern for the environment by practicing low impact camping, trail etiquette. B. It is important for cadets to learn how damage is caused and how it ultimately affects us all. RE-MOTIVATE: A. Comment on student progress. B. Cadets will apply the information learned in this lesson while carrying out duties in the field. C. The next lesson in Bushcraft is Tie a Knot. 5/5