Inquiry: Was It Destiny To Move West? Supporting Question 2: What new technologies influenced westward expansion?

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1 Inquiry: Was It Destiny To Move West? Supporting Question 2: What new technologies influenced westward expansion? Supporting Question 2: Directions: (1) Keep all papers organized and back in order after you have completed your graphic organizer. (2) Write neatly in your graphic organizers. Use your graphic organizers to help write your essay. (3) Answer the supporting question in complete sentences. (4) Work with your group to problem solve, but raise your hand if you need help.

2 Source A: Maps of the Erie Canal routes Map showing 19th century canals on the Erie Canal system. Completed in 1825, the canal links the waters of Lake Erie in the west to the Hudson River in the east. An engineering marvel when it was built, the canal was built in order to open the country west of the Appalachian Mountains to settlers and to offer a cheap, safe, and effective way to carry produce to a market.

3 Source A (continued): Paul Volpe, master s thesis project on the influence of the Erie Canal, Digging Clinton s Ditch: The Impact of the Erie Canal on America, (excerpt) The size, shape and nature of the United States, as it now exists, is due largely to the political, social and economic landscape of the first half of the nineteenth century. In what was, for many reasons, the most important period in the nation's history, the construction of the Erie Canal ranks at the top of the list, along with the Louisiana Purchase, of the most significant events of the antebellum period, impacting westward expansion, and in turn, the development of the nation. The canal also had other important, if unintended, consequences for the country, including promoting nationalism and helping to preserve the Union, which further affirm its value to the nation... As towns emerged along the Erie Canal, bringing business, agriculture and industry to the previously unsettled western New York, the canal helped New York City establish its trade position and develop into the world's dominant commercial center. Additionally, the canal brought people and products west and provided the fertile land of the Old Northwest (what is now considered the Midwest) a burgeoning market for its produce. The emigration from New England and the northeast and the development of America's breadbasket was at least as important to achieving Manifest Destiny as any other expansion era movement. The economic value of the canal is immeasurable, extending beyond its significance to the state and allowing the United States to compete in world markets. Finally, an often-overlooked achievement of the Erie Canal, and one with enormous national significance, is the role it played establishing a bond between the east and the west and its impact on the preservation of the Union. The Erie Canal's impact when measured in the context of the national expansion that occurred directly prior to the Civil War serves to vindicate the assertion that construction of the canal was an act of nationalism in every way.

4 Reprinted with permission from the American Studies Programs at the University of Virginia, author Paul Volpe, Source B: Transportation of the 1800s Felix Octavius Carr Darley (artist) and Henry Bryan Hall (engraver), engraving of people moving west, Emigrants Crossing the Plains, Felix Octavius Carr Darley, Emigrants Crossing the Plains, engraving by Henry Bryan Hall, Jr. New York: D. Appleton & Co., William Strickland, engraving showing steam a steam locomotive and railway cars, Rear and Side View

5 of George Stephenson s Steam Locomotive and Railroad Cars of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, Library of Congress. Source B (continued): Transportation of the 1800s It s hard to imagine America in The young country consisted of 16 states and just over 5 million citizens. The vast and impenetrable landscape made travel difficult, and, as a result, people tended to live very local lives. But over the next hundred years, roads were built, canals dug, and rails laid, which allowed Americans to spread out and settle into new, faraway places. Road construction was one of the first improvements in American infrastructure. Major cities in the northeast were often connected by post roads, which at first were little more than dirt trails but later were improved with gravel or wooden planks. Travel on these roads was slow going - the trip from Boston to New York, for example, could take up to 3 days by stage coach. In 1806, Congress allotted funds for the national road, the first federally funded road. It stretched from Cumberland, Maryland to, eventually, southern Illinois. To reach points further west, hundreds of thousands of people embarked on journeys from the banks of the Missouri. They headed out on horseback and in wagon trains, over routes like the Santa Fe and Oregon trails. The grueling trip all the way to the pacific coast could take up to eight months. Canals also helped link up the interior of the country. In 1825, the Erie Canal - the nation s most famous - opened for business. With it, food, goods and people could flow between New York City and the burgeoning west. Its success sparked a canal building boom throughout the eastern United States and elevated New York City to the nation s commercial center. But nothing affected America s westward expansion like the growth of the railroad. It was fast and astounding in scope: in 1840, there were 3000 miles of track in the country; twenty years later, there were more than 30,000. By 1869, enormous investment and spectacular engineering feats allowed the railroad to reach from coast to coast. After that first transcontinental link was made, hundreds of thousands of miles of rail were laid, consolidating the railroad s grip on the nation s long distance travel and trade. The nation s growing network of canals, roads, waterways, and railroads had forged new links between people and places, and helped create the spectacular growth of 19th century America. Source:

6 Source C: Rates of Travel, Charles O. Paullin and John K. Wright, Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, (pages 138a, b, c, and d). Carnegie Institution for Science: Washington, DC, 1932.